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NOI DUNG:
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LI NI U
p ng yu cu s dng trong v ngoi nc, cht lng sn phm c bit l cc loi nng sn v lm sn sy kh cn phi tun theo nguyn tc thng mi quc t. chnh l cc yu cu v cht lng kht khe nh hnh dng kch thc v th tch sn phm; mu sc sn phm; nng v, cht thm v cc cht khc; s thm nc thm kh tr li ca sn phm sy; m cui t c ty theo nhu cu s dng v bo qun sn phm. So vi nhiu phng php sy khc, phng php sy chn khng lun l mt phng php c th p ng y cc yu cu cht lng trn y v l phng php rt ngn c thi gian sy mt cch ng k, do phng php c p dng cho sy nhng vt liu kh chm, kh sy, c yu cu cht lng sy cao.
LI NOI AU
Bi ng lc chnh trong sut qu trnh sy chn khng chnh l chnh p sut, c to bi bm chn khng v cc thit b km theo khc nh thit b ngng t, cc vt liu chn khng c bit v cc dng c o, kim tra chn khng cho php tnh ton chn la t c chn khng su, to nn chnh p sut ln gia p sut hi nc bo ha trn b mt vt v phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng t vt sy. Mt khc, iu kin chn khng thp, nhit ha hi ca nc s rt thp, lm tng cng qu trnh thot m trong vt, do vy phng php sy chn khng c th tin hnh sy nhit thp hn hn nhit mi trng. V th sn phm sy chn khng khng b tc ng gy bin tnh ca nhit cao v lun gi c gn nh y cc tnh cht c trng ban u. Do sn phm sy kh bng phng php ny gi c lu di v t b tc ng bi cc iu kin bn ngoi.
Pr p0
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2Ph P0 Pr
Nh vy, trong h thng sy nng c hai cch to ra chnh phn p sut hi nc gia vt liu sy v mi trng. Cch th nht l gim phn p sut ca tc nhn sy bng cch t nng n v cch th hai l tng phn p sut hi nc trong vt liu sy.Nh vy, nh t nng c tc nhn sy v vt liu sy hay ch t nng vt liu sy m hiu phn p gia hi nc trn b mt vt (pab) v phn p ca hi nc tc nhn sy (pam) tng dn n lm tng qu trnh dch chuyn m t trong lng vt liu sy ra b mt v i vo mi trng. Da vo phng thc cp nhit cho vt liu sy ngi ta phn ra phng php sy nng ra cc loi nh sau H thng sy tip xc Trong h thng sy tip xc, vt sy c trao i nhit vi mt b mt t nng. B mt tip xc vi vt sy c th l b mt vt rn hay vt lng. Nh ngi ta lm tng s chnh lch p sut hi nc. Cc phng php thc hin c th l sy kiu trc cn, sy kiu l quay, sy du,...
H thng sy bc x
Tac nhan say
San pham
S o cau tao thiet b say bc xa oi lu
Vt sy c nhn nhit t ngun bc x m dch chuyn t trong lng vt ra b mt v t b mt m khuch tn vo mi trng. Ngun bc x thng dng l n hng ngoi, dy hay thanh in tr. Sy bc x c th tin hnh trong iu kin t nhin hay trong bung kn.
pa
Bd 0 .622 d
Phn p sut ca mi trng khng kh bn ngoi gim xung, chnh p sut ca m trong vt sy vo mi trng xung quanh tng ln. m chuyn dch t trong vt ra b mt s chuyn vo mi trng. Nhit mi trng ca sy lnh thng thp (c th thp hn nhit d ca mi trng bn ngoi, c khi nh hn 0oC).
Phng php sy thng hoa c thc hin iu kin nhit v p sut thp. Ch lm vic thp hn im ba th ca nc (t = 0,0098oC, p = 4,58mmHg). Qu trnh sy c thc hin trong mt bung sy kn. Giai on u l giai on lm lnh sn phm, trong giai on ny do ht chn khng lm p sut trong bung sy gim, m thot ra chim khong 1015%.
