Article/Book/Website Review #1: Bibliographic Information (APA Formatting): Author(s) Affiliation: Type of Resource:

(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

Play and Child Development 4th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 Frost, L. Joe, Wortham, C. Sue, Reifel,Stuart Text Book describing play and child development and gender differences in play.

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Children are more likely to play with same gender children once they reach the stage of labeling gender. This is also the point when children start selecting gender-identified toys. Boys are more likely to participate in constructive activities. On the other hand, there is no real difference during functional play. Boys and girls display a real difference during dramatic play because boys tend to take on the roles of the superhero and the girls take on the social roles. More gender differences occur during game playing time. For example, boys like games that involve negotiation and disagreements without specific rules and girls like taking turns and avoiding conflict. Also, boys play more independently while girls seek help. Additionally, boys generally play more aggressively than girls, especially during infancy and school age. During the preschool period girls play creatively with toys while using verbal interaction. Whereas, during this same period boys are more engaged in rough-and-tumble physical play. Boys tend to play in large, organized groups during social play while girls will play in small groups. Way in which this I believe this book is a great influence for the Early Childhood field source influences the because it gives an in depth view of child development and play. This field of Early book demonstrates the importance of a healthy relationship between Childhood play and a child's development. Education or related fields: Potential relevance to your research topic and study: This book goes into detail about gender differences in play. It gives examples of what is considered boy play and girl play

Article/Book/Website Review #2 Bibliographic Information (APA Formatting): Author(s) Affiliation: Westlund, K., Horowitz, L., Jansson, L., Ljungberg,T. (2008) Age effects and gender differences on post-conflict reconciliation in preschool children The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna. Sweden; Department of Woman and Child Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Ethology, Department of Zoology Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Research and Development Centre, Srmland County Council, Eskilstuna, Sweden Scholarly article presenting a study.

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(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

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This study suggests that children display a preference for same gender playmates by the time they are three years old. They also exhibit gender typical play and social behavioral style at this point. Additionally, children at this age are exhibiting gender specific vocabulary, comprehension, and production. It is noted that this process actually begins a year earlier for girls. Preschoolers may display less associative acts with peers of the opposite gender than with the same gender because they view same gender peer playmates as more valuable. Girls are described as being more concerned with maintaining relationships that are harmonious, making them socially orientated. On the other hand, boys are more likely to prefer focusing on clear-cut social issues, pursuing their own agenda and individual goals during group play. Girls utilize their time with role-play and in games with rules, whereas boys prefer physical play (rough and tumble) and demonstrate more aggression. To sum it up 3 year old girls are more likely to reconcile than boys of the same age. Preschool children around this age are able to resolve conflicts through sophisticated behavior. This study suggests that girls compromise and reconcile more often than boys. Way in which this This study can give Early Childhood Educators a better look into children's source influences the behavior by gender and age giving a understanding and guidance into conflict field of Early resolution. Childhood Education or related fields: Potential relevance The relevance of this study to my research is behavior differences in gender to your research and age in preschool children. topic and study:

Article/Book/Website Review #3 Bibliographic Robinson, L., 2010, The Relationship between perceived physical Information (APA competence and fundamental motor skills in preschool children. Formatting): Author(s) Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL. USA Affiliation: Type of Resource: Scholarly article presenting a study
(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

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This article suggests that boys have more proficient motor skills and higher physical competence than girls. This study discusses the fact that children are living more sedentary lives because they are moving less. This can result in health issues as it is noted in preschoolers now. Current and future behavior is influenced by preschoolers self-perception and participation in movement, especially in the initial motor skill learning stages. This study supports the importance of preschool and early learning programs that promote planned movement which is instructionally and developmentally appropriate. This article points out that a boys nature is physical and they are proficient in their motor skills. This information could lead to a better understanding of the importance of movement in children. Also, this information could assist in designing and implementing preschool programs that promote physical movement and activity. Regular movement in children could reduce the high rate of aggression and violence that children demonstrate as they get older. Movement may be a great deterrent and produce less stressed-out children. This article once again demonstrates the differences between boys and girls in preschool.

