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64

O
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.
,
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Mohs).
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% w/w
kcal/kg

90%
8000-9000
-
75-90%
7000-8000

65-75%
6000-7000
(-
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65%
5000-5500
.
, : , , . .

65

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.

CO2
CO2

.
1,963 g/L

. , ,
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4.5

(CO32-). (CaCO3),

(Na2CO3), ( 37).
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(CaCO3),
. , T
K
(CaO, -
.
):
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

66

O
4.6

(, .).
, .
, .
,
, .
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
.
75%
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.

N

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.

EPTHEI AKHEI
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.

;
;
;
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;
;
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TOXOI

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5

67

5. To
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68

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.

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,

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. (SiO2),
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,
.
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69

T
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Al,
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70

T
4. ,
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5.5
,
.
M
, T M 5 .
, . T
.
(Si).

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.
.
(-Si-O-). O . (, )
. ( )
, , , , , , .

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. ;
2. ;
3. I
.
I
II
i.
. C
ii.
. SiO2
iii.
. Na2CO3
iv.
. CaO
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;
7. ;
8. , ;

TOXOI

1
2
3

3
3
3
3
3

71

T
OI EHNIKOI INITE KAI H YMBOH TOY
THN APAH HEKTPIKH ENEPEIA
O
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3,5
428
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-- (2,17 . ),
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1969
. () 850 MW.

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O 10 1 . , , ,
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1955
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72

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73

6. T
, , ( , NaCl) , .
17 , . , . . ,
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74

T
6.1
17
. (F), (Cl), (Br), (I) (At). ,
, .
.
, ,
.

6.2
, , .

6.3

.
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;
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75

T
:
, , , .
.
Y : AgNO3
H2O
AgNO3(s)
Ag+(aq) + NO3(aq)

Y : NaCl
H2O
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A
AgNO3 NaCl
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)

(AgNO3) :
. (KBr)

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. (KI)

Ag+(aq)

I- (aq)

AgI(s)

6.4
: .
: , .
: DDT
.
.
: , PVC, .
, ,
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: NaF
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: (CFCs),
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.
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:
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76

T
: .
EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . ;
. .
2. .
3. Na+(aq) Cl-(aq).
, .
4. .
;

TOXOI

1
1
2

TEIKA, HIOEPAEIA A KANOYME;


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O , ; O ,
,
, . .
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.

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: O,
,
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, 5. - .

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77

M

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.
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.
, , , Hg .
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A 2:
T
O
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7.
T
3.
. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(l) + H2(g),
. .
4. .
M
3. 1 Zn
Cu.

78

4. ,
.
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s).
5. ,
.
6.
T
3. i-, ii-, iii-, iv-
T
3. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s).
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80

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4
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.

81

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1-3 (C) .
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CH4

162

C2H6

88,5

C3H8

42

2: A

(C)

C2H4

102

C3H6

48

3: A

(C)

C2H2

75

C3H4

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1.3 K
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.

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82

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83

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84

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86

O
TOXOI

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . O X;
. ;
. A ,
; N .
i. CH3CH2OH, ii. CH2=CHCH3, iii. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3,
iv. CH3CH2NH2, v. CO2.
2. :
. ;
. ;
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CHCH

CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3CH=CH2

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3, 4

CH4
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.
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. N
.
. N 1, 2, 3 (. 82), .
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.
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;
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7, 8

87

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5. .
6. .
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8. .
9. .

88

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;
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.
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. T A,
I, I, B, P .
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.
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89

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10 - 15

180 - 230

230 - 310

,
,
,

310 - 400

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300 - 600

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500

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90

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91

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.

92

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EPTHEI AKHEI
1. . A , ;
. T ; N .
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;
.
; N .
2. . A ;
. T ; N .
. N .
3. T ; N
.
4. . T
;
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, .
. T ; N
.
. N

.

TOXOI

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 4
5

6, 7, 8

95

3. H
103, 15.

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,
.

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4.
.
5. .
6. .