Vic bay hi m lm cho nhit vt liu sy gim xung di im ba th, c th lm lnh vt liu trong bung lm lnh ring. Giai on tip theo l giai on thng hoa, lc ny, nhit trong bung sy ch thng hoa.
m trong vt di dng rn s thng hoa thnh hi v thot ra khi vt. Hi m ny s n bnh ngng v ngng li thnh lng sau thnh bng bm trn b mt ng. Trong giai on ny nhit vt khng i. Giai on sau cng l giai on bay hi m cn li. Trong giai on ny nhit ca vt tng ln, m trong vt l m lin kt v trng thi lng. Qu trnh sy giai on ny ging nh qu trnh sy cc thit b sy chn khng thng thng. Nhit mi cht trong lc ny cng cao hn giai on thng hoa. u im ca phng php sy thng hoa l nh sy nhit thp nn gi c cc tnh cht ti sng ca sn phm, nu dng sy thc phm s gi c cht lng v hng v ca sn phm, khng b mt cc vitamin. Tiu hao nng lng bay hi m thp. nhc im l gi thnh thit b cao, vn hnh phc tp, ngi vn hnh cn c trnh k thut cao, tiu hao in nng ln., s lng sn phm cn sy b gii hn , khng th tng nng sut v kch thc bung sy qu ln, cc thit b cho bung chn khng cng cn c kn. Du bi trn cho cc my mc hot ng cng l loi c bit, t tin v kh kim thay th, b sung.
Nhit trong bung sy dao ng xung quanh nhit ngoi tri. Phng php ny phc tp bi kh nng gi bung chn khng, th tch lun gii hn n mc no . Chnh v vy phng php ny khng c s dng ph bin nh cc phng php khc m ch c s dng sy cc vt liu, dc liu qu him, vi s lng nh.
CU TO & NGUYN L HOT NG CU TO Mt h thng sy chn khng thng c cu to t bung sy, thit b ngng t v bm chn khng.
NGUYN L HOT NG
Nguyn l c bn ca phng php sy chn khng l s ph thuc vo p sut im si ca nc. Nu lm gim (h thp) p sut trong mt thit b chn khng xung n p sut m y nc trong vt bt u si v bc hi s to nn mt dng chnh lch p sut ng k dc theo b mt vt, lm hnh thnh nn mt dng m chuyn ng trong vt liu theo hng t trong ra b mt vt.
iu ny c ngha l mt p sut nht nh nc s c mt im si nht nh, do vy khi ht chn khng s lm cho p sut trong vt gim i v n mc nhit vt (cng l nhit ca nc trong vt) t n nhit si ca nc p sut y, nc trong vt s ha hi v lm tng p sut trong vt v to nn mt chnh lch p sut hi p = (pbh- ph) gia p sut bo ha hi nc trn b mt vt v phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng t vt sy, y chnh l ngun ng lc chnh to iu kin thc y qu trnh di chuyn m t bn trong vt ra ngoi b mt bay hi ca qu trnh sy chn khng. V y, di iu kin chn khng, qu trnh bay hi din ra nhanh chng v qua qu trnh kh vt s rt nhanh, thi gian sy gim xung ng k. Bn cnh , nh ch sy nhit thp (c th thp hn nhit mi trng) nn nhiu tnh cht c trng ban u: tnh cht sinh hc, hng v, mu sc, hnh dng ca sn phm c gi li gn nh y . Sn phm sy chn khng bo qun lu di v t b tc ng bi mi trng.
THNG SY C CNH Y :
tng kh nng truyn nhit chuyn khi, sn phm trong thng sy c o trn nh trc gn cnh o 3. Thng sy hnh tr di c hai lp cha v ti cht ti nhit (hi nc hoc nc nng).Trc v cnh o c th i chiu quay theo nh k (5n8 pht) tng s o trn u n v chng bt dnh theo chiu quay. Ngoi cc cnh o cn c cc ng o ph 5 ph v s vn cc v o u theo chiu dc thng sy. Nng sut thng sy ph thuc vo tnh cht, m ban u ca vt liu, nhit ca cht ti nhit v chn khng.
