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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW KZK 2013 wkvel

_K beg-`kg kwYi cvVcyZKi~c wbavwiZ


MwYZ
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW, XvKv
RvZxq wkvg I cvVc
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69-70, gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKv, XvKv
KZK cKvwkZ
[ cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ ]
cixvg~jK msiY
c_g cKvk : Avei- 2012
cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK
gvt bvwmi Dwb
KwcDUvi KcvR
jRvi vb wjwgUW
cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb
wPvb
Zvn&dv GUvicvBR
wWRvBb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW
miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb
gy`Y :
cm-K_v
wkv RvZxq Rxebi meZvgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `Z cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Ki
evsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi
PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkvi
AbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mcmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvag
DPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK
`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI
gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|
cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
wkv_x`i eqm, gav I MnY gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_xi bwZK I gvbweK
g~jeva _K i Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gywhyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,
`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyil wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ Kivi Pv
Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~Z cqvM I wWwRUvj
evsjv`ki i~cK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_x`i mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
bZzb GB wkvgi AvjvK cYxZ nqQ gvawgK ii cvq mKj cvVcyK| D cvVcyK cYqb
wkv_x`i mvg_, ceYZv I c~e AwfZvK iZi m weePbv Kiv nqQ| cvVcyKjvi welq wbevPb
I Dcvcbi wkv_xi mRbkxj cwZfvi weKvk mvabi w`K weklfve iZ `Iqv nqQ| cwZwU
Aavqi iZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges wewP KvR I bgybv
ckvw` mshvRb Ki g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ|
GKwesk kZKi GB hyM vbwevbi weKvk MwYZi f~wgKv AZxe iZc~Y| ay ZvB bq, ewMZ Rxeb
_K i Ki cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxeb MwYZi cqvM AbK eoQ| GB me welq weePbvq iL
gvawgK chvq bZzb MvwYwZK welq wkv_x DchvMx I Avb``vqK Ki Zvjvi Rb MwYZK mnR I
my`ifve Dcvcb Kiv nqQ Ges ek wKQy bZzb MvwYwZK welq Afy Kiv nqQ|
GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|
KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb hKvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgk iZi m weewPZ
ne| cvVcyK cYqbi wecyj Kghi ga AwZ ^ mgq cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQy fyjwU _K
hZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI my`i, kvfb I wUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ _vKe|
evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, wPvb, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg
w`qQb Zuv`i abev`vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_x`i Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZ
Kie ej Avkv Kwi|
cdmi gvt gvZdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW, XvKv
mwPc
Aavq welqe cv
c_g Aavq eve msLv 1
wZxq Aavq mU I dvskb 20
ZZxq Aavq exRMvwYwZK ivwk 38
PZz_ Aavq m~PK I jMvwi`g 70
cg Aavq GK PjKwewk mgxKiY 87
l Aavq iLv, KvY I wfzR 102
mg Aavq eenvwiK RvwgwZ 121
Ag Aavq e 132
beg Aavq wKvYwgwZK AbycvZ 151
`kg Aavq `~iZ I DPZv 173
GKv`k Aavq exRMwYZxq AbycvZ I mgvbycvZ 179
v`k Aavq `yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiY 194
qv`k Aavq mmxg aviv 215
PZz`k Aavq AbycvZ, m`kZv I cwZmgZv 228
c`k Aavq dj mwKZ Dccv` I mv` 242
l`k Aavq cwiwgwZ 250
m`k Aavq cwimsLvb 278
Digvjv 294
c_g Aavq
eve msLv
(Real Number)
cwi gvYK cZxK Z_vmsLvAvKvi cKvk Ki vi cwZ _KB MwYZi Drcw| msLvi BwZnvmgvbe
mf Zvi BwZnvmi gZB cvPxb| wMK `vkwbK Gwi Uj i gZ, cvPxb wgki i cyi vwnZ mc`vqi MwYZ
Abykxj bi gvag MwYZi AvbyvwbK Awf l K NU| ZvB msLvwf wK MwYZi mw hx wLi Rbi cvq
`yB nvRvi eQi c~e| Gi ci bvbvRvwZ I mf Zvi nvZ Nyi AaybvmsLvI msLvi xwZ GKwUmveRbxb i c
avi Y Ki Q|
^vf vweK msLvMYbvi cqvRb cvPxb f vi Zel i MwYZwe`MY mec_g k~bI `kwf wK vbxqgvb cwZi
cPj b Ki b, hvmsLveYbvq GKwUgvBj dj K wnmve weewPZ| f vi Zxq I PxbvMwYZwe`MY k~b,
FYvZK, eve, c~YI f Mvski avi Yvi wewZ NUvb hvgahyMAvi exq MwYZwe`i vwf w wnme MnY
Ki b| `kwgK f Mvski mvnvhmsLvcKvki KwZZgacvPi gymwj g MwYZwe``i ej gb Ki vnq|
Avevi Zuvi vB GKv`k kZvxZ mec_g exRMvwYZxq wNvZ mgxKi Yi mgvavb wnme eMg~j AvKvi
Ag~j ` msLvi ceZb Ki b| BwZnvmwe``i avi YvwLc~e50 Ai KvQvKvwQwMK `vkwbKi vI RvwgwZK
Abi cqvRb Ag~j ` msLv, wekl Ki `yB-Gi eMg~j i cqvRbxqZvAbyf e Ki wQj b| Ebwesk
kZvxZ BDi vcxq MwYZwe`i veve msLvi cYvj xeKi c~YZv`vb Ki b| `bw`b cqvRb eve
msLvm^ wkv_x`i my vb _vKvcqvRb| G Aavq eve msLvwel q mvgwMK Avj vPbvKi v
nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
eve msLvi kwYwebvmKi Z cvi e|
eve msLvK `kwgK cKvk Ki Avmbgvb wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
`kwgK f Mvski kwYwebvmevLvKi Z cvi e|
Ave `kwgK f Mvsk evLvKi Z cvi e Ges f MvskK Ave `kwgK cKvk Ki Z cvi e|
Ave `kwgK f MvskK mvavi Y f Mvsk i cvi Ki Z cvi e|
Amxg Abve `kwgK f Mvsk evLvKi Z cvi e|
m`k I wem`k `kwgK f Mvsk evLvKi Z cvi e|
Ave `kwgK f Mvski hvM, weqvM, Y I f vMKi Z cvi e Ges GZ`msvwewf bmgmvi
mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
dgv- 1, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
^vf vweK msLv(Natural Number)
......... , , , 4 3 2 1 BZvw` msLvj vK ^vf vweK msLvevabvZK AL msLvej | ......... , , , 7 5 3 2 BZvw`
gwj K msLvGes ,......... , , , 9 8 6 4 BZvw` hwMK msLv|
c~YmsLv(Integers)
k~bmn mKj abvZK I FYvZK AL msLvmg~nK c~YmsLv ej v nq| A_vr .......
......... , , , , , , 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 BZvw` c~YmsLv|
f Mvsk msLv(Fractional Number)
q p, ci i mngwj K, 0 = q Ges 1 = q nj ,
q
p
AvKvi i msLvK f Mvsk msLvej | hgb :
3
5
2
3
2
1
, , BZvw` f Mvsk msLv|
q p < nj f MvskK cKZ f Mvsk Ges q p > nj f MvskK AcKZ f Mvsk ej vnq| hgb :
......... , , , ,
4
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
BZvw` cKZ f Mvsk Ges .... , , , ,
4
5
3
5
3
4
2
3
BZvw` AcKZ f Mvsk|
g~j ` msLv(Rational Number)
p I q s e G v L s m Y~ c 0 = q nj ,
q
p
AvKvi i msLvK g~j ` msLv ej v nq| hgb :
... . , . , 666 1
3
5
5 5
2
11
3
1
3
= = = BZvw` g~j ` msLv| g~j ` msLvK `y BwUc~YmsLvi AbycvZ wnmve cKvk
Ki vhvq| myZi vs mKj c~YmsLvGes mKj f Mvsk msLvne g~j ` msLv|
Ag~j ` msLv(Irrational Number)
h msLvK
q
p
AvKvi cKvk Ki vhvq bv, hLvb q p, c~YmsLvGes 0 = q , mmsLvK Ag~j ` msLv
ej v nq| c~YeMbq Gi c hKvbv ^vf vweK msLvi eMg~j GKwU Ag~j ` msLv| hgb :
....., 732 . 1 3 ....., 414213 . 1 2 = = .... .58113 1
2
5
= BZvw` Ag~j ` msLv| Ag~j ` msLvK `yBwU
c~YmsLvi AbycvZ wnmve cKvk Ki vhvq bv|
`kwgK f Mvsk msLv:
g~j ` msLv I Ag~j ` msLvK `kwgK cKvk Ki v nj GK `kwgK f Mvsk ej v nq| hgb,
......... 732 1 3 ......., 3333 3
3
10
, 5 2
2
5
, 0 3 3 = = = = BZvw` `kwgK f Mvsk msLv| `kwgK we`yi
ci AmsLvmgxg nj , G`i K mmxg `kwgK f Mvsk Ges AmsLvAmxg nj , G`i K Amxg `kwgK
2 MwYZ

f Mvsk ej v nq| hgb, 4152 3 , 52 0 BZvw` mmxg `kwgK f Mvsk Ges
. .......... 123512367 2 ......., 333 1 BZvw` Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk msLv| Avevi , Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk
msLvj vi ga `kwgK we`yi ci Aj vcybi vew nj , G`i K Amxg Ave `kwgK f Mvsk Ges
Aj vcybi vew bvnj G`i Amxg Abve `kwgK f Mvsk msLvej vnq| hgb, ........, 2323 1
BZvw` Amxg Ave `kwgK f Mvsk Ges ........ 12340314 2 ........, 523050056 0 BZvw`
Abve `kwgK f Mvsk|
eve msLv(Real Number)
mKj g~j ` msLvGes Ag~j ` msLvK eve msLvej vnq| hgb :
. ,......... , , , 3 2 1 0
,........
3
4
,
2
3
,
2
1

...... 6 , 5 , 3 , 2
BZvw` eve msLv|
abvZK msLv(Positive Number)
k~bAcveo mKj eve msLvK abvZK msLvej vnq|
hgb, BZvw` abvZK msLv|
FYvZK msLv(Negative Number)
k~bAcvQvUmKj eve msLvK FYvZK msLvej vnq|
hgb, BZvw` FYvZK
msLv|
AFYvZK msLv(Non negative Number)
k~bmn mKj abvZK msLvK AFYvZK msLvej vnq|
hgb, BZvw` AFYvZK msLv|
4 5 6 5

.......... 120345061 4 , 2 6 0 ......., 3333 1 , 415 0 , 23 1



.... .......... 120345061 4 , 2 6 0 , 415 0 , 2 ,
2
3
,
2
1
, 2 , 1

.... .......... 120345061 4 , 2 6 0 , 415 0 , 2 ,
2
3
,
2
1
, 2 , 1

.... .......... 120345 2 , 3 1 , 612 0 ,
2
1
, 3 , 0

MwYZ
3
4
eve msLvi kwYwebvm
eve msLv
g~j `
c~Y f Mvsk


abvZK
0
FYvZK mvavi Y `kwgK Ag~j `
gwj K
1
hwMK cKZ AcKZ wgk mmxg Amxg
Ave
Amxg
Abve
KvR :
12
7
9
1 0 13 7 5
4
3
, , , , , , , ,
5
4
2 ,
. .
. ......, 3 2 3 1234 1 msLvj vK eve msLvi
kwYwebvmAevb `LvI |
D`vni Y 1| 3 Ges 4 Gi ga`yBwUAg~j ` msLvwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : GLvb, ...... .7320508 1 3
gb Kwi , ..... . 33 0300330003 2 a
Ges ....... .505500555 2 b
Z : a I b Df qB `yBwUeve msLvGes Df qB 3 Acveo Ges 4 AcvQvU|
r v _ A 4 3 0300330033 2 3 ......... .
Ges 4 505500555 2 3 ...... .......... .
Avevi , a I b K f Mvsk AvKvi cKvk Ki vhvq bv|
a I b `yBwUwbYq Ag~j ` msLv|
eve msLvi Dci hvMI Yb cwqvi gwj K ewk:
1. b a, eve msLvnj , b a i eve msLvGes ab ii v L s m e v e
2. b a, eve msLvnj , a b b a i Ges ba ab ii
3. c b a , , eve msLvnj , c b a c b a i Ges bc a c ab ii
4. a eve msLv nj , eve msLvq Kej `yBwU msLv 0 I 1 we`gvb hLvb 1 0 i
a a ii 0 a a a iii . . 1 1
MwYZ
5. a eve msLvnj , ( ) 0 = + ) ( a a i ( ) 0 = a ii nj , 1
1
=
a
a.
6. c b a , , eve msLvnj , ac ab c b a + = + ) (
7. b a, eve msLvnj , b a < A_ev b a = A_ev b a >
8. c b a , , eve msLvGes b a < nj , c b c a + < +
9. c b a , , eve msLvGes b a < nj , bc ac i < ) ( hLbc >0 bc ac ii > ) ( nj , 0 < c
cwZv: 2 GKwUAg~j ` msLv|
Avgi vRvwb,
4 2 1 < <
4 2 1 < <
ev, 2 2 1 < <
cgvY : ( ) 4 2 2 2 1 1
2 2
= = =
2
, ,
myZi vs 2 Gi gvb 1 Acveo Ges 2 AcvQvU|
AZGe 2 c~YmsLvbq|
2 g~j ` msLvA_evAg~j ` msLv| hw` 2 g~j ` msLvnq Ze
awi , ;
q
p
= 2 hLvb p I q ^vf vweK msLvI ci i mngwj K Ges 1 > q
ev, ;
2
2
2
q
p
= eMKi
ev, ;
q
p
q
2
2 = Df q cK q vi vY Ki |
Z : q 2 c~YmsLvwK ,
q
p
2
c~YmsLvbq, Kvi Y p I q ^vf vweK msLvI Gi vci i mngwj K
Ges 1 > q
q 2 Ges
q
p
2
mgvb nZ cvi bv, A_vr
q
p
q
2
2 =
2 Gi gvb
q
p
AvKvi i KvbvmsLvnZ cvi bv, A_vr
q
p
= 2
2 GKwUAg~j ` msLv|
D`vni Y 2| cgvY Ki h, KvbvPvi wUwgK ^vf vweK msLvi Ydj i mv_ 1 hvMKi j hvMdj
GKwUc~YeMmsLvne|
mgvavb : gb Kwi , Pvi wUwgK ^vf vweK msLvh_vg 3 2 1 + + + x x x x , , ,
wgK msLvPvi wUi Ydj i mv_ 1 hvMKi j cvI qvhvq,
MwYZ
5
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1 2 3 3
1 2 1 3 1 3 2 1
2 2
+ + + + =
+ + + + = + + + +
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
| | a x x a a = + + + = 3 ; 1 ) 2 (
2
; 1 ) 2 ( + + = a a
( )
2 2
1 1 2 + = + + = a a a ( ) ;
2
2
1 3 + + = x x hvGKwUc~YeMmsLv|
hKvbvPvi wUwgK ^vf vweK msLvi Ydj i mv_ 1 hvMKi j hvMdj GKwUc~YeMmsLvne|
KvR : , h i K Y v g c 3 | v L s m ` j~ g A U w K G
`kwgK f Mvski kwYwebvm
cZK eve msLvK `kwgK f Mvsk cKvk Ki vhvq| hgb : , 0 2 2 = , .4 0
5
2
= .... .333 0
3
1
=
BZvw`| `kwgK f Mvsk wZb cKvi : mmxg `kwgK, Ave `kwgK Ges Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk|
mmxg `kwgK f Mvsk : mmxg `kwgK `kwgK wPi Wvbw`K mmxg msLK A_vK| hgb : 0.12,
1.023, 7.832, 54.67, .......BZvw` mmxg `kwgK f Mvsk|
: k s v M f K g w k ` e v A A i K ` w b v W i P w K g w k ` K g w k ` e v A j vevAskwekl evi evi _vKe|
hgb, 12765765 5 454545 2 333 3 . ......, . ....., . BZvw` Ave `kwgK f Mvsk|
Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk : Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk `kwgK wPi Wvbw`Ki AKLbvkl nq bv, A_vr `kwgK
wPi Wvbw`Ki Aj v mmxg ne bv ev Askwekl evi evi Avme bv| hgb :
....... . ......, . 8284271 2 4142135 1 BZvw` Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk|
mmxg `kwgK I Ave `kwgK f Mvsk g~j ` msLvGes Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk Ag~j ` msLv| KvbvAg~j `
msLvi gvb hZ `kwgK vb chBQvwbYq Ki vhvq| Kvbvf Mvski j e I ni K ^vf vweK msLvq cKvk
Ki Z cvi j , H f MvskwUg~j ` msLv|
KvR :
, .723 1 ........, .2333 5 , .0025 0 ......., .1356124 2 ........ .0105105 0 Ges
....... .450123 0 f Mvskj vK Kvi Ymn kwYwebvmKi |
MwYZ
6
Ave `kwgK f Mvsk
6
23
f MvskwUK `kwgK cKvk Kwi |
6
23
=6) 23 (3.833
18
50
48
20
18
20
18
j Kwi , f Mvski j eK ni w`q f vMKi `kwgK f Mvsk cwi YZ Ki vi mgq f vMi cwqvkl nq bvB|
`Lvhvq h, f vMdj GKB msLvS evi evi Avm| GLvb, ..... .8333 3 GKwUAve `kwgK f Mvsk|
h mKj `kwgK f Mvsk `kwgK we`yi Wvb GKwUAgv^q evi evi evGKvwaK Achvqg evi evi
Avm, G`i Ave `kwgK f Mvsk ej vnq| Ave evcbtcywbK `kwgK f Mvsk h Ask evi evi A_vr
cybtcyb nq, GK Ave Ask ej |
Ave `kwgK f Mvsk GKwUAAve nj , mAi Dci cbtcywbK we`yGes GKvwaK AAve nj ,
Kej gv c_g I kl Ai Dci cbtcywbK we`y`I qvnq| hgb ....... .555 2 K j Lvnq 5 2

. vi v
Ges ........ .124124124 3 K j Lvnq, 4 2 1 3

. vi v|
`kwgK f Mvsk `kwgK we`yi ci Avevsk QvovAbKvbvAbv_vKj , GK we cbtcywbK ej
Ges cbtcywbK `kwgK f Mvsk `kwgK we`yi ci Avevsk QvovGK evGKvwaK A_vKj , GK wgk
cbtcywbK ej | hgb, 3 1

. we cbtcywbK f Mvsk Ges 2 1 235 4



. wgkcbtcywbK f Mvsk|
f Mvski ni 5 2, QvovAbKvbvgwj K bbxqK (Drcv`K) _vKj , mB ni vi vj eK f vMKi j ,
KLbvwbtkl wef vRne bv| hnZzchvqg f vMkl i Aj v 9 2 1 ......, , , QvovAbwKQynZ
cvi bv, mnZzGK chvq f vMkl j vevi evi GKB msLvnZ _vKe| Avevski msLvmemgq ni
h msLv_vK, Gi Pq QvUnq|
D`vni Y 3|
11
3
K `kwgK f Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb :
11) Su ( u.2727
22
8u
77
Su
22
8u
77
S
D`vni Y 4|
37
95
K `kwgK f Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb :
37 ) 95 ( 2.56756
74
210
185
250
222
280
259
210
185
250
222
28
wbYq `kwgK f Mvsk = ........ .2727 0 = 7 2 0

. wbYq `kwgK f Mvsk = 7 6 5 2 56756 2

. ...... . =
7
MwYZ
Ave `kwgKK mvgvbf Mvsk cwi eZb
Ave `kwgKi gvb wbYq :
D`vni Y 5| 3 0

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |


mgavb : ........ . . 3333 3 0 =

...... . ....... . . 333 3 10 333 0 10 3 0 = =

Ges ...... . ....... . . 333 0 1 333 0 1 3 0 = =

weqvMKi , 3 1 3 0 10 3 0 =

. .
ev, ( ) 3 1 10 3 0 =

. ev, 3 9 3 0 =

.
AZGe,
3
1
9
3
3 0 = =

.
wbYq f Mvsk
3
1
D`vni Y 6| 4 2 0

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : 4 2 0

. =0 ........ .24242424
myZi vs ...... . ....... . . 2424 24 100 242424 0 100 4 2 0 = =

Ges ...... . ....... . . 242424 0 1 242424 0 1 4 2 0 = =

weqvMKi , ( ) 24 1 100 4 2 0 =

.
ev, 24 99 4 2 0 = .

ev,
33
8
99
24
4 2 0 = =

.
wbYq f Mvsk
33
8
D`vni Y 7| 5 4 3 1 5

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : 5 4 3 1 5

. = ......... .1345345345 5
myZi vs ...... . ...... . . 345 51345 10000 1345345 5 10000 5 4 3 1 5 = =

Ges ...... . ....... . . 345 51 10 1345345 5 10 5 4 3 1 5 = =

weqvMKi , 51 51345 9990 5 4 3 1 5 =

.
AZGe, 5 4 3 1 5

. =
1665
224
5
1665
8549
9990
51294
9990
51 51345
= = =

wbYq f Mvsk
1665
224
5
8
MwYZ
0
dgv- 2 MwYZ- 9g- 10g
MwYZ
9
D`vni Y 8| 8 7 34 42

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : 8 7 34 42

. = ........ .347878 42
myZi vs, 8 7 34 42

. 7878 42348 10000 347878 42 10000 . ......... . = =
Ges 8 7 34 42

. 100 = ........ .347878 42 100 = 7878 4234.
weqvMKi , 8 7 34 42

. 9900 = 4234 423478
AZGe, 8 7 34 42

. =
825
287
42
825
34937
9900
419244
9900
4234 423478
= = =

wbYq f Mvsk
825
287
42
evLv: D`vni Y 5, 6, 7 Ges 8 _K `Lvhvq h,
- Ave `kwgK `kwgK we`yi ci h KqwUAAvQ, mKqwUk~b 1 Gi Wvb ewmq c_g Ave
`kwgKK Y Ki vnqQ|
- Ave `kwgK `kwgK we`yi ci h KqwUAbve AAvQ, mKqwUk~b 1 Gi Wvb ewmq Ave
`kwgKK Y Ki vnqQ|
- c_g Ydj _K wZxq Ydj weqvMKi vnqQ| c_g Ydj _K wZxq Ydj weqvMKi vq
Wvbc c~YmsLvcvI qvMQ| GLvb j Yxq h, Ave `kwgK f Mvski `kwgK I cbtcywbK we`y
DwVq cv msLv_K Abve Aski msLvweqvMKi vnqQ|
- evgc Ave `kwgK hZj vAve AwQj ZZj v9 wj L Ges Zv`i Wvb `kwgK we`yi ci
hZj vAbve AwQj ZZj vk~bewmq Dci cv weqvMdj K f vMKi vnqQ|
- Ave `kwgK f Mvsk cwi YZ Ki vq f MvskwUi ni nj vhZj vAve AZZj v9 Ges 9 j vi
Wvb `kwgK we`yi ci hZj vAbve AZZj vk~b| Avi j e nj vAve `kwgKi `kwgK we`y
I cbtcywbK we`yDwVq h msLvcvI qvMQ, mmsLv_K Avevsk ev` w`q evwK Avi vMwVZ
msLvweqvMKi weqvMdj |
ge: Ave `kwgKK me mgq f Mvsk cwi YZ Ki vhvq| mKj Ave `kwgK g~j ` msLv|
10
D`vni Y : 9| 7 5 4 23 5

.
mgvavb : 7 5 4 23 5

. = ......... . 7 2345745745 5
myZi vs 7 5 4 23 5

. 100000 = 457457 523457.
Ges 7 5 4 23 5

. 100 = 457457 523.
weqvMKi , 7 5 4 23 5

. 99900 = 522934
AZGe, 7 5 4 23 5

. =
49950
261467
99900
522934
=
wbYq f Mvsk
49950
261467
evLv: `kwgK Ask cuvPwUAi qQej GLvb Ave `kwgKK c_g 100000 (GK Gi Wvb cuvPwU
k~b) vi vY Ki vnqQ| Ave Aski evg `kwgK Ask `yBwUAi qQej Ave `kwgKK 100
(GK Gi Wvb `yBwUk~b) vi vY Ki vnqQ| c_g Ydj _K wZxq Ydj weqvMKi vnqQ| GB
weqvMdj i GKw`K c~YmsLvAbw`K c` Ave `kwgKi gvbi ) ( 100 100000 = 99900 Y|
Df q cK 99900w`q f vMKi wbYq f Mvsk cvI qvMj |
KvR :
1 4 0

. Ges 3 2 6 04 3

. K f Mvsk i cvi Ki |
Ave `kwgKK mvgvbf Mvsk i cvi i wbqg
wbYq f Mvski j e = c` `kwgK f Mvski `kwgK we`yev` w`q cv msLvGes Abve Ask vi v
MwVZ msLvi weqvMdj |
wbYq f Mvski ni = `kwgK we`yi ci Ave Ask hZj vAAvQZZj vbq ) (9 Ges Abve
Ask hZj vAAvQZZj vk~b(0) vi vMwVZ msLv|
GLvb, G wbqg mi vmwi cqvMKi KqKwUAve `kwgK mvgvbf Mvsk cwi YZ Ki vnj v|
D`vni Y 10| 6 4 3 2 45

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : 6 4 3 2 45

. =
4995
1172
45
4995
225947
9990
451894
9990
452 452346
= = =

wbYq f Mvsk
4995
1172
45
D`vni Y 11| 7 6 5 32

. K mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb :
37
21
32
37
1205
111
3615
999
32535
999
32 32567
7 6 5 . 32 = = = =

=

wbYq f Mvsk
37
21
32 .
MwYZ
MwYZ
11
KvR :
2 1 0 0

. Ges 4 2 31 3

. K f Mvsk i cvi Ki |
m`k Ave `kwgK I wem`k Ave `kwgK
Ave `kwgKj vZ Abve Aski msLvmgvb nj Ges Ave Aski AmsLvI mgvb nj , Zv`i
m`k Ave `kwgK ej | GQvovAbAve `kwgKj vK wem`k Ave `kwgK ej | hgb: 5 4 12

. I
2 3 6

. ; 3 45 9

. I 7 89 125

. m`k Ave `kwgK| Avevi , 6 5 4 3 0

. I ; . 9 8 7 45 7

7 5 43 6

. I 5 4 3 89 2

.
wem`k Ave `kwgK|
wem`k Ave `kwgKj vK m`k Ave `kwgK cwi eZbi wbqg
KvbvAve `kwgKi Ave Aski Aj vK evi evi wj Lj `kwgKi gvbi Kvbvcwi eZb nq bv|
hgb, 7 3 4537 6 3 7 453 6 7 73 3 45 6 7 3 45 6

. . . . = = = | GLvb cZKwU Ave `kwgK
......... .45373737 6 GKwUAmxg `kwgK| cZKwUAve `kwgKK mvgvbf Mvsk cwi eZb Ki j `Lv
hve cZKwUmgvb|
9900
63892
999900
6453092
999900
645 6453737
7 73 3 45 6
9900
63892
9900
645 4537
7 3 45 6
= =

=
=
6
=


.
.
9900
63892
990000
6389200
990000
64537 6453737
7 3 4537 6 = =

=

.
m`k Ave `kwgK cwi YZ Ki Z nj msLvj vi gah msLvwUi Abve Aski AmsLvewk,
cZKwUAbve Ask ZZ Ai Ki Z ne Ges wewf bmsLvq Ave Aski AmsLvj vi j .mv. hZ,
cZKwU`kwgKi Ave Ask ZZ Ai Ki Z ne|
D`vni Y 12| 5 4 3 7 6 5

. , . I 3 2 4 78 . 10

K m`k Ave `kwgK cwi YZ Ki |
mgvavb : 5 4 3 . 7 , 6 . 5

I 3 2 4 78 10

. Ave `kwgK Abve Aski AmsLvh_vg 1 0, I 2| GLvb
Abve AmsLv 3 2 4 78 10

. `kwgK mePq ewk Ges G msLv2| ZvB m`k Ave `kwgK Ki Z nj
cZKwU`kwgKi Abve Aski AmsLv2 ne| 5 4 3 7 6 5

. , . I 3 2 4 78 10

. Ave `kwgK Ave
Aski msLvh_vg 2 1, I 3| 2 1, I 3 Gi j .mv. nj v6| ZvB m`k Ave `kwgK Ki Z nj
cZKwU`kwgKi Ave Aski AmsLv6 ne|
myZi vs 4 4545 5 34 7 5 4 3 7 6 666666 6 66 5 6 5

. . , . . = = I 3 2342 4 78 10 3 2 4 78 10

. . =
wbYq m`k Ave `kwgKmg~n h_vg 3 2342 4 78 . 10 , 4 4545 5 34 . 7 , 6 6666 6 66 . 5

12
MwYZ
D`vni Y 13| , .7643 1 4 2 3

. I 6 4 3 78 2

. K m`k Ave `kwgK cwi eZb Ki |
mgvavb : 7643 1. G Abve Ask ej Z `kwgK we`yi ci i 4wUA, GLvb Ave Ask bB| 4 2 . 3

G
Abve Aski AmsLv0 Ges Ave Aski AmsLv2, 6 4 3 78 2

. G Abve Aski AmsLv2
Ges Ave Aski msLv3| GLvb Abve Aski AmsLvmePq ewk nj v4 Ges Ave Aski A
msLv2 I 3 Gi j .mv. nj v6| cZKwU`kwgKi Abve Aski AmsLvne 4 Ges Ave
Aski AmsLvne 6|
1.764S= 0 0000 0 7643 1

. , 4 4242 2 2424 . 3 4 2 . 3

= I 4 3463 6 7834 . 2 6 4 3 78 . 2

=
wbYq Ave `kwgKmg~n: 0 0000 0 7643 1

. , 4 4942 2 2424 . 3

, 4 3463 6 7834 2

.
ge: mmxg `kwgK f Mvskj vK m`k `kwgK cwi YZ Ki vi Rb`kwgK we`yi meWvbi Ai ci
cqvRbxq msLK k~bewmq cZKwU`kwgKi `kwgK we`yi ci i Abve A msLvmgvb Ki vnqQ|
Avi Ave `kwgK cZKwU`kwgKi `kwgK we`yi ci i AbveZ AmsLvmgvb Ges Ave AmsLv
mgvb Ki vnqQAve Aj veenvi Ki | Abve Aski ci hKvbvA_K i Ki Ave Ask
bI qvhvq|
KvR :
3 4 2 01 2 467 3

. , . Ges 6 5 52 7

. K m`k Ave `kwgK cwi eZb Ki |
Ave `kwgKi hvMI weqvM
Ave `kwgKi hvMevweqvMKi Z nj Ave `kwgKj vK m`k Ave `kwgK cwi eZb Ki Z ne|
Gi ci mmxg `kwgKi wbqg hvMevweqvMKi Z ne| mmxg `kwgK I Ave `kwgKj vi gahvM
evweqvMKi Z nj Ave `kwgKj vK m`k Ki vi mgq cZKwUAve `kwgKi Abve Aski A
msLvne mmxg `kwgKi `kwgK we`yi ci i AmsLvI AbvbAve `kwgKi Abve Aski A
msLvi gamePq eo h msLvmmsLvi mgvb| Avi Ave Aski AmsLvne h_vwbqg cv
j .mv. Gi mgvb Ges mmxg `kwgKi Ave Aski RbcqvRbxq msLK k~bemvZ ne| Gi ci
hvMevweqvMmmxg `kwgKi wbqg Ki Z ne| Gf ve cv hvMdj evweqvMdj cKZ hvMdj ev
weqvMdj ne bv| cKZ hvMdj evweqvMdj ei Ki Z nj `LZ ne h m`kKZ `kwgKj vhvM
evweqvMKi j cZKwUm`kKZ `kwgKj vi Ave Aski meevgi Aj vi hvMevweqvMnvZ
h msLvwU_vK, Zvcv hvMdj evweqvMdj i Ave Aski meWvbi Ai mv_ hvMevA_K
weqvMKi j cKZ hvMdj evweqvMdj cvI qvhve| GwUB wbYq hvMdj evweqvMdj ne|
MwYZ
13
ge: (K) Ave `kwgKwewk msLvi hvMdj evweqvMI Ave `kwgK nq| GB hvMdj evweqvMdj
Abve Ask Ave `kwgKj vi gamevcvAbve Ask wewk Ave `kwgKwUi Abve AmsLvi
mgvb ne Ges Ave Ask Ave `kwgK msLvj vi Ave AmsLvi j .mv. Gi mgvb msLK Ave A
ne| mmxg `kwgK _vKj cZKwUAve `kwgKi Abve Aski AmsLvne mmxg `kwgKi `kwgK
we`yi ci i AmsLvI AbvbAve `kwgKi Abve Aski AmsLvi gamePq eo h msLvh
msLvi mgvb|
(L) Ave `kwgK f Mvskj vK mvgvbf Mvsk cwi eZb Ki f Mvski wbqg hvMdj evweqvMdj ei
Ki vi ci hvMdj evweqvMdj K Avevi `kwgK cwi eZb Ki I hvMevweqvMKi vhvq| Ze G
cwZZ hvMevweqvMKi j ewk mgq j vMe|
D`vni Y 14| 8 7 1 2 , 9 8 3

I 8 9 7 89 5

hvMKi |
mgvavb : GLvb Abve Aski AmsLvne 2 Ges Ave Aski Ane 2, 2 I 3 Gi j .mv. 6|
c_g wZbwUAve `kwgKK m`k Ki vnqQ|
9 8 . 3

= 9 9898 8 89 3

8 7 1 2

= 7 7878 8 17 . 2


8 9 7 89 5

= 8 9879 7 89 . 5

97576574 11 [ 25 2 7 8 8 = + + + , GLvb 2 nj vnvZi 2|
2 + 25 Gi 2 hvMnqQ| ]
6 7657 5 97 11

wbYq hvMdj 6 7657 5 97 11



ev 6 7 5 97 11

ge: GB hvMdj 575675 Ave Ask| wK576K Ave Ask Ki j gvbi Kvbvcwi eZb nq bv|
`e: me Wvb 2 hvMi avi YvevSvevi RbG hvMwUAbwbqg Ki vnj v:
9 8 . 3

= 89 | 9 9898 8 89 3

8 7 1 . 2

= 87 7 7878 8 17 . 2

8 9 7 89 5

= 79 | 8 9879 7 89 5

55 6 7657 5 97 11 | .