Article/Book/Website Review #4 Bibliographic Martin, R.P., Wisenbaker, J., Baker, J., (1997), Gender Differences in Information (APA Temperament at Six Months and Five Years Formatting): Author(s) University of Georgia, Department of Educational Psychology; Infant Affiliation: Behavior and Development. Type of Resource:
(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

Scholarly article presenting a study

Summary of essential information most essential to your study or to your background learning: Way in which this source influences the field of Early Childhood Education or related fields: Potential relevance to your research topic and study:

In summary, this study provides evidence that there are gender differences in temperamental characteristics of preschool children. Boys are reportedly more active and less adaptable and girls are more sensitive (higher stimulation threshold). By the time children reach 5 years old boys exhibit less fear, shyness, and inhibitions than girls. This source can influence the Early Childhood field because it addresses the question that if there is a difference in gender could it be attributed to children's behavior or biased maternal perceptions? This study may lead to further investigation and a better understanding. Also, the importance of knowing the difference in learning styles to benefit teaching and learning outcomes. The relevance of this study to my research project is the validity of gender differences in preschool.

Article/Book/Website Review #5: Bibliographic Information (APA Formatting): Author(s) Affiliation: Type of Resource:
(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

Vitiello, V.E., Booren, L.M., Downer, J.T., Williford, A.P., (2012) Variation in children's classroom engagement throughout a day in preschool: Relations to classroom and child factors. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Early Childhood Research Quarterly Scholarly article presenting a study

Summary of essential information most essential to your study or to your background learning:

This article provides evidence that children in the United States between the ages of three and five are enrolled in preschool programs more than ever. This time is a critical period of early learning and development. Children's preschool experiences are related to later social and academic skills development. In these settings children have regular opportunities for social interaction. These environments may vary positively (or negatively). Age and gender factors of the child may affect these opportunities. Children's age and gender play a role in their classroom behavior because boys tend to be display more aggression and girls are more task orientated. Additionally, girls exhibit more positive interaction with teachers during large-group activities. Furthermore, children are more engaged during free choice and outdoor activities. Different settings provide different opportunities for children. Way in which this This source is influential to the Early Childhood field because it shows source influences the evidence that when children have positive relationships with teachers they field of Early tend to have higher achievements, lower internalized behavior levels, and Childhood higher social competence. Also, positive peer interaction creates more social Education or related acceptance and less rejection. fields: This study points out that preschool children spend a great portion of their day in large-group, structured activities. This is something worth noting especially with room arrangement and daily scheduling. When structuring a preschool setting these factors should be taken into consideration. Potential relevance I believe this article is potentially relevant to my research because it explores to your research the fact that the preschool years are a critical period in a child's life. This topic and study: article also discusses preschool social interaction and the child's environment. Also, gender differences are discussed.

Article/Book/Website Review #6 Bibliographic Maccoby, E.E., (2000) Perspectives on gender development Information (APA Formatting): Author(s) International Journal of Behavioral Development; Stanford University, Affiliation: California Type of Resource:
(Scholarly article presenting a study; Trade article presenting a teaching strategy or methodology or other; Website describing a curriculum package, etc)

Scholarly article presenting a study

Summary of essential information most essential to your study or to your background learning:

This study examines how boys and girls differ developmentally. Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development is explored by discussing sex-typed characteristics of the parent. The article states that parents tend to offer their daughters dolls and roughhouse with their sons. Also, parents talk about feelings more with the daughters. On the other hand, fathers were more likely to have a negative reaction towards their sons for effeminate behavior. Are parents demonstrating stereotypical behavior? Children identify with and want to be like same-sex groups and view the opposite sex as outsiders. This may be due to adult shaping, peer shaping, or firm gender identity. Children differ in behavior, interest, activity and value. Socialization pressures and gender norms sex-type children's behavior. Culture plays a big role in this too. Additionally, different predispositions in boys and girls may be attributed to biological influences. Basically, around the age of three children understand gender identity. Same sex preferences begin around this time and strengthen through middle childhood. Dominant trends are discussed demonstrating how boys are prone to rough-and -tumble play, competition, dominance, and risk-taking. Whereas, girls tend to be domestic and focus on order and safety. Girls friendships are more intimate as far as sharing information and boys friendships are based on shared activities. This source is influential to Early Childhood Education because it explores gender differences through culture and biological influences. This article addresses awareness of parental actions and stereotypical behavior. Educators can use this information when designing their programs or having conferences with the parents. This study is relevant because it explores biological and cultural influences on preschool gender. Also, behavioral traits are discussed.

Way in which this source influences the field of Early Childhood Education or related fields: Potential relevance to your research topic and study: