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Acknowledgements

This guide was compiled by: Shirlene Neerputh, David Thomas, Segarani Naidoo and Sara Mitha, with input from the DUT Academics and Subject Librarian Unit. The electronic version of this guide is available at http://library.dut.ac.za

Durban University of Technology Library March 2012

Disclaimer Please be advised that there are many variations to the Harvard referencing style. This guide attempts to capture the latest trends and is customised for DUT. As this is a generic guide, please confirm faculty/departmental preferences. Kindly note that many of the examples used in this guide are fictional, and were used to merely illustrate the referencing technique.

Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 What is referencing? ............................................................................................................................... 1 Why use a referencing system? .............................................................................................................. 1 Plagiarism ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Turnitin.................................................................................................................................................... 1 EndNote .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity ....................................................................................... 2 Tips for referencing ................................................................................................................................. 2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Format for books (print and online) ....................................................................................................... 4 Single author .............................................................................................................................. 4 Multiple authors ......................................................................................................................... 4 Editor ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Author unknown ........................................................................................................................ 5 Corporate author ........................................................................................................................ 5 Books with no publication date.................................................................................................. 5 Secondary sources...................................................................................................................... 6 Chapters in a book ..................................................................................................................... 6 Foreign title ................................................................................................................................ 6 Book reviews ............................................................................................................................. 7 Translated work ......................................................................................................................... 7 Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 8 E-books ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapters in an e-book ................................................................................................................ 9 Electronic encyclopaedias .......................................................................................................... 9 Format for journals and periodicals (print and online).......................................................................... 9 Journals with volume and part/issue number ............................................................................. 9 Journals with no volume number ............................................................................................. 10 Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue)........................................................................ 10 Journal articles from Internet sources or databases.................................................................. 11 Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same year) .............. 11 Newspapers .............................................................................................................................. 12 Online newspapers ................................................................................................................... 12 Papers in conference proceedings ............................................................................................ 12 Format for unpublished works (print and online) ............................................................................... 13 Lecture notes and study guides ................................................................................................ 13

Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform ..................................... 13 Meeting minutes ...................................................................................................................... 13 Theses and Dissertations .......................................................................................................... 14 Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository ...................................................... 14 Format for electronic sources ............................................................................................................... 14 Internet sources with author/s .................................................................................................. 14 Internet sources without an author/s ........................................................................................ 15 Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail) ........................... 15 Blogs (weblogs) ....................................................................................................................... 15 Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.) ......................................................... 16 Computer programs ................................................................................................................. 16 Format for government publications .................................................................................................... 17 Commissions with a chairperson ............................................................................................. 17 Commissions without a chairperson ........................................................................................ 17 Councils (as issuing bodies)..................................................................................................... 17 Government departments (as issuing bodies) .......................................................................... 18 Government gazettes ................................................................................................................ 18 Government gazettes (electronic format) ................................................................................. 18 Green papers ............................................................................................................................ 18 Green papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19 White papers ............................................................................................................................ 19 White papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19 Laws or Acts ............................................................................................................................ 19 Laws or Acts (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 20 Law cases ................................................................................................................................. 20 Tax cases .................................................................................................................................. 20 Patents ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Standards.................................................................................................................................. 21 Format for images, artwork, video recordings ..................................................................................... 21 Images ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Online images .......................................................................................................................... 22 Art works (photographs, paintings) ......................................................................................... 22 TV programme / broadcast ...................................................................................................... 22 Film / Video recordings ........................................................................................................... 23 Online video (YouTube, Vimeo) ............................................................................................. 23 Live performances ................................................................................................................... 23 Useful websites ........................................................................................................................ 24 Example of a Reference List .................................................................................................................. 24

