POETRY

Types
Narrative: A poem which tells a story (written as a story) Dramatic: A poem written as a drama or play. Lyrical: A poem written as a song or with the authors feelings or emotions. Shape/concrete: A poem thats written in a shape for the meaning to be seen and heard.

Imagery
Apostrophe: When an author speaks to the deceased or an inanimate object or idea. Personification: Giving human qualities to inanimate objects or ideas. Metaphor: A comparison between two different things Simile: A comparison using like or as.

 Apostrophe: With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climbst the skies
The author is speaking to the moon

Personification: With sorrow heaped at his door

The author is describing sorrow as something that can be piled. The former example is personification as well because the author is describing the moon as climbing

 Metaphor: All the worlds a stage. (Shakespeare)

This example describes the world (as in society) being compared to a stage (as in preforming). This implies that all people are actors on a stage in the sense of dishonesty etc. Death is a broom/I take in my hands/ To sweep the world clean (Hughes)

 Simile: And like a thunderbolt he falls (Tennyson)

This example compares the flight of an eagle to a thunderbolt, emphasizing its fall. The holy time is quiet as a nun (Wordsworth)

 Conceit: A metaphor between two very different things Metaphysical Conceit: A metaphor between two very different things, which explores the world around us (particularly concepts about life) Diction: Word choice

 Conceit and Metaphysical Conceit:

If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two; Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th other do. This example compares two very unalike objects (a compass and two lovers) in a way that captures a metaphysical concept (the connection of souls).

 Synecdoche: Figure of speech in which a part represents a whole

Not a hair perished (Shakespeare) In this example hair is used to represent the person "Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me your ears. (Shakespeare) Here, ears refers to the crowd and gaining their attention

 Metonymy: The substitution of a word which relates to the object or person to be named.
The serpent that did sting thy fathers life/ now wears the crown. (Shakespeare) This example replaces Claudius with the word serpent, describing him as evil and sinister.

 Symbolism: The use of one object to suggest another.

As a dare-gale skylark scanted in a dull cage symbolizes mans spirit contained within the domain of society.

Allegory: A symbolic representation.

Animal Farm

 Euphony: The use of compatible, harmonious sounds to produce pleasing, melodious effect.
And the smooth stream in smoother numbers flows (Pope)

Cacophony: The use of inharmonious sounds in close conjunction with effect (opposite of euphony)
But when loud surges lash the sounding shore

 Anaphora: the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence.

What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? (Blake) In this example Blake repeats what to emphasize the question of the child toward the tiger.

 Irony: The contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning.
Verbal irony: meaning one thing and saying another. Dramatic Irony: Two levels of meaningwhat the speaker says and what he means, and what the speaker says and the author means. Situational Irony: when the reality of a situation differs from the anticipated or intended effect.

 Mood: The atmosphere or feelings of the poem. Tone: The authors attitude toward a character or topic Denotation: definition of words vs. Connotation: the implied meaning of words Onomatopoeia: A word which mimics the sound it denotes ex. Buzz

 Mood: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, (Poe)
This example creates a dark and tired atmosphere or tone, one that can be seen as sad or even frightening etc.

Tone: And she had little dogs she would be feeding/With roasted flesh, or milk, or fine white bread./And bitterly she wept if one were dead. (Chaucer)
In this example the author uses a sarcastic tone to show his attitude towards this character.

 Paradox: a statement which appear to be self-contradictory, but underlines a basis of truth

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times (Dickens) Elected silence, sing to me (Hopkins)

 Hyperbole: An exaggeration for effect; overstatement.

Love you ten years before the flood , And if you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews (Marvell)

Innuendo: an allusive or oblique remark or hint. Pun: A form of word play that suggests two or more meanings.
Tis a quick lie, sir, twill away again from me to you

Rhyme
Reference your sheet and know the following:
Definition of Rhyme Feminine and Masculine rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance

 Off Rhyme Perfect Rhyme End Rhyme and Internal rhyme

Rhythm
Meter: When an author writes with a specific pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables Blank Verse: When an author writes in Iambic Pentameter but does not rhyme (Paradise Lost) Iambic Pentameter: Five Iambic feet ( )
Ex. When I have fears that I may cease to be

Free Verse: The author takes the liberty of choosing their own rhythm (Death Fugue

The Sonnet
14 line poem written in Iambic Pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme Modern Sonnet: Only requires 14 lines Uses the following structure:
Problem Turn Solution

Metaphysical Poets
Metaphysics: Understanding the world around us: Abstract Ideas: Those things which cannot be seen or touched Concrete Images: Those things which can be seen and touched and recollected Wrote about God, the connection of lovers souls and death

The Cavalier Poets

Loyal to the King Playboys Wrote in the classical style Wrote the concept: Carpe Diem

John Milton
Paradise Lost
Epic Poem Main Character is Satan

Milton went blind from reading

Said he hadnt seen clearly until his blindness

Considered the counter argument to strengthen his own

Romanticism
A reaction to the Industrial Revolution A revolt against the scientific rationalization of nature Believed nature involved supernatural elements (the unexplained)

Emphasis on Emotion
Trepidation Horror Terror Awe In the past, weve seen authors write about things, but not how things make them feel.

Qualities of a Romantic Author

Fascination with the supernatural Belief in ideals Love of nature Trusts intuition Patriotism Longing for the past Belief in individual Focus on self

Poetry?
Consider your definition of poetry Consider The Poetical