GLvb Ave Ask kl nI qvi ci Avi I 2 AchmsLvK evovbvnqQ| AwZwi Aj vK GKUv
Lvovi Lvvi vAvj v`vKi `I qvnqQ| Gi ci hvMKi vnqQ| Lvovi Lvi Wvbi Ai hvMdj
_K nvZi 2 GmLvovi Lvi evgi Ai mv_ hvMnqQ| Lvovi Lvi Wvbi AwUAvi cbtcywbK
we`yk~bnI qvi AwUGKB| ZvB `yBwUhvMdj B GK|
MwYZ
14
D`vni Y 15| 346 2 , 8 7 4 9 8

I 1 7 4

hvMKi |
mgvavb : `kwgKj vK m`k Ki Z nj Abve Ask 3 Ai Ges Ave Ask ne 3 I 2 Gi j .mv.
6 Ai |
8 7 4 9 8

= 7 4784 8 947 8

346 2 0 0000 0 346 2


1 7 4

= 7 7171 1 717 4


011019564 16 | 10 1 1 0 8 = + + + , GLvb wZxq 1
nj v nvZi 1| 10 Gi 1 hvM
nqQ| j
1 +
5 1956 0 011 16

wbYq hvMdj 5 1956 0 011 16


KvR : hvMKi : 1| 7 9 0 2

I 8 6 7 12 5

2| 6 7 5 31 0 , 5 34 1

I 8 7 056 8

D`vni Y 16| 3 4 2 8

_K 3 7 6 24 5

weqvMKi |
mgvavb : GLvb Abve Aski AmsLvne 2 Ges Ave Aski AmsLvne 2 I 3 Gi j .mv.
6| GLb `kwgK msLv`yBwUK m`k Ki weqvMKi vnj v|
3 4 2 8

= 4 4343 3 24 8

3 7 6 24 5

= 3 7367 6 24 5

99669761 2 | 3 _K 6 weqvMKi j nvZ 1


wbZ ne| j 1
69760 6 99 2

wbYq weqvMdj 69760 6 99 2



|
ge : cbtcywbK we`yhLvb i mLvb weqvRb msLvweqvR msLv_K QvUnj me mgq
meWvbi A_K 1 weqvMKi Z ne|
`e: meWvbi A_K 1 Kb weqvMKi vnq ZvevSvevi RbwbP Abf ve weqvMKi `Lvbv
nj v:
3 4 2 8

= 34 | 4 4343 3 24 8

3 7 6 24 5

= 67 | 3 7367 6 24 5


67 | 0 6976 6 99 2


wbYq weqvMdj 67 | 0 6976 6 99 2

GLvb `yBwUweqvMdj B GK|
D`vni Y 17| 5 4 6 45 24

_K 7 3 4 16

weqvMKi |
mgvavb :
5 4 6 45 24

= 5 4 6 45 24

7 3 4 16

= 3 4 7 43 16


15
MwYZ
01902 8
1
| 6 _K 7 weqvMKi j nvZ 1
wbZ ne| j
1 0 9 01 8


wbYq weqvMdj 1 0 9 01 8

.
`e:
5 4 6 45 24

= 64 | 5 4 6 45 24

7 3 4 16

= 74 | 3 4 7 43 16


90 | 1 0 9 01 8


KvR :
weqvMKi :
1| 4 8 7 12 13

_K 1u418 2| 4 9 03 23

_K 5 4 6 12 9

Ave `kwgKi Y I f vM
Ave `kwgKj vK f Mvsk cwi YZ Ki Y evf vMi KvR mgvavKi cv f MvskwUK `kwgK cKvk
Ki j B Ave `kwgKj vi Ydj evf vMdj ne| mmxg `kwgK I Ave `kwgKi gaY evf vM
Ki Z nj G wbqgB Ki Z ne| Ze f vMi f vRI f vRK `yBwUB Ave `kwgK nj , Df qK
m`k Ave `kwgK Ki wbj f vMi KvR mnR nq|
D`vni Y 18| 3 4

K 7 5

vi vY Ki |
mgvavb :
3
13
9
39
9
4 43
3 4 = =

9
52
9
5 57
7 5 =

3 4

7 5

= 7 3 0 25
27
676
9
52
3
13

= =
wbYq Ydj 7 3 0 25

D`vni Y 19| 8 2 0

K 8 1 42

vi vY Ki |
mgvavb :
45
13
90
26
90
2 8
8 2 0 = =
2
=

11
464
99
4176
99
42 4218
8 1 42 = =

=

= 5 8 1 12
495
6032
11
464
45
13

= =
wbYq Ydj 5 8 1 12

16
MwYZ
D`vni Y 20| = 4 3 2 1 5 3 4 5 2

KZ ?
mgvavb :
2
5
10
25
5 2 = =
90
392
90
43 435
5 3 4 =

=

495
611
990
1222
990
12 1234
4 3 2 1 = =

=


... 44062 13
8910
119756
8910
611 196
495
611
90
392
2
5
= =

=
wbYq Ydj 44062 13
KvR :
1| 3 1 1

K 6 2 vi vY Ki | 2| = 1 8 0 0 2 1 1 2 0

KZ ?
D`vni Y 21| 2 3 7

K 7 2 0

vi vf vMKi |
mgvavb :
99
725
99
7 732
2 3 7 =

=

18
5
90
25
90
2 27
7 2 0 = =

=

2 3 7

7 2 0

=
725
99

5
18
=
725
99

18
5
=
290
11
= 6 3 . 26

wbYq f vMdj 6 3 26


D`vni Y 22| 8 71 2 2

K 2 1 9 1

vi vf vMKi |
mgvavb :
9999
22176
9999
2 22718
8 71 2 2 =

=

990
1893
990
19 1912
2 1 9 1 =

=

8 71 2 2

2 1 9 1

= 1 88 1 1
101
120
1893
990
9999
22716
990
1893
9999
22716

= = =
wbYq f vMdj 1 88 1 1


D`vni Y 23| 45 9 K 3 6 8 2

vi vf vMKi |
mgvavb : 45 9 3 6 8 2

=
2835
990
100
945
990
28 2863
100
945
=

3 3
10
33
2835 2
99 189
= =

=
wbYq f vMdj 3 3
ge: Ave `kwgKi Ydj Ges f vMdj Ave `kwgK nZI cvi , bvI nZ cvi |
MwYZ
17
dgv- 3, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
KvR :
1| 6 0

K 9 0

vi vf vMKi | 2| 2 3 7 0

K 7 2 0 0

vi vf vMKi |
Amxg `kwgK
AbK `kwgK f Mvsk AvQhv`i `kwgK we`yi Wvbi Ai kl bB, Avevi GK evGKvwaK Aevi evi
chvqg Avmbv, Gme `kwgK f Mvsk Amxg `kwgK f Mvsk| hgb, ......... 42307 1342485139 5
GKwUAmxg `kwgK msLv| 2 Gi eMg~j GKwUAmxg `kwgK| GLb, 2 G eMg~j ei Kwi |
1 2 14142135........
1
24 100
96
281 400
281
2824 11900
11296
28282 60400
56564
282841 383600
282841
2828423 10075900
8485269
28284265 159063100
141421325
17641775
Gf ve cwqvAbKvj chPj j I kl ne bv|
...... 4142135 1 2 = GKwUAmxg `kwgK msLv|
wbw` `kwgK vb chgvb Ges wbw` `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb
Amxg `kwgKi gvb Kvbvwbw` `kwgK vb chgvb ei Ki vGes Kvbvwbw` `kwgK vb ch
Avmbgvb ei Ki vGKB A_bq|
hgb, ...... 4325893 5 `kwgKwUi Pvi `kwgK vb chgvbne , 4325 5 wK .... 4325893 5
`kwgKwUi Pvi `kwgK vb chAvmbgvbne 4326 5 | GLvb `yB `kwgK vb chgvbGes
`yB `kwgK vb chAvmbgvbGKB hv 43 5 | mmxg `kwgKI Gf ve Avmbgvb ei Ki vhvq|
ge: hZ `kwgK vb chgvb ei Ki Z ej vne, ZZ `kwgK vb chh me msLv_vKe e m
msLvj vwj LZ ne gv | Avi hZ `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb ei Ki Z ej vne, Gi ci eZxvbwUZ
8 7 6 5 , , , ev9 nq, Ze kl vbwUi msLvi mv_ 1 hvMKi Z ne| wKhw` 1, 2, 3 ev4 nq, Ze
kl vbwUi msLvhgb wQj ZgbB _vKe, G `kwgK vb chgvbGes `kwgK vb ch
AvmbgvbGKB| hZ `kwgK vb chei Ki Z ej vne, `kwgKi ci Gi PqI 1 vb ewk ch
`kwgK msLvei Ki Z ne|
18
D`vni Y 24| 13 Gi eMg~j ei Ki Ges wZb `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb j L|
mgvavb : 3 ) 13 ( ........ 605551 3
9
66
396
400


7205
36025
40000


72105
3605525
3697500


7211101
7211101
9197500


1986399
wbYq eMg~j ........ 605551 3
wbYq wZb `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb 606 3
D`vni Y 25| ....... 4623845 4 `kwgKwUi 4 3 2 1 , , , I 5 `kwgK vb chgvb I Avmbgvb ei Ki |
mgvavb : 4623845 4 msLvwUi GK `kwgK vb chgvb 4 4
Ges GK `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb 5 4
`yB `kwgK vb chgvb 46 4
Ges `yB `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb 46 4
wZb `kwgK vb chgvb 462 4
Ges wZb `kwgK vb ch 462 4
Pvi `kwgK vb ch 4623 4
Ges Pvi `kwgK vb chAvmb 4624 4
cuvP `kwgK vb chgvb 46238 4
Ges cuvP `kwgK vb chAvmb 46238 4 |
KvR : 29Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki Ges eMg~j K `yB `kwgK vb chgvb Ges `yB `kwgK vb chAvmbgvb j L|
MwYZ
MwYZ
19
Abykxj bx1
1| cgvY Ki h, (K) 5 (L) 7 (M) 10 cZK Ag~j ` msLv|
2| (K) 31 0. Ges 12 0. Gi ga`yBwUAg~j ` msLvwbYq Ki |
(L)
2
1
Ges 2 Gi gaGKwUg~j ` Ges GKwUAg~j ` msLvwbYq Ki |
3| (K) cgvY Ki h, hKvbvweRvo c~YmsLvi eMGKwUweRvo msLv|
(L) cgvY Ki h, `yBwUwgK Rvo msLvi Ydj 8 (AvU) vi vwef vR|
4| Ave `kwgK f Mvsk cKvk Ki : (K)
6
1
(L)
11
7
(M)
9
2
3 (N)
15
8
3
5| mvgvbf Mvsk cKvk Ki : (K) 2 0

(L) 5 3 0

(M) 3 1 0

(N) 8 7 3

(O) 9 0 3 2 6

6| m`k Ave `kwgK f Mvsk cKvk Ki :


(K) 5 3 2 5 , 3 2

(L) 7 23 4 , 6 2 7

(M) 5 4 2 6 , 4 3 8 , 7 5

(N) 6 5 32 4 , 9 1 2 , 32 12


7| hvMKi : (K) 4 13 0 5 4 0

+ (L) 018 7 4 0 8 5 0 2 + +

(M) 4 3 1 0 0 2 9 0 6 00 0

+ +
8| weqvMKi :
(K) 3 1 2 4 3

(L) 5 4 3 2 1 5

(M) 6 5 3 5 49 8

(N) 9 4 3 2 13 5 34 19


9| Y Ki : (K) 6 0 3 0

(L) 1 8 0 4 2

(M) 3 0 2 6 0

(N) 8 2 0 8 1 42


10| f vMKi : (K) 6 0 3 0

(L) 7 1 5 3 0

(M) 5 4 0 7 3 2

(N) 4 2 0 5 8 1 1


11| eMg~j wbYq Ki (wZb `kwgK vb ch) Ges `yB `kwgK vb cheMg~j j vi Avmbgvb j L :
(K) 12 (L) 5 2 0

(M) 4 3 1

(N) 2 0 3 1 5

12| wbPi Kvb msLvj vg~j ` Ges Kvb msLvj vAg~j ` j L :


(K) 4 0

(L) 9 (M) 11 (N)
3
6
(O)
7
8
(P)
48
27
(Q)
7
3
3
2
(R) 9 3 6 5

13| mi j Ki :
(K) ( 3 0

3 8 0

) ( ) 1 0 5 0

+ 8 0 0 5 3 0


(L) }] 36 . 8 ) 75 . 0 5 . 0 {( ) 5 . 0 27 . 6 [( } 5 . 0 ) 3 . 21 75 . 0 ( ) 1 . 0 25 . 0 {(
14|
5 I 4 `yBwUeve msLv|
K. KvbwUg~j ` I KvbwUAg~j ` wb`k Ki |
L.
5 I 4 G`i ga`yBwUAg~j ` msLvwbYq Ki |
M.
cgvY Ki h, 5 GKwUAg~j ` msLv|

wZxq Aavq
mUI dvskb
(Set and Function)
mUkwUAvgv`i mycwi wPZ hgb : wWbvi mU, ^vf vweK msLvi mU, g~j ` msLvi mUBZvw`| AvaywbK
nvwZqvi wnme mUi eenvi evcK| Rvgvb MwYZwe` RRKvUi (1844-1918) mUmKc_g avi Yv
evLvKi b| wZwb Amxg mUi avi Yvc`vb Ki MwYZ kvAvj vob mw Ki b Ges Zuvi mUi avi Yv
mUZ(Set Theory) bvg cwi wPZ| GB Aavq mUi avi Yv_K MvwYwZK I wPi gvag mgmv
mgvavb Ges dvskb mKmgK vb ARb Ki vcavb j |
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
mUI DcmUi avi YvevLvKi cZxKi mvnvhcKvk Ki Z cvi e|
mUcKvki cwZ eYbvKi Z cvi e|
Amxg mUevLvKi Z cvi e Ges mmxg I Amxg mUi cv_Kwbi cY Ki Z cvi e|
mUi mshvMI Q` evLvGes hvPvB Ki Z cvi e|
kw mUevLvKi Z cvi e Ges `yB I wZb m`mwewk mUi kw mUMVb Ki Z cvi e|
gRvo I KvUmxq YR evLvKi Z cvi e|
D`vni Y I f bwP i mvnvhmUcwqvi mnR wewaj vcgvY Ki Z cvi e Ges wewaj vcqvM
Ki wewf bmgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
A^q I dvskb evLvKi Z I MVb Ki Z cvi e|
Wvgb I i KxevLvKi Z cvi e|
dvskbi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
dvskbi j LwP Ab Ki Z cvi e|
mU(Set)
eve evwPvRMZi my-msvwqZ ei mgvek evmsMnK mUej | hgb, evsj v, Bsi wR I MwYZ wel q
wZbwUcvVeBqi mU| c_g `kwUweRvo ^vf vweK msLvi mU, c~YmsLvi mU, eve msLvi mU
BZvw`|
mUK mvavi YZ Bsi wR eYgvj vi eo nvZi Ai Z Y X C B A , , . ,......... , , vi vcKvk Ki vnq|
hgb, 6 , 4 , 2 msLvwZbwUi mU } 6 , 4 , 2 { = A
mUi cZK eevm`mK mUi Dcv`vb ) (element ej vnq| hgb, } , { b a B = nj , B mUi
Dcv`vb a Ges b ; Dcv`vb cKvki wP ' 'e .
MwYZ
21
B ae Ges covnq B a, Gi m`m ) ( B to belongs a
B be Ges covnq B b, Gi m`m ) ( B to belongs b
Dci i B mUc Dcv`vb bB|
B ce Ges covnq B c, Gi m`mbq ) ( B to belong not does c .
mUcKvki cwZ (Method of describing Sets) :
mUK `yB cwZZ cKvk Ki vnq| h_v: (1) Zvwj KvcwZ Method Roster ( ev ) Method Tabular
Ges (2) mUMVb cwZ ) ( Method Builder Set
(1) Zvwj KvcwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`f ve Dj L Ki wZxq ebx{ } Gi ga
AveKi vnq Ges GKvwaK Dcv`vb _vKj Kgveenvi Ki Dcv`vbj vK Avj v`vKi vnq|
hgb, } , { b a A = , } 6 , 4 , 2 { = B , = C {wbj q, wZkv, v} BZvw`|
(2) mUMVb cwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`f ve Dj L bvKi Dcv`vb wbavi Yi Rb
mvavi Y agi Dj L _vK| hgb : x x A : { = ^vf vweK weRvo msLv}, x x B : { = beg kwYi c_g
cuvPRb wkv_x} BZvw`|
GLvb, ' : ' vi vGi c hbevmsc hb ) ( that such evSvq| hnZzG cwZZ mUi Dcv`vb
wbavi Yi RbkZevwbqg ) (Rule `I qv_vK, G RbG cwZK Method Rule I ej vnq|
D`vni Y 1| } 28 , 21 , 14 , 7 { = A mUwUK mUMVb cwZZ cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : A mUi Dcv`vbmg~n 28 , 21 , 14 , 7
GLvb, cZKwUDcv`vb 7 vi vwef vR, A_vr 7 Gi wYZK Ges 28 Gi eo bq|
7 , { : x x A = Gi wYZK Ges } 28 s x .
D`vni Y 2| 28 , { : x x B = Gi YbxqK} mUwUK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : GLvb, 28 1 28 =
= 14 2
= 7 4
28Gi YbxqKmg~n 28 , 14 , 7 , 4 , 2 , 1
wbYq mU } 28 , 14 , 7 , 4 , 2 , 1 { = B
D`vni Y 3| x x C : { = abvZK c~YmsLvGes 18
2
< x } mUwUK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : abvZK c~YmsLvmg~n . .......... , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1
GLvb, 1 = x nj , 1 1
2 2
= = x
MwYZ
22
2 = x nj , 4 2
2 2
= = x
3 = x nj , 9 3
2 2
= = x
4 = x nj , 16 4
2 2
= = x
5 = x nj , 25 5
2 2
= = x ; hv18 Gi Pq eo
kZvbymvi MnYhvMabvZK c~YmsLvmg~n 4 , 3 , 2 , 1
wbYq mU }. 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = C
KvR : 1| } 9 , 6 , 3 , 3 , 6 , 9 { = C mUwUK mUMVb cwZZ cKvk Ki |
2| y y Q : { = c~YmsLvGes } 27
3
s y mUwUK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki |
mmxg mU(Finite Set) : h mUi Dcv`vb msLvMYbvKi wbavi Y Ki vhvq, GK mgxg mUej | hgb,
}, 60 ,........, 9 , 6 , 3 { }, , , { = = E z y x D x x F : { = gwj K msLvGes } 70 30 < < x BZvw` mmxg
mU| GLvb, D mU3wUDcv`vb, E mU20wUDcv`vb Ges F mU9wUDcv`vb AvQ|
Amxg mU(Ininite Set) : h mUi Dcv`vb msLvMYbvKi wbavi Y Ki vhvq bv, GK Amxg mUej |
hgb, x x A : { = weRvo ^vf vweK msLv}, ^vf vweK msLvi mU } , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { ........ = N , c~YmsLvi mU
.......} 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 {....... = Z , g~j ` msLvi mU p
q
P
Q :

= I q c~YmsLvGes } 0 = q ,
eve msLvi mUR

BZvw` Amxg mU|
D`vni Y 4| `LvI h, mKj ^vf vweK msLvi mUGKwUAmxg mU|
mgvavb : ^vf vweK msLvi mU .......} , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = N
N mU_K weRvo ^vf vweK msLvmg~n wbq MwVZ mU .......} , 7 , 5 , 3 , 1 { = A
Rvo

.......} , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 { = B
3 Gi wYZKmg~ni mU .......} , 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 { = C BZvw`|
GLvb, N mU_K MwVZ C B A , , mUmg~n Dcv`vb msLvMYbvKi wbavi Y Ki vhvq bv| dj
C B A , , Amxg mU|
N GKwUAmxg mU|
KvR : wbPi mUj v_K mmxg mUI Amxg mUj L :
1| } 7 , 5 , 3 { 2| } 2 ....... , 2 , 2 , 1 {
10 2
3| .......} , 3 , 3 , 3 {
3 2
4| x x : { c~YmsLvGes } 4 < x
5|

q p
q
p
I : ci i mngwj K Ges } 1 > q 6| N y y e : { Ges } 100
3 2
y y < < .
23
MwYZ
duvKvmU(Empty Set) : h mUi KvbvDcv`vb bB GK duvKvmUej | duvKvmUK { } e u vi v
cKvk Ki vnq| hgb : nwj mzj i wZbRb Qv i mU, }, 11 10 : { < < e x N x x N x : { e gwj K
msLvGes } 29 23 < < x BZvw`|
f bwP (Venn-Diagram) : Rb f b (1834-1883) mUi Kvhwewa wP i mvnvhceZb Ki b| GZ
weePbvaxb mUj vK mgZj AewZ wewf bAvKvi i RvwgwZK wP hgb AvqZvKvi , evKvi
Ges w f yRvKvi eenvi Ki vnq| Rb f bi bvgvbymvi wP j vf b wP bvg cwi wPZ|
DcmU ) (Subset : } , { b a A = GKwUmU| A mUi Dcv`vb _K }, , { b a } {a , } {b mUj vMVb
Ki vhvq| Avevi , KvbvDcv`vb bvwbq u mUMVb Ki hvq|
GLvb, MwVZ }, , { b a } {a , } {b , u cZKwUA mUi DcmU|
myZi vs KvbvmU_K hZj vmUMVb Ki vhvq, G`i cZKwUmUK H mUi DcmUej vnq|
DcmUi wP c| hw` B mUA Gi DcmUnq Ze A B c covnq| A B, Gi DcmUA_evB is
a Subset of A. Dci i DcmUj vi ga } , { b a mUA Gi mgvb|
cZKwUmUwbRi DcmU|
Avevi , hKvbv 3 mU_K u mUMVb Ki vhvq|
u hKvbvmUi DcmU|
} 3 , 2 , 1 { = P Gi } 3 , 2 , 1 { = Q Ges } 3 , 1 { = R `yBwUDcmU| Avevi , Q P =
P Q _ Ges P R c .
cKZ DcmU(Proper Subset) :
KvbvmU_K MwVZ DcmUi gah DcmUj vi Dcv`vb msLvc` mUi Dcv`vb msLvAcv
Kg G`i K cKZ DcmUej | hgb, } 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { = A Ges } 5 , 3 { = B `yBwUmU| GLvb, B Gi me
Dcv`vb A mUwe`gvb A B c
Avevi , B mUi Dcv`vb msLvA mUi Dcv`vb msLvi Pq Kg|
A B, Gi GKwUcKZ DcmUGes A B _ wj L cKvk Ki vnq|
D`vni Y 5| } , , { z y x P = Gi DcmUj vj L Ges DcmUj v_K cKZ DcmUevQvB Ki |
24
MwYZ
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } , , { z y x P =
P Gi DcmUmg~n } , , { z y x , } , { y x , } , { z x , } , { z y , } {x , } {y , }, {z .
P Gi cKZ DcmUmg~n } , { y x , } , { z x , } , { z y , } {x , } {y , } {z .
mUi mgZv(Equivalent Set) :
`yB evZZvwaK mUi Dcv`vb GKB nj , G`i K mUi mgZvej vnq| hgb : } 7 , 5 , 3 { = A Ges
} 7 , 3 , 5 { = B `yBwUmgvb mUGes B A = wP vi vj Lvnq|
Avevi , } 7 , 5 , 3 { = A , } 7 , 3 , 3 , 5 { = B Ges } 5 , 5 , 3 , 7 , 7 { = C nj B A, I C mUwZbwUmgZv
evSvq| A_vr, C B A = =
j Yxq, mUi Dcv`vbj vi g e`j vj evKvbvDcv`vb cybi vew Ki j mUi Kvbvcwi eZb nq bv|
mUi A i (Difference of Set) : gb Kwi , } 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = A Ges } 5 , 3 { = B | mU A _K
mU B Gi Dcv`vbj vev` w`j h mUwUnq Zv } 4 , 2 , 1 { Ges j Lvnq B A\ ev = B A
} 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { } 5 , 3 { = } 4 , 2 , 1 {
myZi vs, KvbvmU_K AbGKwUmUev` w`j h mUMwVZ nq ZvK ev` mUej |
D`vni Y 6| 12 , { : x x P = Gi YbxqKmg~n} Ges 3 , { : x x Q = Gi wYZK Ges } 12 s x nj Q P
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 12 , { : x x P = Gi YbxqKmg~n}
GLvb, 12 Gi YbxqKmg~n 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1
} 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = P
Avevi , 3 , { : x x Q = Gi wYZK Ges } 12 s x
GLvb, 12 ch3 Gi wYZKmg~n 12 , 9 , 6 , 3
} 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 { = Q
} 4 , 2 , 1 { } 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 { ) 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = = Q P
wbYq mU: } 4 , 2 , 1 {
mvweK mU(Universal Set) :
Avj vPbvmswk mKj mUGKwUwbw` mUi DcmU| hgb : } , { y x A = mUwU } , , { z y x B = Gi
GKwUDcmU| GLvb, B mUK A mUi mvc mvweK mUej |
myZi vs Avj vPbvmswk mKj mU hw` GKwU wbw` mUi DcmU nq Ze H wbw` mUK Gi
DcmUj vi mvc mvweK mUej |
u
MwYZ
25
dgv- 4, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
mvweK mUK mvavi YZ U vi vcKvk Ki vnq| Ze Ab cZxKi mvnvhI
mvweK mU cKvk Ki v hvq| hgb : mKj Rvo ^vf vweK msLvi mU
........} 6 , 4 , 2 { = C Ges mKj ^vf vweK msLvi mU ..} ,......... 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = N
nj , C mUi mvc mvweK mUne N .
c~i K mU(Complement of a Set) :
U mvweK mUGes A mUwU U Gi DcmU| A mUi ewnf ~Z mKj Dcv`vb
wbq MwVZ mUK A mUi c~i K mUej | A Gi c~i K mUK
c
A ev A'
vi vcKvk Ki vnq| MvwYwZKf ve A U A
c
\ = .
gb Kwi , P I Q `yBwUmUGes Q mUi hme Dcv`vb P mUi Dcv`vb bq, H Dcv`vbj vi
mUK P Gi cwZ Q Gi c~i K mUej vnq Ges j Lvnq . \ Q P Q
c
=
D`vni Y 7| } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = U , } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { = A Ges } 5 , 3 , 1 { = B nj
c
A I
c
B wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : } 5 , 3 , 1 { } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { \ } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { \ = = = A U A
c
Ges } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { } 5 , 3 , 1 { \ } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { \ = = = B U B
c
wbYq mU } 5 , 3 , 1 { =
c
A Ges } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { =
c
B
mshvMmU(Union of Sets) :
`yB evZZvwaK mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK mshvMmUej vnq| gb Kwi , A I B `yBwU
mU| A I B mUi mshvMK B A vi vcKvk Ki vnq Ges covnq A mshvMB A_evA Union
B | mUMVb cwZZ A x x B A e = : { A_ev } B x e .
D`vni Y 8| } 5 , 4 , 3 { = C Ges } 8 , 6 , 4 { = D nj , D C wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 5 , 4 , 3 { = C Ges } 8 , 6 , 4 { = D
} 8 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { } 8 , 6 , 4 { } 5 , 4 , 3 { = = D C
Q` mU(Intersection of Sets):
`yB evZZvwaK mUi mvavi Y Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK Q` mUej | gb Kwi , A I B `yBwUmU|
A I B Gi Q` mUK B A vi vcKvk Ki vnq Ges covnq A Q` B evA intersection B |
mUMVb cwZZ A x x B A e = : { Ges } B x e .
D`vni Y 9| } 6 2 : { s < e = x N x P Ges x N x Q : { e = Rvo msLvGes } 8 s x
nj , Q P wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 6 2 : { s < e = x N x P = } 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 {
MwYZ
25
mvweK mUK mvavi YZ U vi vcKvk Ki vnq| Ze Ab cZxKi mvnvhI
mvweK mU cKvk Ki v hvq| hgb : mKj Rvo ^vf vweK msLvi mU
........} 6 , 4 , 2 { = C Ges mKj ^vf vweK msLvi mU ..} ,......... 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = N
nj , C mUi mvc mvweK mUne N .
c~i K mU(Complement of a Set) :
U mvweK mUGes A mUwU U Gi DcmU| A mUi ewnf ~Z mKj Dcv`vb
wbq MwVZ mUK A mUi c~i K mUej | A Gi c~i K mUK
c
A ev A'
vi vcKvk Ki vnq| MvwYwZKf ve A U A
c
\ = .
gb Kwi , P I Q `yBwUmUGes Q mUi hme Dcv`vb P mUi Dcv`vb bq, H Dcv`vbj vi
mUK P Gi cwZ Q Gi c~i K mUej vnq Ges j Lvnq . \ Q P Q
c
=
D`vni Y 7| } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = U , } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { = A Ges } 5 , 3 , 1 { = B nj
c
A I
c
B wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : } 5 , 3 , 1 { } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { \ } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { \ = = = A U A
c
Ges } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { } 5 , 3 , 1 { \ } 7 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { \ = = = B U B
c
wbYq mU } 5 , 3 , 1 { =
c
A Ges } 7 , 6 , 4 , 2 { =
c
B
mshvMmU(Union of Sets) :
`yB evZZvwaK mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK mshvMmUej vnq| gb Kwi , A I B `yBwU
mU| A I B mUi mshvMK B A vi vcKvk Ki vnq Ges covnq A mshvMB A_evA Union
B | mUMVb cwZZ A x x B A e = : { A_ev } B x e .
D`vni Y 8| } 5 , 4 , 3 { = C Ges } 8 , 6 , 4 { = D nj , D C wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 5 , 4 , 3 { = C Ges } 8 , 6 , 4 { = D
} 8 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { } 8 , 6 , 4 { } 5 , 4 , 3 { = = D C
Q` mU(Intersection of Sets):
`yB evZZvwaK mUi mvavi Y Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK Q` mUej | gb Kwi , A I B `yBwUmU|
A I B Gi Q` mUK B A vi vcKvk Ki vnq Ges covnq A Q` B evA intersection B |
mUMVb cwZZ A x x B A e = : { Ges } B x e .
D`vni Y 9| } 6 2 : { s < e = x N x P Ges x N x Q : { e = Rvo msLvGes } 8 s x
nj , Q P wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 6 2 : { s < e = x N x P = } 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 {
MwYZ
27
D`vni Y 11| ) 3 , 2 ( y x + = ) , 6 ( y x nj , ) , ( y x wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ ) 3 , 2 ( y x + = ) , 6 ( y x
gRvoi kZgZ, ) 1 ........( 6 2 = + y x
Ges ) 2 .........( 3 = y x
mgxKi Y ) 1 ( I ) 2 ( hvMKi cvB, 9 3 = x ev 3 = x
mgxKi Y ) 1 ( G x Gi gvb ewmq cvB, 6 6 = + y ev 0 = y
) , ( y x = ) 0 , 3 ( .
KvZmxq YR (Cartesian Product) :
I qvsmyZuvi evwoi GKwUKvgi vi wf Zi i `I qvj mv`vevbxj i s Ges evBi i `I qvj j vj evnj y` ev
meyR i s Gi cj c `I qvi wmvwbj b| wf Zi i `I qvj i i s Gi mU = A {mv`v, bxj } Ges evBi i
`I qvj i s Gi mU = B {j vj , nj y` I meyR}| I qvsmyZuvi Kvgi vi i s cj c (mv`v, j vj ), (mv`v, nj y`),
(mv`v, meyR), (bxj , j vj ), (bxj , nj y`), (bxj , meyR) gRvo AvKvi w`Z cvi b|
D gRvoi mUK j Lvnq
= B A {(mv`v, j vj ), (mv`v, nj y`), (mv`v, meyR), (bxj , j vj ), (bxj , nj y`),(bxj , meyR)}
GwUB KvZmxq YR mU|
mUMVb cvwZZ, A x y x B A e = ); , {( Ges } B y e
B A K covnq A mB ev B cross A .
D`vni Y 12| } 3 , 2 , 1 { = P , } 4 , 3 { = Q Ges Q P R = nj , R P Ges Q R wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 3 , 2 , 1 { = P , } 4 , 3 { = Q
Ges Q P R = = } 3 { } 4 , 3 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { =
R P = )} 3 , 3 ( ), 3 , 2 ( ), 3 , 1 {( } 3 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { =
Ges Q R = )} 4 , 3 ( ), 3 , 3 {( } 4 , 3 { } 3 { =
KvR : 1| |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+
2 3
, 1 1 ,
3 2
y x y x
nj , ) , ( y x wbYq Ki |
2| } 4 , 3 { }, 3 , 2 , 1 { = = Q P Ges } , { y x R = nj , R Q P ) ( Ges Q Q P ) ( wbYq Ki |
D`vni Y 13| h mKj ^vf vweK msLvvi v311 Ges 419 K f vMKi j cwZ 23 Aewk _vK
G`i mUwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : h ^vf vweK msLvvi v311 Ges 419 K f vMKi j cwZ 23 Aewk _vK, mmsLvne
23 Acveo Ges 288 23 311 = Ges 396 23 419 = Gi mvavi Y YbxqK|
28
MwYZ
gb Kwi , 23 Acveo 288 Gi YbxqKmg~ni mUA Ges 396 Gi YbxqKmg~ni mUB
GLvb, 18 16 24 12 32 9 36 8 48 6 72 4 96 3 144 2 288 1 288 = = = = = = = = =
} 288 , 144 , 96 , 72 , 48 , 36 , 32 , 24 { = A
Avevi , 22 18 33 12 36 11 44 9 66 6 99 4 132 3 198 2 396 1 396 = = = = = = = = =
} 396 , 198 , 132 , 99 , 66 , 44 , 36 , 33 { = B
= } 288 , 144 , 96 , 72 , 48 , 36 , 32 , 24 { B A } 396 , 198 , 132 , 99 , 66 , 44 , 36 , 33 { = } 36 {
wbYq mU } 36 {
D`vni Y 14| } 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = U , } 7 , 6 , 2 , 1 { = A , } 6 , 5 , 3 , 2 { = B Ges } 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 { = C nj ,
`LvI h, ) (i B A B A ' ' = ' ) ( Ges ) (ii ) ( ) ( ) ( C B C A C B A =
mgvavb : ) (i
wP GKwUAvqZ vi vU Ges ci i Q`x`yBwUe vi vh_vg B A, mUK wb`k Ki v
nj v|
B A B A ' ' = ' ) (
mgvavb : ) (ii wP GKwUAvqZ vi vU Ges ci i Q`xwZbwUe vi vh_vg C B A , ,
mUK wb`k Ki vnj v|
j Kwi ,
mU Dcv`vb
B A
6 , 2
C B A ) ( 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 2
C A 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1
C B 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2
) ( ) ( C B C A 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 2
) ( ) ( ) ( C B C A C B A =
mU Dcv`vb
B A
7 , 6 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 1
) ( ' B A 8 , 4
A' 8 , 5 , 4 , 3
B' 8 , 7 , 4 , 1
B A ' ' 8 , 4