Introduction The Durban University of Technology (DUT) aims to promote academic integrity and honesty. Referencing ensures academic integrity and prevents plagiarism. As a student it is important to acknowledge the work of an author and the most accepted way is to use a referencing system. This guide outlines the Harvard Referencing system which most faculties at the university expect students to use. While there are variations on the Harvard system, this guide is compiled to suit the needs of both DUT staff and students. The guide will assist in proper referencing techniques when using the various reference sources. It shows you how to insert references in the text of your work (in-text reference) and how to compile a reference list or bibliography. This guide may be used in the absence of a departmental referencing guide. Consult a Subject Librarian for more information on referencing. What is referencing? Referencing is a method of acknowledging the sources of ideas, thoughts, opinions and information that have been used to compile assignments, projects, theses and dissertations. Why use a referencing system? It is good academic practice and is important for academic writing because: it facilitates the tracing of the original source or verification of quotations it shows the breadth and depth of the literature you have read or consulted plagiarism is avoided by correctly referencing the various sources of information. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the theft of a person's ideas or writing. It occurs when work is submitted without the acknowledgement of the original source. Plagiarism is an academic and legal offence. Turnitin The University has recently introduced a software program that can assist you in identifying where you have used original material so that you can ensure it is correctly referenced in your submission. Turnitin is a software program used as an originality checker to detect plagiarism. DUT subscribes to Turnitin. It is software used by educational institutions worldwide. The web-based service enables one to manage the process of submitting and tracking papers electronically with quick feedback. More information is available at http://www.turnitin.com. EndNote EndNote is a bibliographic management package available to registered DUT staff and students. EndNote is used to store and organise references, to search online bibliographic databases, retrieve full text articles and to create bibliographies. Detailed information on how to download and use EndNote is available on the DUT Library website http://library.dut.ac.za

Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity

Step 1: Consult different information sources to find the information you need
books journals websites lecture notes

Step 2: Keep records of


sources consulted (bibliographic details)

Step 3: Include
references in document in text (reference within the text or body of the work) reference list (alphabetical listing by author's surname at the end of the work, of all sources cited)

generate manually cite while you write import from source (EndNote)

Tips for referencing


Ensure that what is cited within your in-text reference has a corresponding record in your reference list and what is in your reference list has a corresponding record in your in-text reference. Check spelling and punctuation carefully. Be consistent in your style of referencing especially in the use of punctuation and spacing. Use the Internet with discretion and always state the date on which the site was accessed. The use of ellipsis () indicates that words have been omitted from a quotation or that the sentence continues. In the reference list, the title is usually in italics. If you are handwriting your reference list you may underline the title instead. Use author initial/s rather than full names and if an author has more than one initial, please indicate all initials.

There are two key aspects to referencing: 1. In-text referencing: This refers to citing references within the body or text of your work. For the in-text reference, you need the following information: Authors surname Year of publication Page number (if available) 2. The reference list: This is an alphabetical list arranged by authors surname at the end of the assignment, project, thesis or dissertation which contains full details of the sources cited.

Definitions
any person or entity responsible for a particular piece of work. This includes editors, compilers, composers, persons interviewed or with whom there was personal communication. list of sources, arranged in alphabetical order, that have been consulted to compile your assignment, project, etc., but which are not necessarily cited in the written document. Note: In academic writing one usually submits a Reference list rather than a Bibliography. a written reference to a specific work or portion of a work. to mention, quote by way of an example or bring forward as support, illustration, proof or authority. a legal right that gives the author of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation. an organisation or group of persons (associations, institutions, companies, etc.) that is identified by a corporate or group name and acts as an entity responsible for a particular body or piece of work, e.g. Durban University of Technology (DUT). a phrase or paragraph or part of the original text which has been repeated in exactly the same way as the original piece of work. the insertion of brief references, in the appropriate places in the text, to sources that are being cited by the academic work. sources which are published periodically, i.e. weekly, monthly, yearly, etc. Examples are newspapers, magazines and yearbooks. collection of information arranged in a systematic way to make the search easy and fast. The University subscribes to different databases such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Sabinet, etc., in order to meet research requirements. expressing someone elses ideas, thoughts or work in your own words. any information source, whether in print or electronic format, that is made available to the public. an alphabetical list (by authors surname or corporate author) of books, articles, websites or any other sources, that have been consulted during the writing of your assignments, projects, research papers, dissertation, thesis, etc. In the absence of authors surname, use the title. a person or group, a book, an article, a thesis, or any other work that provides information. expressing someone elses ideas, thoughts or work in your own words, in a short or abbreviated form. any information source that has not been published.

Author

Bibliography

Citation Citing

Copyright

Corporate author

Direct quotation In-text referencing Journal, serials or periodicals

Online database
Paraphrasing Published source Reference list

Source

Summarising

Unpublished source

Format for books (print and online)

Editions are only noted from the 2nd edition onwards.

Single author
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

According to Babbie (2004: 78) validity refers to the extent Our states capacity problems are exacerbated by the choice of a Rolls Royce model of governance (Ramphele 2008: 147).

Babbie, E. 2004. The practice of social research. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Thomson Learning.

Ramphele, M. M. 2008. Laying ghosts to rest: dilemmas of the transformation. Cape Town: Macmillan.

Multiple authors
If there are two to three authors, all authors have to be cited and should be listed in the order that they appear. If there are more than three authors, use the surname of the first author, followed by et al. which means and others. The surnames of the other authors must be captured in the Reference list.

In-text
Surname and Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. and Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

A novice in the research field (Leedy and Omrod 2005: 77). Mouton et al. (1990: 80) interpret research as...

Leedy, P. and Omrod, J. 2005. Practical research: planning and design. 8th ed. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Mouton, J., Marais, H. Patton, M. and McRoy, R. 1990. Basic concepts in the methodology of the social sciences. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.

Editor
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Editors Surname, Initial/s. ed. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Mellon (2006: 53) argues that quantitative approach is incomplete without the qualitative paradigm.

Mellon, A. ed. 2006. The relationship between the quantitative and qualitative paradigms. New York: Macmillan. 4

Author unknown
This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias. Where the author is unknown or authorship cannot be established, the title of the work is used, followed by the date of publication. The title can be used in the reference list or Anonymous can be used for an unknown author. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work in an academic submission.

In-text
Title (year of publication: page number/s) or (Title Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Title: subtitle. Year of Publication. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

According to The concise South African dictionary (2007: 54)... Computer engineering is a growing discipline in Africa (Encyclopaedia of software engineering 2002: 100).

The concise South African dictionary. 2007. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Macmillan. Encyclopaedia of software engineering. 2002. Johannesburg: Wiley and Sons.

Corporate author
In-text
Name of corporate author (year of publication: page number/s) or (Name of corporate author Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of corporate author. Department. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

According to South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (2011: 12) South African Maritime Safety Authority (2012: 2) investigates historic change in the way

South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA). 2011. Johannesburg Stock Exchange equity markets play safe. Johannesburg: Pearson Education. South African Maritime Safety Authority. Department of Sea Watch and Response. 2012. Maritime safety adopts historic ship construction regulations. Cape Town: McGraw Hill.

Books with no publication date


In-text
Surname (n.d.: page number/s) or (Surname n.d.: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. n.d. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Human resources have reached new heights (Grobler n.d.: 34).

Grobler, P. A. n.d. Human resources management in South Africa: a new perspective. 4th ed. Johannesburg: McGrawHill.

Secondary sources
Secondary referencing is found in a book or journal article whose author uses facts or information cited in research done by someone else. This is regarded as a secondary source as the researcher does not have the original source. Every attempt should be made to cite from the original source.

In-text
Surname (year of publication cited in Surname year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication cited in Surname year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher.

Sentoo and Mhlongo (1989 cited in Smith 2009: 15) argue that

Smith, J. P. 2009. Library and information profession in South Africa: a student perspective. Durban: Juta.

Chapters in a book
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In: Surname, Initial/s. ed. Title of book: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers.

Mixed methods research is the latest research trend (Cooke and Philip 2001: 8).

Cooke, D. J. and Philip, L. 2001. To treat or not to treat? an empirical perspective. In: Hollin, C. R. ed. Handbook of offender assessment and treatment. Chichester: Wiley, 3-15.

Foreign title
If your assignment, theses, dissertation or project is in the English language but you are referring to sources which are written in other languages, give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language or give an English translation of it in square brackets with a language descriptor at the end.

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title [Translated title]. Place of publication: Publisher. Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Candegabe (1997: 25) revealed that...

Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada [Comparative medical material]. Buckinghamshire: Beaconsfield Publishers. or Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada. Buckinghamshire: Beaconsfield Publishers.

Book reviews
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Reviewers Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of book being reviewed by Author(s) of book, reviewed in Title of Journal/Newspaper containing the review, volume(issue), page. Reviewers Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of review (Review of the book Title of book). Title of Journal/Newspaper containing the review (format). Available: web address. Accessed date.

Time is a contributing factor (Raju 2005). Parfit (1997) commented that

Raju, R. 2005. The Project Management Toolkit by Kendrick, T., reviewed in Engineering, 57(5), 25. Parfit, M. 1997. Breathless (Review of the book The climb: tragic ambitions on Everest). New York Times on the Web (online). Available: http://search.nytimes.com/books/reviews/971207.07parfitt.html (Accessed 7 October 1999).

Translated work
For works which have been translated the reference should include details of the translator and for major historical works the date of the original work may be included.

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Translated from original Language by Surname, Initial/s of Translator. Place of publication: Publisher

A recent study indicated that... (Richter and Hebgen 2009: 23).

Richter, P. and Hebgen, E. 2009. Trigger points and muscle chains in osteopath. Translated from German by Wilms, S. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.

Reports
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Organisational reports: Authors Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report. Place: Publisher. E-reports: Authors Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report (format). Place: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).

The report (Department of Health 2001) suggests is key to a healthy work environment (Coulter and Collins 2011). The report (Department of Health 2001) suggests

Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for older people. London: Department of Health. Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decisionmaking a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund. Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for older people (online). London: Department of Health. Available: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/ documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf (Accessed 2 May 2011). Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decisionmaking a reality: no decision about me, without me (online). London: The King's Fund. Available: http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/nhs_decisionmaking.html (Accessed 12 September 2011).

is key to a healthy work environment (Coulter and Collins 2011).

E-books
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Place of publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Appannaiah and Ramanath (2009) discuss the importance of industrial management...

Appannaiah, H. R. and Ramanath, H. R. 2009. Perspective management (online). Mumbai, India: Global Media. Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20 January 2012).

Chapters in an e-book
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In: Surname, Initial/s. Title of book: subtitle (format). Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).

According to Johnson (2002: 2)

Johnson, D. 2002. A mans perspective. In: Peter, C. Women are from Jupiter (online). Durban, South Africa: Global Media. Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20 January 2010).

Electronic encyclopaedias
Wikipedia is not considered an academic source

In-text
Title (year of publication: page number/s) (Title Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Title of encyclopaedia. Subject (format). Year of publication. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Plastic surgery is a speciality (Mosbys encyclopaedia of anatomy, 2009: 67).

Mosbys encyclopaedia of anatomy. Plastic surgery (online). 2009. Available: http://mosby.org/Plastic_surgery.htm (Accessed 11 December 2009).

Format for journals and periodicals (print and online)

To distinguish between the article title and the journal title the journal title is either underlined or put in italics. Some journals indicate seasons of the year (Autumn / Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer), or parts of the year (First quarter, Second quarter, Third quarter, Fourth quarter) or just the names of the month in which they are published (January, February, March, etc.) to identify the different parts.

Journals with volume and part/issue number


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle. Journal title, volume number(part/issue number): page number/s.

Simelane (2009: 87) stated that natural resources have been conserved The conservation of natural resources has long been practiced by African communities (Simelane 2009: 87).

Simelane, T. 2009. African traditional knowledge systems and biodiversity management. Africa insight, 39(3): 84-93.

Journals with no volume number


Use the date or any other descriptor e.g. Summer. Where there is no volume or issue number, a comma (not a colon) is placed after the title of the journal. This shows that the page numbers follow.

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle. Journal title, Part name/descriptor: page numbers.

Walton (2011: 12) recommends that you prepare an argument Responding effectively to a bad idea requires making your response business-relevant and constructing a supported case (Walton 2011: 12).

Walton, S. B. 2011. A good response to a bad idea: disagreeing with management confidently and effectively. Public relations strategist, Fall: 12-14.

Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue)


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle. Journal title, volume number(Supplement): page number/s.

According to Mapesela and Hay (2006: 720) staff is discouraged about

Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case of a South African university of higher education. The international journal of higher education and educational planning, 37(Suppl.): 711-747.

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Journal articles from Internet sources or databases


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Journal title (format), volume number(issue number): pages. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Mapesela and Hay (2006: 712) state that...

Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case of a South African university. Higher education: the international journal of higher education and educational planning (online), 52(4): 711-747. Available: http://search.epnet.com (Accessed 10 December 2009). Ibiyemi, A. O., Adenuga, A. O., and Odusami, K. T. 2009. Comparative analysis of traditional procurement methods in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of construction (online), 2(2): 26. Available: http://www.asocsa.org/JOC2009Vol2No2content.pdf (Accessed 10 December 2009).

According to Ibiyemi, Adenuga and Odusami (2009: 26)...

Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same year)
If referencing sources which are written by the same author and published in the same year, use letters a, b, c, etc. after the publication year (without a space) to distinguish between them. Each source would require a separate entry in the reference list.

In-text
Surname (year of publication{indication of sequence}): page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication{indication of sequence}: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication{indication of sequence}. Title of article. Journal title (format), volume number(issue number): pages. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Reynolds (2010a: 165) suggested that

Reynolds, A. J. 2010a. Predicting adult criminal behaviour from juvenile delinquency. Advances in life course research (online), 15: 161-170. Available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate (Accessed 19 January 2012). Reynolds, A. J. 2010b. Preschool education, educational attainment and crime prevention. Children and youth services review (online), 32: 1054-1063. Available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth (Accessed 19 January 2012).

Reynolds (2010b: 1056) explained that

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Newspapers
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper, Date of newspaper issue: page numbers.

Begley (2012: 11) reports that fullgenome sequencing could help decide Full-genome sequencing could provide real benefits in determining which patients will benefit from a drug. (Begley 2012: 11)

Begley, S. 2012. Genomes: the future has arrived: a new DNA reader is set to bring genetics into everyday medicine but how many advantages will this in fact bring? The Witness, 23 January: 11.

Online newspapers
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper (format), Month and day: page number/s. Available: website address (Accessed date).

According to Gontsana (2009: 3)...

Gontsana, M. 2009. Residents clean up after fire. Cape Times (online), December 11: 3. Available: http://www.capetimes.co.za (Accessed 11 December 2009).

Papers in conference proceedings


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of conference paper/contribution. In: Editor Surname, Initial/s., ed. Title of Conference Proceedings. Place of conference, date of conference. Place of publication (if known): Publisher, page numbers.

Huxham (2009: 26) argue that through-put rates

Huxham, M. 2009. Learning in lectures: do interactive windows help? In: Shakya, G. ed. JISC Conference on Learning Online. England, 6-9 August 2009. Liverpool: Open University, 25-28.

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Format for unpublished works (print and online)

Lecture notes and study guides


The title of an unpublished work is not written in italics

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Lecturers Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Name of issuing body, date received.

Mkhize (2011: 17) argues that

Mkhize, M. 2012. Community health nursing practice 3, lecture notes distributed in the department of nursing, Durban University of Technology, 20 January 2012.

Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform [Blackboard, Moodle]


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Lecturers Surname, Initial/s. Year. Lecture title, from LMS course code {capitalised} Title of course. Teaching organisation, location and date of presentation. Available: LMS name. (Accessed date).

