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1.
3.
2
+ 110 : 20. ;
, , = 3 + 3 , = 2 + 2 .
- = 2.
A
-
+ + + = 0
..
+ + + = + ( - ) + ( - ) + =
=-
= + - + - + =
= + - + - - = 0
2
. :
+ + + = 0
, , , = = , .
+ + + = + + (-) + (-) = + - - =
= ( - ) + ( - ) =
= + =
= - = 0 ( = ).
, : =
=
- = 0
+ = +
=
0
-=
- = -
=
-=
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
- = - - - (-) = - - (-) - = -
= , .
..
- = ( - ) - ( - ) = - - + = -(-) + (-) =
= -
..
- = - - ( - ) = - ( - )
- + = - + 0 = 0, .
Ma
3
:
2 - 3 + 5 = 0 .
,
: + = + .
.
2 - 3 + 5 = 0 2 - 3( - ) + 5( - ) = 0
2 - 3 + 3 + 5 - 5 = 0 -2 - 3 + 3 + 5 - 5 = 0
3 5
4 = -3 + 5 = - +
4
4
, , :
+ + = 0
| | | | | |
=
=
3
5
2
: .
3
1
, : | |= , | |= 2 | + |,
2
2
: .
| | || | |
=
=
= | |= 3, ||= 5, | |= 2.
3
5
2
=--
||= 5 |- - |= 5 | + |= 3 + 2 | + |=| | + | |
=--
| |= 3 |- - |= 3 | + |= 5 - 2 | + |=||-| |
| + |=|| | - | ||
3 1
+|
| | + |
| = + =2
2 |
2 2
| + |= 2 =| | + | | , .
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
.
+ = + (- ) + ( - ) = (- ) +
=
- + - = - + = - =
= .
Ma
5
,
G (). :
+ + = 0
G + G + G = 0
2 2
G = = -
3
3
(+) 2
2
2
2
G+
G
+
G
=
(
+
+)
=
0= 0
G
3
3
3
3
2 2
G = 3 = - 3
6
, , + + = 0.
= + + ( ).
, :
= + + = + ( - ) + ( - ) =
+ + =0
= - + - + - = -( + + ) + + =
= +
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
1
= ( + )
2 (+)
1
1 1
= ( + ) + + = ( + + + + +) = 0 = 0
2
2
2
1
= 2 ( +)
Ma
7
, , | | + | | + | | 0 + + = 0.
+ + = 0 , ' ,, .
8
,,, , :
- 2 = 2 + 3 -
, .
, , , , , :
= - + , = 2 + 3 + 4 , = 3 + 7 + 7
, .
- 2 = 2 + 3 - - 2 = 2 + + 2 -
( - ) + 2( - ) = 2 - + 2 = 2 -
- = 2( - ) = 2
/ / , , .
= -
= 2 + 3 + 4 - ( - + )
= 2 + 3 + 4 - + -
=
3
+
7
+
7
(
+
)
=
3
+
7
+
7
- +-
= + 4 + 3
= + 4 + 3
= 2
= 2 + 8 + 6
= 2( + 4 + 3)
/ / , , .
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
| | + | | + | | 0, ' , ,
.
0 + + = 0 = - -
+ + = 0 + + (- - ) = 0
+ - - = 0 ( - ) + ( - ) = 0
+ = 0 = =
,, .
Ma
9
, , :
/ /
= - 2 = 2 -
: / /
, : = , R.
= - 2
= - 2
= ( - 2)
/ /
/
/
= 2 -
= 2 -
= (2 - 1)
/ /
= - = - ( - ) = - ( - ) = - - + = -
2
2
2
=
- = - - = = = 3 6
3
3 2
2
2
4 2 1 2
= + = - + - = = = -
2 3 6 3 6 3 3 3
3
11
.
:| + |=| + | .
.
:| + |=| - | .
, :
+ =2
| + |=| + |
| 2 |=| 2 | | |=| |
+ =2
.
+ =2
| + |=| - |
| 2 |=| | 2 | |=| |
1
| |= | |
2
-=
1
| | .
2
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
10
.
, = = ,
Ma
12
= ( 2 - 3 + 2, 2 - 4).
, :
= 0
0 / /y'y
2 - 3 + 2 = 0
( - 1)( - 2) = 0
= 1 = 2
= 0
= 2
2 - 4 = 0
( + 2)( - 2) = 0
( = 2 = -2
2 - 3 + 2 = 0
2 - 4 0
( - 1)( - 2) = 0
( + 2)( - 2) 0
13
= (1,3) = (2,2).
= 5 i + 7 j .
, :
= +
+ 2 = 5 (-)
(5,7) = (1,3) + (2,2) (5,7) = ( + 2,3 + 2)
3 + 2 = 7
+ 2 = 5
1 + 2 = 5
2 = 4
= 2
2 = 2
= 1
= 1
= 1
= + 2
14
(1,2), (4,5) (-3,1). , .
= .
=
= (x - x , y - y )
= (4 - 1,5 - 2)
= (3,3)
= (x - x , y - y )
= (x + 3, y - 1)
= x + 3, y - 1)
x + 3 = 3
x = 0
(0,4)
(3,3) = x + 3, y - 1)
y - 1 = 3
y = 4
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
x = 0
0 / /y'y
y 0
= 1 = 2
= 1
( 2 -2
Ma
, .
x + x y + y
-3 + 4 1 + 5
1
, (
,
) = (
,
) = ( ,3)
2
2
2
2
2
x + x y + y
x + 1 y + 2
, (
,
) = (
,
)
2
2
2
2
x + 1 y + 2
1
,
) = ( ,3)
2
2
2
x + 1 = 1
y + 2 = 6
x = 0
(0,4)
y = 4
15
| |=
32 + (-4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
=
| | =| |
| | =| || |
|
|
=
-
|
< 0
< 0
< 0
= -2 = -2 = -2(3,-4) = (-6,8)
| |=2 | |
2 | | = - | |
16
x'x ' (3,-2)
(1,2).
x'x :(x,0).
E
x2 - 6x + 9 + 4 = x2 - 2x + 1 + 4 4x = 8 x = 2
(2,0) .
17
(4,1), (1,4) (0,0).
, =
.
= .
(x, y) :
x - 4 = 1
x = 5
= (x - 4, y - 1) = (1 - 0, 4 - 0)
(5,5) .
y - 1 = 4
y = 5
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
= (3,-4). :
| |
| |= 2 | | .
Ma
| |2 = (5 - 4)2 + (5 - 1)2
| |2 = 17
| |2 =| |2 | |=| |
2
2
2
2
| | = 17
| | = (5 - 1) + (5 - 4)
,
.
19
,
(-2,2), (2 ,5) ( - 2,3) .
, : / /
= (x - x , y - y ) = (2 + 2,5 - 2) = (2 + 2,3)
= (x - x , y - y ) = ( - 2 + 2,3 - 2) = (,1)
2 + 2 3
= 0 2 + 2 - 3 = 0
/ / det(, ) = 0
1
= 1
2 + 2 - 2 - = 0 ( - 1) - 2( - 1) = 0 ( - 1)( - 2) = 0
= 2
20
(-1,2), (2,4) (4,3).
x'x
, + = .
4
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
18
x,
= (4, x) = (x,1) :
4 x
= 0 x2 - 4 = 0 x2 = 4 x = 2
det(,) = 0
x 1
= (4,2)
x = 2
= (4,2) = 2(2,1) = 2 , .
= (2,1)
= (4,-2)
x = -2
= (4,-2) = -2(-2,1) = -2 , .
= (-2,1)
Ma
y - y
y -y
4 -2
2
3-2
1
=
= = = =
= =
x - x 2 - (-1) 3
x - x 4 - (-1) 5
10 3
+
15 15 = 1
15 2
15 15
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
2 1
+
+
+ = ( + ) =
=1 3 5 =1
2 1
4
4
1 -
1-
3 5
13
15 = 1 1 = 1 , .
13
15
21
| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
6
3
: (2 - 3 )(3 - 2 ) = 13.
3
3
=| ||
|(,) =
2
=1
3
2
(2 - 3 )(3 - 2 ) = 6 - 4 - 9 + 6 = 6 | | 2 - 13 + 6 | | 2 =
2
3
1
= 6
- 13 + 622 = 6 - 13 + 24 = 13
3
3
22
| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
6
3
x = 6 - 2 .
3
3
|(,) =
2
=| ||
=1
3
2
2
2
3
| x | 2 = x = (6 - 2)2 = 36 - 24 + 4 = 36 | | 2 - 24 + 4 | | 2 = 36
- 24 + 422 =
3
1
= 36 - 24 + 16 = 4
3
:| x | 2 = 4 | x |= 2
Ma
10
23
x , ,
-1 ( x ) = - x (1).
(x) = - x (x) = ( - x) (x) = - x (x) + x =
-1
(1)
(x) = - x = x = -
(x)( + 1) = x =
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1
3
| |=
, | |= 2 | 3 - |= 1.
3
( , ) .
3
|(,) =
2(,) (1)
=| ||
3
(1)
2
2
| 3 - |= 1 | 3 - |2 = 12 (3 - )2 = 1 9 - 6 + = 1 9 | |2 - 6 + | |2 = 1
1
3
9 - 6 2(,) + 22 = 1 3 - 4 3 (,) + 4 = 1 4 3 (,) = 6
3
3
3
3 3
3
(,) =
(,) =
(,) =
2
2 3
2 3 3
( , ) =
6
25
3
| |=
| | ( + ).
2
( , ).
( + ) ( + ) = 0 + = 0 | |2 + | || | (,) = 0
| | 0
| | 0
3
| | + | | (,) = 0
| | | | + | | (,) = 0 | | + | | (,) = 0
2
3
| |
3
(,) = - 2
(,) = 2
| |
5
( , ) - =
6
6
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
24
Ma
11
26
| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
3
6
( u , ) u = 3 - = -6 + 2 .
27
,
.
,
= 90.
' ,
=-
2 2
= ( + )( + ) = ( + )( - ) = - =
| |=||= =R
=| | 2 - | | 2 =
=
R 2 - R2 = 0
= 90 .
= 0 ,
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
3
3
| =
2
=| ||
=1
6 3
2
2
2
2
1
| u | 2 = u = (3 - )2 = 9 - 6 + = 9 | | 2 - 6 + | | 2 = 9 - 61 + 22 = 1
3
| u |= 1
1
| | 2 = = (-6 + 2)2 = 36 - 24 + 4 = 36 | | 2 - 24 + 4 | | 2 = 36 - 241 + 422 = 4
3
| |= 2
-2
u
(u, ) = =
= -1
| u || | 12
( u , ) =
Ma
12
28
: | + 4 |= 5
(2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ).
| | | | .
=0
2
2
2
2
| + 4 |= 5 | + 4 | = 5 ( + 4 ) = 25 + 8 + 16 = 25
| | 2 + 16 | | 2 = 25 (1)
29
, = (1 - ,2 + 1)
= (2, - 2) .
, :
= 0 (1 - )2 + (2 + 1)( - 2) = 0 2 - 2 2 + 2 2 - 4 + - 2 = 0
- - 2 = 0 = -2
30
(1,1) (3,-1). , .
29
= 0
(1 - x,1 - y) (3 - x, -1 - y) = 0
(x, y) . , :
2
2
2
2
(1
x)
+
(1
y)
=
(3
x)
+
(-1
y)
|
|=|
3 - x - 3x + x2 - 1 - y + y + y2 = 0
(1 - x)(3 - x) + (1 - y)(-1 - y) = 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1 - x) + (1 - y) = (3 - x) + (-1 - y)
1 - 2x + x + 1 - 2y + y = 9 - 6x + x + 1 + 2y + y
x2 + y2 - 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + (x - 2)2 - 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + x2 - 4x + 4 - 4x + 2 = 0
4x = 4y + 8
y = x - 2
y = x - 2
2
2
2x - 8x + 6 = 0
x - 4x + 3 = 0
x = 1 x = 3
x = 1 y = -1
y = x - 2
x = 3 y = 1
y = x - 2
y = x - 2
(1,-1) (3,1) .
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
=0
2
(2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ) (2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ) = 0 2 + 3 - 12 - 18 = 0
| |+3 | | 0
2 | |2 - 18 | |2 = 0 | |2 - 9 | |2 = 0 (| | +3 | |)(| | -3 | |) = 0
| | -3 | | = 0 | |= 3 | | (2)
(1) (2) :
9 | |2 +16 | |2 = 25 25 | |2 = 25 | |2 = 1 | |= 1
' (2) : | |= 3 | |= 3 1 = 3
Ma
13
31
2
. = ,
.
(1)
, =
(1)
= (2)
=
32
= (-2,6). ,
x y , x = (1,2).
= x + y
= x + y = x + y
=x+y
=
x
||
x
=
(1,2)
x = (,2)
x =
= x + y
= x + y
(-2, 6) = (2, 4) + y
y = (-2,6) - (2, 4)
y = (-4,2)
= 2
2 - 12 = + 4 10 = 5 = 2
x = (2,4)
x = (,2)
x = (,2)
x = (2, 4)
x = (2, 4)
33
, : = .
= - = 0 + = 0
( + ) = 0 (1)
(, ' : + = 2, ' )
' , : + = 2 (2)
, (1) (2) : 2 = 0 = 0
, '
.
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
2
2 (2) 2
2
= = - = 0 + = 0
+ =
( + ) = 0 = 0
.
Ma
14
34
| |= 1 , | |= 2, ( , ) = 3
= x - .
x, | | ,
, x , : .
-2
x = x = x =| || | (,) x = 2 x = 1
2 1
3
2
| | x = 1 | | x = 1.
E
x = 1 = - .
1
= ( - ) = - =| |2 - | || | = 12 - 2 1 = 1 - 1 = 0
3
2
: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/
= x - | |=| x - | | | 2 =| x - | 2 | | 2 = (x - )2
2
2
2
2
2 =| | 2 =1 2
2
2
| | 2 = x2 - 2x + | | 2 = x2 - 2 x + 2
x + 4 (1)
|
|
=
x
2
=| | 2 =2 2
| | 2 , : x2 - 2 x + 4.