3 1 2 4 7
6 1-thng sy 2-A nhit 3-cnh o 4-ca tip liu 5-ng o ph 6-ca tho phm 7-ng ni vi thit b ngng t
cc thng sy ny, tip liu v tho sn phm phn ln c c gii ha. Hi th bc t sn phm c dn qua b lc ti thit b ngng t. i vi hi nc thng dng thit b ngng t dng phun tia, cn vi nhng loi hi cn thu hi th dng thit b ngng t b mt. ht kh khng ngng ngi ta thng dng bm chn khng vng nc. Nguyn liu cho vo thng sy tt nht khong 80% th tch thng
3 9 7 12
S thit b sy chn khng khng bng ti 1- phu tip liu 2-Tang cp liu 3-b dn ng bng ti 4-ca quan st 5-dn cp nhit 6-ng dn hi cp nhit 7-bng ti 8-con ln 9-con ln 10-ca ht chn khng 11-vt tho sn phm 12-thng tho sn phm
+ L cun cho cc vt liu dng dch nho. - Vi loi vt liu lng c dnh t cao, c th s dng thit b sy chn khng l cun. L cun quay quanh trc nm ngang c t nng t bn trong bng hi nc. L quay c mt vng th vt liu cng c sy kh v c tay gt gt khi l cn v ti vo vt ti hay tang tho liu lin tc m vn m bo chn khng - Vi nhng vt liu dng bt nho ngi ta s dng thit b sy chn khng hai l cn. Bt nho c cp vo khe ca hai l cn ngc quay chiu nhau, b cun v cn mng ln b mt hai l cn, bn trong gia nhit bng hi nc. Vt liu trn l quay gn c mt vng th kh v c dao gt vo vt ti v ti ra ngoi
1.ng dn liu vo 2.L sy 3.Bung chn khng 4.Ca quan st 5.Dao gt 6.Vt tho v sy b sung sn phm.
1 0 1 4
3 2
6 5
7 8
1.Thng cha 2.Bm 3. B lc 4.Thng trung gian 5. Bm 6.Thit b gia nhit 7. Bung sy phun 8.Vt tho sn phm 9.Bm chn khng 10.Thit b thu hi sn phm
Trong h thng sy phun chn khng ny, dch lng c gia nhit s b thng cha c bm bm qua b lc 2, sang thng trung gian 4, sau c bm cao p 5 y qua thit b trao i nhit 6 v phun vo bung chn khng 7. y m c bc hi trong diu kin chn khng, sn phm c lm kh hoc kt tinh ri xung v c vt ti 8 ti ra ngoi. Nhng ht vt liu kh nh b cun theo hi m c tch bng xyclon 10, cn hi m c ht qua thit b ngng t v bm chn khng ra ngoi
3
Trong h thng sy phun chn khng ny, dch lng c gia nhit s b thng cha c bm bm qua b lc 2, sang thng trung gian 4, sau c bm cao p 5 y qua thit b trao i nhit 6 v phun vo bung chn khng 7. y m c bc hi trong diu kin chn khng, sn phm c lm kh hoc kt tinh ri xung v c vt ti 8 ti ra ngoi. Nhng ht vt liu kh nh b cun theo hi m c tch bng xyclon 10, cn hi m c ht qua thit b ngng t v bm chn khng ra ngoi.