96

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:
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H
-

3.2
,

,
0,8 g/mL

C2H5OH.


78,4 C

.
5:

3.3
. , , .

97

H


.

3.4

H ( )
1. 20mL 1
(95 %v/v).
2. (1).
3. . (2)
;
2
, ,

.
4. 3
.
;
. .

CO2
H2O :
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) + Q

3.5
.
.
%v/v
. , 11% vol 11 mL
100 mL .

M

1. 250 mL 2/3 .
2. , .
;
.

98

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H .
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EPTHEI AKHEI
1. T ; N
.
2. N :

TOXOI

T ..... ..... .
3. ;
4. N
. A + ................ ................ ................ +

2
2

CH3CH2OH (I) + ....O2(g) ........................ + ........................


5. , 300 mL 12 1L 5
; N .

2, 5

99

4. Y--


.

,

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,
.
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2. .
3. .
4. .
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100

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1.
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2. 3-4
, .
;


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H ,
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. .

.
:
,

,
.


. .
6:

/g

(4 kcal/g)

(4 kcal/g)

(9 kcal/g)

kcal
1kcal = 4,184 kJ

4.2 Y
(C12H22O11) , . , ,
. -

101

Y--
2/1, (2).
+ ,
2/1 . .
:
,
C6H12O6. , , .
,
.
.

:

6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

, , .
, , .
75-110 mg/100mL, ( ).
, :
1. ,
, ,
, C12H22O11.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + 2
+ +
7: X

102

Y--
, . , .


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.
2. ,
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.
, (C6H10O5)v.
.
+ + + ( ) +
.

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.

103

Y--
4.3
,
.
.

(Fe)
(C), (O),
(P)
(H), (N)
(S), (P), (Fe), (Cu), (Mg), (Zn)
(I).
.
(-COOH)
2.

, . . 20 , 10 . , , , , , , .
:

8: A

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,

, - .

104

Y--
4.4

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() . .


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, 1 g

9 kcal, 1 g
..
4 kcal,
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. A, D, E, K,
. .

4.5

.
,
.

105

Y--

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.
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200 . 110
93
.

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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/
O , , . E
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.

PIMO EBI, T , EIKOTO AINA, EKOEI KATANITH

EPTHEI AKHEI
1. H . N .
2. . ;
. N .
3. ;
4. ;
5. . ;
. ;
. N .
6. ;
7. 100 mL () 3,2 g , 4,6 g
3,5 g . ,
; 200 mL.
8. N I II III
I
II
III

E











9. T ;
10. . T ;
. ;
11. N .

TOXOI

2
3
5

4
4,5

4
6
7
7

107

M
, , , ,
.
. .
. CO2 2,
CO 2 .
.
, .
,
.
, , . ,
.
(CH3CH2OH )
.

, .
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, , , , , . . ,
, .
, , , ( ).

A 3:
H X
O
1. : i, ii, iii, iv Y : ii, iii
C,H.
3.

3. 2 : CvH2v
3. 1 - -. 2

108

- -. 2 2 .
3.
.
H
2. ,
4. , , , 3,2, CO2, 3, 2
5. 50mL , 36 mL.
Y--
7. 125,4 kcal

A
CH3CH2OH

.


.
A 1
,
.
A
2 .
A %/

.
A 17
.
A

.
A
.

B, Arrhenius,
, , , , OH.
B .

pH .



.
E :
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O (I)

E
18 ,
.

Z .

I
. T .

K

.
K .
K

.
K


.
K
,
.

M
, -

109


, , .

110

O .

pH 4,5, pH
.
.
O, Arrhenius,
, , , H+.
O , , .

.

.
.
.
pH
, H+,

.



pH
.

pH
.

.

.

T 75%
25%.

Y

, . T
2:1.
Y
.


, ,
.

B
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111

M E K , O
E B
. T ,
. K

7
N 1129 15/21 M 1946 (EK 1946, 108, A).

A ,
(copyright), ,
I.

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