Naidoo (2010) recommends

Naidoo, S. 2010. Using the discovery service, from IL102 Information literacy 102. Durban University of Technology, Durban on 6 June. Available: Blackboard (Accessed 29 July 2010).

Meeting minutes
In-text
Committee name (year of publication: page number/s) or (Committee name Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Committee. Year. Title. Organisation, Location

The members (Information Services Committee 2006) put forward a motion to

Information Services Committee. 2006. Minutes of the meeting held on 8th November 2006. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.

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Theses and Dissertations


The title of an unpublished work is not written in italics

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Degree, Name of institution.

According to Perumal (2010: 18) higher education

Perumal, R. 2010. The development of universities of technology in the higher education landscape in South Africa. D.Tech, Durban University of Technology.

Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title (format). Degree, Name of institution. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Shacksnovis (2005: 11) argues

Shacksnovis, R. 2005. The relative effectiveness of myofascial manipulation versus ischaemic compression in the treatment of myofascial trigger points of the upper trapezius muscle (online). M.Tech, Durban University of Technology. Available: http://ir.dut.ac.za/handle/10321/167 (Accessed 20 January 2012).

Format for electronic sources

Internet sources with author/s


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

Smith (2009: 712) states...

Smith, P. 2009. Transformation critical to higher education and training (online). Available: http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/higher-educationunder-construction-2009-07-17 (Accessed 10 December 2009).

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Internet sources without an author/s


Items that have no author or date should be evaluated to determine their authenticity or suitability for academic purposes.

In-text
Title (year of publication: page number/s) (Title year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Title (format). Year the website was updated. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Leadership issues were discussed (Providing leadership for libraries 2009).

Providing leadership for libraries (online). 2009. Available: http://www.diglib.org/ (Accessed 10 December 2009).

Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail)


Personal communications are noted in the in-text reference but are not included in the reference list. It is important to get permission from the person referred to in the in-text reference, to use this information.

In-text
communication method on date, Name of person

Reference list

In an e-mail communication on 10 June 1995, the Director of Siemens, Wren indicated that In a telephone conversation on 17 July 2011, the KwazuluNatal Director of Nursing, Dr Petty highlighted No entries in the Reference list Evidence given by the Director of Nursing, Dr. Petty (1999, pers. comm. 17 July) when interviewed on 12 December 2009, Gouden (DUT student) stated that

Blogs (weblogs)
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of the posting. Title of the site (format). Available: blog address. (Accessed date)

According to Frank (2009)

Frank, R. 2009. The future of environment. About our country (online). Available: http://www.ourcountry.blogger.com (Accessed 22 May 2009).

15

Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.)


In-text
Surname (year of publication) or (Surname Year)

Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of page. (Title of website) Day month of posted message. Available: web address (Accessed date).

According to Jones (2009)

Jones, S. 2009. Referencing group. (Facebook) 5 May. Available: http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=10004524134 (Accessed 5 May 2009). Dr Phil. 2009. Rules of engagement. (Facebook) 20 February. Available: http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=1087656 (Accessed 20 February 2009).

Communication is key (Dr Phil 2009).

Computer programs
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Creators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of program (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

This software will revolutionise (Thomson Reuters 2010).

Thomson Reuters. 2010. EndNote x4: advance your research and publish instantly (computer software and manual). Available: http://www.endnote.com/ (Accessed 21 July 2010). Schwarzer, R. 1989. Statistics software for meta-analysis (computer software and manual). Available: http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/schwarze/meta_e.htm (Accessed 13 May 2010).

The results (Schwarzer 1989) revealed

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Format for government publications


(print and online)

Commissions with a chairperson


In the title of a Commission of Inquiry, the significant words of the title should begin with capital letters.

In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Chairpersons Surname, Initial/s., Chairperson. Year of publication. Title of Inquiry. Place of publication: Publisher.

In the Commission of Inquiry into Racism (Grey 2009: 78), it was stated

Grey, D. S., Chairperson. 2009. Commission of Inquiry into Racism. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Commissions without a chairperson


In-text
Commissions name (year of publication: page number/s) or (Commissions name Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Place of inquiry. Title of Inquiry. Year of publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

It was reported in the Commission of Inquiry into the Public Health Sector (2007: 45) that most

South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into the Public Health Sector. 2007. Final Report. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Councils (as issuing bodies)


In-text
Council name (year of publication: page number/s) or (Council name Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Council. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

The South African Geographical Names Council (2008: 55) has researched the meaning

The South African Geographical Names Council. 2008. Annual Report. Pretoria: Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology.

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Government departments (as issuing bodies)


In-text
Department name (year of publication: page number/s) or (Department name Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Name of Department. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

According to the latest figures (Department of Health 2008: 11)

South Africa. Department of Health. 2008. Nursing strategy for South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Government gazettes
In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette number: Day Month.

It was stated in the policy (South Africa 2009: 54-56) that

South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for South Africa (Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette number 19862: 18 April.

Government gazettes (electronic format)


In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette number: Day Month (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

It was stated in the policy (Republic of South Africa 2009: 54-56) that

Republic of South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for South Africa (Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette number 19862: 18 April (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01 January 2010).

Green papers
In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Date. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

It was stated (South Africa 2009: 23) that

South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic planning. Pretoria: Government Printer.

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Green papers (electronic format)


In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Year of Publication. Title (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

South Africa (2009: 23)

South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic planning (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01 January 2010).

White papers
In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette number: Day Month.

As reported in the White Paper (South Africa 2009: 54) the results show

South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17 May.

White papers (electronic format)


In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette number: Day Month (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

As reported in the White Paper (South Africa 2009: 98) the results show

South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17 May (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01 January 2010).

Laws or Acts
In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) or (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Year. Title of Act. Place of publication: Publisher.

The declaration of human rights by South Africa (2010) state that

South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 43 of 2010. Pretoria: Government Printer.

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Laws or Acts (electronic format)


In-text
Country (year of publication: page number/s) (Country Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of Country. Year. Title of Act (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

South Africa Parliament (2010)...

South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 4 of 2010 (online). Available: http://sahrc.org.za (Accessed 6 November 2010).

Law cases
In-text
Name v. Name (date)

Reference list
Name of the parties involved in the law case. Year of reporting. The law reporting series abbreviated part number/case number, page reference if available.

In the recent case of Royal v. White (2011), the defense noted...

Royal v. White. 2011. SALR 842/11240, 190.

Tax cases
In-text
Name v. Name (date)

Reference list
Name vs. Name. Year of publication. (Volume), Source page begins. (Court).

Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of Vryheid (1973) revealed that

Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of Vryheid. 1973. (70), SATC 223. (SCA).

Patents
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Name of author/inventor. Year of publication. Title of patent. Country of patent, patent number.

Smith (2009: 20) discovered that

Smith, D. T. 2009. Heat regulator. SA patent, 333371.

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Standards
In-text
Corporate author (year of publication: page number/s) or (Corporate author Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number. Place of publication: Publisher. Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

According to the South African Bureau of Standards (2010: 11)

South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice [for] the installation, inspection and maintenance of equipment used in explosive atmospheres. Part 1, Installations including surface installations on mines, SABS 86-1:2001. Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice for the installation, inspection and maintenance of equipment used in explosive atmosphere. Part 1, Installation including surface installations of mines, SABS 86-1:2001 (online). Available: ftp://libresources/SANS%20%20SABS/Catalogue%20SANS%20-%20SABS%20%20%20Nov%202007/CatalogueNov2007.pdf (accessed 22 November 2009).

Format for images, artwork, video recordings (print and online)

Images
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Date. Title (format). Place of Publication: Publisher. Title (format). Year of publication. Place of publication: Publisher.

The picture (Pillay 2009) illustrates that Dragons Peak (2009: 3) illustrates

Image with author: Pillay, S. 2009. Table mountain at night (image). Durban: ABC Publishing. Image without author: Dragons Peak (image). 2009. Durban: ABC Publishing.

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Online images
In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) (Surname year of publication: page number/s) Title (year of publication) Title of Image (format). Year of publication. Available: website address (Accessed date).

Reference list
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

The ship was clearly too close to the shore as is depicted in the photo (Thomas 2012).

Image with author: Thomas, D. 2012. The sinking Costa Concordia (image). Available: http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=costa+concordia&f=hp (Accessed 20 January 2012). Image without author: Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis Edward Stewart (image).1688. Available: http://www.scran.ac.uk (Accessed 02 February 2006).

When looking at the image Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis Edward Stewart (1688), it is obvious that

Art works (photographs, paintings)


In-text
Surname (year of publication: page number/s) or (Surname Year of publication: page number/s)

Reference list
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format), size, location. or Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of the work (format). In: Author/Editor of book. Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Horan (2002) demonstrates Masolino painting (1427) illustrates

Horan, D. 2002. Kipper in the cats mouth (painting), 20x30 cm, National Gallery, London. Masolino, T. 1427. The Temptation of Adam and Eve (painting). In: Brucwmitford, M. 1996. The illustrated book of signs and symbols. London: Dorling Kindersley.

TV programme / broadcast
If you are accessing the programme online, e.g. via SABC iplayer, then you would amend the reference as indicated in the second example

In-text
Programme title (year of publication) or (Programme title year of publication)

Reference list
Title of programme (format). Date of production. Channel, date of transmission, time of broadcast.

Sir Alan Sugar (The Apprentice 2008) exemplifies

The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June, 1500hrs. The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June. Available: http://www.sabc.co.za/iplayer (Accessed 14 June 2008).

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Film / Video recordings


In-text
Film title (year of publication) or (Film title year of publication)

Reference list
Title of Film (format). Year. Directed by Directors name, place of production: Production company.

The animation of the Ents (Lord of the rings: the two towers 2003) is a good example of

Lord of the Rings: the two towers (film). 2003. Directed by Peter Jackson. New York: Newline Productions Inc.

Online video (YouTube, Vimeo)


In-text
Surname (year of publication) or (Surname Year of publication)

Reference list
Screen name of contributor. Year of publication. Video Title, Series Title (if relevant) (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).

Mrgeorged (2009) discusses

Mrgeorged. 2009. Top Gear, The stig revealed (video online). Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4 (Accessed 23 June 2009).

Live performances
In-text
Surname (year of performance) or (Surname Year of performance)

Reference list
Dance: Composer/Choreographer. Year of premiere. Title. Company {optional}. (Location. Date seen). Play: Title by Author. Year of performance. Directed by Company {optional}. (Location. Date seen).

Ashton (1994) captured Priestly (2009) illustrated

Ashton, F. 1994. Cinderella. (Royal Opera House, London. 13 January 2004). An inspector calls by Priestley, J. B. 2009. Directed by Daldry, S. Arts Theatre. (Cambridge. 11 May).

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Useful websites
This booklet is not a comprehensive guide. For additional information please consult the following useful sites on Harvard referencing:

http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/pdf/harvard.pdf http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_system.htm

http://www.turnitin.com http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/infolit/bibl.htm http://utas.libguides.com/referencing http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/40/753/referencing_2009.pdf

Example of a Reference List


Callison, D. and Preddy, L. 2006. The blue book on information age, inquiry, instruction and literacy. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited. Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. and Smit, R. (eds). 2003. Reference techniques: Harvard method and APA style (online). Available: http://www.uj.ac.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iMfpK7IpJSM%3D&tabid (Accessed 05 December 2009). Denscombe, M. 2003. The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Queen Margaret University. 2001. How to reference using the Harvard system of referencing (online). Available: http://healthsciences.qmuc.ac.uk/RESOURCES/Documents/Harvard_referencing.htm (Accessed 05 December 2009). University of South Australia. 2007. Referencing using the Harvard author-date system: developed using the Commonwealth of Australia style manual for authors, editors and printers of 2002 (online). Available: http://www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students/study/referencing/harvard.pdf (Accessed 05 February 2010).

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