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Ma

1.

3.
2
+ 110 : 20. ;

, , = 3 + 3 , = 2 + 2 .
- = 2.
A
-

+ + + = 0


..

+ + + = + ( - ) + ( - ) + =

=-
= + - + - + =

= + - + - - = 0

2
. :

+ + + = 0


, , , = = , .


+ + + = + + (-) + (-) = + - - =


= ( - ) + ( - ) =

= + =


= - = 0 ( = ).

, : =





=
- = 0

+ = +

=
0


-=
- = -
=
-=

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/


- = - - - (-) = - - (-) - = -


= , .
..

- = ( - ) - ( - ) = - - + = -(-) + (-) =

= -
..
- = - - ( - ) = - ( - )


- + = - + 0 = 0, .

Ma

3
:


2 - 3 + 5 = 0 .
,

: + = + .

.


2 - 3 + 5 = 0 2 - 3( - ) + 5( - ) = 0


2 - 3 + 3 + 5 - 5 = 0 -2 - 3 + 3 + 5 - 5 = 0

3 5
4 = -3 + 5 = - +
4
4


, , :

+ + = 0

| | | | | |

=
=
3
5
2

: .

3
1
, : | |= , | |= 2 | + |,
2
2

: .

| | || | |
=
=
= | |= 3, ||= 5, | |= 2.
3
5
2


=--

||= 5 |- - |= 5 | + |= 3 + 2 | + |=| | + | |

=--

| |= 3 |- - |= 3 | + |= 5 - 2 | + |=||-| |

| + |=|| | - | ||

3 1
+|
| | + |
| = + =2
2 |

2 2

| + |= 2 =| | + | | , .

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/


.


+ = + (- ) + ( - ) = (- ) +



=
- + - = - + = - =

= .

Ma

5
,
G (). :

+ + = 0

G + G + G = 0


2 2
G = = -
3
3
(+) 2
2
2
2

G+
G
+
G
=
(
+

+)
=
0= 0
G

3
3
3
3

2 2
G = 3 = - 3

6
, , + + = 0.

= + + ( ).
, :



= + + = + ( - ) + ( - ) =

+ + =0
= - + - + - = -( + + ) + + =

= +

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/


1
= ( + )
2 (+)
1
1 1

= ( + ) + + = ( + + + + +) = 0 = 0
2
2
2
1

= 2 ( +)

Ma

7
, , | | + | | + | | 0 + + = 0.


+ + = 0 , ' ,, .

8
,,, , :


- 2 = 2 + 3 -
, .

, , , , , :

= - + , = 2 + 3 + 4 , = 3 + 7 + 7
, .






- 2 = 2 + 3 - - 2 = 2 + + 2 -



( - ) + 2( - ) = 2 - + 2 = 2 -



- = 2( - ) = 2

/ / , , .


= -
= 2 + 3 + 4 - ( - + )
= 2 + 3 + 4 - + -

=
3
+
7
+
7
(

+
)

=
3
+
7
+
7
- +-

= + 4 + 3
= + 4 + 3

= 2

= 2 + 8 + 6
= 2( + 4 + 3)

/ / , , .

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

| | + | | + | | 0, ' , ,
.
0 + + = 0 = - -




+ + = 0 + + (- - ) = 0



+ - - = 0 ( - ) + ( - ) = 0


+ = 0 = =

,, .

Ma
9

, , :


/ /
= - 2 = 2 -

: / /

, : = , R.

= - 2
= - 2
= ( - 2)
/ /

/
/

= 2 -
= 2 -
= (2 - 1)
/ /




= - = - ( - ) = - ( - ) = - - + = -
2
2
2

=
- = - - = = = 3 6
3
3 2
2
2


4 2 1 2
= + = - + - = = = -
2 3 6 3 6 3 3 3
3

11
.


:| + |=| + | .
.


:| + |=| - | .
, :


+ =2

| + |=| + |
| 2 |=| 2 | | |=| |
+ =2

.


+ =2

| + |=| - |
| 2 |=| | 2 | |=| |

1
| |= | |
2

-=

1
| | .
2

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

10
.

, = = ,

Ma
12

= ( 2 - 3 + 2, 2 - 4).
, :

= 0
0 / /y'y

2 - 3 + 2 = 0
( - 1)( - 2) = 0
= 1 = 2

= 0


= 2
2 - 4 = 0
( + 2)( - 2) = 0
( = 2 = -2

2 - 3 + 2 = 0

2 - 4 0

( - 1)( - 2) = 0

( + 2)( - 2) 0

13

= (1,3) = (2,2).

= 5 i + 7 j .

, :

= +

+ 2 = 5 (-)
(5,7) = (1,3) + (2,2) (5,7) = ( + 2,3 + 2)

3 + 2 = 7
+ 2 = 5
1 + 2 = 5
2 = 4
= 2

2 = 2
= 1
= 1
= 1

= + 2

14
(1,2), (4,5) (-3,1). , .

= .