MwYZ
29
D`vni Y 15| 100 Rb wkv_xi gaKvbvci xvq 92 Rb evsj vq 80 Rb MwYZ Ges 70 Rb Df q
wel q cvmKi Q| f bwP i mvnvhZ_j vcKvk Ki Ges KZRb wkv_xDf q wel q dj Ki Q, Zv
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : f bwP AvqZvKvi wU100 Rb wkv_xi mUU Ges evsj vq I MwYZ cvmwkv_x`i mU
h_vg B I M vi vwb`k Ki | dj f bwP wU Pvi wU wb` mU wef nqQ, hv`i K
F R Q P , , , vi vwPwZ Ki vnj v|
GLvb, Df q wel q cvmwkv_x`i mU M B Q = , hvi m`mmsLv70
= P ayevsj vq cvmwkv_x`i mU, hvi m`mmsLv= 18 70 92 =
= R ayMwYZ cvmwkv_x`i mU, hvi m`mmsLv= 10 70 80 =
, M B R Q P = GK Ges Df q wel q cvmwkv_x`i mU, hvi m`mmsLv= 98 70 10 18 = + +
= F Df q wel q dj Ki vwkv_x`i mU, hvi m`mmsLv= 2 98 100 =
Df q wel q dj Ki Q2 Rb wkv_x|
Abykxj bx21
1| wbPi mUj vK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki :
(K) 9 : {
2
> e x N x Ges } 130
3
< x
(L) 5 : {
2
> e x Z x Ges } 36
3
s x
(M) 36 , : { x N xe Gi YbxqK Ges 6 Gi wYZK}
(N) 25 : {
3
< e x N x Ges } 264
4
< x
2| wbPi mUj vK mUMVb cwZZ cKvk Ki :
(K) } 11 , 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 { (L) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36}
(M) , 28 , 24 , 20 , 16 , 12 , 8 , 4 { } 40 , 36 , 32 (N) } 6 , 5 , 4 {
3| } 4 , 3 , 2 { = A , } , 2 , 1 { a B = Ges } , , 2 { b a C = nj , wbPi mUj vwbYq Ki :
(K) C B \ (L) B A (M) C A (N) ) ( C B A (O) ) ( C B A
4| } 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = U , } 5 , 3 , 1 { = A , } 6 , 4 , 2 { = B Ges } 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { = C nj , wbgwj wLZ
mZZvhvPvB Ki :
) (i B A B A ' ' = ' ) ( ) (ii C B C B ' ' = ' ) (
) (iii ) ( ) ( ) ( C B C A C B A = ) (iv ) ( ) ( ) ( C B C A C B A =
5| } , { y x Q = Ges } , , { n m R = nj , ) (Q P Ges ) (R P wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
30
6| } , { b a A = , } , , { c b a B = Ges B A C = nj , `LvI h, ) (C P Gi Dcv`vb msLv
n
2 ,
hLvb n nQC Gi Dcv`vb msLv|
7| (K) ) 1 2 , 2 ) 2 , 1 ( + = + x y y x ( nj , x Ges y Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
(L) ) , 0 ( ) , (
2 2
cx ay c a cy ax = nj , ) , ( y x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
(M) ) 2 3 , 1 ( ) 13 , 6 ( y x y x + = nj , ) , ( y x wbYq Ki |
8| (K) } {a P = , } , { c b Q = nj , Q P Ges P Q wbYq Ki |
(L) } 5 , 4 , 3 { = A , } 6 , 5 , 4 { = B Ges } , { y x C = nj , C B A ) ( wbYq Ki |
(M) } 7 , 5 , 3 { = P , } 7 , 5 { = Q Ges Q P R \ = nj , R Q P ) ( wbYq Ki |
9| A I B h_vg 35 Ges 45 Gi mKj YbxqKi mUnj , B A I B A wbYq Ki |
10| h mKj ^vf vweK msLvvi v346 Ges 556 K f vMKi j cwZ 31 Aewk _vK, G`i mU
wbYq Ki |
11| KvbvkwYi 30 Rb wkv_xi ga 20 Rb dzUej Ges 15 Rb wKULj vcQ` Ki | `yBwUh
KvbvGKwULj vcQ` Ki Z`yc wkv_xi msLv10 ; KZRb wkv_x`yBwULj vB cQ` Ki bv
Zvf b wP i mvnvhwbYq Ki |
12| 100 Rb wkv_xi gaKvbvci xvq % 65 wkv_xevsj vq, % 48 wkv_xevsj vI Bsi wR Df q
wel q cvmGes % 15 wkv_xDf q wel q dj Ki Q|
(K) msw weei Ymn I ci i Z_j vf bwP cKvk Ki |
(L) ayevsj vq I Bsi wRZ cvmKi QZv`i msLvwbYq Ki |
(M) Df q wel q cvmGesDf q wel q dj msLvqi gwj K YbxqKmg~ ni mU`yBwUi mshvMmUwbYq Ki |
A^q(Relation)
Avgi vRvwb, evsj v`ki i vRavbxXvKv, f vi Zi i vRavbxw`j xGes cvwKvbi i vRavbxBmj vgvev`| GLvb
`ki mv_ i vRavbxi GKwUA^q evmKAvQ| G mKnQ`k-i vRavbxA^q| D mKK mU
AvKvi wbgi c `Lvbvhvq :
A^q
evsj v`k XvKv
f vi Z w`j x
cvwKvb Bmj vgvev`
`k i vRavbx
31
MwYZ
A_vr `k-i vRavbxi A^q ), (cvwKvb, Bmj vgvev`)}|
hw` A I B `yBwUmUnq Ze mUqi KvZmxq YR B A mUi AMZ gRvoj vi Ak~b
DcmUR K A mUnZ B mUi GKwUA^q evmKej vnq|
GLvb, R mU B A mUi GKwUDcmUA_vr, B A R _
D`vni Y 15| gb Kwi , } 5 , 3 { = A Ges } 4 , 2 { = B
)} 4 , 5 ( ), 2 , 5 ( ), 4 , 3 ( ), 2 , 3 {( } 4 , 2 { } 5 , 3 { = = B A
)} 4 , 5 ( ), 2 , 5 ( ), 4 , 3 ( ), 2 , 3 {( = R
hw` y x > kZnq Ze, )} 4 , 5 ( ), 2 , 5 ( ), 2 , 3 {( = R
Ges hw` y x < kZnq Ze, } 4 , 3 { = R
hLb A mUi GKwUDcv`vb x I B mUi GKwUDcv`vb y Ges R y x e ) , ( nq, Ze j Lvnq
y R x Ges covnq y x, Gi mv_ Aw^Z ( x is related to y ) A_vr Dcv`vb x , Dcv`vb y Gi mv_
R mKhy |
Avevi , A mUnZ A mUi GKwUA^q A_vr A A R _ nj , R K A Gi A^q ej vnq|
myZi vs A Ges B `yBwUmUi Dcv`vbj vi gamK`I qv_vKj A x e Gi mmwKZ B y e
wbq h me gRvo ) , ( y x cvI qvhvq, G`i Ak~bDcmUnQGKwUA^q |
D`vni Y 16| hw` } 4 , 3 , 2 { = P , } 6 , 4 { = Q Ges P I Q Gi Dcv`vbj vi ga x y 2 = mK
weePbvq _vK Ze A^q wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 4 , 3 , 2 { = P Ges } 6 , 4 { = Q
ckvbymvi , Q y P x y x R e e = , : ) , {( Ges x y 2 = }
GLvb, )} 6 , 4 ( ), 4 , 4 ( ), 6 , 3 ( ), 4 , 3 ( ), 6 , 2 ( ), 4 , 2 {( } 6 , 4 { } 4 , 3 , 2 { = = Q P
)} 6 , 3 ( ), 4 , 2 {( = R
wbYq A^q )} 6 , 3 ( ), 4 , 2 {(
D`vni Y 17| hw` } 3 , 2 , 1 { = A , } 4 , 2 , 0 { = B Ges C I D Gi Dcv`vbj vi ga 1 = y x mK
weePbvq _vK, Ze A^q eYbvKi |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 3 , 2 , 1 { = A , } 4 , 2 , 0 { = B
ckvbmvi , A^q B y A x y x R e e = , : ) , {( Ges } 1 = y x
GLvb, } 3 , 2 , 1 { = B A } 4 , 2 , 0 {
= )} 4 , 3 ( ), 2 , 3 ( ), 0 , 3 ( ), 4 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 0 , 2 ( ), 4 , 1 ( ), 2 , 1 ( ), 0 , 1 {(
)} 4 , 3 ( ), 2 , 1 {( = R
32
MwYZ
KvR : hw` } 6 , 5 , 2 { = C , } 5 , 4 { = D Ges C I D Gi Dcv`vbj vi ga
y x s mKweePbvq _vK Ze A^q wbYq Ki |
dvskb(Function) :
wbPi A I B mUi A^q j Kwi :
GLvb, hLb 2 + = x y , ZLb 1 = x nj , 3 = y
2 = x nj , 4 = y
3 = x nj , 5 = y
A_vr x Gi GK-GKwUgvbi Rb y Gi gv GKwUgvb cvI qvhvq Ges x I y -Gi gamK Zwi
nq 2 + = x y vi v| myZi vs `yBwUPj K x Ges y Ggbf ve mKhy hb x Gi hKvbvGKwUgvbi
Rb y Gi GKwUgv gvb cvI qvhvq, Ze y K x Gi dvskb ej vnq| x Gi dvskbK mvavi YZ , y
), (x f ) (x g , ) (x F BZvw` vi vcKvk Ki vnq|
gb Kwi , 3 2
2
+ = x x y GKUdvskb| GLvb, x Gi h KvbvGKwUgvbi Rb y Gi GKwUgv
gvb cvI qvhve| GLvb, x Ges y Df qB Pj K Ze, x Gi gvbi Dci y Gi gvb wbf i kxj | KvRB
x nQ^vaxb Pj K Ges y nQAaxb Pj K|
D`vni Y 18| 3 4 ) (
2
+ = x x x f nj , ) 1 ( f wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 3 4 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
) 1 ( f = 8 3 4 1 3 ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 (
2
= + + = +
D`vni Y 19| hw` 6 3 ) (
2 3
+ = x ax x x g nq, Ze a Gi Kvb gvbi Rb 0 ) 2 ( = g ne ?
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 6 3 ) (
2 3
+ = x ax x x g
6 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 3
+ = a g
= 6 6 4 8 + + a
= 8 4 4 8 = + a a
wK 0 ) 2 ( = g
0 8 4 = a
ev 8 4 = a
ev 2 = a
2 = a nj , 0 ) 2 ( = g ne|
MwYZ
33
dgv- 5, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
Wvgb(Domain) I i (Range)
KvbvA^qi gRvoj vi c_g Dcv`vbmg~ni mUK Gi Wvgb Ges wZxq Dcv`vbmg~ni mUK
Gi i ej vnq|
gb Kwi , A mU_K B mUR GKwUA^q A_vr B A R _ . R G Af y gRvoj vi c_g
Dcv`vb mUne R Gi Wvgb Ges wZxq Dcv`vbmg~ni mUne R Gi i | R Gi WvgbK Wvg
R Ges i K i R wj L cKvk Ki vnq|
D`vni Y 20| A^q )} 5 , 4 ( ), 2 , 3 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 2 {( = S A^qwUi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, )} 5 , 4 ( ), 2 , 3 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 2 {( = S
S A^q gRvoj vi c_g Dcv`vbmg~n 4 , 3 , 2 , 2 Ges wZxq Dcv`vbmg~n 5 , 2 , 2 , 1 .
Wvg } 4 , 3 , 2 { = S Ges i } 5 , 2 , 1 ( = S
D`vni Y 21| } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 { = A Ges A y A x y x R e e = , : ) , {( Ges } 1 + = x y nj , R K Zvwj Kv
cwZZ cKvk Ki Ges Wvg R I i R wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 { = A Ges A y A x y x R e e = , : ) , {( Ges } 1 + = x y
R Gi ewYZ kZ_K cvB , 1 + = x y
GLb, cZK A x e Gi Rb 1 + = x y Gi gvb wbYq Kwi |
x
u 1 2 S
y 1 2 S 4
hnZz A e 4 , KvRB R e ) 4 , 3 (
)} 3 , 2 ( ), 2 , 1 ( ), 1 , 0 {( = R
Wvg } 2 , 1 , 0 { = R Ges i } 3 , 2 , 1 { = R
KvR : 1| )} 3 , 2 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ), 1 , 0 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ), 3 , 2 ( ), 8 , 3 {( = S nj , S Gi Wvgb I i wbYq
Ki |
2| A y A x y x S e e = , : ) , { Ges } 1 = x y , hLvb } 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 { = A | Wvg S I i S
wbYq Ki |
dvskbi j LwP (Graphs)
dvskbi wP i cK j LwP ej vnq| dvskbi avi Yvmy Ki vi j LwP i i ZAcwi mxg| di vwm
`vkwbK I MwYZwe` i b `KvZ(Rene Bescaites : 1S9616Su) mec_g exRMwYZ I RvwgwZi ga
mKvcb AMYxf ~wgKvcvj b Ki b| wZwb KvbvmgZj ci i j ^f ve Q`x`yBwUdvskbi mvnvh
34
MwYZ

we`yi Aevb mywbw`f ve wbYqi gvag mgZj xq RvwgwZZ AvaywbK avi vceZb Ki b| wZwb ci i
j ^f ve Q`xmi j i Lv`yBwUK Ai Lvwnme AvLvwqZ Ki b Ges Aqi Q` we`yK g~j we`yej b|
KvbvmgZj ci i j ^f ve Q`x`yBwUmi j i Lv X XO ' Ges Y YO ' AuvKvnj v| mgZj AewZ
hKvbvwe`yi Aevb GB i Lvqi gvag m~Yi c Rvbvme| GB i Lvqi cZKwUK A ) (axis
ej vnq| Abyf ~wgK i Lv X XO ' K x -A, Dj ^i Lv Y YO ' K y -A Ges Aqi Q`we`yO K
g~j we`y(0iigin) ej vnq|
`yBwU Ai mgZj AewZ Kvbvwe`y_K Aqi j ^
`~i Zi h_vh_ wPhy msLvK H we`yi vbvej vnq| gb Kwi ,
Aqi mgZj AewZ P h Kvbvwe`y| P _K X XO '
Ges Y YO ' Gi Dci h_vg PN I PM j ^Uvwb| dj ,
ON PM = hv Y YO ' nZ P we`yi j ^`~i ZGes OM PN =
hv X XO ' nZ P we`yi j ^`~i Z| hw` x PM = Ges y PN =
nq, Ze P we`yi vbv ) , ( y x | GLvb, x K f yR (abscissa)
evx vbvGes y K KvwU(Ordinate) evy vbvej vnq|
D wLZ vbvK KvZmxq vbvej vnq|
KvZmxq vbvmnRB dvskbi RvwgwZK wP `Lvbvhvq| GRb mvavi YZ x

A ei vei ^ vaxb
Pj Ki gvb I y A ei vei Aaxb Pj Ki gvb emvbvnq|
y =f(x) dvskbi j LwP Abi RbWvgb _K ^vaxb Pj Ki KqKwUgvbi RbAaxb Pj Ki
Abyi c gvbj vei Ki gRvo Zwi Kwi | AZtci gRvoj vx y Zj vcb Kwi | cv we`yj v
gy nZ i LvUb hy Kwi , hvy =f(x) dvskbi j LwP |
D`vni Y 22| y =2x dvskbi j LwP Ab Ki | hLvb, 3 x 3
mgvavb : 3 x 3 Wvgbi x-Gi KqKwUgvbi RbyGi KqKwUgvb wbYq Ki Zvwj KvZwi Kwi |
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
QK KvMR cwZ z`eMi evK GKK ai , Zvwj Kvq we`yj vwPwZ Kwi I gy nhvMKwi |

MwYZ
35
D`vni Y 23| hw`
1 3
1 3
) (

+
=
x
x
x f nq, Ze
1
1
1
1

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
x
f
x
f
Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ,
1 3
1 3
) (

+
=
x
x
x f

1
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1

+
=

+
=
|
.
|

\
|
x
x
x
x
x
f
x
x

+
=
3
3

[ j e I ni K xvi vY Ki ]
ev ,
1
1
1
1

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
x
f
x
f
=
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
3 3
3 3
[hvRb-weqvRb Ki ]
=
6
2x
=
x
3

wbYq gvb
x
3

D`vni Y 24| hw`
) 1 (
1 3
) (
2 3
y y
y y
y f

+
= nq, Ze `LvI h, ) 1 (
1
y f
y
f =
|
|
.
|

\
|
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ,
) 1 (
1 3
) (
2 3
y y
y y
y f

+
=

2
3
3
2 3
1
3 1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
y
y
y
y y
y y
y y
y
f

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
) 1 (
3 1
1
3 1
3 2
3
3

+
=

+
y y
y y
y
y
y
y y
Avevi ,
)} 1 ( 1 ){ 1 (
1 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 (
) 1 (
2 3
y y
y y
y f

+
=
=
) 1 1 )( 1 (
1 ) 2 1 ( 3 3 3 1
2 3 2
y y
y y y y y
+
+ + +
=
) 1 (
1 3 6 3 3 3 1
2 3 2
y y
y y y y y

+ + +
=
) 1 (
) 3 1 (
) 1 (
3 1
3 3

+
=

+
y y
y y
y y
y y
=
) 1 (
3 1
3

+
y y
y y
) 1 (
1
y f
y
f =
|
|
.
|

\
|
.
36
MwYZ
Abykxj bx22
1| 8 Gi YbxqK mUKvbwU?
(K) .} .......... , 24 , 16 , 8 { (L) } 8 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { (M) } 8 , 4 , 2 { (N) } 2 , 1 {
2| mU C nZ mUB G GKwUmKR nj wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K) C R c (L) B R c (M) B C R _ (N) R B C _
3| } 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 { = A nj , wbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
) (i A mUi MVb cwZ KvbwU?
4| hw` } 4 , 2 { }, 4 , 3 { = = B A nq, Ze A I B Gi Dcv`vbj vi ga y x > mKweePbv
Ki wi j kbwUwbYq Ki |
5| hw` } 6 , 4 { }, 5 , 2 { = = D C Ges C I D Gi Dcv`vbj vi ga y x < +1 mKwUweePbvq
_vK Ze wi j kbwUwbYq Ki |
6| 3 5 ) (
4
+ = x x x f nj , ) 2 ( ), 1 ( f f Ges
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
f Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
7| hw` 8 4 ) (
3 3
+ = y ky y y f nq, Ze k Gi Kvb gvbi Rb 0 ) 2 ( = f ne ?
8| 6 11 6 ) (
2 3
+ = x x x x f nj , x Gi Kvb gvbi Rb 0 ) ( = x f ne ?
9| hw`
1 2
1 2
) (

+
=
x
x
x f nq, Ze
1
1
1
1
2
2

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
x
f
x
f
Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
10|
2
4 2
1
) (
x
x x
x g
+ +
= nj , `LvI h, ) (
1
2
2
x g
x
g =
|
.
|

\
|
11| wbPi A^qj v_K Wvgb Ges i wbYq Ki :
(K) )} 3 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 2 {( = R (L) )} 4 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 0 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 4 , 2 {( = S
(M)
)
`

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= 2 ,
2
5
, 2 ,
2
5
), 1 , 1 ( ), 1 , 1 ( , 0 ,
2
1
F
12| wbPi A^qj vK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki Ges Wvgb I i wbYq Ki :
(K) A y A x y x R e e = , : ) , {( Ges } 1 = + y x , hLvb } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 { = A
(L) C y C x y x F e e = , : ) , {( Ges } 2y x = , hLvb } 3 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 { = C
13| QK KvMR
|
.
|

\
|

6
5
,
2
1
), 5 , 0 ( ), 2 , 3 ( we`yj vvcb Ki |
14| QK KvMR ) 7 , 11 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 2 , 1 ( we`ywZbwUvcb Ki `LvI h, we`ywZbwUGKB mi j i Lvq
AewZ|
MwYZ
37
(K) } 13 6 : { < < e x N x (L) } 13 6 : { < s e x N x
(M) } 13 6 : { s s e x N x (N) } 13 6 : { s < e x N x
) (ii gwj K msLvj vi mUKvbwU?
(K) } 12 , 10 , 8 , 6 { (L) } 13 , 11 , 9 , 7 { (M) } 13 , 11 , 7 { (N) } 12 , 9 { = A
) (iii 3 Gi wYZKj vi mUKvbwU?
(K) } 9 , 6 { (L) } 11 , 6 { (M) } 12 , 9 { (N) } 12 , 9 , 6 {
) (iv eng Rvo msLvi YbxqKi mUKvbwU?
(K) } 13 , 1 { (L) } 6 , 3 , 2 , 1 { (M) } 9 , 3 , 1 { (N) 12 , 6 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { }
15. mvweK mUU ={ x:x e N Ges x weRvo msLv}
A ={x e N : 7 2 s s x
B ={ x e N : 3 <x <6}
C ={ x e N :
2
x >5Ges } 130
3
< x
K. A mUK Zvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki |
L. A' Ges C B wbYq Ki |
M.
BC Ges P(AC) wbYq Ki |

MwYZ
38
ZZxq Aavq
exRMvwYwZK i vwk
(Algebraical Expressions)
exRMwYZ AbK mgmvmgvavb exRMvwYwZK m~ eeZ nq| Avevi AbK exRMvwYwZK i vwk we l Y Ki
Drcv`Ki gvag Dcvcb Ki vnq _vK| ZvB G Aavq exRMvwYwZK m~ i mvnvhmgmvmgvavb Ges
i vwkK Drcv`K we l Y wel qK wel qewkv_xDchvMxKi Dcvcb Ki vnqQ| AwaKbvbvwea
MvwYwZK mgmvexRMvwYwZK m~ i mvnvh Drcv`K we l Y Ki I mgvavb Ki vhvq| c~ei kwYZ
exRMvwYwZK m~ vewj I G`i mv_ m Abywmvj vm^ wevwi Z Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| G Aavq
Hj vcybi L Ki vnj vGes D`vni Yi gvag G`i KwZcq cqvM`Lvbvnj v| GQvovI G Aavq
eMI Nbi mcmvi Y, f vMkl Dccv` cqvMKi Drcv`K we l Y Ges eve mgmvmgvavb
exRMvwYwZK m~ i MVb I cqvMmKwevwi Z Avj vPbvKi vnqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
exRMvwYwZK m~ cqvMKi eMI Nbi mcmvi Y Ki Z cvi e|
f vMkl Dccv`KxevLvKi Z cvi e Ges ZvcqvMKi Drcv`K we l Y Ki Z cvi e|
eve mgmvmgvavbi RbexRMvwYwZK m~ MVb Ki Z cvi e Ges m~ cqvMKi mgmvmgvavb
Ki Z cvi e|
31 exRMvwYwZK i vwk
cwqvwP Ges msLvwb`kK Ai cZxK Gi A_evaK webvmK exRMvwYwZK i vwk ej vnq| hgb,
c b a 4 3 2 + GKwUexRMvwYwZK i vwk| exRMvwYwZK i vwkZ ... , , , , , , , , , , , .. z y x n m r q p c b a BZvw`
eYgvj vi gvag wewf bZ_cKvk Ki vnq| exRMvwYwZK i vwk msewj Z wewf bmgmvmgvavb GB mg
eYgvj vK eenvi Ki vnq| cvwUMwYZ ayabvZK msLveeZ nq, Abw`K exRMwYZ k~bmn abvZK
I FYvZK mKj msLveenvi Ki vnq| exRMwYZK cvwUMwYZi mevqbKZ i c ej vnq| exRMvwYwZK
i vwkZ eeZ msLvj vayeK (constant), G`i gvb wbw`|
exRMvwYwZK i vwkZ eeZ Ai cZxKj vPj K (variables), G`i gvb wbw` bq, Gi vwewf bgvb avi Y
Ki Z cvi |
32 exRMvwYwZK m~ vewj
exRMvwYwZK cZxK vi vcKvwkZ hKvbvmvavi Y wbqg evwmvK exRMvwYwZK m~ ej vnq| mg I
Ag kwYZ exRMvwYwZK m~ vewj I GZ`msvAbywmvj vm^ Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| G Aavq
Hj vcybi L Ki KwZcq cqvM`Lvbvnj v|
39
MwYZ
m~ 1|
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + + = +
m~ 2|
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + =
ge: m~ 1 I m~ 2 nZ `Lvhvq h,
2 2
b a + Gi mv_ ab 2 A_ev ab 2 hvMKi j GKwUc~YeM,
A_vr
2
) ( b a + A_ev
2
) ( b a cvI qvhvq| m~ 1 G b Gi j b emvj m~ 2 cvI qvhvq :
2 2 2
) ( ) ( 2 )} ( { b b a a b a + + = +
A_vr,
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + = .
Abywmv1| ab b a b a 2 ) (
2 2 2
+ = +
Abywmv2| ab b a b a 2 ) (
2 2 2
+ = +
Abywmv3| ab b a b a 4 ) ( ) (
2 2
+ = +
cgvY :
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + + = +
= ab b ab a 4 2
2 2
+ +
= ab b a 4 ) (
2
+
Abywmv4| ab b a b a 4 ) ( ) (
2 2
+ =
cgvY :
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + =
= ab b ab a 4 2
2 2
+ +
= ab b a 4 ) (
2
+
Abywmv5|
2
) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
b a b a
b a
+ +
= +
cgvY : m~ 1 I m~ 2 nZ,
2 2 2
) ( 2 b a b ab a + = + +
2 2 2
) ( 2 b a b ab a = +
hvMKi ,
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( 2 2 b a b a b a + + = +
ev,
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( 2 b a b a b a + + = +
myZi vs,
2
) ( ) (
) (
2 2
2 2
b a b a
b a
+ +
= +
Abywmv6|
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
b a b a
ab
cgvY : m~ 1 I m~ 2 nZ,
2 2 2
) ( 2 b a b ab a + = + +
2 2 2
) ( 2 b a b ab a = +
wehvMKi ,
2 2
) ( ) ( 4 b a b a ab + =
MwYZ
41
dgv- 6, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
) (iii
2 2
)} ( ) ( { ) ( c b a c b a + + =
= ) ( 2 ) )( ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 2 2
c a c b b a c b a + + + + +
= ac bc ab c b a 2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + +
D`vni Y 1| ) 5 4 ( y x + Gi eMKZ ?
mgvavb :
2 2 2
) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( ) 5 4 ( y y x x y x + + = +
=
2 2
25 40 16 y xy x + +
D`vni Y 2| ) 7 3 ( b a Gi eMKZ ?
mgvavb :
2 2 2
) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( ) 7 3 ( b b a a b a + =
=
2 2
49 42 9 b ab a +
D`vni Y 3| eMi m~ cqvMKi 996 Gi eMwbYq Ki |
mgvavb :
2 2
) 4 1000 ( ) 996 ( =
=
2 2
) 4 ( 4 1000 2 ) 1000 ( +
= 8000 1000016 16 8000 1000000 = +
= 992016
D`vni Y 4| d c b a + + + Gi eMKZ ?
mgvavb :
2 2
)} ( ) {( ) ( d c b a d c b a + + + = + + +
=
2 2
) ( ) )( ( 2 ) ( d c d c b a b a + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2
2 ) ( 2 2 d cd c bd bc ad ac b ab a + + + + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 d cd c bd bc ad ac b ab a + + + + + + + + +
= cd bd bc ad ac ab d c b a 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + +
KvR : m~ i mvnvheMwbYq Ki :
1| ax xy 2 3 + 2| y x 3 4 3| z y x 2 5 +
D`vni Y 5| mi j Ki :
2 2
) 3 7 7 ( ) 3 7 5 )( 3 7 7 ( 2 ) 3 7 5 ( z y x z y x z y x z y x + + + + + +
mgvavb : awi , a z y x = + + 3 7 5 Ges b z y x = 3 7 7
c` i vwk =
2 2
. . 2 b a b a + +
=
2 2
2 b ab a + +
=
2
) ( b a +
=
2
)} 3 7 7 ( ) 3 7 5 {( z y x z y x + + + [a I b Gi gvb ewmq]
=
2
) 3 7 7 3 7 5 ( z y x z y x + + +
=
2
) 12 ( x
=
2
144x
MwYZ
41
dgv- 6, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
) (iii
2 2
)} ( ) ( { ) ( c b a c b a + + =
= ) ( 2 ) )( ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 2 2
c a c b b a c b a + + + + +
= ac bc ab c b a 2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + +
D`vni Y1| ) 5 4 ( y x + Gi eMKZ?
mgvavb:
2 2 2
) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( ) 5 4 ( y y x x y x + + = +
=
2 2
25 40 16 y xy x + +
D`vni Y2| ) 7 3 ( b a Gi eMKZ?
mgvavb:
2 2 2
) 7 ( ) 7 ( ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( ) 7 3 ( b b a a b a + =
=
2 2
49 42 9 b ab a +
D`vni Y3| eMi m~ cqvMKi 996 Gi eMwbYqKi |
mgvavb:
2 2
) 4 1000 ( ) 996 ( =
=
2 2
) 4 ( 4 1000 2 ) 1000 ( +
= 8000 1000016 16 8000 1000000 = +
= 992016
D`vni Y4| d c b a + + + Gi eMKZ?
mgvavb:
2 2
)} ( ) {( ) ( d c b a d c b a + + + = + + +
=
2 2
) ( ) )( ( 2 ) ( d c d c b a b a + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2
2 ) ( 2 2 d cd c bd bc ad ac b ab a + + + + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 d cd c bd bc ad ac b ab a + + + + + + + + +
= cd bd bc ad ac ab d c b a 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + +
KvR: m~ i mvnvheMwbYqKi :
1| ax xy 2 3 + 2| y x 3 4 3| z y x 2 5 +
D`vni Y5| mi j Ki :
2 2
) 3 7 7 ( ) 3 7 5 )( 3 7 7 ( 2 ) 3 7 5 ( z y x z y x z y x z y x + + + + + +
mgvavb: awi , a z y x = + + 3 7 5 Ges b z y x = 3 7 7
c`i vwk =
2 2
. . 2 b a b a + +
=
2 2
2 b ab a + +
=
2
) ( b a +
=
2
)} 3 7 7 ( ) 3 7 5 {( z y x z y x + + + [a I b Gi gvbewmq]
=
2
) 3 7 7 3 7 5 ( z y x z y x + + +
=
2
) 12 ( x
=
2
144x
42
D`vni Y 6| 2 = y x Ges 24 = xy nj , y x + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : 100 96 4 24 4 ) 2 ( 4 ) ( ) (
2 2 2
= + = + = + = + xy y x y x
10 100 = = + y x
D`vni Y 7| hw` 3
4 2 2 4
= + + b b a a Ges 3
2 2
= + + b ab a nq, Ze
2 2
b a + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
) ( 2 ) ( b a b b a a b b a a + + = + +
=
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ab b a +
= ) )( (
2 2 2 2
ab b a ab b a + + +
= ) )( (
2 2 2 2
b ab a b ab a + + +
) ( 3 3
2 2
b ab a + = [gvb ewmq]
ev, 1
3
3
2 2
= = + b ab a
GLb, 3
2 2
= + + b ab a Ges 1
2 2
= + b ab a hvMKi cvB, 4 ) ( 2
2 2
= + b a
ev, 2
2
4
2 2
= = +b a
2
2 2
= + b a
D`vni Y 8| cgvY Ki h, ) ( 8 ) ( ) (
2 2 4 4
b a ab b a b a + = +
mgvavb :
2 2 2 2 4 4
} ) {( } ) {( ) ( ) ( b a b a b a b a + = +
= } ) ( ) }{( ) ( ) {(
2 2 2 2
b a b a b a b a + + +
= ab b a 4 ) ( 2
2 2
+ ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( [
2 2 2 2
b a b a b a + = + + Ges ] 4 ) ( ) (
2 2
ab b a b a = +
= ) ( 8
2 2
b a ab +
) ( 8 ) ( ) (
2 2 4 4
b a ab b a b a + = +
D`vni Y 9| 15 = + + c b a Ges 83
2 2 2
= + + c b a nj , ac bc ab + + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : GLvb, ) ( 2 ac bc ab + +
) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
c b a c b a + + + + =
= 83 ) 15 (
2

= 83 225
=142
71
2
142
= = + + ac bc ab
weK cwZ :
Avgi vRvwb,
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + = + +
ev, ) ( 2 83 ) 15 (
2
ac bc ab + + + =
ev, ) ( 2 83 225 ac bc ab + + =
ev, 142 ) ( 2 = + + ac bc ab
71
2
142
= = + + ac bc ab
MwYZ
MwYZ
43
D`vni Y 10| 2 = + + c b a Ges 1 = + + ac bc ab nj ,
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( a c c b b a + + + + + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb :
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( a c c b b a + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 a ca c c bc b b ab a + + + + + + + +
= ) ( ) 2 2 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a ca bc ab c b a + + + + + + + +
= )} ( 2 ) {( ) (
2 2
ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + + +
= 1 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2
+
= 6 2 8 2 4 4 = = +
D`vni Y 11| ) 5 4 )( 3 2 ( y x y x + K `yBwUeMi weqvMdj i c cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , a y x = + 3 2 Ges b y x = 5 4
c` i vwk =
2 2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
| +
=
b a b a
ab
=
2 2
2
5 4 3 2
2
5 4 3 2
|
.
|

\
| + +

|
.
|

\
| + + y x y x y x y x
[a I b Gi gvb ewmq]
=
2 2
2
2 8
2
2 6
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
| x y y x
=
2 2
2
) 4 ( 2
2
) 3 ( 2
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
| x y y x
=
2 2
) 4 ( ) 3 ( x y y x

2 2
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 5 4 )( 3 2 ( x y y x y x y x = +
KvR : 1| mi j Ki :
2 2
) 3 4 ( ) 3 4 )( 3 4 ( 2 ) 3 4 ( y x y x y x y x + + + +
2| 12 = + + z y x Ges 50
2 2 2
= + + z y x nj ,
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( x z z y y x + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
Abykxj bx31
1| m~ i mvnvheMwbYq Ki :
(K) b a 3 2 + (L) bc ab 3 2 + (M)
2
2
2
y
x + (N)
a
a
1
+ (O) x y 5 4 (P) c ab
(Q) y x
2
5 (R) z y x 4 2 + + (S) r q p 5 4 3 + (T) a c b 2 5 3 (U) cz by ax
(V) d c b a + (W) z y x a 5 2 3 2 + (X) 101 (Y) 997 (Z) 1007
2| mi j Ki :
(K)
2 2
) 7 2 ( ) 7 2 )( 7 2 ( 2 ) 7 2 ( + + + + a a a a
(L)
2 2
) 2 3 ( ) 2 3 )( 2 3 ( 2 ) 2 3 ( y x y x y x y x + + + +
44
MwYZ
(M)
2 2
) 5 4 8 ( ) 5 4 8 )( 5 3 7 ( 2 ) 5 3 7 ( x r p x r p x r p x r p + + +
(N) ) 3 2 )( 3 2 ( 2 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
2 2
p n m p n m p n m p n m + + + + +
(O) 65 3 65 3 65 3 35 6 2 35 6 35 6 + +
(P) 5874 7548 3774 3774 5874 5874 +
(Q)
7519 7529
7519 7519 7529 7529
+

(R)
759 2345
759 759 2345 2345


3| 4 = b a Ges 60 = ab nj , b a + Gi gvb KZ ?
4| 7 = +b a Ges 12 = ab nj , b a Gi gvb KZ ?
5| m b a 9 = + Ges
2
18m ab = nj , b a Gi gvb KZ ?
6| 2 = y x Ges 63 = xy nj ,
2 2
y x + Gi gvb KZ ?
7| 4
1
=
x
x nj , cgvY Ki h, 322
1
4
4
= +
x
x .
8| 3
2
2 = +
x
x nj ,
2
2
1
x
x + Gi gvb KZ ?
9| 2
1
= +
a
a nj , `LvI h,
4
4
2
2
1 1
a
a
a
a + = + .
10| 7 = + b a Ges 5 = b a nj , cgvY Ki h, 24 ) ( 8
2 2
= + b a ab
11| 9 = + + c b a Ges 31 = + + ca bc ab nj ,
2 2 2
c b a + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
12| 9
2 2 2
= + + c b a Ges 8 = + + ca bc ab nj ,
2
) ( c b a + + Gi gvb KZ ?
13| 6 = + + c b a Ges 14
2 2 2
= + + c b a nj ,
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( a c c b b a + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
14| 10 = + + z y x Ges 31 = + + zx yz xy nj ,
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( x z z y y x + + + + + Gi gvb KZ ?
15| 4 , 3 = = y x Ges 5 = z nj , zx yz xy z y x 12 16 24 4 16 9
2 2 2
+ + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
16| cgvY Ki h,
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
| +
=

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
| + y x y x y x y x
17| ) 2 3 )( 2 ( c a b a + + K `yBwUeMi weqvMdj i c cKvk Ki |
18| ) 9 )( 7 ( + x x K `yBwUeMi weqvMdj i c cKvk Ki |
19| 24 10
2
+ + x x K `yBwUeMi weqvMdj i c cKvk Ki |
20| 8
4 2 2 4
= + + b b a a Ges 4
2 2
= + + b ab a nj , ) (i
2 2
b a + , ) (ii ab -Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
45
33 Nb msewj Z m~ vewj
m~ 6|
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 ) ( b ab b a a b a + + + = +
= ) ( 3
3 3
b a ab b a + + +
cgvY :
2 3
) )( ( ) ( b a b a b a + + = +
= ) 2 )( (
2 2
b ab a b a + + +
= ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2 2
b ab a b b ab a a + + + + +
=
3 2 2 2 2 3
2 2 b ab b a ab b a a + + + + +
=
3 2 2 3
3 3 b ab b a a + + +
= ) ( 3
3 3
b a ab b a + + +
Abywmv9| ) ( 3 ) (
3 3 3
b a ab b a b a + + = +
m~ 7|
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 ) ( b ab b a a b a + =
= ) ( 3
3 3
b a ab b a
cgvY :
2 3
) )( ( ) ( b a b a b a =
= ) 2 )( (
2 2
b ab a b a +
= ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2 2
b ab a b b ab a a + +
=
3 2 2 2 2 3
2 2 b ab b a ab b a a + +
=
3 2 2 3
3 3 b ab b a a +
= ) ( 3
3 3
b a ab b a
j Kwi : m~ 6 G b Gi j b emvj m~ 7 cvI qvhvq :
)} ( ){ ( 3 ) ( )} ( {
3 3 3
b a b a b a b a + + + = +
A_vr, ) ( 3 ) (
3 3 3
b a ab b a b a =
Abywmv10| ) ( 3 ) (
3 3 3
b a ab b a b a + =
m~ 8| ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + + = +
cgvY : ) ( 3 ) (
3 3 3
b a ab b a b a + + = +
= } 3 ) ){( (
2
ab b a b a + +
= ) 3 2 )( (
2 2
ab b ab a b a + + +
= ) )( (
2 2
b ab a b a + +
MwYZ
46
m~ 9| ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + + =
cgvY : ) ( 3 ) (
3 3 3
b a ab b a b a + =
= } 3 ) ){( (
2
ab b a b a +
= ) 3 2 )( (
2 2
ab b ab a b a + +
= ) )( (
2 2
b ab a b a + +
D`vni Y 12| y x 3 2 + Gi Nb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb :
3 2 2 3 3
) 3 ( ) 3 ( 2 3 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) 3 2 ( y y x y x x y x + + + = +
=
3 2 2 3
27 9 2 3 3 4 3 8 y y x y x x + + +
=
3 2 2 3
27 54 36 8 y xy y x x + + +
D`vni Y 13| y x 2 Gi Nb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb :
3 2 2 3 3
2 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( y y x y x x y x + =
=
3 2 2 3
6 4 3 8 y xy y x x +
=
3 2 2 3
6 12 8 y xy y x x +
KvR : m~ i mvnvhNb wbYq Ki :
1| y x 2 3 + 2| y x 4 3 3| 397
D`vni Y 14| 37 = x nj , 216 216 72 8
2 3
+ + + x x x Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : 216 216 72 8
2 3
+ + + x x x
=
3 2 2 3
) 6 ( ) 6 .( 2 3 6 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( + + + x x x
=
3
) 6 2 ( + x
=
3
) 6 37 2 ( + [gvb ewmq]
=
3
) 6 74 ( +
=
3
) 80 (
=512000
D`vni Y 15| hw` 8 = y x Ges 5 = xy nq, Ze
2 3 3
) ( 8 y x y x + + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb :
2 3 3
) ( 8 y x y x + +
= } 4 ) {( 8 ) ( 3 ) (
2 3
xy y x y x xy y x + + +
= ) 5 4 8 ( 8 8 5 3 ) 8 (
2 3
+ + + [gvb ewmq]
= ) 20 64 ( 8 8 15 8
3
+ + +
= 84 8 8 15 8
3
+ +
47
MwYZ
= ) 84 15 8 ( 8
2
+ +
= ) 84 15 64 ( 8 + +
= 163 8
=1304
D`vni Y 16| 0 1 3
2
= + a a nj ,
3
3
1
a
a + Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 0 1 3
2
= + a a
ev, a a 3 1
2
= + ev, 3
1
2
=
+
a
a
ev, 3
1
2
= +
a a
a
ev, 3
1
= +
a
a
c` i vwk =
3
3
1
a
a +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
a
a
a
a
a
a
1 1
3
1
3
=( ) ( ) ] 3
1
[ 3 3 3
3
= +
a
a
= 3 3 3 3
=0
D`vni Y 17| mi j Ki : ) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ca c a c c bc b c b b ab a b a + + + + + + + +
mgvavb : ) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ca c a c c bc b c b b ab a b a + + + + + + + +
=
3 3 3 3 3 3
a c c b b a + +
=0
D`vni Y 18| hw` 2 3+ = a nq, Ze cgvY Ki h, . 3 18
1
3
3
= +
a
a
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 2 3+ = a

2 3
1 1
+
=
a
=
( )( ) 2 3 2 3
2 3
+

[j e I ni K ( ) 2 3 vi vY Ki ]
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
2 3

=
2 3
2 3

= 2 3
48
MwYZ
( ) ( ) 2 3 2 3
1
+ + = +
a
a
= 3 2 2 3 2 3 = + +
GLb,
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1 1
3
1 1
3
3
3
=( ) ( ) ] 3 2
1
[ 3 2 3 3 2
3
= +
a
a
= ( ) 3 2 3 3 2
3
3

= 3 6 3 3 8
= 3 6 3 24
= 3 18 (cgvwYZ)
KvR : 1| 2 = x nj , 8 36 54 27
2 3
+ x x x Gi gvb KZ ?
2| 5 = +b a Ges 6 = ab nj ,
2 3 3
) ( 4 b a b a + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
3| 3 5+ = x nj ,
3
3
1
x
x + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
Abykxj bx32
1| m~ i mvnvhNb wbYq Ki :
(K) 5 2 + x (L)
2 2
3 2 y x + (M)
2
5 4 x a (N) n m 2 7
2
(O) 403 (P) 998
(Q) c b a 3 2 (R) z y x + +3 2
2| mi j Ki :
(K)
3 2 2 3
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 )( 3 4 ( 3 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 4 ( 3 ) 3 4 ( b a b a b a b a b a b a +
(L)
3 2 2 3
) 2 ( ) 2 )( 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( y x y x y x y x y x y x + + + + + +
(M) ) 3 5 )( 3 7 ( 6 ) 3 5 ( ) 3 7 (
3 3
b x b x x b x b x + + + +
(N) ) 16 )( 15 ( 3 ) 16 ( ) 15 (
3 3
x x x x + +
(O) } ) ( ){ ( 6 ) ( ) (
2 2 3 3
c b a c b c b a c b a + + + +
(P)
2 2 2 6 6
) ( 12 ) ( ) ( n m mn n m n m +
(Q) ) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2 2 2 2 2
x zx z x z z yz y z y y xy x y x + + + + + + + +
(R) } ) 4 3 ( 4 { 12 ) 4 3 2 ( ) 4 3 2 (
2 2 3 3
z y x x z y x z y x + + + +
MwYZ
49
dgv- 7, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
3| 5 = b a Ges 36 = ab nj ,
3 3
b a Gi gvb KZ ?
4| hw` 513
3 3
= b a Ges 3 = b a nq, Ze ab Gi gvb KZ ?
5| 19 = x Ges 12 = y nj ,
3 2 2 3
27 54 36 8 y xy y x x + + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
6| hw` 15 = a nq, Ze 130 150 60 8
2 3
+ + + a a a Gi gvb KZ ?
7| 7 = a Ges 5 = b nj , ) 2 4 )( 5 3 )( ( 3 ) 2 4 ( ) 5 3 (
3 3
a b b a b a a b b a + + Gi gvb KZ
8| hw` n b a m b a = + = +
2 2
, Ges
3 3 3
p b a = + nq, Ze `LvI h, mn p m 3 2
3 3
= + .
9| hw` 1 = + y x nq, Ze, `LvI h,
2 3 3
) ( y x xy y x = +
10| 3 = +b a Ges 2 = ab nj , (K)
2 2
b ab a + Ges (L)
3 3
b a + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
11| 5 = b a Ges 36 = ab nj , (K)
2 2
b ab a + + Ges (L)
3 3
b a Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
12| a
m
m = +
1
nj ,
3
3
1
m
m + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
13| p
x
x =
1
nj ,
3
3
1
x
x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
14| hw` 1
1
=
a
a nq, Ze `LvI h, . 4
1
3
3
=
a
a
15| hw` 0 = + + c b a nq, Ze `LvI h,
(K) abc c b a 3
3 3 3
= + + (L) 1
3
) (
3
) (
3
) (
2 2 2
=
+
+
+
+
+
ab
b a
ca
a c
bc
c b
16| r q p = nj , `LvI h, pqr r q p 3
3 3 3
=
17| 3
2
2 =
x
x nj , `LvI h, 63
1
8
3
3
=
|
.
|

\
|

x
x
18| 5 6+ = a nj ,
3
6
1
a
a
Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
19| 3 18
1
3
3
= +
x
x nj , cgvY Ki h, 2 3+ = x
20| 0 1
2 4
= + a a nj , cgvY Ki h, 0
1
3
3
= +
a
a
34 Drcv`K
Kvbvi vwk `yB evZZvwaK i vwki Ydj i mgvb nj , kl v i vwkj vi cZKwUK c_gv i vwki
Drcv`K evYbxqK ej vnq|
KvbvexRMvwYwZK i vwki mve Drcv`Kj vwbYq Ki vi ci i vwkwUK j Drcv`Kj vi Ydj i c
cKvk Ki vK Drcv`K we l Y ej vnq|
50
MwYZ
exRMvwYwZK i vwkj vGK evGKvwaK c`wewk nZ cvi | mRb D i vwki Drcv`Kj vI GK ev
GKvwaK c`wewk nZ cvi |
Drcv`K wbY qi KwZcq Kkj :
(K) Kvbvec`xi cZK c` mvavi Y Drcv`K _vKj Zvc_g ei Ki wbZ nq| hgb :
) (i ) 4 2 ( 3 12 6 3
2 2 2 2
ab b a ab b a ab b a + + = + +
) (ii ) 3 2 2 )( ( ) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ca bc ab y x y x ca y x bc y x ab + + = + +
(L) GKwUi vwkK c~YeMAvKvi cKvk Ki :
D`vni Y 1| 9 12 4
2
+ + x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb :
2 2 2
) 3 ( 3 2 2 ) 2 ( 9 12 4 + + = + + x x x x
= ) 3 2 )( 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
2
+ + = + x x x
D`vni Y 2|
2 2
25 30 9 y xy x + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb :
2 2
25 30 9 y xy x +
=
2 2
) 5 ( 5 3 2 ) 3 ( y y x x +
= ) 5 3 )( 5 3 ( ) 5 3 (
2
y x y x y x =
(M) GKwUi vwkK `yBwUeMi Ai i c cKvk Ki Ges ) )( (
2 2
b a b a b a + = m~ cqvMKi :
D`vni Y 3|
2 2
2 1 b b a + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : ) 1 2 ( 2 1
2 2 2 2
+ = + b b a b b a
= )} 1 ( )}{ 1 ( { ) 1 (
2 2
+ = b a b a b a
= ) 1 )( 1 ( + + b a b a
D`vni Y 4|
4 4
64b a + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb :
2 2 2 2 4 4
) 8 ( ) ( 64 b a b a + = +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16 ) 8 ( 8 2 ) ( b a b b a a + +
=
2 2 2 2
) 4 ( ) 8 ( ab b a +
= ) 4 8 )( 4 8 (
2 2 2 2
ab b a ab b a + + +
= ) 8 4 )( 8 4 (
2 2 2 2
b ab a b ab a + + +
KvR : Drcv`K we l Y Ki :
1|
4 3 2
adx acx abx + + 2|
2 2
144xb xa 3| 4 4 2
2
y xy x
MwYZ
51
(N) ) )( ( ) (
2
b x a x ab x b a x + + = + + + m~ wUeenvi Ki :
D`vni Y 5| 35 12
2
+ + x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : 7 5 ) 7 5 ( 35 12
2 2
+ + + = + + x x x x
= ) 7 )( 5 ( + + x x
G cwZZ q px x + +
2
AvKvi i ec`xi Drcv`K wbYq Ki vme nq hw` `yBwUc~YmsLva I b wbYq
Ki vhvq hb, p b a = + Ges q ab = nq| GRb q Gi `yBwU^wP Drcv`K wbZ nq hv`i
exRMvwYwZK mgw p nq| 0 > q nj , a I b GKB wPhy ne Ges 0 < q nj , a I b weci xZ
wPhy ne|
D`vni Y 6| 6 5
2
+ x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : ) 3 )( 2 ( ) 3 2 ( 6 5
2 2
+ + = + x x x x
= ) 3 )( 2 ( x x
D`vni Y 7| 35 2
2
x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : 35 2
2
x x
= ) 5 )( 7 ( ) 5 7 (
2
+ + + + x x
= ) 5 )( 7 ( + x x
D`vni Y 8| 20
2
+ x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : 20
2
+ x x
= ) 4 )( 5 ( ) 4 5 (
2
+ + x x
= ) 4 )( 5 ( + x x
(O) c bx ax + +
2
AvKvi i ec`xi gac` wef w Ki Y cwZZ :
) )( (
2
q sx p rx c bx ax + + = + + ne
hw` pq x sp rq x rsx c bx ax + + + = + + ) (
2 2
A_vr, sp rq b rs a + = = , Ges pq c = nq|
myZi vs, ) )( ( sp rq rspq ac = = Ges sp rq b + =
AZGe, c bx ax + +
2
AvKvi i ec`xi Drcv`K wbYq Ki Z nj ac , A_vr,
2
x Gi mnMGes x ewRZ
c`i Ydj K Ggb `yBwUDrcv`K cKvk Ki Z ne, hv`i exRMvwYwZK mgw x Gi mnMb Gi mgvb
nq|
D`vni Y 9| 18 35 12
2
+ + x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : 18 35 12
2
+ + x x
52
MwYZ
GLvb, 8 27 216 18 12 = = Ges 35 8 27 = +
18 8 27 12 18 35 12
2 2
+ + + = + + x x x x x
= ) 9 4 ( 2 ) 9 4 ( 3 + + + x x x
= ) 2 3 )( 9 4 ( + + x x
D`vni Y 10| 14 3
2
x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : 14 6 7 3 14 3
2 2
+ = x x x x x
= ) 7 3 ( 2 ) 7 3 ( + x x x
= ) 2 )( 7 3 ( + x x
KvR : Drcv`K we l Y Ki :
1| 56
2
+ x x 2| x x x 15 46 16
2 3
+ 3| 6 17 12
2
+ + x x
(P) GKwUi vwkK c~YNb AvKvi cKvk Ki :
D`vni Y 11|
3 2 2 3
27 54 36 8 y xy y x x + + + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb :
3 2 2 3
27 54 36 8 y xy y x x + + +
=
3 2 2 3
) 3 ( ) 3 ( 2 3 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( y y x y x x + + +
= ) 3 2 )( 3 2 )( 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
3
y x y x y x y x + + + = +
(Q) ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + + = + Ges ) )( (
2 2 3 3
b ab a b a b a + + = m~ `yBwUeenvi Ki :
D`vni Y 12| Drcv`K we l Y Ki : ) (i
3 3
27 8 b a + ) (ii 64
6
a
mgvavb : ) (i
3 3 3 3
) 3 ( ) 2 ( 27 8 b a b a + = +
= } ) 3 ( 3 2 ) 2 ){( 3 2 (
2 2
b b a a b a + +
= ) 9 6 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
b ab a b a + +
) (ii 64
6
a =
3 3 2
) 4 ( ) ( a
= } ) 4 ( 4 ) ){( 4 (
2 2 2 2 2
+ + a a a
= ) 16 4 )( 4 (
2 4 2
+ + a a a
wK ) 2 )( 2 ( 2 4
2 2 2
+ = = a a a a
Ges
2 2 2 2 2 4
4 ) 4 ( ) ( 16 4 a a a a + + = + +
=
2 2 2 2
4 ) 4 )( ( 2 ) 4 ( a a a + +
=
2 2 2
4 ) 4 ( a a +
=
2 2 2
) 2 ( ) 4 ( a a +
= ) 2 4 )( 2 4 (
2 2
a a a a + + +
= ) 4 2 )( 4 2 (
2 2
+ + + a a a a
64
6
a
) 4 2 )( 4 2 )( 2 )( 2 (
2 2
+ + + + = a a a a a a
weK wbqg :
64
6
a =
2 2 3
) 8 ( ) ( a
= ) 8 )( 8 (
3 3
+ a a
= ) 2 )( 2 (
3 3 3 3
+ a a

= (a+2) (a
2
2a +4) (a 2) (a
2
+2a +4)
) 4 2 )( 4 2 )( 2 )( 2 (
2 2
+ + + + = a a a a a a
MwYZ
53
KvR : Drcv`K we l Y Ki :
1| x x 16 2
4
+ 2|
3 2 2 3
3 3 8 b ab b a a + + 3|
3 3
) ( ) ( b a b a + +
(R) f MvskmnMhy i vwki Drcv`K :
f Mvskhy i vwki Drcv`Kj vK wewf bf ve cKvk Ki vhvq|
hgb,
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = +
9
1
3 3
1
3
1
27
1
2
3
3 3
a
a a a a
Avevi , } ) 1 ( ) 3 {(
27
1
) 1 27 (
27
1
27
1
3 3 3 3
+ = + = + a a a
= ) 1 3 9 )( 1 3 (
27
1
2
+ + a a a
GLvb, wZxq mgvavb Pj K-msewj Z Drcv`Kj vc~YmsLvmnMwewk| GB dj K c_g mgvavbi gZv
cKvk Ki vhvq :
) 1 3 9 )( 1 3 (
27
1
2
+ + a a a
= ) 1 3 9 (
9
1
) 1 3 (
3
1
2
+ + a a a
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
9
1
3 3
1
2
a
a a
D`vni Y 13|
3 2 2 3
6 11 6 y xy y x x + + + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb :
3 2 2 3
6 11 6 y xy y x x + + +
=
3 2 3 2 2 3
2 } ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 2 3 { y xy y y x y x x + + +
= ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 3
y x y y x + +
= } ) 2 ){( 2 (
2 2
y y x y x + +
= ) 2 )( 2 )( 2 ( y y x y y x y x + + + +
= ) )( 3 )( 2 ( y x y x y x + + +
= ) 3 )( 2 )( ( y x y x y x + + +
KvR : Drcv`K we l Y Ki :
1|
3
1
6
7
2
1
2
+ + x x 2|
8
1
3
+ a 3| yz xz y x 10 8 25 16
2 2
+

MwYZ
54
Abykxj bx33
Drcv`K we l Y Ki (1 43) :
1| bc ac ab a + + +
2
2| 1 + b a ab
3| ) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( x z y x z y y x y x y x + + + + + 4| ) ( ) ( y x bc y x ab
5| 16 24 9
2
+ + x x 6| 1 27
2 4
+ a a
7|
4 2 2 4
6 y y x x + 8| abxy y x b a 4 ) )( (
2 2 2 2
+
9|
2 2 2
4 9 12 4 c b ab a + 10|
4 2 2 4
36 45 9 a x a x +
11| y y a a 2 8 6
2 2
+ + + 12| yz xz y x 10 8 25 16
2 2
+
13|
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 c b a b a a c c b + +

14| 36 13
2
+ + x x
15| 20
2 4
+ x x 16| 216 30
2
+ a a
17| 6
3 3 6 6
y x y x 18| 2
4 8
a a
19| 105 8
2 2
ab b a 20| 650 37
2
x x
21| 36 25 4
2 4
+ x x 22| 20 38 12
2
+ x x
23|
2 2 2 2
14 5 9 y xy y x 24| 81 27 4
2 4
x x
25| a x a ax + + + ) 1 (
2 2
26| 40 ) 2 ( 22 ) 2 ( 3
2 2 2
+ + + a a a a
27|
2 2
) 1 ( 15 ) 1 )( ( 29 ) ( 14 + + + + x x z x z x
28|
2 2
) 2 ( 35 ) 2 )( 3 4 ( 2 ) 3 4 ( b a b a b a b a + +
29|
2 2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( y a xy a x a + + + 30| x x 3 24
4

31|
3 3 3 2 2
8 ) ( b a b a + + 32| 2 3 3
2 3
+ + + x x x
33| 9 12 6
2 3
+ a a a 34|
3 3 3
) ( 9 b a b a + +
35| 63 6 12 8
2 3
+ + x x x 36|
27
8
3
3
b
a +
37|
8
1
3
a 38|
6
6
27
b
a

39|
a
a
a
a
1
4 2
4
1
4
2
2
+ + 40|
3 3
) 3 2 ( ) 1 3 ( + a a
41| 15 ) 9 )( 5 ( + x x 42| 48 ) 5 )( 4 )( 3 )( 2 ( + + + + x x x x
43| 64 ) 7 )( 5 )( 3 )( 1 ( x x x x
44| `LvI h, ) 4 )( 3 )( 2 ( 24 26 9
2 3
+ + + = + + + x x x x x x
45| `LvI h, ) 8 2 3 )( 1 2 3 ( ) 4 3 )( 1 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
2 2
+ + = + + x x x x x x x x
55
MwYZ
35 f vMkl Dccv`(Remainder Theorem)
Avgi vwbPi D`vni YwUj Kwi :
5 7 6
2
+ x x K 1 x vi vf vMKi j f vMdj I f vMkl KZ ?
5 7 6
2
+ x x K 1 x vi vmvavi Yf ve f vMKi j cvB,
1 x ) 5 7 6
2
+ x x ( 1 6 x
x x 6 6
2
+


1
5
+
+
+
x
x

4
GLvb, 1 x f vRK, 5 7 6
2
+ x x f vR, 1 6 x f vMdj Ges 4 f vMkl |
Avgi vRvwb, f vR=f vRK f vMdj +f vMkl
GLb hw` Avgi vf vRK ) (x f , f vMdj K ) (x h , f vMkl K r I f vRKK ) ( a x vi vm~wPZ Kwi ,
Zvnj Dci i m~ _K cvB,
r x h a x x f + = ) ( ) ( ) ( , GB m~ wUa Gi mKj gvbi RbmZ|
Df qc a x = ewmq cvB,
r r a h r a h a a a f = + = + = ) ( 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
myZi vs, ) (a f r =
AZGe, ) (x f K ) ( a x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl nq ) (a f . GB m~ f vMkl Dccv`(Remainder
theorem) bvg cwi wPZ| A_vr, abvZK gv vi Kvbvec`x ) (x f K ) ( a x AvKvi i ec`xvi vf vM
Ki j f vMkl KZ ne Zvf vMbvKi ei Ki vi m~ B nj vf vMkl Dccv`| f vRK ec`x ) ( a x Gi
gv v1, f vRK hw` f vRi Drcv`K nq, Zvnj f vMkl ne k~b| Avi hw` Drcv`K bvnq, Zvnj
f vMkl _vKe Ges Zvne Ak~bKvbvmsLv|
cwZv: hw` ) (x f Gi gv vabvZK nq Ges 0 = a nq, Ze ) (x f K ) ( b ax + vi vf vMKi j
f vMkl nq
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
f .
cgvY : f vRK b ax + , ) 0 ( = a Gi gv v1,
myZi vs Avgi vwj LZ cvwi ,
r x h
a
b
x a r x h b ax x f +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + + = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
r x h a
a
b
x x f +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = ) ( ) (
`LvhvQh, ) (x f K
|
.
|

\
|
+
a
b
x vi vf vMKi j f vMdj nq, ) (x h a Ges f vMkl nq r .
56
MwYZ
GLvb, f vRK =
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
x
myZi vs f vMkl Dccv`Abyhvqx,
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
b
f r
AZGe, ) (x f K ) ( b ax + vi vf vMKi j f vMkl nq
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
f .
Abywmv: ) ( ), ( x f a x Gi Drcv`K ne, hw` Ges Kej hw` 0 ) ( = a f nq|
cgvY : awi , 0 ) ( = a f
AZGe, f vMkl Dccv` Abyhvqx, ) (x f K ) ( a x vi v f vMKi j f vMkl k~ b ne| A_ vr,
) ( ), ( x f a x Gi GKwUDrcv`K ne|
weci xZg, awi , ) ( ), ( x f a x Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
AZGe, ) ( ) ( ) ( x h a x x f = , hLvb ) (x h ec`x|
Df qc a x = ewmq cvB,
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = = a h a a a f
0 ) ( = a f .
myZi vs, Kvbvec`x ) ( ), ( a x x f vi vwef vR ne hw` Ges Kej hw` 0 ) ( = a f nq| GB m~
Drcv`K Dccv`(Factor theorem) bvg cwi wPZ|
Abywmv: 0 , = + a b ax nj , i vwkwUKvbvec`x ) (x f Gi Drcv`K ne, hw` Ges Kej hw`
0 =
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
f nq|
cgvY : b ax a + = , 0 = ) ( , x f
a
b
x a
|
.
|

\
|
+ Gi Drcv`K ne, hw` Ges Kej hw`
|
.
|

\
|
+
a
b
x =
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
x ,
) (x f Gi GKwUDrcv`K nq| A_vr, hw` Ges Kej hw` 0 =
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
f nq| f vMkl Dccv`i mvnvh
Drcv`K wbYqi GB cwZK k~bvqb cwZI (Vanishing method) ej |
D`vni Y 1| 6
3
x x K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : GLvb, 6 ) (
3
= x x x f GKwUec`x| Gi ayec` 6 Gi Drcv`Kj vnQ 1, 2,
S Ges 6.
GLb, 1 , 1 = x ewmq `wL, ) (x f Gi gvb k~bnq bv|
wK 2 = x ewmq `wL, ) (x f Gi gvb k~bnq|
A_vr, 0 6 2 8 6 2 2 ) 2 (
3
= = = f .
MwYZ
57
dgv- 8, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
myZi vs, 2 x , ) (x f ec`xwUi GKwUDrcv`K|
) (x f = 6
3
x x
= 6 3 4 2 2
2 2 3
+ + x x x x x
= ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 (
2
+ + x x x x x
= ) 3 2 )( 2 (
2
+ + x x x
D`vni Y 2|
3 2 3
2 3 y xy x + K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : GLvb, x K Pj K Ges y K aeK wnme weePbvKwi |
c` i vwkK x -Gi ec`xweePbvKi
awi ,
3 2 3
2 3 ) ( y xy x x f + =
Zvnj , 0 3 3 2 3 ) (
3 3 3 2 3
= = + = y y y y y y y f
) ( ), ( x f y x Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
GLb,
3 2 3
2 3 y xy x +
=
3 2 2 2 2 3
2 2 y xy xy y x y x x + +
= ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 2
y x y y x xy y x x +
= ) 2 )( (
2 2
y xy x y x +
= ) 2 2 )( (
2 2
y xy xy x y x +
= )} 2 ( ) 2 ( ){ ( y x y y x x y x + +
= ) )( 2 )( ( y x y x y x +
= ) 2 ( ) (
2
y x y x +
Avevi awi ,
2 2
2 ) ( y xy x x g + =
0 2 ) (
2 2 2
= + = y y y y g
) ( ), ( x g y x Gi GKwUDrcv`K

2 2
2y xy x +
=
2 2
2 2 y xy xy x +
= ) ( 2 ) ( y x y y x x +
= ) 2 )( ( y x y x +
) 2 ( ) ( 2 3
2 3 2 3
y x y x y xy x + = +
D`vni Y 3| a x a x x 8 16 27 54
3 4
+ K Drcv`K we l Y Ki |
mgvavb : awi , a x a x x x f 8 16 27 54 ) (
3 4
+ =
Zvnj , a a a a a a f 8
2
1
16
2
1
27
2
1
54
2
1
3 4

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

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|

= 0 8 8
8
27
8
27
4 4
= + a a a a

2 2
1 a
x a x + =
|
.
|

\
|
A_vr, ) ( , 2 x f a x + Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
GLb, ) 8 27 )( 2 ( ) 2 ( 8 ) 2 ( 27 8 16 27 54
3 3 3 4
+ = + + = + x a x a x a x x a x a x x
} ) 2 ( ) 3 ){( 2 (
3 3
+ = x a x = ) 4 6 9 )( 2 3 )( 2 (
2
+ + + x x x a x
58
MwYZ
KvR: Drcv`Kwe l YKi :
1| 20 21
3
x x 2| 1 3 3 2
2 3
+ x x x 3| 6 11 6
2 3
+ + + x x x
Abykxj bx34
Drcv`Kwe l YKi :
1| 1 7 6
2
+ x x 2| 5 2 3
3
+ + a a
3|
3 2 3
6 7 y xy x 4| 6 5
2
x x
5| 3 2
2
x x 6| 6 7 3
2
x x
7| 6 5 2
2 3
+ x x x 8| 6 4
2 3
+ + x x x
9| 36 3
3
+ + a a 10| 3 4
4
+ a a
11| 8 10
2 3
a a a 12| 4 4 3
2 3
+ x x x
13|
3 2 2 3
7 7 b ab b a a + 14| 24
3
x x
15|
3 2 2 3
6 11 6 y xy y x x + + + 16| 2 3 3 2
3 4
x x x
17| 2 3 7 12 4
2 3 4
+ + x x x x 18| x x x x x x + +
2 3 4 5 6
19| 1 5 5 4
2 3
+ x x x 20| 2 15 18
2 3
+ x x x
36 evemgmvmgvavbexRMvwYwZKm~ MVbI cqvM
`bw`bKvRwewf bmgqwewf bf veAvgi vevemgmvi myLxbnB| GBmgmvj vf vl vMZf veewYZ
nq| GAbyQ` Avgi vf vl vMZf veewYZevecwi eki wewf bmgmvmgvavbK exRMvwYwZK m~ MVb
Ges ZvcqvMKi vi cwZ wbq Avj vPbvKi e| GBAvj vPbvi dj wkv_xi vGKw`K hgb ev e
cwi ek MwYZi cqvMmKavi Yvcve, Abw`KwbR`i cvwi cvwkKAevqMwYZi m ZveySZ
ci MwYZwkvi cwZAvMnxne|
mgmvmgvavbi cwZ:
(K) c_gBmZKZvi mv_ mgmvwUcheYKi GesgbvhvMmnKvi co Kvbj vAvZGesKx
wbYqKi ZneZvwPwZKi Zne|
(L) AvZ i vwkj vi GKwUK hKvbvPj K (awi x ) vi vm~wPZ Ki Z ne| AZtci mgmvwU
f vj vf veAbyavebKi AbvbAvZi vwkj vKI GKBPj K x Gi gvagcKvk Ki Zne|
(M) mgmvKz`z`Ask wef Ki exRMvwYwZKi vwk vi vcKvk Ki Zne|
(N) c`kZeenvi Ki z`z`Askj vKGK GKwUmgxKi YcKvk Ki Zne|
(O) mgxKi YwUmgvavbKi AvZi vwk x Gi gvbwbYqKi Zne|
evemgmvmgvavbwewf bm~ eenvi Ki vnq| m~ j vwbPDj L Ki vnj v:
MwYZ
59
(1) `qevcvcwel qK:
`qevcvc, qn A = UvKv
hLvb, q =RbcwZ`qevcvcUvKvi cwi gvY
n =j vKi msLv
(2) mgqI KvRwel qK:
KqKRbj vKGKwUKvRmbKi j ,
KvRi cwi gvY, qnx W =
hLvb, q = cZKGKKmgqKvRi hAsk mbKi ,
n =KvRmv`bKvi xi msLv
x =KvRi gvUmgq
n W = Rb x mgqKvRi hAsk mbKi
(3) mgqI `~i Zwel qK:
wbw`mgq`~i Z, vt d = .
hLvb, v =cwZNvqMwZeM
t =gvUmgq
(4) bj I PevPvwel qK:
wbw`mgqPevPvqcvwbi cwi gvY, qt Q t Q
o
= ) (
hLvb,
o
Q =bj i gyL Lyj `I qvi mgqPevPvqRgvcvwbi cwi gvY|
q =cwZGKKmgqbj w`qhcvwbcek Ki A_evei nq|
t =AwZvmgq|
t t Q = ) ( mgqPevPvqcvwbi cwi gvY(cvwbcek nI qvi kZ+wP Gescvwbei
nI qvi kZwP eenvi Ki Zne)|
5| kZKi vAsk wel qK:
br p = .
hLvb, b =gvUi vwk
r =kZKi vf M vsk = %
100
s
s
=
p =kZKi vAsk =b Gi % s
6| j vf -wZwel qK:
) ( r I C S =
j vf i , ) ( r I C S + =
wZi , ) ( r I C S =
60
MwYZ
hLvb, S (UvKv) =weqg~j
C (UvKv) =qg~j
I =j vf evgybvdv
r =j vf evwZi nvi
(7) wewbqvM-gybvdvwel qK:
mi j gybvdvi ,
I =Pnr UvKv
) 1 ( nr P Pnr P I P A + = + = + = UvKv,
Pewgybvdvi ,
n
r P A ) 1 ( + =
hLvb, I =n mgqci gybvdv
n =wbw`mgq
P =g~j ab
r =GKKmgqGKKg~j abi gybvdv
A =n mgqci gybvdvmng~j ab|
D`vni Y1| evwl K xovAbyvbKi vi RbKvbvGK mwgwZi m`mi v45,000 UvKvi evRUKi j bGes
wmvwbj bh, cZK m`mBmgvbPuv`vw`eb| wK5 Rbm`mPuv`vw`Z AmwZ Rvbvj b| Gi
dj cZKm`mi gv_vwcQz15 UvKvPuv`vewcj | HmwgwZZKZRbm`mwQj b?
mgvavb: gbKwi , mwgwZi m`mmsLvx GesRbcwZ`qPuv`vi cwi gvY q UvKv| Zvnj .
gvUPuv`v, qx A = UvKv
cKZc m`mmsLvwQj ) 5 ( x RbGesPuv`vnj v ) 15 ( + q UvKv|
Zvnj , gvUPuv`vnj v ) 15 )( 5 ( + q x
ckvbymvi , ) .( )......... 15 )( 5 ( i q x qx + =
Ges ) ( .......... 000 , 45 ii qx =
mgxKi Y ) (i _KcvB,
) 15 )( 5 ( + = q x qx
ev, 75 15 5 + = x q qx qx
ev, ) 15 3 ( 5 75 15 5 = = x x q
) .( .......... 15 3 iii x q =
mgxKi Y ) (ii Gq Gi gvbewmqcvB,
45000 ) 15 3 ( = x x
MwYZ
61
ev, 45000 15 3
2
= x x
ev, 15000 5
2
= x x [Df qcK 3 vi vf vMKi ]
ev, 0 15000 5
2
= x x
ev, 0 15000 120 125
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 ) 125 ( 120 ) 125 ( = + x x x
ev, 0 ) 120 )( 125 ( = + x x
myZi vs, 0 ) 125 ( = x A_ev 0 ) 120 ( = + x
ev, 125 = x ev, 120 = x
hnZzm`mmsLvFYvZKnZcvi bv, ZvB x Gi gvb 120 M nYhvMbq|
125 = x
myZi vs, mwgwZi m`mmsLv125|
D`vni Y2| i wdK GKwUKvR10 w`bKi Zcvi | kwdK HKvR15 w`bKi Zcvi | Zvi vGK KZ
w`bKvRwUkl Ki Zcvi e?
mgvavb: gbKwi , Zvi vGK d w`bKvRwUkl Ki Zcvi e|
bvg KvRmb
Ki vi w`b
1w`bcvi
KvRi Ask
d w`bKi
i wdK
10
10
1
10
d
kwdK
15
15
1
15
d
ckvbymvi , 1
15 10
= +
d d
ev, 1
15
1
10
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ d
ev, 1
30
2 3
=
|
.
|

\
| +
d
ev, 1
30
5
=
d
ev, 6
5
30
= = d
myZi vs, Zvi vGK 6 w`bKvRwUkl Ki Zcvi e|
MwYZ
62
D`vni Y 3| GKRbgvwS mvZi cwZK~j
1
t Nvq x wK.wg. hZ cvi | mvZi AbyK~j H c_ hZ
Zvi
2
t Nvj vM| mvZi eMI bKvi eMKZ?
mgvavb: awi , mvZi eMNvq v wK.wg. Geswi cvwbZbKvi eMNvq u wK.wg.|
Zvnj , mvZi AbyK~j bKvi KvhKi xeMNvq ) ( v u + wK.wg. GesmvZi cwZK~j bKvi KvhKi x
eMNvq ) ( v u wK.wg.|
ckvbymvi , ) .......(
2
i
t
x
v u = + [hnZz, eM= ]
Ges ) .......(
1
ii
t
x
v u =
mgxKi Y ) (i I ) (ii hvMKi cvB,
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
2 1 2 1
1 1
2
t t
x
t
x
t
x
u
ev,
|
|
.
|

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|
+ =
2 1
1 1
2 t t
x
u
mgxKi Y ) (i _K ) (ii weqvMKi cvB,
|
|
.
|

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|
=
1 2
1 1
2
t t
x v
ev,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 2
1 1
2 t t
x
v
myZi vs, mvZi eMNvq
|
|
.
|

\
|

1 2
1 1
2 t t
x
wK.wg.
GesbKvi eMNvq
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 1
1 1
2 t t
x
wK.wg.|
D`vni Y 4| GKwUbj 12 wgwbUGKwULvwj PevPvc~YKi Z cvi | Aci GKwUbj cwZ wgwbU14
wj Uvi cvwbei Ki `q| PevPvwULvwj _vKvAevq`yBwUbj GKmLyj `I qvnqGesPevPvwU
96 wgwbUc~Ynq| PevPvwUZKZwj Uvi cvwbai ?
mgvavb: gbKwi , c_gbj vi vcwZ wgwbUx wj Uvi cvwbcek Ki GesPevPvwUZ gvU y wj Uvi
cvwbai |
ckvbymvi , c_gbj vi v12 wgwbULvwj PevPvwUc~Ynq
) .......( 12 i x y =
Avevi , `y BwUbj vi v96 wgwbULvwj PevPvc~Ynq
AwZv`~ i Z
mgq
63
MwYZ
) .........( 14 96 96 ii x y =
mgxKi Y ) (i _KcvB,
12
y
x =
x Gi gvbmgxKi Y ) (ii GewmqcvB,
14 96
12
96 =
y
y
ev, 14 96 8 = y y ev, 14 96 7 = y
ev, 192
7
14 96
=

= y
myZi vs, PevPvwUZgvU192 wj Uvi cvwbai |
KvR:
1| ebf vRbhvI qvi RbGKwUevm2400 UvKvqf vovKi vnj vGeswmvMnxZ nj vh, cZK
hv xmgvbf vovw`e| 10 Rbhv xAbycwZ _vKvqgv_vwcQzf vov8 UvKvewcj | evmKZRbhv x
wMqwQj GescZKKZUvKvKi f vovw`qwQj ?
2| K I L GK GKwUKvR p w`bKi Z cvi | K GKvKvRwUq w`bKi Z cvi | L GKvKxKZ
w`bHKvRwUKi Zcvi e?
3| GK ew mvZi cwZK~j `uvo eqNvq2 wK.wg. eMhZ cvi | mvZi eMNvq3 wK.wg.
nj , mvZi AbyK~j 32 wK.wg. hZZvi KZmgqj vMe?
D`vni Y 5| GKwUeBqi g~j 2400 UvKv| GBg~j cKZ g~j i 80%| evwK g~j mi Kvi f ZywK w`q
_vKb| mi Kvi cwZeBqKZUvKvf ZywK`b?
mgvavb: evRvi g~j =cKZg~j i 80%
Avgi vRvwb, br p =
GLvb, 24 = p UvKvGes
100
80
% 80 = = r

100
80
24 = b
ev,
1
4
80
5
100
6
24
= b 30 = b
myZi vseBqi cKZg~j 30 UvKv|
f ZywKg~j = ) 24 30 ( UvKv
=6 UvKv
myZi vsf ZywKg~j 6 UvKv|
64
MwYZ
D`vni Y6| UvKvq n msLK Kgj vweqKi vq % r wZnq| % s j vf Ki Znj , UvKvqKqwUKgj v
weqKi Zne?
mgvavb: qg~j 100 UvKvnj , % r wZZweqg~j ) 100 ( r UvKv|
Zvnj , hLbweqg~j ) 100 ( r UvKv, ZLbqg~j 100 UvKv
hLbweqg~j 1 UvKv, ZLbqg~j
r 100
100
UvKv|
Avevi , qg~j 100 UvKvnj , % s j vf weqg~j ) 100 ( s + UvKv|
qg~j
r 100
100
UvKvnj , % s j vf weqg~j
|
.
|

\
|

+
r
s
100
100
100
100
UvKv
=
r
s

+
100
100
UvKv|
myZi vs,
r
s

+
100
100
UvKvqweqKi Zne n msLKKgj v
1 UvKvqweqKi Zne
|
.
|

\
|
+

s
r
n
100
100
msLKKgj v
myZi vs, UvKvq
s
r n
+

100
) 100 (
msLKKgj vweqKi Zne|
D`vni Y7| kZKi vevwl K7 UvKvnvi gybvdvq650 UvKvi 6 eQi i gybvdvKZ?
mgvavb: Avgi vRvwb, Pnr I = .
GLvb, 650 = P UvKv, 7 , 6 = = s n

100
7
100
= =
s
r
273
100
7
6 650 = = I
myZi vs, gybvdv273 UvKv|
D`vni Y8| evwl K kZKi v6 UvKvnvi Pewgybvdvq15000 UvKvi 3 eQi i mewg~j I Pewgybvdv
wbYqKi |
mgvavb: Avgi vRvwb,
n
r P C ) 1 ( + = [hLvb C Pewi mewg~j ]
`I qvAvQ, 15000 = P UvKv,
100
6
% 6 = = r , n =3 eQi

3 3
50
3
1 15000
100
6
1 15000
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = C
MwYZ
65
dgv- 9, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
=
3
50
53
15000
|
.
|

\
|
=
50
53
50
53
50
53
15000
=
25
148877 3
25
125
53 53 53
3
15
=

= 24 17865
25
446631
=
mewg~j = 24 17865 UvKv
Pewgybvdv= ) 15000 24 17865 ( UvKv
= 24 2865 UvKv|
KvR : 1| UvKvq10 wUj eyweqKi vq % n wZ nq| % z j vf Ki Z nj , UvKvqKqwUj eyweq
Ki Zne?
2| evwl KkZKi v
2
1
6 nvi mi j gybvdvq750 UvKvi 4 eQi i mewg~j KZUvKvne?
3| evwl K4 UvKvnvi Pewgybvdvq2000 UvKvi 3 eQi i mewg~j wbYqKi |
Abykxj bx35
1| 6 7
2
+ x x Gi Drcv`Kwe wl Zi c wbPi KvbwU?
(K) ) 3 )( 2 ( x x (L) ) 8 )( 1 ( + x x
(M) ) 6 )( 1 ( x x (N) ) 6 )( 1 ( + + x x
2| 4 4 ) (
2
+ = x x x f nj , ) 2 ( f Gi gvbwbPi KvbwU?
(K) 4 (L) 2
(M) 1 (N) 0
3| y x y x = + nj , y Gi gvbwbPi KvbwU?
(K) 1 (L) 0
(M) 1 (N) 2
66
MwYZ
4|
2
3 2
3
3
x x
x x
+
+
Gi j wNi c wbPi KvbwU?
(K)
2
x (L) x
(M) 1 (N) 0
5|
x
x

1
1
2
Gi j wNi c wbPi KvbwU?
(K) 1 (L) x
(M) ) 1 ( x (N) ) 1 ( x +
6| } ) ( ) {(
2
1
2 2
b a b a + Gi gvbwbPi KvbwU?
(K) ) ( 2
2 2
b a + (L)
2 2
b a +
(M) ab 2 (N) ab 4
7| 3
2
= +
x
x nj ,
3
3
8
x
x + Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 1 (L) 8
(M) 9 (N) 16
8| 1
2 4
+ + p p Gi Drcv`Kwe l vwqZi c wbPi KvbwU?
(K) ) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
+ + p p p p (L) ) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
+ + p p p p
(M) ) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
+ + + + p p p p (N) ) 1 )( 1 (
2 2
+ + + p p p p
9| 4 5
2
+ x x Gi Drcv`KKZ?
(K) ) 4 ( ), 1 ( x x (L) ) 4 ( ), 1 ( + x x
(M) ) 2 ( ), 2 ( + x x (N) ) 1 )( 5 ( x x
10| ) 5 )( 7 ( x x Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 35 12
2
+ + x x (L) 35 12
2
+ x x
(M) 35 12
2
+ x x (N) 35 12
2
x x
11|
1 1 9 2
1 1 1 1 9 2 9 2


Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 8 1 (L) 9 1
(M) 2 (N) 4
12| hw` 3 2 = x nq, Ze
2
x Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 1 (L) 3 4 7
(M) 3 2+ (N)
3 2
1

MwYZ
67
13| 6 5 ) (
2
+ = x x x f Ges 0 ) ( = x f nj , x = KZ?
(K) 3 , 2 (L) 1 , 5
(M) 3 , 2 (N) 5 , 1
14|
x 6 +
x
2
x
x 6 +
5 x 5 30
Dci i wP i megvU dj wbPi KvbwU?
(K) 30 5
2
+ x x (L) 30
2
+ x x
(M) 30 6
2
+ x x (N) 30
2
+ x x
15| KhKvR x w`bmbKi Zcvi , L mKvR x 3 w`bmbKi Zcvi | GKBmgqK, L Gi
KZYKvRKi ?
(K) 2 Y (L)
2
1
2 Y
(M) 3 Y (N) 4 Y
16| c b a = + nj ,
2 2
2 b ab a + + Gi gvb c Gi gvagcKvk Ki j wbPi KvbwUne?
(K)
2
c (L)
2
c
(M) bc (N) ca
17| 2 , 3 = = + xy y x nj ,
3 3
y x + Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 9 (L) 18
(M) 19 (N) 27
18|
3 3
27 8 y x + Gi Drcv`Kwe wl Zi c KvbwU?
(K) ) 9 6 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
y xy x y x + + (L) ) 9 6 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
y xy x y x + +
(M) ) 9 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
y x y x (N) ) 9 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
y x y x + +
19|
2 2
16 9 y x + Gi mv_ KZhvMKi j hvMdj c~YeMi vwk ne?
(K) xy 6 (L) xy 12
(M) xy 24 (N) xy 144
20| 4 = y x nj , wbPi KvbDw wUmwVK?
(K) 64 4
3 3
= xy y x (L) 12 12
3 3
= xy y x
(M) 64 3
3 3
= xy y x (N) 64 12
3 3
= xy y x
68
MwYZ
21| hw` 0 1
2 4
= + x x nq, Ze
(1)
2
2
1
x
x + =KZ?
(K) 4 (L) 2
(M) 1 (N) 0
(2)
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
x
x Gi gvbKZ?
(K) 4 (L) 3
(M) 2 (N) 1
(3)
3
3
1
x
x + =KZ?
(K) 3 (L) 2
(M) 1 (N) 0
22| KGKwUKvR p w`bKi GesL p 2 w`bKi | Zvi vGKwUKvRAvi Ki GesKqKw`bci K
KvRwUAmgvi L Pj Mj | evwKKvRUzKzL r w`bkl Ki | KvRwUKZw`bkl nqwQj ?
23| `wbK 8 Nvcwi kgKi 50 Rbj vK GKwUKvR 12 w`bKi Zcvi | `wbK KZNvcwi kg
Ki 60 Rb16 w`bHKvRwUKi Zcvi e?
24| wgZvGKwUKvR
x
w`bKi Z cvi | wi ZvmKvR
y
w`bKi Z cvi | Zvi vGK KZ w`b
KvRwUkl Ki Zcvi e?
25| ebf vRbhvI qvi Rb 57000 UvKvqGKwUevmf vovKi vnj vGeskZnj vh, cZK hv x
mgvbf vovenbKi e| 5 Rbhv xbvhvI qvqgv_vwcQzf vov3 UvKvewcj | evmKZRbhv x
wMqwQj ?
26| GKRbgvwS mvZi cwZK~j p Nvq d wK.wg. hZcvi | mvZi AbyK~j Hc_ hZZvi q
Nvj vM| mvZi eMI bKvi eMKZ?
27| GKRb gvwSi `uvo eq 15 wK.wg. hZ Ges mLvb _K wdi AvmZ 4 Nvmgq j vM| m
mvZi AbyK~j hZY 5 wK.wg. hvq, mvZi cwZK~j ZZY 3 wK.wg. hvq| `uvoi eMI
mvZi eMwbYqKi |
28| GKwUPevPvq`yBwUbj mshy AvQ| c_g bj vi vPevPvwU
1
t wgwbUc~YnqGeswZxqbj
vi v
2
t wgwbULvwj nq| bj `yBwUGK Lyj w`j Lvwj PevPvwUKZY c~Yne ? (GLvb
2 1
t t > )
29| GKwUbj vi v12 wgwbUGKwUPevPvc~Ynq| Aci GKwUbj vi v1 wgwbUZv_K15 wj Uvi
cvwbei Ki `q| PevPvwULvwj _vKvAevq`yBwUbj GKmLyj `I qvnqGesPevPvwU48
wgwbUc~Ynq| PevPvwUZKZwj Uvi cvwbai ?
MwYZ
69
30| GKwUKj g11 UvKvqweqKi j 10% j vf nq| Kj gwUi qg~j KZ?
31| GKwULvZv36 UvKvq weq Ki vq hZ wZ nj v, 72 UvKvq weq Ki j Zvi wY j vf nZv,
LvZvwUi qg~j KZ?
32| K, L I MGi ga260 UvKvGi c f vMKi `vI hbK Gi Aski 2 Y, L Gi Aski 3 Y
GesMGi Aski 4 Yci i mgvbnq|
33| GKwU`e % x wZZ weqKi j hg~j cvI qvhvq, % 3x j vf weqKi j Zvi Pq x 18
UvKvewk cvI qvhvq| `ewUi qg~j KZwQj ?
34| 300 UvKvi 4 eQi i mi j gybvdvI 400 UvKvi 5 eQi i mi j gybvdvGK 148 UvKvnj , kZKi v
gybvdvi nvi KZ?
35| 4% nvi gybvdvqKvbvUvKvi 2 eQi i gybvdvI Pewgybvdvi cv_K1 UvKvnj , g~j abKZ?
36| KvbvAvmj 3 eQi mi j gybvdvmn460 UvKvGes5 eQi mi j gybvdvmn600 UvKvnj , kZKi v
gybvdvi nvi KZ?
37| kZKi vevwl K5 UvKvnvi mi j gybvdvqKZUvKv13 eQi mewg~j 985 UvKvne?
38| kZKi vevwl K5 UvKvnvi gybvdvqKZUvKv12 eQi mewg~j 1248 UvKvne?
39| 5% nvi gybvdvq8000 UvKvi 3 eQi i mi j gybvdvI Pewgybvdvi cv_KwbYqKi |
40| wgwi Dci g~j mshvRb Ki % ) ( x VAT | GKRb weZvf vUmn P UvKvi wgw weq Ki j
ZuvKKZf vUw`Zne? 2300 , 15 = = P x nj , f vUi cwi gvYKZ?
41. KvbvmsLvI HmsLvi YvZKweci xZmsLvi mgw3.
K. msLvwUKx Pj KcKvk Ki Dci i Z_KGKwUmgxKi Yi gvagcKvk Ki |
L.
3
3
1
x
x Gi gvbwbYqKi |
M.
cgvYKi 123
1
5
5
=
x
x
42. KvbvmwgwZi m`mMYcZKBm`mmsLvi 100 YPvu`v`I qvi wmvwbj b| wK7 Rb
m`mPuv`vbv`I qvqcZKi Puv`vi cwi gvYc~ei Pq500UvKveo Mj |
K. mwgwZi m`mmsLvx GesgvUPuv`vi cwi gvYA nj , G`i gamKwbYqKi |
L. mwgwZi m`mmsLvI gvUPuv`vi cwi gvYwbYqKi |
M.
gvUPuv`vi
4
1
Ask 5% nvi Ges Aewk UvKv4% nvi 2 eQi i Rb mi j gybvdvq
wewbqvMKi vnj v| gvUgybvdvwbYqKi |
PZz_Aavq
m~PKI j Mvwi `g
(Exponents and Logarithms)
AbK eo evAbK QvUmsLvevi vwkK m~PKi mvnvhAwZ mnR wj L cKvk Ki vhvq| dj wnmve
MYbvI MvwYwZK mgmvmgvavbmnRZi nq| m~PKi gvagBmsLvi evwbK evAv`ki c cKvk Ki v
nq| ZvBcZKwkv_xi m~PKi avi YvI Gi cqvMmKvb_vKvAvekK|
m~PK _KBj Mvwi `gi mw| Avi GBj Mvwi `gi mvnvh msLvevi vwki Y, f vMI m~PK mwKZ
MYbvi KvRmnRnqQ| eZgvbKvj Kzj Ui I KwDUvi Gi eenvi cPj bi c~echevwbK wnme
MYbvq j Mvwi `gi eenvi wQj GKgv Dcvq| Ze GLbI Gj vi weK wnmve j Mvwi `gi eenvi
i Zc~Y| GAavqm~PKI j Mvwi `gmKwevwi ZAvj vPbvKi vnqQ|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
g~j ` m~PKevLvKi Zcvi e|
abvZKc~Y-mvswLKm~PK, k~bI FYvZKc~Y-mvswLKm~PKevLvI cqvMKi Zcvi e|
m~PKi wbqgvewj eYbvI ZvcqvMKi mgmvi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
nZg g~j I g~j ` f Mvsk m~PK evLvKi Z cvi e Ges nZg g~j K m~PK AvKvi cKvk Ki Z
cvi e|
j Mvwi `gevLvKi Zcvi e|
j Mvwi `gi m~ vewj cgvYI cqvMKi Zcvi e|
mvavi Yj Mvwi `gI ^vf vweKj Mvwi `gevLvKi Zcvi e|
msLvi evwbKi c evLvKi Zcvi e|
mvavi Yj Mvwi `gi c~YKI AskKevLvKi Zcvi e|
Kvj Kzj Ui i mvnvhmvavi YI ^vf vweKj Mvwi `gwbYqKi Zcvi e|
41 m~PK ) ( Indices or Exponents :
Avgi vl kwYZm~PKi avi YvcqwQGesmgkwYZYi I f vMi m~PKwbqgmKRbwQ|
m~PKI wf wmsewj Zi vwkKm~PKxqi vwk ej vnq|
71
MwYZ
KvR: Lvwj Ni c~i YKi :
GKBmsLvevi vwki wgKY m~PKxqi vwk wf w NvZevm~PK
2 2 2
3
2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3
a a a
3
a
b b b b b 5
a hKvbveve msLvnj , n msLK a Gi wgK Y, A_vr, a a a a ..... K
n
a
AvKvi j Lvnq, hLvb n abvZKc~YmsLv|
a a a a ..... ( n msLKevi a ) =
n
a .
GLvb,
Avevi , weci xZg a a a a a
n
= ........ (n msLKevi a )
m~PK kyayabvZK c~YmsLvB bq, FYvZK c~YmsLvevabvZK f Mvsk evFYvZK f MvskI nZ cvi |
A_vr, wf w R a e (eve msLvi mU) Ges m~PK Q n e (gyj ` msLvi mU) Gi Rb
n
a
msvwqZ| Ze wekl , N n e (^vf vweK msLvi mU) ai vnq| ZvQvovAg~j ` m~PKI nZ
cvi | ZeZvgvawgK i i cvVm~wPewnf ~Zej GLvbmmKAvj vPbvKi vnqwb|
42m~ PKi m~ vewj
awi , . , ; N n m R a e e
m~ 1|
n m n m
a a a
+
=
m~ 2|

>
=
>

m n
a
n m a
a
a
m n
n m
n
m
hLb
hLb
,
1
wbPi QKi Lvwj Ni c~i YKi :
0
,
= a
a a
n m n m > m n >
3 5 = = n m , 5 3 = = n m ,
n m
a a
3 5 8
3 5
+
= =
=
=
a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a ) ( ) (
5 3
a a =
n
m
a
a
=
3
5
a
a
3 5 2
5
3
1 1

= =


=
a a
a a a a a
a a a
a
a

n m
a a =
n m
a
+
Ges

>
=
>

m n
a
n m a
a
a
m n
n m
n
m
hLb
hLb
,
1
a wf w
nm~PKevNvZ
72
MwYZ
m~ 3|
n n n
b a ab = ) (
j Kwi , ] 2 5 ; [ ) 2 5 ( ) 2 5 ( ) 2 5 ( ) 2 5 (
3 3
= = = a a a a a
3 3
2 5
2 2 2 5 5 5
2 5 2 5 2 5
=
=
=
) ( ) (
mvavi Yf ve, ab ab ab ab ab
n
= ....... ) ( [ n msLK ab Gi wgKY]
n n
b a
b b b b a a a a
=
= ) ........ ( ) ....... (
m~ 4| ) ( , 0 =
|
.
|

\
|
= b
b
a
n
n n
b
a
j Kwi ,
3
3 3
2
5
2 2 2
5 5 5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
=


=
|
.
|

\
|
=
mvavi Yf ve,
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
n
=
|
.
|

\
|
........ [ n msLK
b
a
Gi wgKY]
n
n
b
a
b b b b
a a a a
=


=
......
......
m~ 5| ) ( , 0 1
0
= = a a
Avgi vcvB,
0
a a
a
a
n n
n
n
= =

Avevi ,
a a a a
a a a a
a
a
n
n


=
.....
.....
[j eI ni Df q n msLK a Gi Y]
1 =
. 1
0
= a
m~ 6| ) ( , 0
1
= =

a
a
a
n
n
Avgi vcvB,
n
n n
n
a
a
a
a

1
[j eI ni K
n
a vi vYKi ]
n n
o
n
n n
a a
a
a
a 1
= = =
+

n
n
a
a
1
=

MwYZ
73
dgv- 10, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
ge:
n n o
n
o
n
a a
a
a
a

= = =
1
m~ 7| ( )
mn n
m
a a =
( )
mn m n
m m m m
m m m m n
m
a a
a
a a a a a
= =

+ + + +
=
=
.........
.........
( )
mn n
m
a a =
D`vni Y1| gvbwbYqKi : (K)
3
2
5
5
(L)
5 5
3
2
3
2

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
mgvavb: (K)
3
2
5
5
=
3 2
5

=
1
5

=
5
1
5
1
1
=
(L)
5 5
3
2
3
2

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= . 1
3
2
3
2
5 5
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
o
D`vni Y2| mi j Ki : (K)
125 2
16 8 5
5
4


(L)
1
2
2 2
2 4 2 3


n n
n n
mgvavb: (K)
5 7 3 4
5
7
3
4
5 3
4 3 4
3 5
4 3 4
5
4
2 5
2
2
5
5
2 5
2 5
5 2
2 2 5
125 2
16 8 5

+
= =


20 4 5
2 1
2 5 = = =
(L)
2
1
2
2 2
2 2 3
2 2
2 2 2 3
2 2
2 4 2 3
2 2
1
2 2
1
2

n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
.
) (
4 2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 1 3
2
1
1
2 2 3
2
= =


=
|
.
|

\
|

n
n
n
n
n
n n
D`vni Y3| `LvI h, 1 =
q p r p r q r q p
a a a ) ( ) ( ) (
mgvavb:
q p r p r q r q p
a a a

) ( ) ( ) (
.
] ) ( [ ,
) (
) ( )
(
1
0
= =
=
=
= =
+ +


a
a
a a a
a a a a a
qr pr pq qr pr pq
qr pr pq qr pr pq
mn n m q p r
p r
q
r q
p

[ n msLK
m
a Gi wgKY]
[NvZn msLKm~PKi hvMdj ]
74
MwYZ
KvR: Lvwj Ni c~i YKi :
) (i 3 3 3 3 3 = ) (ii
5 3
5 5 5 = ) (iii
3 2
= a a a ) (iv 1
4
4
= ) (v =
0
) 5 (
43 n Zgg~j
j Kwi ,
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
5 5 5
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Avevi , 5 5 5 5 5
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = =
+
5 5
2
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
5 Gi eM(wZxqNvZ) =5 Ges 5 Gi eMg~j (wZxqg~j ) =
2
1
5
2
1
5 KeMg~j i wP Gi gvag 5 AvKvi j Lvnq|
Avevi , j Kwi ,
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
5 5 5 5
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Avevi , 5 5 5 5 5 5
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
= = =
+ +
. 5 5
3
3
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

3
1
5 Gi Nb(ZZxqNvZ) 5 = Ges 5Gi Nbg~j (ZZxqg~j )
3
1
5 =
3
1
5 KNbg~j i wP
3
Gi gvag
3
5 AvKvi j Lvnq|
n Zgg~j i ,
.
1
1 1 1 1
n
n
n n n n
a
a a a a
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
.......
Avevi ,
n n n n
a a a a
1 1 1 1
.......
a
n
n
n n n n
a
a
= =

+ + + +
=
1
1 1 1 1
.........
.
1
a a
n
n
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

[ n msLK
n
a
1
Gi wgKY]
[m~PK n msLK
n
1
Gi hvM]
MwYZ
75
n
a
1
Gi n ZgNvZ a = Ges a Gi n Zgg~j
n
a
1
=
A_vr,
n
a
1
Gi n ZgNvZ a a
n
n
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
Ges a Gi n Zgg~j
n n
a a
1 1
) ( = =
n
a | a Gi n Zgg~j K
n
a AvKvi j Lvnq|
D`vni Y4| mi j Ki : (K)
2
1
4
3
7 7 (L)
2
1
4
3
) 16 ( ) 16 ( (M)
4
3
3
2
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
mgvavb: (K)
2
1
4
3
7 7 =
4
5
2
1
4
3
7 7 =
+
(L)
2
1
4
3
) 16 ( ) 16 ( =
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
) 16 (
) 16 (
) 16 (

= =
4
1
4
4
1
) 2 ( ) 16 ( = = 2.
(M)
4
3
3
2
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
= . 10 10 10
2
1
4
3
3
2
= =

D`vni Y5| mi j Ki : (K)


3 2
1
54 ) 12 (

(L)
2
3
2
1
) 3 (
|
.
|

\
|

mgvavb: (K)
3
1
2
1
3
2
1
54
12
1
54 12 ) (
) (
) ( =

3
1
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
2
2 ) 3 (
3 ) 2 (
1
) 2 3 (
) 3 2 (
1


=

=
.
4
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
2 3
3 2
1
3
3
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
= = = = =

(L)
2
3
2
1
) 3 (
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
1
) 3 )( 3 )( 3 (
=
4
1
27
=
4
27

KvR: mi j Ki : ) (i
32
2 2
2 4

) (ii
5 5
3
2
3
2

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
) (iii
2
1
4
3
8 8
76
MwYZ
j Yxq:
. 1 1 0 = > a a , kZ
y x
a a = nj , y x =
. 2 0 0 0 = > > x b a , , kZ
x x
b a = nj , b a =
D`vni Y6| mgvavbKi 32
1
4 =
+ x
mgvavb: 32
1
4 =
+ x
2
3
3 2 , 2 5 2
, 5 2 2
2 2 , 32 ) 2 (
5 2 2 1 2
=
= =
= +
= =
+ +
x
x x
x
x x
ev ev
ev ev
Abykxj bx41
mi j Ki (1 10) :
1|
6
5 3
3
3 3
2|
125 2
8 5
4
3

3|
4
3 3
3 3
7 7

4|
7
3
7
3
7
2

5|
1 1 1
) 5 2 (

+
6|
1 1 1
) 3 2 (

+ b a 7|
2
2
1 2
|
.
|

\
|

b a
b a
8| ) , , ( , 0 0 0
1 1 1
> > >

z y x x z z y y x
9|
2 2
2 4 2
2
1 4


+
+ +
n
n n
10|
1 1
1
1
1
3
9
2
3
+
+

m m
m
m m
m
) ( ) (
cgvYKi ( 11 18) :
11| 1 2
1 2
1 4
+ =

n
n
n
12|
50
1
15 10 6
6 5 3 2
2
2 1
=


+
+ +
q p q
p q p q p p
13| 1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
m
n
n
m
n
m
a
a
a
a
a
a

14| 1
2 2 2
=
+ + +
q
p r
p
r q
r
q p
a
a
a
a
a
a
15| 1
1 1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
ca
a
c
bc
c
b
ab
b
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
16| 1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + a c
a
c
c b
c
b
b a
b
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
17| 1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + q p r
p
r
p r q
r
q
r q p
q
p
x
x
x
x
x
x
18| hw` a c c b b a
z y x
= = = Ges , nq, Ze`LvI h, 1 = xyz
mgvavbKi (19 22) :
19| 8 4 =
x
20| 128 2
1 2
=
+ x
21| ( ) ( )
1 2
3
1
3 3
+
=
x x
22| 3 2 2
1
= +
x x
[
y x
a a = nj , y x = ]
MwYZ
77
44j Mvwi `g(Logarithm)
m~PKxqi vwki gvbei Ki Z j Mvwi `geenvi Ki vnq| j Mvwi `gK msc j M( Log ) j Lvnq| eo
eo msLvevi vwki Ydj , f vMdj BZvw` log Gi mvnvhmnRwbYqKi vhvq|
Avgi vRvwb, ; 8 2
3
= GBMvwYwZK Dw wUK j Mi gvag j Lvnq 3 8 log
2
= . Avevi , weci xZg,
3 8 log
2
= nj , m~PKi gvag j Lvhve 8 2
3
= ; A_vr, 8 2
3
= nj 3 8 log
2
= Gesweci xZg,
3 8 log
2
= nj 8 2
3
= . GKBf ve,
8
1
2
1
2
3
3
= =

Kj Mi gvagj Lvhvq, 3
8
1
log
2
= .
) 1 , 0 ( , = > = a a N a
x
nj , N x
a
log = K
N Gi a wf wKj Mej vnq|
j Yxq: x abvZKevFYvZKhvBnvKbvKb,
x
a me`vabvZK| ZvB ayabvZKmsLvi Bj Mi gvb
AvQhveve| k~bevFYvZKmsLvi j Mi evegvbbB|
KvR1: j Mi gvagcKvk Ki : KvR2: duvKvRvqMvc~i YKi :
) (i 100 10
2
=
m~PKi gvag j Mi gvag
) (ii
9
1
3
2
=
1 10
0
=
0 1 log
10
=
) (iii
2
1
2
2
1
=

.....
0
= e
1
0
= a
...... 1 log =
e
...... = ......
) (iv 4 2
4
= 10 10
1
=
1 10 log
10
=
...
1
= e
....... = .......
....... =...... 1 log = a
a
j Mvwi `gi m~ vewj
awi , . , Ges , ; , 0 0 1 0 1 0 > > = > = > N M b b a a
m~ 1| (K) ) 1 , 0 ( , 0 1 log = > = a a
a
(L) ) 1 , 0 ( , 1 log = > = a a a
a
cgvY(K) m~PKi m~ nZRvwb, 1
0
= a
j Mi msvnZcvB, 0 1 log =
a
( cgvwYZ)
(L) m~PKi m~ nZRvwb, a a =
1
j Mi msvnZcvB, 1 log = a
a
(cgvwYZ)|
m~ 2| N M MN
a a a
log log ) ( log + =
cgvY: awi , ; log , log y N x M
a a
= =
y x
a N a M = = ,
MwYZ
78
GLb,
y x y x
a a a MN
+
= =
, ) ( log y x MN
a
+ = ev y x N M MN
a a a
, [ log log ) ( log + = Gi gvbewmq]
. log log ) ( log N M MN
a a a
+ = (cgvwYZ)
`e-1| ......... log log log .....) ( log + + + = P N M MNP
a a a a
`e-2| N M N M
a a a
log log ) ( log =
m~ 3| N M
N
M
a a a
log log log =
cgvY: awi , ; log , log y N x M
a a
= =

y x
a N a M = = ,
GLb,
y x
y
x
a
a
a
N
M

= =
y x
N
M
a
=
|
.
|

\
|
log
N M
N
M
a a a
log log log = |
.
|

\
|
(cgvwYZ)|
m~ 4| . log log M r M
a
r
a
=
cgvY: awi ,
x
a
a M x M = = ; log
ev
rx r r x r
a M a M = = ev ; ) ( ) (
M r M rx M
a
r
a
r
a
log log ; log = = ev
. log (log M r M
a
r
a
= cgvwYZ)
`e: M r M
a
r
a
log ) (log =
m~ 5| , log log log b M M
a b a
= (wf wcwi eZb)
cgvY: awi , y M x M
b a
= = log , log
M b M a
y x
= = ,

y y y x y x
b a b a
1 1
) ( ) ( , = = ev
y
x
a b = ev
b
y
x
a
log =
ev, , log b y x
a
= ev b M M
a b a
log log log = (cgvwYZ)
79
MwYZ
Aby wmv: ,
a og
b og
b
a
l
1
l = A_ev
b
a
a
b
log
1
log =
cgvY: Avgi vRvwb, b M M
a b a
log log log = [m~ 5]
a M = ewmqcvB, b a a
a b a
log log log =
ev,
a lo
b lo
b lo
a lo b lo a lo
b
a
a
b a b
g
1
g
g
1
g g g 1 = = = A_ev , ; (cgvwYZ)|
ev, ,
log
1
log ; log log 1
b
a b a
a
b a b
= = A_ev
a
b
b
a
log
1
log = (cgvwYZ)|
D`vni Y7| gvbwbYqKi : (K) 100 log
10
(L)
|
.
|

\
|
9
1
log
3
(M) 81 log
3
mgvavb:
(K) ] log log [ 10 log 2 10 log 100 log
10 10 10
2
10 10
M r M
r
= = =
2 ] 1 log [ 1 2 = = = a
a

(L) ] log log [ 3 log 2 3 log


3
1
log
9
1
log
3
2
3 2 3 3
M r M
a
r
a
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

2 ] 1 log [ 1 2 = = = a
a

(M)
8
3
4 2
3
4
3 3
) 3 ( log } ) 3 {( log 3 log 81 log = = =
| | M r M
a
r
a
log log 3 log 8
3
= =
] 1 log [ , 1 8 = = a
a

= 8
D`vni Y8| (K) 5 5 5 Gi wf wKj MKZ?
(L) 4 400 j M Gi ; wf wKZ?
mgvavb: (K) 5 5 5 Gi wf wKj M
2
3
5
2
1
5 5
5 log ) 5 5 ( log 5 5 log = = =
] log log [ , 5 log
2
3
5
M r M
a
r
a
=
] 1 log [ , 1
2
3
= = a
a

2
3
=
80
MwYZ
(L) awi , wf w a
ckgZ, 4 400 log =
a
400
4
= a
ev,
4
2 2 2 4
) 5 2 ( } ) 5 2 {( ) 20 ( = = = a
ev,
4
4
) 5 2 ( = a
5 2 = a
wf w 5 2
D`vni Y9| x Gi gvbwbYqKi :
(K) 2 log
10
= x (L) 4 324 log =
x
mgvavb:
(K) 2 log
10
= x
01 0
01 0
100
1
10
1
10
2
2
=
= =
= =

x
x
x
ev
(L) 4 324 log =
x
. 2 3
) 2 3 (
) 2 ( 3 2 3
2 2 3 3 3 3 324
4
4
4 4 2 4
4
=
=
= =
= =
x
x
x
ev
D`vni Y10| cgvYKi h, 40 log 5 log 2 log 3
10 10 10
= +
mgvavb: evgc = 5 log 2 log 3
10 10
+
] log log [ , 5 log 2 log
10
3
10
M r M
a
r
a
= + =
5 log 8 log
10 10
+ =
] log log ) ( log [ ), 5 8 ( log
10
N M MN
a a n
+ = =
40 log
10
=
] log log [ , 5 log 2 log
10
3
10
M r M
a
r
a
= + =
5 log 8 log
10 10
+ =
] log log ) ( log [ ), 5 8 ( log
10
N M MN
a a n
+ = =
40 log
10
=
=Wvbc
D`vni Y11| mi j Ki :
2 1 log
1000 log 8 log 27 log
10
10 10 10

+
mgvavb:
2 1 log
1000 log 8 log 27 log
10
10 10 10

+
[
x x
b a = nj , ] b a =
MwYZ
81
dgv- 11, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
=
10
12
log
) 10 ( log 2 log ) 3 ( log
10
2
1
3
10
3
10
2
1
3
10
+
10 log 12 log
10 log 2 log 3 log
10 10
2
3
10
3
10
2
3
10

+
=
10 log ) 2 3 ( log
10 log 2 log 3 3 ( log
2
3
10
2
10
10 10 10

+
=
] 1 10 log [ ,
) 1 2 log 2 3 (log
) 1 2 log 2 3 (log
2
3
10
10 10
10 10
=
+
+

= .
2
3
Abykxj bx42
1| gvbwbYqKi : (K) 81 log
3
(L)
3
5
5 log (M) 2 log
4
(N) 400 log
5 2
(O) ( ) 5 . 5 log
3
5
2| x Gi gvbwbYqKi : (K) 3 log
5
= x (L) 2 25 log =
x
(M) 2
16
1
log =
x
3| `LvI h,
(K) 125 log 25 log 5 log 5
10 10 10
=
(L) 7 log 2 3 log 5 log 2 2 log
147
50
log
10 10 10 10 10
+ =
(M) 360 log 5 log 3 log 2 2 log 3
10 10 10 10
= + +
4| mi j Ki :
(K)
80
81
log 3
24
25
log 2
9
10
log 7
10
+
(L) ( ) 2 log 3 log 7 . 7 log
4
3
3
5
7
+
(M) c b
a
d c
d
c b
c
b a
e e e e
2
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
3 3
log 3 log log log + +
45msLvi evwbKevAv`ki c
m~PKi mvnvhAvgi vAbKeo evAbKQvUmsLvKQvUI mnRAvKvi cKvk Ki Zcvwi | hgb,
Avj vi MwZ=300000 wK.wg./m. =300000000 wgUvi /m.
= 100000000 3 wg./m. =
8
10 3 wg./m.
Avevi , GKwUnvBWvRbci gvYyi evmva
= 0000000037 0 m. wg.
82
MwYZ
=
0 1000000000
37
m.wg.=
10
10 37

m.wg.
=
10
10 10 7 3

m.wg.=
9
10 7 3

m.wg.|
myweavi RbAbK eo evAbK QvUmsLvK
n
a 10 AvKvi cKvk Ki vnq, hLvb, 10 a 1 < s Ges
. Z n e KvbvmsLvi
n
a 10 i cKej vnqmsLvwUi evwbKevAv`ki c|
KvR: wbPi msLvj vKevwbKAvKvi cKvk Ki :
(K) 15000 (L) 000512 0
46j Mvwi `gcwZ
j Mvwi `gcwZ`yBai bi :
(K) ^vf vweKj Mvwi `g logarithm) (Natural :
Uj vi MwYZwe` Rbbwcqvi ( 1617 1550 : Napier John ) 1614mvj e Kwf wai c_gj Mvwi `g
mwKZ eBcKvk Ki b| e GKwUAg~j ` msLv, ......... 71828 2 = e | Zuvi GBj Mvwi `gK bwcwi qvb
j Mvwi `geve wf wKj Mvwi `gev^vf vweKj Mvwi `gI ej vnq| x
e
log K x n l AvKvi I j Lvnq|
(L) mvavi Yj Mvwi `g( Logarithm Common ) :
Bsj vi MvwYZwe` nbwi weMm( 1630 1561 : Briggs Henry ) 1624 mvj 10K wf w ai
j Mvwi `gi Uwej (j MUwej evj Mmvi wY) Zwi Ki b| Zuvi GBj Mvwi `gKweMmj Mvwi `gev10 wf wK
j Mvwi `geveenvwi Kj Mvwi `gI ej vnq|
`e: j Mvwi `gi wf wi Dj L bv_vKj i vwki (exRMwYZxq) e KGesmsLvi 10 Kwf w
wnmeai vnq| j Mmvi wYZwf w 10 ai Znq|
47mvavi Yj Mvwi `gi c~YKI AskK
(K) c~YK( ) stics Characteri :
awi , GKwUmsLvN KevwbKAvKvi cKvk Ki cvB,
n
a N 10 = , hLvb 10 1 , 0 < s > a N Ges Z ne |
Df qc 10 wf wZj MwbqcvB,
)
10 10
10 ( log log
n
a N =
10 log log 10 log log
10 10 10 10
n a a
n
+ = +
= ] 1 10 log [ , log log
10 10 10
= + = a n N
wf w 10 Dni L cvB,
a n N log log + =
nKej vnq N log Gi c~YK|
MwYZ
83
j Kwi : QK1
N
n
a N 10 Gi
AvKvi
m~PK `kwgKi evgi
Aski AmsLv
c~YK
6237 0
237 6
37 62
7 623
6237

1
0
1
2
3
10 237 6
10 237 6
10 237 6
10 237 6
10 237 6






1
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 1 2
2 1 3
3 1 4
=
=
=
=
=
j Kwi : QK2
N
n
a N 10 Gi
AvKvi
m~PK `kwgKi evgi
Aski AmsLv
c~YK
006237 0
06237 0
6237 0

3
2
1
10 237 6
10 237 6
10 237 6




3
2
1

2
1
0
3 1 2
2 1 1
1 1 0
= +
= +
= +
) (
) (
) (
QK1_Kj Kwi :
c`msLvi c~YAsk hZj vA_vKe, msLvwUi j Mvwi `gi c~YK nemBAmsLvi Pq1 Kg
GesZvneabvZK|
QK-2_Kj Kwi :
c` msLvi c~YAsk bv_vKj `kwgK we`yI Gi ci i c_g mv_K Ai gvS hZj v0 (k~b)
_vKe, msLvwUi j Mvwi `gi c~YKnek~bi msLvi Pq1ewk GesZvneFYvZK|
`e1| c~YKabvZKevFbvZKnZcvi , wKAskKme`vabvZK|
`e2| Kvbvc~YK FbvZKnj , c~YKwUi evgwP bvw`qc~YKwUi Dci (evi wP) w`qj Lv
nq| hgb, c~YK 3 Kj Lvne 3 w`q| Zvbvnj AskKmnj Mi m~YAskwUFYvZKeySve|
D`vni Y12| wbPi msLvj vi j Mi c~YKwbYqKi :
) (i 5570 ) (ii 70 45 ) (iii 4305 0 ) (iv 000435 0
mgvavb: ) (i
3
10 570 5 1000 570 5 5570 = =
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 3.
Abf ve, 5570 msLvwUZAi msLv4 wU|
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 3 1 4 = =
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 3.
84
MwYZ
) (ii
1
10 570 4 70 45 =
msLvwUi c~YK 1.
Abf ve, msLvwUi `kwgKi evg, A_vr c~YAsk 2wUAAvQ|
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 1 1 2 = =
70 45 msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 1
) (iii
1
10 305 4 4305 0

=
msLvwUi c~YK 1
Abf ve, msLvwUi `kwgKwe`yi AvM, A_vr c~YAsk Kvbvmv_KAbB, evk~bwUAAvQ|
msLvwUi c~YK 1 1 1 0 = = =
Abf ve, 4305 0 msLvi `kwgK we`yI Gi ci eZx1gmv_K A4 Gi gvS Kvbv0 (k~b) bB,
A_vr k~bwU0 AvQ|
msLvwUi c~YK 1 1 ) 1 0 ( = = + =
4305 0 msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 1
) (iv
4
10 35 4 000435 0

=
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK ev4 4
Abf ve, msLvwUi `kwgKwe`yI Gi ci eZx1gmv_KA4 Gi gvS 3 wU0( k~b) AvQ|
msLvwUi j Mi c~YK 4 4 ) 1 3 ( = = + =
000435 0 Gi j Mi c~YK 4
(L) AskK ) (Mantissa :
KvbvmsLvi mvavi Yj Mi AskK 1 AcvQvUGKwUAFYvZK msLv| GwUg~j Z: Ag~j ` msLv| Ze
GKwUwbw``kwgKvbchAskKi gvbei Ki vnq|
KvbvmsLvi j Mi AskK j MZvwj Kv_K ei Ki vhvq| Avevi ZvKvj Kzj Ui i mvnvhI ei Ki v
hvq| Avgi vwZxqcwZZ, A_vr Kvj Kzj Ui i mvnvhmsLvi j Mi AskKei Ki ev|
Kvj Kzj Ui i mvnvhmsLvi mvavi Yj MwbYq:
D`vni Y13| 2717 log Gi c~YKI AskKwbYqKi :
mgvavb: Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Kwi :
AC
log
2717
=
43408 3
2717 log Gi c~YK 3 GesAskK 43408
MwYZ
85
D`vni Y14| 517 43 log Gi c~YKI AskKei Ki |
mgvavb: Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Kwi :
AC
log
517 43
=
63866 1
517 43 log Gi c~YK 1GesAskK 63866
D`vni Y15| 00836 0 Gi j Mi c~YKI AskKKZ?
mgvavb: Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Kwi :
AC
log
00836 0
=
92221 3 92221 3 =
00836 0 log Gi c~YK 3 ev3 GesAskK 92221
D`vni Y16| 10 log
e
wbYqKi :
mgvavb: 10 log
e
=
e
10
log
1
=
71828 2 log
1
10

=
43429 . 0
1
[Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki ]
30259 . 2 = (cvq)|
weK : Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Kwi :
AC ln 10
= 30259 . 2 (cvq)
KvR: Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki wbgwj wLZmsLvj vi 10 wf wKI e wf wKj MwbYqKi :
) (i 2550 ) (ii 143 52 ) (iii 4145 0 ) (iv 0742 0
Abykxj bx43
1| KvbkZ 1
0
= a ?
K. 0 = a L. 0 = a M. 0 > a N. 1 = a
2|
3 3
5 5 Gi gvbwbPi KvbwU?
K.
6
5 L. ( )
3
3
5 M. ( )
3
5 N.
3
25
3| mwVKKvbkZ 1 = a og
a
?
K. 0 > a L. 1 = a M. 1 0 = > a a , N. 1 0 > = a a ,
4| 2 4=
x
log nj , x Gi gvbKZ?
K. 2 L. 2 M. 4 N. 10
5| GKwUmsLvK
n
a 10 AvKvi j Lvi RbkZKvbwU?
K. 10 1 < < a L. 10 1 s s a M. 10 1 < s a N. 10 1 s < a
MwYZ
86
6| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
. i m og p m og
a
p
a
l l = ) (
. ii 16 2
4
= Ges 4 16 g
2
= lo mgv_K
. iii n og m og n m og
a a a
l l l + = + ) (
I ci i KvbZ_j vmwVK?
K. ii i I L. iii ii I M. iii i I N. iii ii i I ,
7| 0035 0 Gi mvavi Yj Mi c~YKKZ?
K. 3 L. 1 M. 2 N. 3
8| 0225 0 msLvwUweePbvKi wbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
(1) msLvwUi
n
a AvKvi wbPi KvbwU&?
K.
2
5 2 ) ( L.
2
015) ( M.
2
5 1 ) ( N.
2
15) (
(2) msLvwUi evwbKAvKvi wbPi KvbwU?
K.
4
10 225

L.
3
10 5 22

M.
2
10 25 2

N.
1
10 225


(3) msLvwUi mvavi Yj Mi c~YKKZ?
K. 2 L. 1 M. 0 N. 2
9| evwbKi c cKvk Ki :
(K) 6530 (L) 831 60 (M) 000245 0 (N) 37500000 (O) 00000014 0
10| mvavi Y`kwgKi c cKvk Ki :
(K)
5
10 (L)
5
10

(M)
4
10 53 2 (N)
3
10 813 9

(O)
5
10 12 3


11| wbPi msLvj vi mvavi Yj Mi c~YKei Ki (Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi bvKi ) :
(K) 4820 (L) 245 72 (M) 734 1 (N) 045 0 (O) 000036 0
12| Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki wbPi msLvj vi mvavi Yj Mi c~YKI AskKwbYqKi :
(K) 27 (L) 147 63 (M) 405 1 (N) 0456 0 (O) 000673 0
13| Ydj i /f vMdj i mvavi Yj M(AvmbcuvP`kwgKvbch) wbYqKi :
(K) 7 8 34 5 (L) 56 0 79 0 (M) 42 3 2642 22 (N) 4 32 19926 0
14| hw` 47712 0 3 l 30103 0 2 l = = og og , Ges 84510 0 7 l = og nq, ZewbPi i vwkj vi gvb
wbYqKi :
(K) 9 log (L) 28 log (M) 42 log
15| `I qvAvQ, 1000 = x Ges 0625 0 = y
K. x K
n n
b a AvKvi cKvk Ki , hLvb a I b gwj KmsLv|
L. x I y Gi Ydj KevwbKAvKvi cKvk Ki |
M. xy Gi mvavi Yj Mi c~YKI AskKwbYqKi |
87
MwYZ
cgAavq
GKPj KwewkmgxKi Y
(Equations in One Variable)
Avgi vc~ei kwYZ Pj K I mgxKi Y KxZvRbwQGes G`i eenvi wkLwQ| GK Pj Kwewk mi j
mgxKi Yi mgvavbwkLwQGesevewf wK mgmvi mi j mgxKi YMVbKi ZvmgvavbKi vmKmgK
vbj vf Ki wQ| GAavqGK Pj KwewkGKNvZ I wNvZ mgxKi Y GesAf ` mKAvj vPbvKi v
nqQGesevewf wKmgmvi mgvavbG`i eenvi `LvbvnqQ|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
Pj Ki avi YvevLvKi Zcvi e|
mgxKi YI Af `i cv_KevLvKi Zcvi e|
GKNvZmgxKi Yi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
evewf wKmgmvi GKNvZmgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
wNvZmgxKi Yi mgvavbKi Zcvi eI mgvavbmUwbYqKi Zcvi e|
evewf wKmgmvi wNvZmgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
51 Pj K
Avgi vRvwb, 5 3= + x GKwUmgxKi Y| GwUmgvavbKi Znj Avgi vAvZi vwk x Gi gvbei Kwi |
GLvbAvZ i vwk x GKwUPj K| Avevi , 5 = + a x mgxKi YwUmgvavbKi Z nj , Avgi vx Gi gvb
wbYqKwi , a Gi gvbbq| GLvb x K Pj K I a K aeK wnmeai vnq| G x Gi gvb a Gi
gvagcvI qvhve| Ze a Gi gvbwbYqKi Znj , Avgi vwj Lev x a = 5 ; A_vr a Gi gvb x Gi
gvagcvI qvhve| GLvb a Pj K I x aeK wnmeweewPZ| Zewekl Kvbvwb`kbvbv_vKj
cPwj Z i xwZ Abyhvqxx K Pj K wnme ai vnq| mvavi YZ Bsi wR eY gvj vi QvUnvZi kl i w`Ki
Ai z y x , , KPj KwnmeGesc_gw`Ki Ai c b a , , KaeKwnmeeenvi Ki vnq|
hmgxKi YGKwUgv AvZi vwk _vK, ZvK GK Pj KwewkmgxKi Yevmi j mgxKi Yej vnq| hgb,
5 3= + x mgxKi Y x GKwUgv Pj K, ZvBGwUmi j mgxKi YevGKPj KwewkmgxKi Y|
Avgi vmUmKRvwb| hw` GKwUmU } 10 1 , : { s s e = x R x x S nq, Ze x -Gi gvb 1 _K 10
chhKvbvevemsLvnZ cvi | GLvb x GKwUPj K| KvRBAvgi vej Z cvwi h, hLbKvbv
Ai cZxKKvbvmUi Dcv`vbevSvqZLbZvKPj Kej |
mgxKi Yi NvZ: KvbvmgxKi Yi Pj Ki mevPNvZKmgxKi YwUi NvZej | , 5 1= + x , 5 1 2 + = x x
3 2 7 = + y y mgxKi Yj vi cZKwUi NvZ1; Gj vGKPj KwewkGKNvZmgxKi Y|
88
MwYZ
Avevi , x x x y y x x 6 3 2 4 , 12 , 0 6 5
2 2 2
= = = + + mgxKi Yj vi cZKwUi NvZ 2; Gj vGK
Pj KwewkwNvZmgxKi Y| 0 4 4 2
2 3
= + x x x mgxKi YwUGKPj Kwewkw NvZmgxKi Y|
52 mgxKi YI Af `
mgxKi Y: mgxKi YmgvbwPi `yBc `yBwUec`x_vK, A_evGKc (cavbZWvbc) k~b_vKZ
cvi | `yBci ec`xi Pj Ki mevPNvZ mgvbbvI nZ cvi | mgxKi YmgvavbKi Pj Ki mevP
NvZi mgvbmsLK gvbcvI qvhve| GBgvbevgvbj vK ej vnqmgxKi YwUi g~j | GBg~j evg~j j v
vi v mgxKi YwU wm ne| GKvwaK g~j i Gj v mgvb ev Amgvb nZ cvi | hgb,
0 6 5
2
= + x x mgxKi YwUi g~j 3 , 2 | Avevi , 0 ) 3 (
2
= x mgxKi Y x Gi gvb 3 nj I Gi g~j
3 , 3 |
Af ` : mgvb wPi `yBc mgvb NvZwewk `yBwUec`x_vK| Pj Ki mevP NvZi msLvi PqI
AwaK msLK gvbi RbAf `wUwmne| mgvbwPi Df qci gaKvbvf ` bBej BAf `|
hgb, x x x 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
= + GKwUAf `; GwUx Gi mKj gvbi Rbwmne| ZvBGBmgxKi YwU
GKwUAf `| cZK exRMwYZxq m~ GKwUAf `| hgb, = +
2
) ( b a
2 2
2 b ab a + + , =
2
) ( b a
2 2
2 b ab a + , =
2 2
b a ) )( ( b a b a + , = +
3
) ( b a
3 2 2 3
3 3 b ab b a a + + + BZvw` Af `|
mKj mgxKi Y Af ` bq| Af ` mgvb (=) wPi cwi eZ' ' wP eeZ nq| Ze mKj Af `B
mgxKi Yej Af `i I mvavi YZmgvbwP eenvi Ki vnq|
mgxKi YI Af `i cv_KwbP`I qvnj v:
mgxKi Y Af `
1| mgvbwPi `yBc `yBwUec`x_vKZcvi
A_evGKc k~b_vKZcvi |
2| Df qci ec`xi gv vAmgvbnZcvi |
3| Pj Ki GK evGKvwaK gvbi Rb mgZvwU
mZnq|
4| Pj Ki gvbi msLvmevwaK gv vi mgvbnZ
cvi |
5| mKj mgxKi Ym~ bq|
1| `yBc `yBwUec`x_vK|
2| Df qc ec`xi gv vmgvb_vK|
3| Pj Ki g~j mUi mKj gvbi Rbmvavi YZ
mgZvwUmZnq|
4| Pj Ki AmsLgvbi RbmgZvwUmZ|
5| mKj exRMwYZxqm~ BAf `|
KvR: 1| wbPi mgxKi Yj vi KvbwUi NvZKZI g~j KqwU?
5 1 3 ) ( = + x i
2
3
3
1
5
2
) (
y y y
ii =

2| wZbwUAf ` j L|
MwYZ
89
dgv- 12, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
53 GKNvZmgxKi Yi mgvavb
mgxKi Y mgvavbi KqKwUwbqgcqvMKi Z nq| GBwbqgj vRvbv_vKj mgxKi Yi mgvavb
wbYqmnRZi nq| wbqgj vnj v:
1| mgxKi Yi Df qc GKBmsLvevi vwk hvMKi j cqmgvb_vK|
2| mgxKi Yi Df qc _KGKBmsLvevi vwk weqvMKi j cqmgvb_vK|
3| mgxKi Yi Df qcKGKBmsLvevi vwk vi vYKi j cqmgvb_vK|
4| mgxKi Yi Df qcKAk~bGKBmsLvevi vwk vi vf vMKi j cqmgvb_vK|
Dci i agj vKexRMwYZxqi vwki gvagcKvk Ki vhvq:
hw` a x = Ges 0 = c nqZvnj ,
c a c x i + = + ) ( ) (ii c a c x = ) (iii ac xc = ) (iv
c
a
c
x
=
GQvovhw` b a, I c wZbwUi vwk nq Ze, c b a + = nj , c b a = ne Ges b c a = + nj ,
c b a = ne|
GBwbqgwUcvi wewawnmecwi wPZGesGBwewacqvMKi wewf bmgxKi YmgvavbKi vnq|
KvbvmgxKi Yi c`j vf Mvsk AvKvi _vKj , j ej vZ Pj Ki NvZ 1 Ges ni j vaeK nj ,
mj vGKNvZmgxKi Y|
D`vni Y1| mgvavbKi :
7
2
5 5
4
7
5
=
x x
mgvavb:
7
2
5 5
4
7
5
=
x x
ev,
7
2
5
4
5 7
5
=
x x
[cvi Ki ]
ev,
35
10 28
35
7 25
=
x x
ev,
35
18
35
18
=
x
ev, 18 18 = x
ev, 1 = x
mgvavb . 1 = x
GLb, Avgi vGgb mgxKi Yi mgvavb Ki evhvwNvZ mgxKi Yi AvKvi _vK| G mKj mgxKi Y
mi j xKi Yi gvag mgZzj mgxKi Y i cvi Ki b ax = AvKvi i GKNvZ mgxKi Y cwi YZ Ki vnq|
Avevi , ni Pj K_vKj I mi j xKi YKi GKNvZmgxKi Yi cvi Ki vnq|
D`vni Y2| mgvavbKi : ) 2 )( 4 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( + = + y y y y
mgvavb: ) 2 )( 4 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( + = + y y y y
ev, 8 2 4 2 2
2 2
+ = + y y y y y y
ev, 8 2 2 = y y
ev, 2 8 2 + = y y [cvi Ki ]
ev, 6 = y
ev, 6 = y
mgvavb 6 = y
90
MwYZ
D`vni Y3| mgvavbKi I mgvavbmUj L :
5
1 2
1 7
4 2
15
1 6
=

+ x
x
x x
mgvavb:
5
1 2
1 7
4 2
15
1 6
=

+ x
x
x x
ev,
1 7
4 2
5
1 2
15
1 6

+
x
x x x
[cvi Ki ]
ev,
1 7
4 2
15
3 6 1 6

=
+ +
x
x x x
ev,
1 7
4 2
15
4

=
x
x
ev, ) 1 7 ( 4 ) 4 2 ( 15 = x x [AvoYbKi ]
ev, 4 28 60 30 = x x
ev, 4 60 28 30 = x x [cvi Ki ]
ev, , 56 2 = x ev, 28 = x
mgvavb 28 = x
GesmgvavbmU } 28 { = S
D`vni Y4| mgvavbKi :
5
1
2
1
4
1
3
1

+
x x x x
mgvavb:
5
1
2
1
4
1
3
` 1

+
x x x x
ev,
) 5 )( 2 (
2 5
) 4 )( 3 (
3 4

+
=

+
x x
x x
x x
x x
ev,
10 7
7 2
12 7
7 2
2 2
+

=
+

x x
x
x x
x
`yBci f Mvsk `yBwUi gvbmgvb| Avevi , `yBci j emgvb, wKni Amgvb| G GKgv j ei
gvbk~bnj B`yBc mgvbne|
0 7 2 = x ev, 7 2 = x ev,
2
7
= x

2
7
= x
D`vni Y5| mgvavbmUwbYqKi : 2 5 3 2 = + x
mgvavb: 2 5 3 2 = + x
ev, 5 2 3 2 = x [cvi Ki ]
ev, ( ) ( )
2
2
3 3 2 = x [Df qcKeMKi ]
ev, 9 3 2 = x
ev, 12 2 = x
ev, 6 = x
c` mgxKi Y eMg~j i wP _vKvi Kvi Y w
ci xvcqvRb|
weK wbqg:
2 5 3 2 = + x
ev, 5 2 3 2 = x
ev, 3 3 2 = x
Kvbvevei vwki eMg~j FYvZKnZcvi bv|
mgxKi YwUi KvbvmgvavbbB|
mgvavbmU: } { = S ev, u
MwYZ
91
c`mgxKi YwUZ 6 = x ewmqcvB,
2 5 3 6 2 = + ev, 2 5 9 = +
ev, 2 5 3 = +
ev, 2 8= , hvAme|
mgxKi YwUi KvbvmgvavbbB|
mgvavbmU: } { = S ev, u
KvR: 1| ( ) 5 4 4 1 5 = + + x nj , `LvI h, 5 2 6 = x
2| mgvavbKi I mgvavbmUj L : 2 5 3 4 = + x
54 GKNvZmgxKi Yi eenvi
eve Rxeb wewf bai bi mgmvi mgvavb Ki Z nq| GBmgmvmgvavbi AwaKvsk BMvwYwZK
vb, `ZvI hyw i cqvRbnq| eve MvwYwZKvbI `Zvi cqvMGKw`Khgbmgmvi myy
mgvavbnq, Abw`K ZgwbcvZwnK RxebMwYZi gvagmgmvi mgvavbcvI qvhvqweavq, wkv_xi v
MwYZi cwZ AvK nq| GLvb cvZwnK Rxebi wewf bmgmvK mgxKi Yi gvag cKvk Ki Zvi
mgvavbKi vne|
evewf wK mgmvmgvavbAvZmsLvwbYqi RbGi cwi eZPj K ai wbqmgmvqc`kZvbymvi
mgxKi YMVbKi vnq| Zvi ci mgxKi YwUmgvavbKi j BPj KwUi gvb, A_vr AvZmsLvwUcvI qvhvq|
D`vni Y6| `yBAwewkKvbvmsLvi GKK vbxqAwU`kK vbxqAAcv2 ewk| Aqvb
wewbgqKi j hmsLvcvI qvhveZvc`msLvi wYAcv6 Kgne| msLvwUwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , `kKvbxqAwUx ; AZGe, GKKvbxqAwUne 2 + x .
msLvwU ) 2 ( 10 + + x x ev, . 2 11 + x
AqvbwewbgqKi j cwi ewZZmsLvwUne x x + + ) 2 ( 10 ev, 20 11 + x
ckgZ, 6 ) 2 11 ( 2 20 11 + = + x x
ev, 6 4 22 20 11 + = + x x
ev, 4 6 20 11 22 + = x x [cvi Ki ]
ev, 22 11 = x
ev, 2 = x
msLvwU 24 2 2 11 2 11 = + = + x
c`msLvwU24.
92
MwYZ
D`vni Y7| GKwUkwYi cwZe 4 RbKi Qv emvj 3wUe Lvwj _vK| Avevi , cwZe 3 Rb
Ki Qv emvj 6 RbQv K`uvwoq_vKZnq| HkwYi Qv msLvKZ?
mgvavb: gbKwi , kwYwUi Qv msLvx .
hnZzcwZe 4 RbKi emvj 3wUe Lvwj _vK, mnZzHkwYi ei msLv 3
4
+ =
x
Avevi , hnZzcwZe 3 RbKi emvj 6 RbK `uvwoq_vKZ nq, mnZzH kwYi ei msLv
3
6
=
x
hnZzei msLvGKB_vKe,
myZi vs, 3
4
+
x
=
3
6 x
ev,
3
6
4
12
=
+ x x
ev, 36 3 24 4 + = x x , ev, 24 36 3 4 + = x x
ev, 60 = x
HkwYi Qv msLv60.
D`vni Y 8| Kwei mvne Zuvi 56000 UvKvi wKQzUvKvevwl K % 12 gybvdvqI evwK UvKvevwl K % 10
gybvdvqwewbqvMKi j b| GK eQi ci wZwbgvU6400 UvKvgybvdvcj b| wZwb % 12 gybvdvqKZ
UvKvwewbqvMKi Qb?
mgvavb: gbKwi , Kwei mvne % 12 gybvdvq x UvKvwewbqvMKi Qb|
wZwb % 10 gybvdvqwewbqvMKi Qb ) 56000 ( x UvKv|
GLb, x UvKvi 1 eQi i gybvdv
100
12
x UvKv, ev,
100
12x
UvKv|
Avevi , ) 56000 ( x UvKvi 1 eQi i gybvdv
100
10
) 56000 ( x UvKv, ev,
100
) 56000 ( 10 x
UvKv|
ckgZ,
100
12x
+
100
) 56000 ( 10 x
= 6400
ev, 640000 10 560000 12 = + x x
ev, 560000 640000 2 = x
ev, 80000 2 = x
ev, 40000 = x
Kwei mvne % 12 gybvdvq 40000 UvKvwewbqvMKi Qb|
KvR: mgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi :
1|
5
3
f MvskwUi j eI ni i mv_ KvbGKBmsLvhvMKi j f MvskwU
5
4
ne?
MwYZ
93
2| `yBwUwgK^vf vweKmsLvi eMi Ai 151nj , msLv`yBwUwbYqKi |
3| 120 wUGKUvKvi gy`vI `yBUvKvi gy`vqgvU180 UvKvnj , KvbcKvi i gy`vi msLvKqwU?
Abykxj bx51
mgvavbKi (1-10) :
1| ) 2 ( 2 ) 3 5 ( 3 + = x x 2|
2 2
b a
a
by
b
ay
= 3| ) 2 )( 4 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( + = + z z z z
4|
3
4
5
2
5
3
3
7
= +
x x
5|
4 5
25
2 3
9
1 2
4
+
=
+
+
+ x x x
6|
3
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
+
+
+
=
+
+
+ x x x x
7|
b a x
b a
b x
b
a x
a

+
=

8| 0
3 3
=
+

+

b a
b a x
a
b x
b
a x
9|
2 2 2 2
a b
b x
b a
a x

10| . 3 3 5 2 ) 3 3 ( + = + + z
mgvavbmUwbYqKi (11-20) :
11| 12 2 ) 3 ( 2
2
+ = + x x x 12| 2 3 4 3 2 2 = + x x 13|
c x
a x
b x
a x
+
+
=

+
14|
1
1
2
1
2

z z
z
15|
1
2
1
1 1

=
+
+
x x x
16|
x n m
n m
x n
n
x m
m
+
+
=

17|
3
1
4
1
5
1
2
1
+
+
+
=
+
+
+ x x x x
18|
18
15 4
5 12
2 15
9
6 2
=

+
t
t
t t
19| 0
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
a c
b a x
c b
a c x
b a
c b x
mgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi (21-30) :
20| GKwUmsLvAci GKwUmsLvi
5
2
Y| msLv`yBwUi mgw 98 nj , msLv`yBwUwbYqKi |
21| GKwUcKZ f Mvski j e I ni i Ai 1 ; j e_K 2 weqvMI ni i mv_ 2 hvMKi j h
f Mvsk cvI qvhveZv
6
1
Gi mgvb| f MvskwUwbYqKi |
22| `yBAwewkGKwUmsLvi Aqi mgw 9 ; A`yBwUvbwewbgqKi j hmsLvcvI qvhveZv
c`msLvnZ 45 Kgne| msLvwUKZ?
23| `yBAwewkGKwUmsLvi `kK vbxqAGKK vbxqAi wY| `LvI h, msLvwUAqi
mgwi mvZY|
24| GKRbz`eemvqx5600 UvKvwewbqvMKi GKeQi ci wKQzUvKvi Dci % 5 GesAewk
UvKvi Dci % 4 j vf Ki j b| wZwbKZUvKvi Dci 5%j vf Ki j b?
MwYZ
94
25| GKwUj hv xmsLv47; gv_vwcQzKwebi f vovWKi f vovi wY| WKi f vovgv_vwcQz30
UvKvGesgvUf vovcvw1680 UvKvnj , Kwebi hv xmsLvKZ?
26| 120 wUcuwPk cqmvi gy`vI cvk cqmvi gy`vq gvU35 UvKvnj , Kvb cKvi i gy`vi msLv
KqwU?
27| GKwUMvwo Nvq 60 wK.wg. eMwKQzc_ GesNvq 40 wK.wg. eMAewkc_ AwZgKi j v|
MvwowUgvU5 Nvq 240 wK.wg. c_ AwZgKi j , Nvq 60 wK.wg. eMKZ`~i wMqQ?
55GKPj KwewkwNvZmgxKi Y
0
2
= + + c bx ax [hLvb, c b a , , a eK Ges 0 = a ] AvKvi i mgxKi YK GK Pj Kwewk wNvZ
mgxKi Yej vnq| wNvZmgxKi Yi evgc GKwUwgvw Kec`x| mgxKi Yi Wvbc k~bai vnq|
12 eMm.wg. dj wewkGKwUAvqZvKvi i `N x m.wg. I c ) 1 ( x m.wg.|
AvqZvKvi wUi dj = ) 1 ( x x eMm.wg.
ckgZ, , 12 ) 1 ( = x x ev 0 12
2
= x x
mgxKi YwUZGKwUPj K x Ges x Gi mevPNvZ 2|
Gi c mgxKi Ynj vwNvZmgxKi Y|
hmgxKi YPj Ki mevPNvZ 2, ZvKwNvZmgxKi Yej |
Avgi vAg kwYZ q px x + +
2
Ges c bx ax + +
2
AvKvi i GK Pj Kwewk wNvZ i vwki Drcv`K
wekl Y Ki wQ| GLvb Avgi v 0
2
= + + q px x Ges 0
2
= + + c bx ax AvKvi i wNvZ mgxKi Yi
evgcKDrcv`Kwekl YKi Pj Ki gvbwbYqi gvagGi c mgxKi YmgvavbKi ev|
Drcv`Kwekl YcwZZevemsLvi GKwUi yZc~YagcqvMKi vnq| agwUwbgi c :
hw` `yBwUi vwki Ydj k~bnq, Zei vwkqi hKvbvwUA_evDf qi vwk k~bne| A_vr, `yBwUi vwk a
I b Gi Ydj 0 = ab nj , 0 = a ev, 0 = b , A_ev 0 = a Ges 0 = b ne|
D`vni Y9| mgvavbKi : 0 ) 3 )( 2 ( = + x x
mgvavb: 0 ) 3 )( 2 ( = + x x
0 2= + x , A_ev 0 3= x
0 2= + x nj , 2 = x
Avevi , 0 3= x nj , 3 = x
mgvavb 2 = x A_ev3
D`vni Y10| mgvavbmUwbYqKi : y y 3
2
=
mgvavb: y y 3
2
=
12 eMm.wg.
x m.wg.
(
x
-
1
)

m
.
w
g
.
95
MwYZ
ev, 0 3
2
= y y [cvi Ki Wvbc k~bKi vnqQ]
ev, 0 ) 3 ( = y y
0 = y , A_ev 0 3= y
Avevi , 0 3= y nj , 3 = y
mgvavbmU } 3 , 0 {
D`vni Y11| mgvavbKi I mgvavbmUj L :
x
x
x
4
4

=
mgvavb:
x
x
x
4
4

=
ev, 4 ) 4 ( = x x x [AvoYbKi ]
ev, 0 ) 4 ( ) 4 ( = x x x [cvi Ki ]
ev, 0 ) 1 )( 4 ( = x x
, 0 4= x A_ev 0 1= x
0 4= x nj , 4 = x
Avevi , 0 1= x nj , 1 = x
mgvavb 1 = x A_ev4
GesmgvavbmU } 4 , 1 {
D`vni Y12| mgvavbKi : 0 6 5
2
= +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

+
a x
a x
a x
a x
mgvavb: ) 1 ( .......... 0 6 5
2
= +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

+
a x
a x
a x
a x
awi , y
a x
a x
=

+
) 1 ( nZcvB, 0 6 5
2
= + y y
ev, 0 6 3 2
2
= + y y y
ev, 0 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( = y y y
ev, 0 ) 3 )( 2 ( = y y
0 2= y nj , 2 = y
A_ev 0 3= y nj , 3 = y
GLb, 2 = y nj ,
1
2
=

+
a x
a x
[y Gi gvbewmq]
96
MwYZ
ev,
1 2
1 2

+
=
+ +
+ +
a x a x
a x a x
[hvRb-weqvRbKi ]
ev,
1
3
2
2
=
a
x
ev, a x 3 =
Avevi , 3 = y nj ,
1
3
=

+
a x
a x
ev,
1 3
1 3

+
=
+ +
+ +
a x a x
a x a x
[hvRb-weqvRbKi ]
ev,
2
4
2
2
=
a
x
ev,
1
2
=
a
x
ev, a x 2 =
mgvavb a x 2 = A_ev, 3a
KvR:
1| 0 1
2
= x mgxKi YwUK 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgxKi Yi mv_ Zzj bvKi c b a , , Gi gvbj L|
2| 0 ) 1 (
2
= x mgxKi YwUi NvZKZ?Gi g~j KqwUI KxKx?
56 wNvZmgxKi Yi eenvi
Avgv`i `bw`bRxebi AbK mgmvmi j mgxKi YI wNvZ mgxKi Yi cvi Ki mnR mgvavbKi v
hvq| GLvb, evewf wK mgmvqc` kZ_K wNvZ mgxKi Y MVbKi mgvavbKi vi Kkj `Lvbv
nj v|
D`vni Y 13| GKwUcKZ f Mvski ni , j e Acv4 ewk| f MvskwUeMKi j hf Mvsk cvI qvhve
Zvi ni , j eAcv40 ewk ne| f MvskwUwbYqKi |
mgvavb: awi , f MvskwU
4 + x
x
f MvskwUi eM=
16 8 ) 4 ( 4
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ x x
x
x
x
x
x
GLvb, j e=
2
x Gesni = 16 8
2
+ + x x .
ckgZ, 40 16 8
2 2
+ = + + x x x
ev, 40 16 8 = + x
dgv- 13, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
ev, 16 40 8 = x
ev, 24 8 = x
ev, 3 = x
7 4 3 4 = + = + x

7
3
4 3
3
4
=
+
=
+ x
x
f MvskwU
7
3
D`vni Y 14| 50 wgUvi `NGes 40 wgUvi cwewkGKwUAvqZvKvi evMvbi wf Zi i Pvi w`K mgvb
PI ovGKwUi vvAvQ| i vvev` evMvbi dj 1200 eMwgUvi nj , i vvwUKZwgUvi PI ov?
mgvavb: gbKwi , i vvwUx wgUvi PI ov|
i vvev` evMvbwUi `N ) 2 50 ( x wgUvi Gesc ) 2 40 ( x wgUvi |
i vvev` evMvbwUi dj = ) 2 50 ( x ) 2 40 ( x eMwgUvi |
ckgZ, ) 2 50 ( x 1200 ) 2 40 ( = x
ev, 1200 4 100 80 2000
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 800 180 4
2
= + x x
ev, 0 200 45
2
= + x x [4 w`qf vMKi ]
ev, 0 200 40 5
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 ) 5 ( 40 ) 5 ( = x x x
ev, 0 ) 40 )( 5 ( = x x
, 0 5= x A_ev 0 40= x
0 5= x nj , 5 = x
0 40= x nj , 40 = x
wKi vvwUi PI ovevMvbwUi c 40 wgUvi _KI Kgne|
5 ; 40 = = x x
i v vwU5 wgUvi PI ov|
D`vni Y 15| kvwnK 240 UvKvqKZKj vKj gwKbj | mhw` H UvKvqGKwUKj gewk cZvZe
cwZwUKj gi `vgMo 1 UvKvKgcoZv| mKZj vKj gwKbj ?
mgvavb: gbKwi , kvwnK 240 UvKvqgvUx wUKj gwKbwQj | GZcwZwUKj gi `vgco
x
240
UvKv| mhw` 240 UvKvq ) 1 ( + x wUKj gcZvZecwZwUKj gi `vgcoZv
1
240
+ x
UvKv|
x wg.
50 wg.
4
0
w
g
.
MwYZ
97
MwYZ
ckgZ, , 1
240
1
240
=
+ x x
ev,
x
x
x

=
+
240
1
240
ev, ) 240 )( 1 ( 240 x x x + = [AvoYbKi ]
ev, x x x x + =
2
240 240 240
ev, 0 240
2
= + x x [cvi Ki ]
ev, 0 240 15 16
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 ) 16 ( 15 ) 16 ( = + + x x x
ev, 0 ) 15 )( 16 ( = + x x
0 16= + x , A_ev 0 15= x
0 16= + x nj , 16 = x
0 15= x nj , 15 = x
wKKj gi msLvx FYvZKnZcvi bv|
16 = x ; 15 = x
kvwnK 15wUKj gwKbwQj |
KvR: mgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi :
1| GKwU^vf vweK msLvi eMi mv_ H msLvwUhvMKi j hvMdj wVK ci eZx^vf vweK msLvi
bqYi mgvbne| msLvwUKZ?
2| 10 m.wg. evmvawewkGKwUei K`nZ GKwURvGi Dci AwZ j ^i `NewUi Aa-
RvAcv2 m.wg. Kg| AvbygvwbKwP AbKi RvwUi `NwbYqKi |
D`vni Y16| GKwUwe`vj qi begkwYi GKwUci xvq x RbQv i MwYZcvgvUb^i 1950; GKB
ci xvqAbGKRbbZzbQv i MwYZcvb^i 34 hvMKi vqcvb^i i Mo1 KgMj |
K. c_Kf ve x RbQv i GesbZzbQv mnmKj i cvb^i i Mo x Gi gvagj L|
L. c`kZvbymvi mgxKi YMVbKi `LvI h, 0 1950 35
2
= + x x
M. x Gi gvbei Ki `yB b^i i Mo KZZvwbYqKi |
mgvavb: K. x RbQv i cvb^i i Mo =
x
1950
bZzbQv i b^i mn ) 1 ( + x RbQv i cvb^i i Mo
1
1984
1
34 1950
+
=
+
+
x x
L. ckgZ, 1
1
1984 1950
+
+
=
x x
ev, 1
1
1984 1950
=
+

x x
[cvi Ki ]
98
ev, 1
) 1 (
1984 1950 1950
=
+
+
x x
x x
ev, 1950 1984 1950
2
+ = + x x x x [AvoYbKi ]
ev, x x x 34 1950
2
= +
0 1950 35
2
= + x x [`Lvbvnj v]
M. 0 1950 35
2
= + x x
ev, 0 1950 30 65
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 ) 65 ( 30 ) 65 ( = + + x x x
ev, 0 ) 30 )( 65 ( = + x x
0 65= + x , A_ev 0 30= x
0 65= + x nj , 65 = x
Avevi , 0 30= x nj , 30 = x
hnZzQv i msLvx FYvZKnZcvi bv,
myZi vs, 65 = x
30 = x
c_g , Mo = 65
30
1950
=
GeswZxq , Mo = 64
31
1984
= .
Abykxj bx52
1| x KPj Kai 0
2
= +b x a mgxKi YwUi NvZwbPi KvbwU?
K. 3 L. 2 M. 1 N. 0
2| wbPi KvbwUAf ` ?
K. x x x 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
= + + L. ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2 2
+ = + + x x x
M. ab b a b a 2 ) ( ) (
2 2
= + N.
2 2 2
2 ) ( b ab a b a + + =
3| 0 ) 4 (
2
= x mgxKi Yi g~j KqwU?
K. 1 wU L. 2wU M. 3wU N. 4wU
4| 0 12
2
= x x mgxKi Yi g~j qwbPi KvbwU?
K. 4 , 3 L. 4 , 3 M. 4 , 3 N. 4 , 3
MwYZ
99
5| 0 5 3
2
= + x x mgxKi Y x Gi mnMKZ?
K. 3 L. 2 M. 1 N. 1
6| wbPi mgxKi Yj vj Ki :
9 3 2 . = + x i 1 2
2
. =
x
ii 5 1 2 . = + x iii
Dci i KvbmgxKi Yj vci i mgZzj ?
K. ii i I L. iii ii I M. iii i I N. iii ii i I ,
7| 0 ) (
2
= + + ab x b a x mgxKi Yi mgvavbmUwbPi KvbwU?
K. } , { b a L. } , { b a M. } , { b a N. } , { b a
8| `yBAwewk GKwUmsLvi `kK vbxqAGKK vbxqAi wY| GBZ_i Avj vK wbPi
ckj vi Di `vI ?
(1) GKKvbxqAx nj , msLvwUKZ?
K. x 2 L. x 3 M. x 12 N. x 21
(2) AqvbwewbgqKi j msLvwUKZne?
K. x 3 L. x 4 M. x 12 N. x 21
(3) 2 = x nj , g~j msLvi mv_ vbwewbgqKZmsLvi cv_KKZ?
K. 18 L. 20 M. 34 N. 36
mgvavbKi (918) :
9| 0 ) 3 )( 2 ( = + x x 10| 0 ) 2 3 )( 3 2 ( = + x x 11| 6 ) 5 ( = y y
12| 24 ) 5 )( 5 ( = + y y 13| 0 9 ) 9 ( 2
2
= + z z 14| 2
1 5
4
1 2
3
=