Mt s dch lng c nht khng cao c sy lin tc di dng mng mng trong chn khng Trong thit b ny, dch c vi phun phun ln b mt thit b hnh tr to thnh mng mng v c cp nhit bng o nhit t pha bn ngoi vo. Vi phun quay quanh trc to mng lin tc. Mng c sy kh v c dao gt 2 gt khi b mt dn xung y v tho ra ngoi qua cc c cu tho liu lin tc v kn. B mt thit b va gii phng c phun tip mng mi v tip tc chu trnh trn. Thi gian sy c th hiu chnh bng s vng quay v gc lch gia v phun v dao gt
1.THY TINH,S
Thu tinh l mt vt liu rt thng dng trong k thut chn khng v n c nhng u im: hu nh khng thm v nh kh,c th nung nng n nhit cao (300n400oC) trong qu trnh loi kh, c th hn vi nhau v trong trng hp cn thit c th hn vi kim loi. Khi nng chy, thu tinh c th to ra nhng hnh dng bt k. Ngoi ra thy tinh cn l vt liu cch in tt, to iu kin lm vic vi nhng hiu in th cao trong cc dng c ca h thng thit b chn khng. Song thu tinh cng rt dn nn khng th to cc thit b chn khng c kch thc ln. Thu tinh c chia lm hai loi: Loi d nng chy (c nhit chuyn sang trng thi do 490 n 610oC v h s n nhit anpha= (82 dn92)10-7 1/oC); loi kh nng chy (c nhit chuyn sang trng thi do 555803oC v h s n nhit anpha= (39 n 49)10-7 1/oC. Ngoi ra cn c thy tinh thch anh (c nhit chuyn sang trng thi do rt cao 1500oC v h s n nhit = 5,8.10-7 1/oC.
Thu tinh dng trong cc h thng chn khng cn c tin hnh x l gim mc nh kh ca n bng cch lm sch b mt. Cc b mt c c ra bng cc dung dch axit long sau trung ha trong kim v ra k trong nc kh ion. nhng ni phi chu nhit cao v ti trng c hc ln, thu tinh c th c thay bng s. S hu nh khng thm thu kh vi p sut ln hn 10-9mmHg. S chn khng c chia lm hai loi: x xp v x c. S thng c dng nhiu trong k thut in t trng v lm chn n in t.
ng c th lm vic vi p sut khng nh qu 10-10mmHg, vi nhit t -253oC n 600oC. ng c tnh truyn nhit v dn nhit tt, thng dng lm cc dng ng ni, tm m v cc thit b truyn nhit. ng cn c th ghp ni vi thy tinh, thp X18H10T.
Nhm c nhit nng chy thp (660oC), c bn n mn, do cao, d hn v thng c dng trong k thut chn khng lm cc ng dn, thn thit b, cc bch ni trong cc thit b lm vic vi p sut 10-5mmHg. Nhm c th bc hi trong chn khng to cc mt gng c h s phn x cao. Nhm khng bn khi tc dng vi thy ngn, v vy khng nn s dng n trong cc h thng chn khng c thy ngn.
Vnfram l kim loi c nhit nng chy cao nht v c p sut hi bo ho thp nht. V vy n c dng lm cc in cc c ti trng ln, cc si t trong cc n v trong cc thit b cp nhit. Vnfram c h s n nhit gn vi thu tinh, nn c dng gn vo thu tinh trong cc n v cc thit b in t. Vnfram c th hn vi cc kim loi khc trong l hyr nu c c niken ha trc v dng cc vy hn c nhit cao nh vng - niken, niken, ng niken v platin. Niken - molipen cng l cc kim loi c nhit nng chy cao, c h s n nhit gn thy tinh nn thng c dng ghp vi thy tinh lm cc in cc.
Vng, bc thng c dng phi trn lm vy hn nhit cao. Thy ngn c dng rt rng ri trong k thut chn khng, trong cc dng c o v bm chn khng. Tnh cht c bit ca thy tinh l nhit bnh thng n tn ti trng thi lng v bn vi n mn.
KT LUN TI
V phng php sy chn khng
Vi u im ca phng php sy chn khng l c th tin hnh sy nhit thp (c th thp hn nhit mi trng), sn phm sy th nghim (c rt, tha l, g thng) ca ta c m bo t cc yu cu khc khe v cht lng, c bit nhn thy rt ngn c thi gian sy mt cch ng k. C th l rt ngn c 10 n 15% thi gian khi sy rau qu, v rt ngn c hai ngy khi sy mu g dy 40mm
Sn phm sy bng thit b sy chn khng cho cht lng tt, m ra trin vng ng dng vo thc t Vit Nam ta.