=
= (x - x , y - y )
= (4 - 1,5 - 2)
= (3,3)


= (x - x , y - y )
= (x + 3, y - 1)
= x + 3, y - 1)
x + 3 = 3
x = 0

(0,4)
(3,3) = x + 3, y - 1)
y - 1 = 3
y = 4

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

x = 0

0 / /y'y
y 0

= 1 = 2

= 1

( 2 -2

Ma
, .
x + x y + y
-3 + 4 1 + 5
1
, (
,
) = (
,
) = ( ,3)
2
2
2
2
2
x + x y + y
x + 1 y + 2
, (
,
) = (
,
)
2
2
2
2

x + 1 y + 2
1
,
) = ( ,3)
2
2
2

x + 1 = 1

y + 2 = 6

x = 0
(0,4)

y = 4

15

| |=

32 + (-4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

=
| | =| |
| | =| || |

|
|
=
-
|

< 0
< 0
< 0

= -2 = -2 = -2(3,-4) = (-6,8)

| |=2 | |

2 | | = - | |

16
x'x ' (3,-2)
(1,2).
x'x :(x,0).
E

= | |=| | (x - 3)2 + (0 + 2)2 = (x - 1)2 + (0 - 2)2

x2 - 6x + 9 + 4 = x2 - 2x + 1 + 4 4x = 8 x = 2
(2,0) .

17
(4,1), (1,4) (0,0).
, =
.

= .
(x, y) :

x - 4 = 1
x = 5
= (x - 4, y - 1) = (1 - 0, 4 - 0)

(5,5) .
y - 1 = 4
y = 5

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

= (3,-4). :

| |

| |= 2 | | .

Ma

| |2 = (5 - 4)2 + (5 - 1)2
| |2 = 17

| |2 =| |2 | |=| |
2
2
2
2
| | = 17
| | = (5 - 1) + (5 - 4)
,
.

19
,
(-2,2), (2 ,5) ( - 2,3) .

, : / /

= (x - x , y - y ) = (2 + 2,5 - 2) = (2 + 2,3)

= (x - x , y - y ) = ( - 2 + 2,3 - 2) = (,1)


2 + 2 3
= 0 2 + 2 - 3 = 0
/ / det(, ) = 0
1

= 1
2 + 2 - 2 - = 0 ( - 1) - 2( - 1) = 0 ( - 1)( - 2) = 0
= 2

20
(-1,2), (2,4) (4,3).

x'x

, + = .
4

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

18
x,

= (4, x) = (x,1) :


4 x
= 0 x2 - 4 = 0 x2 = 4 x = 2
det(,) = 0
x 1

= (4,2)
x = 2
= (4,2) = 2(2,1) = 2 , .
= (2,1)

= (4,-2)
x = -2
= (4,-2) = -2(-2,1) = -2 , .
= (-2,1)

Ma

y - y
y -y
4 -2
2
3-2
1
=
= = = =
= =
x - x 2 - (-1) 3
x - x 4 - (-1) 5

10 3
+
15 15 = 1
15 2
15 15

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

2 1
+

+
+ = ( + ) =
=1 3 5 =1
2 1
4
4
1 -
1-
3 5
13
15 = 1 1 = 1 , .
13
15

21

| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
6

3
: (2 - 3 )(3 - 2 ) = 13.

3
3
=| ||
|(,) =
2
=1
3
2

(2 - 3 )(3 - 2 ) = 6 - 4 - 9 + 6 = 6 | | 2 - 13 + 6 | | 2 =
2

3
1
= 6
- 13 + 622 = 6 - 13 + 24 = 13
3
3

22

| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
6
3

x = 6 - 2 .

3
3
|(,) =
2
=| ||
=1
3
2

2

2

3
| x | 2 = x = (6 - 2)2 = 36 - 24 + 4 = 36 | | 2 - 24 + 4 | | 2 = 36
- 24 + 422 =
3

1
= 36 - 24 + 16 = 4
3

:| x | 2 = 4 | x |= 2

Ma

10

23

x , ,


-1 ( x ) = - x (1).




(x) = - x (x) = ( - x) (x) = - x (x) + x =




-1


(1)

(x) = - x = x = -
(x)( + 1) = x =

+ 1
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1


3
| |=
, | |= 2 | 3 - |= 1.
3


( , ) .

3
|(,) =
2(,) (1)
=| ||
3

(1)



2
2

| 3 - |= 1 | 3 - |2 = 12 (3 - )2 = 1 9 - 6 + = 1 9 | |2 - 6 + | |2 = 1

1
3
9 - 6 2(,) + 22 = 1 3 - 4 3 (,) + 4 = 1 4 3 (,) = 6
3
3

3
3 3
3
(,) =
(,) =
(,) =
2
2 3
2 3 3

( , ) =
6

25


3
| |=
| | ( + ).
2


( , ).

( + ) ( + ) = 0 + = 0 | |2 + | || | (,) = 0

| | 0
| | 0

3
| | + | | (,) = 0
| | | | + | | (,) = 0 | | + | | (,) = 0
2

3
| |

3
(,) = - 2
(,) = 2
| |


5
( , ) - =
6
6

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

24

Ma

11

26

| |=
, | |= 2 ( , ) = .
3
6

( u , ) u = 3 - = -6 + 2 .

27
,
.
,
= 90.
' ,

=-
2 2
= ( + )( + ) = ( + )( - ) = - =

| |=||= =R

=| | 2 - | | 2 =
=
R 2 - R2 = 0



= 90 .
= 0 ,

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

3
3
| =
2
=| ||
=1
6 3
2

2

2
2

1
| u | 2 = u = (3 - )2 = 9 - 6 + = 9 | | 2 - 6 + | | 2 = 9 - 61 + 22 = 1
3

| u |= 1

1
| | 2 = = (-6 + 2)2 = 36 - 24 + 4 = 36 | | 2 - 24 + 4 | | 2 = 36 - 241 + 422 = 4
3

| |= 2

u = (3 - )(-6 + 2) = -18 + 6 + 6 - 2 = -18 | | 2 + 12 - 2 | | 2 =


1
= -18 + 121 - 222 = -2
3

-2
u
(u, ) = =
= -1
| u || | 12


( u , ) =

Ma

12

28

: | + 4 |= 5

(2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ).

| | | | .


=0

2
2
2
2
| + 4 |= 5 | + 4 | = 5 ( + 4 ) = 25 + 8 + 16 = 25

| | 2 + 16 | | 2 = 25 (1)

29

, = (1 - ,2 + 1)

= (2, - 2) .

, :

= 0 (1 - )2 + (2 + 1)( - 2) = 0 2 - 2 2 + 2 2 - 4 + - 2 = 0
- - 2 = 0 = -2

30
(1,1) (3,-1). , .
29

= 0
(1 - x,1 - y) (3 - x, -1 - y) = 0

(x, y) . , :

2
2
2
2
(1
x)
+
(1
y)
=
(3
x)
+
(-1
y)
|

|=|

3 - x - 3x + x2 - 1 - y + y + y2 = 0
(1 - x)(3 - x) + (1 - y)(-1 - y) = 0

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1 - x) + (1 - y) = (3 - x) + (-1 - y)
1 - 2x + x + 1 - 2y + y = 9 - 6x + x + 1 + 2y + y
x2 + y2 - 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + (x - 2)2 - 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + x2 - 4x + 4 - 4x + 2 = 0

4x = 4y + 8
y = x - 2
y = x - 2
2
2
2x - 8x + 6 = 0
x - 4x + 3 = 0
x = 1 x = 3
x = 1 y = -1

y = x - 2
x = 3 y = 1
y = x - 2
y = x - 2

(1,-1) (3,1) .

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/


=0

2
(2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ) (2 + 3 ) ( - 6 ) = 0 2 + 3 - 12 - 18 = 0

| |+3 | | 0

2 | |2 - 18 | |2 = 0 | |2 - 9 | |2 = 0 (| | +3 | |)(| | -3 | |) = 0

| | -3 | | = 0 | |= 3 | | (2)
(1) (2) :

9 | |2 +16 | |2 = 25 25 | |2 = 25 | |2 = 1 | |= 1

' (2) : | |= 3 | |= 3 1 = 3

Ma

13

31

2
. = ,
.

(1)
, =


(1)
= (2)
=

32

= (-2,6). ,

x y , x = (1,2).





= x + y
= x + y = x + y

=x+y
=

x = = x (1,2) (-2,6) = (1,2) (,2)


x y





x
||
x
=
(1,2)
x = (,2)

x =


= x + y
= x + y
(-2, 6) = (2, 4) + y
y = (-2,6) - (2, 4)

y = (-4,2)

= 2

2 - 12 = + 4 10 = 5 = 2

x = (2,4)
x = (,2)
x = (,2)
x = (2, 4)
x = (2, 4)

33

, : = .




= - = 0 + = 0

( + ) = 0 (1)

(, ' : + = 2, ' )

' , : + = 2 (2)



, (1) (2) : 2 = 0 = 0

, '
.

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/

2
2 (2) 2
2
= = - = 0 + = 0

+ =


( + ) = 0 = 0
.

Ma

14

34

| |= 1 , | |= 2, ( , ) = 3


= x - .

x, | | ,

, x , : .

-2

x = x = x =| || | (,) x = 2 x = 1
2 1
3

2
| | x = 1 | | x = 1.
E


x = 1 = - .

1
= ( - ) = - =| |2 - | || | = 12 - 2 1 = 1 - 1 = 0
3
2

: http://drmaths58.blogspot.com/


= x - | |=| x - | | | 2 =| x - | 2 | | 2 = (x - )2
2

2
2

2

2 =| | 2 =1 2

2
2
| | 2 = x2 - 2x + | | 2 = x2 - 2 x + 2
x + 4 (1)
|

|
=
x
2

=| | 2 =2 2


| | 2 , : x2 - 2 x + 4.

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