+
+ z z
15| 5 4 10
4 10
4
= +

x
x
16| 1
6
) 2 ( 6
2
2
=

+
+

x
x
x
x
17|
x
b
b
x
x
a
a
x
+ = +
18|
a
b
b
a
a x
b x
b x
a x
+ =

mgvavbmUwbYqKi (1925):
19| 2
1
4 3
=
+
+
x x
20| 5
1 2
6 2
1
7
=
+
+
+
+
+
x
x
x
x
21|
b a x b a x + +
= + +
1 1 1 1
22|
dx c
d cx
bx a
b ax
+
+
=
+
+
23| 2
1
= +
x
x 24| 0 4 2
2
= ax x
25| 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
3 3
=
+
+
x x
x x
100
MwYZ
mgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi (2631) :
26| `yBAwewkKvbvmsLvi Aqi mgw15 GesG`i Ydj 56 ; msLvwUwbYqKi |
27| GKwUAvqZvKvi Ni i gSi dj 192 eMwgUvi | gSi `N 4 wgUvi Kgvj I c 4 wgUvi
evovj dj Acwi ewZZ_vK| gSi `NI cwbYqKi |
28| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yRi `N 15 m.wg. I Aci evqi `Ni Ai 3 m.wg.| H
evqi `NwbYqKi |
29| GKwUw f yRi f ~wg Zvi DPZvi wY Acv6 m.wg. ewk| w f yR wUi dj 810 eM
m.wg. nj , Gi DPZvKZ?
30| GKwUkwYZ hZRb Qv -Qv xco cZK Zvi mncvVxi msLvi mgvb UvKvPuv`v`I qvq gvU
420 UvKvPuv`vDVj | HkwYi Qv -Qv xi msLvKZGescZKKZUvKvKi Puv`vw`j ?
31| GKwUkwYZ hZRb Qv -Qv xco, cZK ZZ cqmvi Pq Avi I 30 cqmvewk Ki Puv`v
`I qvZgvU70 UvKvDVj | HkwYi Qv -Qv xi msLvKZ?
32| `yBAwewk GKwUmsLvi Aqi mgw 7; Aq vb wewbgq Ki j hmsLvcvI qvhvq Zv
c`msLv_K 9 ewk|
K. Pj K x Gi gvagc`msLvwUI vbwewbgqKZmsLvwUj L|
L. msLvwUwbYqKi |
M. c` msLvwUi Aq hw` mwUwgUvi KvbvAvqZ i `N I c wb`k Ki Ze H
AvqZ wUi KYi `NwbYq Ki | KYwUK KvbveMi ev ai eM wUi KYi `NwbYq
Ki |
33| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi f ~wgI DPZvh_vg ) 1 ( x m.wg. I x m.wg. GesGKwUeMi evi
`N w f yRwUi DPZvi mgvb| Avevi , GKwUAvqZ i evi `N ) 3 ( + x m.wg. I c x
m.wg.|
K. GKwUgv wP i gvagZ_j v`LvI |
L. w f yR wUi dj 10 eMm.wg. nj , Gi DPZvKZ?
M. w f yR , eM I AvqZ i dj i avi vevwnKAbycvZei Ki |
MwYZ
101
l Aavq
i Lv, KvYI w f zR
RvwgwZev ' 'Geometry MwYZkvi GKwUcvPxbkvLv| ' 'Geometry kwUMxK Geo- f ~ wg(earth) I
metrein - cwi gvc (measure) ki mg^q Zwi | ZvBRvwgwZki A_f ~wg cwi gvc| Kwl wf wK
mf Zvi hyMf ~wgcwi gvci cqvRbBRvwgwZi mwnqwQj | ZeRvwgwZAvRKvj Kej f ~wgcwi gvci
RbBeeZnqbv, ei seRwUj MvwYwZKmgmvmgvavbRvwgwZKvbGLbAcwi nvh| cvPxbmf Zvi
wb`kbj vZRvwgwZPPvi cgvYcvI qvhvq| HwZnvwmK`i gZcvPxbwgki AvbygvwbK Pvi nvRvi eQi
AvMBf ~wg Rwi ci KvR RvwgwZK avb-avi Yveenvi Ki vnZv| cvPxbwgki , evwej b, f vi Z, PxbI
BbKvmf Zvi wewf beenvwi K KvR RvwgwZi cqvMi wb`kb i qQ| cvK-f vi Z Dcgnv`k wmz
DcZKvi mf ZvqRvwgwZi ej eenvi wQj | ni vI gnv`vi vi Lbbmycwi Kw Z bMi xi AwZi
cgvYgj | kni i i vvj vwQj mgvi vj Gesf ~Mf wbvmbeevwQj DbZ| ZvQvovNi evwoi AvKvi
`L evSvhvq h, kni i Awaevmxi vf ~wg cwi gvcI ` wQj b| ew`K hyMew` Zwi Z wbw`
RvwgwZK AvKvi I dj gbPj vnZv| Gj vcavbZw f zR, PZzf yRI UvwcwRqvgAvKvi i mg^q
MwVZnZv|
ZecvPxbMxKmf Zvi hyMBRvwgwZKcYvj xei cwUmyf vej Ki vhvq| MxKMwYZwe` _wj mK
c_g RvwgwZK cgvYi KwZZ`qvnq| wZwb hyw g~j K cgvY `b h, evmvi ve mgwLwZ nq|
_wj mi wkl wc_vMvi vmRvwgwZK Zi wewZ NUvb| AvbygvwbK wLc~e300A MxK cwZ BDwKW
RvwgwZi BZZ wew m~ j vK wewaef ve mywebKi Zuvi weLvZ M Bwj gUmi PbvKi b|
Zi vL m~YKvj vxYGBBwj gUmMwUBAvaywbK RvwgwZi wf w^i c| GBAavq BDwKWi
Abymi Yhyw g~j KRvwgwZAvj vPbvKi vne|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
mgZj xqRvwgwZi gwj K ^xKvhj veYbvKi Zcvi e|
w f zRmsvDccv`j vcgvYKi Zcvi e|
w f zRmsvDccv`I Abywmvj vcqvMKi mgmvmgvavbKi Zcvi e|
61 vb, Zj , i LvI we`yi avi Yv
Avgv`i Pvi cvk weZ RMZ ) (Space mxgvnxb| Gi wewf bAsk Ryo i qQQvUeo bvbvi Kg e|
QvUeo eej Zevj yKYv, Avj wcb, cwj , KvMR, eB, Pqvi , Uwej , BU, cv_i , evwoNi , cvnvo, cw_ex,
Mn-b meBevSvb nq| wewf be vbi h Ask Ryo _vK mvbUzKzi AvKvi , AvKwZ, Aevb,
ewkcf wZ_KBRvwgwZKavb-avi Yvi De|
KvbvNbe ) (Solid hvbAwaKvi Ki _vK, ZvwZbw`Kwe Z| GwZbw`Ki we vi BewUi
wZbwU gv v(`N, cI DPZv) wb`k Ki | mRbcZKNbeBw gvw K ) dim ( ensional Three |
MwYZ
102
hgb, GKwUBUevev i wZbwUgv v(`N, cI DPZv) AvQ| GKwUMvj Ki wZbwUgv vAvQ| Gi
wZbgv vi wf bZvevSvbvMj I GK`N-c-DPZvwewkLwef Ki vhvq|
Nbei Dcwi f vMZj ) (Surface wb`k Ki A_vr, cZKNbeGKevGKvwaKZj vi vmxgve_vK|
hgb, GKwUev i QqwUcQqwUmgZj i cwZi c| Mvj Ki Dcwi f vMI GKwUZj | Zeev i cZj
I Mvj Ki cZj wf bcKvi i | c_gwUmgZj ) (Plane , wZxqwUeZj ) ( Surface Curved |
Zj wgvw K ) ( l dimensiona Two : Gi ay`NI cAvQ, KvbvDPZvbvB| GKwUev i `yBwU
gv vwVK i L ZZxqgv vgk nvmKi k~bcwi YZKi j , ev wUi cwekl gv Aewk_vK| Gf ve
Nbe_KZj i avi YvqAvmvhvq|
`y BwUZj ci i K Q` Ki j GKwUi Lv ) (line Drcbnq| hgb, ev i `yBwUcZj ev i GKavi
GKwUi Lvqwgwj Znq| GBi LvGKwUmi j i Lv ) ( line straight | GKwUj eyK GKwUcvZj vQzwi w`q
KvUj , Qzwi i mgZj hLvbj eyi eZj KQ` Ki mLvbGKwUei Lv ) ( line curved Drcbnq|
i LvGKgvw K l dimensiona one ( : Gi ay`NAvQ, cI DPZvbB| ev i GKwUc-Zj i c
gk nvmcqm~Yk~bnj , HZj i GKwUi Lvgv Aewk_vK| Gf veZj i avi Yv_K i Lvi
avi YvqAvmvhvq|
`yBwUi Lvci i Q` Ki j we`yi Drcwnq| A_vr, `yBwUi Lvi Q`vbwe`y int) (po vi vwbw`nq|
ev i `yBwUavi hgb, ev i GKKvYvqGKwUwe`yZwgwj Znq|
we`yi `N, cI DPZvbvB, ayAevbAvQ| GKwUi Lvi `Ngk nvmcj Aekl GKwUwe`yZ
chewmZnq| we`yKk~bgv vi mv ) (entity ej MYKi vnq|
62 BDwKWi ^xKvh
Dci Zj , i LvI we`ymKhavi Yv`I qvnj v, ZvZj , i LvI we`yi msvbq- eYbvgv | GB
eYbvqgv vej Z`N, c, DPZvBZvw` avi Yveenvi Ki vnqQ, hj vmsvwqZbq| BDwKWZuvi
Bwj gUmMi c_gLi i ZBwe`y, i LvI Zj i hmsvDj L Ki QbZv-I AvaywbK `wf w
Abymvi Am~Y| BDwKWc`KqKwUeYbvwbgi c :
103
MwYZ
(1) hvi KvbvAsk bvB, ZvBwe`y|
(2) i Lvi cvwe`ybB|
(3) hvi Kej `NAvQ, wKcI DPZvbvB, ZvBi Lv|
(4) hi Lvi Dcwi wZwe`yj vGKBei vei _vK, ZvBmi j i Lv|
(5) hvi Kej `NI cAvQ, ZvBZj |
(6) Zj i cvnj vi Lv|
(7) hZj i mi j i Lvj vZvi I ci mgf ve_vK, ZvBmgZj |
j Ki j `Lvhvqh, GBeYbvqAsk, `N, c, mgf veBZvw` kj vAmsvwqZf veMnYKi v
nqQ| ai bqvnqQh, Gj vmKAvgv`i cv_wgK avi Yvi qQ| Gmeavi Yvi Dci wf w Ki
we`y, mi j i LvI mgZj i avi Yv`I qvnqQ| ev weK c, hKvbvMvwYwZK Avj vPbvq GK ev
GKvwaK cv_wgK avi Yv^xKvi Ki wbZ nq| BDwKWGj vK ^Ztwm( Axioms ) ej AvLvwqZ
Ki b| BDwKWc`KqKwU ^Ztwm:
1| hmKj eGKBei mgvb, mj vci i mgvb|
2| mgvbmgvbei mv_ mgvbehvMKi vnj hvMdj mgvb|
3| mgvbmgvbe_KmgvbeweqvMKi vnj weqvMdj mgvb|
4| hvci i i mv_ wgj hvq, Zvci i mgvb|
5| c~YZvi Aski Pqeo|
AvaywbK RvwgwZZ we`y, mi j i LvI mgZj K cv_wgK avi Yvwnme MnY Ki Zv`i wKQzewkK
^xKvi Ki bI qvnq| GB^xKZ ewkj vK RvwgwZK ^xKvh ) (postulate ej vnq| eve avi Yvi
mmwZi LBGB^xKvhmg~nwbavi YKi vnqQ| BDwKWc`cvuPwU^xKvhnj v:
^xKvh1| GKwUwe`y_KAbGKwUwe`ychGKwUmi j i LvAuvKvhvq|
^xKvh2| LwZi LvKh_Qf veevovbvhvq|
^xKvh3| hKvbvK`I hKvbvevmvawbqeAuvKvhvq|
^xKvh4| mKj mgKvYci i mgvb|
^xKvh5| GKwUmi j i Lv`yBwUmi j i LvK Q` Ki j GesQ`Ki GKBcvki AtKvYqi mgw
`yBmgKvYi PqKg nj , i Lv`yBwUK h_Qf ve ewaZ Ki j hw`K KvYi mgw `yBmgKvYi
PqKg, mw`Kwgwj Znq|
BDwKWmsv, ^ZtwmI ^xKvhj vi mvnvhhyw g~j K bZzbcwZvcgvYKi b| wZwbmsv, ^Ztwm,
^xKvhI cgvwYZ cwZvi mvnvhAvevi bZzbGKwUcwZvI cgvYKi b| BDwKWZvi Bwj gUmM
gvU465wUkLj vecwZvi cgvYw`qQbhvAvaywbKhyw g~j KRvwgwZi wf w|
j Kwi h, BDwKWi c_g^xKvhwKQzAm~YZvi qQ| `yBwUwf bwe`yw`qhGKwUAbbmi j i Lv
AbKi vhvqZvDcwZnqQ| cg^xKvhAbPvi wU^xKvhi PqRwUj | Abw`K, c_g_K
104
MwYZ
MwYZ
105
dgv- 14, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
PZz_^xKvhj vGZvmnR hGj vBmZej cZxqgvbnq| wKGj vcgvY Ki vhvqbv|
myZi vs, Dw j vcgvYwenxbmZev^xKvhej gbbqvnq| cg^xKvhwUmgvi vj mi j i Lvi mv_
RwoZweavqci eZxZAvj vPbvKi vne|
63 mgZj RvwgwZ
c~eBwe`y, mi j i LvI mgZj RvwgwZi wZbwUcv_wgK avi YvDj L Ki vnqQ| G`i h_vh_ msv
`I qvme bvnj I G`i mKAvgv`i eve Awf Zvcm~Z avi YvnqQ| weg~ZRvwgwZK avi Yv
wnmevbK we`ymg~ni mUai vnqGesmi j i LvI mgZj K GBmvweK mUi DcmUweePbvKi v
nq| A_vr,
^xKvh1| RMZ ) (Space mKj we`yi mUGesmgZj I mi j i LvGBmUi DcmU|
GB^xKvh_K Avgi vj Kwi h, cZK mgZj I cZK mi j i LvGK GKwUmU, hvi Dcv`vbnQ
we`y| RvwgwZK eYbvq mvavi YZ mU cZxKi eenvi cwi nvi Ki vnq| hgb, Kvbvwe`yGKwU
mi j i Lvi (evmgZj i ) A f y nj we`y wUH mi j i Lvq (evmgZj ) AewZ A_ev, mi j i LvwU(ev
mgZj wU) Hwe`yw`qhvq| GKBf ve, GKwUmi j i LvGKwUmgZj i DcmUnj mi j i LvwUHmgZj
AewZ, A_ev, mgZj wUHmi j i Lvw`qhvqGi KgevKvi vZveYbvKi vnq|
mi j i LvI mgZj i ewkwnme^xKvi Ki bI qvnqh,
^xKvh2| `yBwUwf bwe`yi RbGKwUI Kej GKwUmi j i LvAvQ, hvZDf qwe`yAewZ|
^xKvh3| GKBmi j i LvqAewZ bqGgbwZbwUwf bwe`yi RbGKwUI Kej GKwUmgZj AvQ,
hvZwe`ywZbwUAewZ|
^xKvh4| KvbvmgZj i `yBwUwf bwe`yw`qhvqGgbmi j i LvHmgZj AewZ|
^xKvh5| (K) RMZ ) (Space GKvwaKmgZj we`gvb|
(L) cZKmgZj GKvwaKmi j i LvAewZ|
(M) cZK mi j i Lvi we`ymg~n Ges eve msLvmg~nK Ggbf ve mwKZ Ki vhvq hb,
i LvwUi cZK we`yi mGKwUAbbevemsLvmswknqGescZK evemsLvi m
i LvwUi GKwUAbbwe`ymswknq|
ge: ^xKvh1_K^xKvh5KAvcZb^xKvhej vnq|
RvwgwZZ`~i Zi avi YvI GKwUcv_wgKavi Yv| GRb^xKvi Ki bI qvnqh,
^xKvh6| (K) P I Q we`yhyMj GKwUAbbevemsLvwbw`Ki _vK| msLvwUK P we`y_K Q
we`yi `~i Zej vnqGes PQ vi vm~wPZKi vnq|
(L) P I Q wf bwe`ynj PQ msLvwUabvZK| Ab_vq, 0 = PQ |
(M) P _K Q Gi `~i ZGes Q _K P Gi `~i ZGKB| A_vr QP PQ = |
106
MwYZ
QP PQ = nI qvZGB`~i ZK mvavi YZ P we`yI Q we`yi gaeZx`~i Zej vnq| eenvwi Kf ve, GB
`~i Zc~ewbavwi ZGKKi mvnvhcwi gvc Ki vnq|
^xKvh5 (M) AbyhvqxcZK mi j i LvqAewZwe`ymg~ni mUI evemgmvi mUi gaGK-GK wgj
vcbKi vhvq| Gcm^xKvi Ki bI qvnqh,
^xKvh7| Kvbvmi j i Lvq AewZ we`ymg~ni mUGes eve msLvi mUi gaGgbf ve GK-GK
wgj vcb Ki vhvq, hb i LvwUi hKvbvwe`y Q P, Gi Rb b a PQ = nq, hLvb
wgj Ki Yi dj P I Q Gi mh_vg a I b evemsLvmswknq|
GB^xKvhewYZwgj Ki YKi vnj , i LvwUGKwUmsLvi Lvqcwi YZnqQej vnq| msLvi LvqP we`yi
ma msLvwUmswk nj P K a Gi j Lwe`yGes a K P Gi vbvej vnq| Kvbv
mi j i LvK msLvi Lvqcwi YZ Ki vi Rbc_g i LvwUi GKwUwe`yi vbv0 GesAci GKwUwe`yi
vbv1 ai bI qvnq| GZ i LvwUZ GKwUGKK `~i ZGes GKwUabvZK w`K wbw` nq| GRb
^xKvi Ki bI qvnqh,
^xKvh8| hKvbvmi j i LvAB K Ggbf vemsLvi Lvqcwi YZ Ki vhvqh, A Gi vbvO Ges
B Gi vbvabvZKnq|
ge: ^xKvh6K`~i Z^xKvh, ^xKvh7Ki j vi ^xKvhGes^xKvh8Ki j vi vcb^xKvhej vnq|
RvwgwZK eYbvK Ki vi RbwP eenvi Ki vnq| KvMRi I ci cwj evKj gi m~ duvUvw`q
we`yi cwZi c AuvKvnq| mvRvi j vi ei vei `vMUbmi j i Lvi cwZi c AuvKvnq| mi j i Lvi wP `yB
w`K Zxi wP w`qevSvbvnqh, i LvwUDf qw`K mxgvnxbf vewe Z| ^xKvh2Abyhvqx`yBwUwf bwe`y
A I B GKwUAbbmi j i Lvwbw`Ki hvZ we`y`yBwUAewZ nq| GBi LvK AB i LvevBA
i Lvej vnq| ^xKvh5(M) AbyhvqxGi c cZKmi j i LvAmsLwe`yavi YKi |
^xKvh(5) (K) AbyhvqxGKvwaK mgZj we`gvb| Gi c cZK mgZj AmsL mi j i Lvi qQ|
RvwgwZi h kvLvq GKB mgZj AewZ we`y, i LvGes Zv`i mmwKZ wewf bRvwgwZK mv
mK Avj vPbv Ki v nq, ZvK mgZj RvwgwZ
) ( Geometry Plane ej vnq| GcyK mgZj RwgwZBAvgv`i
g~j weeP wel q| myZi vs, wekl KvbvDj L bv_vKj eySZ
ne h, Avj vPmKj we`y, i LvBZvw` GKBmgZj AewZ|
Gi c GKwUwbw`mgZj BAvj vPbvi mvweKmU|
MvwYwZKDw i cgvY
hKvbvMvwYwZKZKwZcqcv_wgKavi Yv, msvGes^xKvhi Dci wf wKi avc avc HZ
mwKZwewf bDw hw Kf vecgvYKi vnq| Gi c Dw Kmvavi YZcwZvej vnq| cwZvi
hw KZvcgvYi Rbhyw we`vi wKQzwbqgcqvMKi vnq| hgb,
MwYZ
107
(K) Avi vncwZ(Mathematical Induction)
(L) Aei vncwZ(Mathematical Deduction)
(M) wei vacwZBZvw`|
wei vacwZ(Proof by contradiction)
`vkwbKGwi Uj hyw g~j KcgvYi GcwZwUi m~PbvKi b| GcwZi wf wnj v:
GKBYKGKBmgq^xKvi I A^xKvi Ki vhvqbv|
GKBwRwbl i `y BwUci i wei vaxY_vKZcvi bv|
hvci i wei vaxZvAwPbxq|
KvbveGKmgqhYi AwaKvi xnq, mBemBGKBmgqmBYi AbwaKvi xnZcvi bv|
64 RvwgwZKcgvY
RvwgwZZKZKj vcwZvKwekl i Zw`qDccv`wnmeMnYKi vnqGesAbvbcwZvcgvY
gAbyhvqxG`i eenvi Ki vnq| RvwgwZK cgvYwewf bZ_wP i mvnvheYbvKi vnq| ZecgvY
AekBhyw wbf i nZne|
RvwgwZK cwZvi eYbvq mvavi Y wbePb ) ( n enunciatio general A_evwekl wbePb particular (
) n enunciatio eenvi Ki vnq| mvavi Y wbePbnQwP wbi c eYbvAvi wekl wbePbnQwP wbf i
eYbv| KvbvcwZvi mvavi Y wbePb`I qv_vKj cwZvi wel qewekl wbePbi gvag wbw` Ki v
nq| GRbcqvRbxqwP AbKi Znq| RvwgwZKDccv`i cgvYmvavi YZwbgv avcj v_vK:
(1) mvavi YwbePb
(2) wP I wekl wbePb
(3) cqvRbxqAbi eYbvGes
(4) cgvYi hw Kavcj vi eYbv|
hw` KvbvcwZvmi vmwi f ve GKwUDcvcv`i wmv_K cgvwYZ nq, Ze ZvK AbK mgq H
Dccv`i Abywmv ) (Corollary wnme Dj L Ki vhvq| wewf bcwZvcgvY Ki vQvovI RvwgwZZ
wewf bwP AbKi vi cvebvweePbvKi vnq| Gj vK mv`ej vnq| mv`wel qK wP AbKi
wP vbi eYbvI hw KZvDj L Ki Znq|
Abykxj bx61
1| vb, Zj , i LvGeswe`yi avi Yv`vI |
2| BDwKWi cuvPwU^xKvheYbvKi |
108
MwYZ
3| cuvPwUAvcZb^xKvheYbvKi |
4| `~eZ^xKvhwUeYbvKi |
5| i j vi ^xKvhwUeYbvKi |
6| msLvi LveYbvKi |
7| i j vi vcb^xKvhwUeYbvKi |
8| ci i Q`xmi j i LvI mgv i vj mi j i Lvi msv`vI |
i Lv, i wk, i Lvsk
mgZj xqRvwgwZi ^xKvhAbyhvqxmgZj mi j i Lvwe`gvbhvi cwZwUwe`ymgZj AewZ| gbKwi ,
mgZj ABGKwUmi j i LvGesi LvwUi Dci AewZ GKwUwe`yC | C we`yK A I B we`yi AeZx
ej vnqhw` A, C I B GKBmi j i Lvi wf bwf bwe`ynqGes AC +CB =AB nq| A, C I B we`y
wZbwUK mgi L we`yI ej vnq| A I B GesG`i AeZxmKj we`yi mUK A I B we`yi mshvRK
i Lvsk evmsc AB i Lvsk ej vnq| A I B we`yi AeZxcZK we`yK i Lvski Atwe`y
ej vnq|
KvY
mgZj `yBwUi wki cvwe`yGKB nj KvY Zwi nq|
i wk`yBwUK KvYi ev Ges Zv`i mvavi Y we`yK
kxl we`yej | wP , OP I OQ i wkq Zv`i mvavi Y
cvwe`yOZ POQ Z DrcbKi Q| O we`ywU POQ Z
Gi kxl we`y| OP Gi hcvkQ AvQmBcvkGes
OQ Gi hcvkP AvQmBcvkAewZ mKj we`yi
mUK
POQ Z
Gi Af i ej vnq| KvYwUi Af i
A_evKvbvevZ AewZ bq Ggb mKj we`yi mUK
Gi ewnf vMej vnq|
mi j KvY
`yBwUci i weci xZi wkZv`i mvavi Ycvwe`yZhKvYDrcb
Ki , ZvK mi j KvY ej | cvki wP , AB i wki cvwe`yA
_K AB Gi weci xZ w`K AC i wkAvuKvnqQ| AC I AB
i wkqZv`i mvavi Ycvwe`yA Z BAC Z DrcbKi Q| BAC Z
Kmi j KvYej | mi j KvYi cwi gvc `yBmgKvYev180
0
|
MwYZ
109
mwbwnZKvY
hw` mgZj `yBwUKvYi GKBkxl we`ynqI Zv`i GKwUmvavi Y
i wk_vK Ges KvYq mvavi Y i wki weci xZ cvk Aevb Ki ,
ZeHKvYqKmwbwnZKvYej |
cvki wP , A we`ywU BAC Z I CAD Z Gi kxl we`y|
A we`y BAC Z I CAD Z DrcbKvi xi wkj vi ga AC mvavi Y
i wk| KvY `y BwUmvavi Y i wk AC Gi weci xZ cvk AewZ|
BAC Z Ges CAD Z ci i mwb wnZKvY|
j ^, mgKvY
GKwUmi j KvYi mgwLKK j ^Ges mswk mwbwnZ KvYi
cZKwUK mgKvY ej | cvki wP , BAD Z mi j KvY A
we`yZ AC i wkvi vdj BAC Z I CAD Z mwbwnZ KvY`yBwUi
cZKmgKvYGes BD I AC evqci i i Dci j ^|
m~ KvYI ~j KvY
GK mgKvY _K QvUKvYK m~ KvY GesGK mgKvY _K
eo wK`yBmgKvY _K QvUKvYK ~j KvY ej vnq| wP
AOC Z m~ KvY Ges AOD Z ~j KvY| GLvb AOB Z GK
mgKvY|
ceKvY
`yB mgKvY _K eo wK Pvi mgKvY _K QvU KvYK
ceKvYej vnq| wP wPwZ AOC Z ceKvY|
c~i KKvY
`yBwU KvYi cwi gvci hvMdj 1 mgKvY nj KvY `yBwUi
GKwUAci wUi c~i KKvY|
cvki wP , AOB Z GKwUmgKvY| OC i wkKvYwUi evqi
Af i AewZ| Gi dj AOC Z Ges COB Z GB`yBwUKvY
Drcbnj v| KvY`yBwUi cwi gvci hvMdj AOB Z Gi cwi gvci
mgvb, A_vr 1 mgKvY| AOC Z Ges COB Z ci i c~ i K
KvY|
MwYZ
110
m~i KKvY
`yBwUKvYi cwi gvci hvMdj 2 mgKvYnj KvY`yBwUci ci
m~i KKvY|
AB GKwUmi j i Lvi O AtGKwUwe`y| OC GKwUi wkhv
OA i wkI OB i wk_Kwf b| Gi dj AOC Z Ges COB Z
GB`yBwUKvYDrcbnj v| KvY`yBwUi cwi gvci hvMdj AOB Z
KvYi cwi gvci mgvb, A_vr 2 mgKvY, Kbbv AOB Z GKwU
mi j KvY| AOC Z Ges COB Z ci i m~i KKvY|
wecZxc KvY
KvbvKvYi evqi weci xZi wkqhKvYZwi Ki ZvH
KvYi wecZxc KvY|
wP OA I OB ci i weci xZ i wk| Avevi OCI OD
ci i weci xZi wk| BOD Z I AOC Z ci i wecZxc KvY|
Avevi BOC Z I DOA Z GKwUAci wUi wecZxc KvY| `yBwU
mi j i LvKvbvwe`yZ ci i K Q` Ki j , Q` we`yZ `yB
RvovwecZxc KvYDrcbnq|
Dccv`1
GKwUmi j i Lvi GKwUwe`yZAci GKwUi wkwgwj Znj , h`yBwU
mwbwnZKvYDrcbnqZv`i mgw`yBmgKvY|
gbKwi , AB mi j i LvwUi O we`yZ OC i wki cvwe`yO wgwj Z
nqQ| dj AOC Z I COB Z `y BwUmwb wnZKvYDrcbnj | AB
i Lvi Dci DO j ^AuvwK|
mwbwnZKvYqi mgw= AOC Z + COB Z = AOD Z + DOC Z
+ COB Z
= AOD Z + DOB Z =2mgKvY|
Dccv`2
`yBwUmi j i Lvci i Q` Ki j , DrcbwecZxc KvYj vci i
mgvb|
gbKwi , AB I CD i Lvqci i O we`yZQ` Ki Q| dj
O we`yZ AOC Z , COB Z , BOD Z , AOD Z KvYDrcbnqQ|
AOC Z =wecZxc BOD Z Ges COB Z = wecZxc AOD Z |
111
MwYZ
64 mgv i vj mi j i Lv
GKvi KvY, Abyi c KvY, Q`Ki GKBcvkAtKvY
Dci i wP , AB I CD `yBwUmi j i LvGes EF mi j i LvG`i K P I Q we`yZ Q` Ki Q|
EF mi j i LvAB I CD mi j i Lvqi Q`K| Q`KwUAB I CD mi j i Lv`yBwUi mv_ 1 Z , 2 Z ,
3 Z , 4 Z , 5 Z , 6 Z , 7 Z , 8 Z gvUAvUwUKvY Zwi Ki Q| G KvYj vi ga
(K) 1 Z Ges 5 Z , 2 Z Ges 6 Z , 3 Z Ges 7 Z , 4 Z Ges 8 Z ci i Aby i c KvY|
(L) 3 Z Ges 6 Z , 4 Z Ges 5 Z nj vci i GKvi KvY
(M) 4 Z , 6 Z Wvbcvki AtKvY|
(N) 3 Z , 5 Z evgcvki AtKvY|
mgZj `yBwUmi j i Lvci i KQ` Ki Zcvi A_evZvi vmgv i vj | mi j i Lvqci i Q`xnq, hw`
Df qi Lvq Aew Z GKwUmvavi Y we`y_vK| Ab_vq mi j i Lv`yBwUmgv i vj | j Yxq h, `y BwUwf b
mi j i Lvi mevwaKGKwUmvavi Ywe`y_vKZcvi |
GKBmgZj AewZ`yBwUmi j i Lvi mgvi vj ZvwbgewYZwZbf vemsvwqZKi vhvq:
(K) mi j i Lv`yBwUKLbI ci i KQ` Ki bv(`yBw`KAmxgch ewa ZKi vnj I )|
(L) GKwUmi j i Lvi cwZwUwe`yAci wU_Kmgvbz`Zg`~i ZAevbKi |
(M) mi j i Lv`yBwUKAci GKwUmi j i LvQ` Ki j hw` GKv i KvYevAbyi ~ c KvYj vmgvbnq|
msv(K) Abymvi GKBmgZj AewZ `yBwUmi j i LvGK Aci K Q` bvKi j mj vmgvi vj |
`yBwUmgv i vj mi j i Lv_KhKvbv`yBwUi Lvsk wbj , i Lvsk `yBwUI ci i mgvi vj nq|
msv(L) Abymvi `yBwUmgvi vj mi j i Lvi GKwUi hKvbvwe`y_K Aci wUi j ^-`~i Zme`vmgvb|
j ^-`~i Zej Z Zv`i GKwUi hKvbvwe`ynZ Aci wUi Dci AwZ j ^i `NKBevSvq| Avevi
weci xZf ve, `yBwUmi j i Lvi GKwUi hKvbv`yBwUwe`y_K Aci wUi j ^ -`~i Zci i mgvb nj I
i Lvqmgvi vj | GBj ^-`~i ZK`yBwUmgvi vj i Lvqi `~i Zej vnq|
msv(M) BDwKWi cg^xKvhi mgZzj | RvwgwZKcgvYI Abi RbGmsvwUAwaKZi DchvMx|
j Kwi , Kvbvwbw`mi j i Lvi Dci Aew ZbqGi ~ c we`yi gaw`qHmi j i Lvi mgv i vj Ki
GKwUgv mi j i LvAu vKvhvq|
112
MwYZ
Dccv`3
`yBwUmgv i vj mi j i Lvi GKwUQ`Kvi vDrcb
(K) cZKGKvi KvYRvovmgvbne|
(L) Q`Ki GKBcvki AtKvY`yBwUci i m~i K|
wP , CD AB ll Ges
PQ
Q`K Zv`i h_vg EI F we`y Z
Q` Ki Q|
myZi vs, (K) PEB Z =Abyi ~c EFD Z [msvbymvi ]
(L) AEF Z =GKvi EFD Z
(M) EFD BEF Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
KvR:
1| mgvi vj mi j i Lvi weK msvi mvnvh mgvi vj mi j i LvmsvDccv`j vcgvYKi |
Dccv` 4
`yBwUmi j i LvAci GKwUmi j i LvKQ` Ki j hw`
(K) Abyi ~c KvYj vci i mgvbnq, A_ev
(L) GKvi KvYj vci i mgvbnq, A_ev
(M) Q`Ki GKBcvki AtKvYqi hvMdj `yBmgKvYi mgvbnq,
ZeHmi j i Lv`yBwUci i mgvi vj |
wP , ABI CDi LvqK
PQ
i Lvh_vg EI F we`yZQ`
Ki QGes
(K) PEB Z =Abyi ~c EFD Z
A_ev, (L) AEF Z =GKvi EFD Z
A_ev, (M) EFD BEF Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
myZi vs, ABI CD i Lv`yBwUci i mgv i vj |
Abywmv1| hmemi j i LvGKBmi j i Lvi mgvi vj mj vci i mgvi vj |
Abykxj bx62
1| KvYi Af i I ewnf vMi msv`vI |
2| hw` GKBmi j i LvwZbwUwf bwe`ynq, ZewP i DrcbKvYj vi bvgKi YKi |
3| mwbwnZKvYi msv`vI GesGi evj vwPwZKi |
4| wP mnmsv`vI : wecZxc KvY, c~i KKvY, m~i KKvY, mgKvY, m~ KvYGes~j KvY|
MwYZ
113
dgv- 15, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
w f yR
wZbwUi Lvsk vi vAvewP GKwUw f yR| i Lvskj vK w f zRi
ev ej | hKvbv`yBwUevi mvavi Y we`yK kxl we`yej vnq|
w f zRi hKvbv`yBwUevkxl we`yZ KvY DrcbKi | w f yRi
wZbwU ev I wZbwU KvY i qQ| evf ` w f zR wZb cKvi :
mgev, mgwevI wel gev| Avevi KvYf `I w f zR wZbcKvi :
m~ KvYx, j KvYxI mgKvYx|
w f zRi evwZbwUi `Ni mgwKcwi mxgvej | w f zRi evj vvi vmxgve Kw f zR ej |
w f zRi hKvbvkxl we`ynZweci xZevi gawe`ychAwZi LvskK gagvej | Avevi , hKvbv
kxl we`ynZweci xZevGi j ^`~i ZBw f zRi DPZv|
cvki wP ABC GKwUw f zR| C B A , , Gi wZbwUkxl we`y| AB, BC,CA Gi wZbwUevGesGi
wZbwUKvY BAC Z , ABC Z , BCA Z AB, BC, CA evi cwi gvci hvMdj w f zRwUi cwi mxgv|
mgevw f yR
hw f zRi wZbwUevmgvbZvmgevw f yR| cvki wP ABC
w f zRi AB= BC=CA| A_vr evwZbwUi `Nmgvb| ABC
w f yRwUGKwUmgevw f yR|
mgwevw f yR
hw f zRi `yBwUevmgvbZvmgwevw f yR|
cvki wP ABC w f zRi AB = AC = BC| A_vr `yBwUevi
`Nmgvb, hv`i KvbvwUBZZxqevi mgvbbq| ABC w f yRwU
mgwev|
wel gevw f yR
hw f zRi wZbwUevBci i AmgvbZvwel gevw f yR| cvki
wP ABC w f zRi AB, BC, CA evj vi `N ci i
Amgvb| ABC w f yRwUwel gev|
m~ KvYxw f yR
h w f yRi cZKwUKvY m~ KvY, Zvm~ KvYxw f yR| ABC
w f yR BAC Z , ABC Z , BCA Z KvY wZbwUi cZK m~ KvY|
A_vr cZKwUKvYi cwi gvY 90
0
AcvKg| ABC A GKwU
m~ KvYxw f yR|
114
MwYZ
mgKvYxw f yR
h w f yRi GKwU KvY mgKvY, ZvmgKvYx w f yR| DEF
w f yR DFE Z mgKvY, Aci KvY `yBwU DEF Z I EDF Z
cZKm~ KvY| DEF A GKwUmgKvYxw f yR|
j KvYxw f yR
h w f yRi GKwU KvY ~j KvY, Zvj KvYxw f yR| GHK
w f yR GKH Z GKwU ~j KvY, Aci KvY `yBwU GHK Z I
HGK Z cZKm~ KvY| GHK A GKwUj KvYxw f yR|
93 w f yRi ewntI AtKvY
Kvbvw f yRi GKwUevewaZ Ki j hKvY DrcbnqZvw f yRwUi GKwUewntKvY| GBKvYi
mwbwnZKvYwUQvovw f yRi Aci `yBwUKvYKGBewntKvYi weci xZAtKvYej |
cvki wP , ABC A Gi BC evK D chewaZKi vnqQ|
ACD Z w f yRwUi GKwU ewnt KvY| ABD Z , BAC Z I
ACB Z w f yRwUi wZbwUAtKvY| ACB Z K ACD Z Gi
cwZ mwbwnZ At KvY ej vnq| BAC ABC Z Z I Gi
cZKK ACD Z Gi weci xZAtKvYej vnq|
Dccv`5
w f yRi wZbKvYi mgw`yBmgKvYi mgvb|
gbKwi , ABC GKwUw f yR| w f zRwUi = Z + Z + Z ACB ABC BAC `yBmgKvY|
Abywmv1| w f zRi GKwUevK ewaZ Ki j h ewnt KvY Drcbnq, ZvGi weci xZ At
KvYqi mgwi mgvb|
Abywmv2| w f zRi GKwUevK ewaZKi j hewntKvYDrcbnq, ZvGi Atweci xZKvY
`yBwUi cZKwUAcveni |
Abywmv3| mgKvYxw f yRi m~ KvYqci i c~i K|
KvR:
1| cgvYKi h, w f zRi GKwUevKewaZKi j hewntKvYDrcbnq, ZvGi A tweci xZKvY`yBwUi cZKwU
Acveni |
MwYZ
115
evI KvYi memgZv:
`yBwUi Lvski `N mgvb nj i Lvsk `yBwUmemg| Avevi
weci xZf ve, `yBwUi Lvsk memgnj Zv`i `Nmgvb|
`yBwUKvYi cwi gvc mgvbnj KvY`yBwUmemg| Avevi
weci xZf ve, `yBwUKvYmemgnj Zv`i cwi gvcI mgvb|
w f zRi memgZv
GKwUw f zRK Aci GKwUw f zRi Dci vcbKi j hw` w f zR `yBwUmeZvf vewgj hvq, Zew f zR
`yBwUmemgnq| memgw f zRi Abyi ~c evI Abyi ~c KvYj vmgvb|
cvki wP DEF ABC A A I memg| DEF ABC A A I
memg nj Ges C B A , , kxl h_vg F E D , , kxl i Dci
cwZZnj DE AB = , DF AC = , EF BC = Ges D A Z = Z ,
E B Z = Z , F C Z = Z ne| DEF ABC A A I memg
evSvZ DEF ABC A ~ A j Lvnq|
Dccv`6( ev-KvY-evDccv`)
hw` `yBwUw f zRi GKwUi `yBevh_vgAci wUi `y Bevi mgvbnqGesev`yBwUi Af y KvY`yBwU
ci i mgvbnq, Zew f zR`yBwUmemg|
gbKwi , ABC A I DEF A G DE AB = , DF AC = GesA
f y BAC Z = Af y EDF Z . Zvnj , DEF ABC A ~ A .
Dccv` 7
hw` Kvbvw f zRi `yBwUev ci i mgvb nq, Ze G`i weci xZ KvY `yBwUI
ci i mgvbne|
gbKwi , ABC w f zR AC AB = | Zvnj , ACB ABC Z = Z |
116
MwYZ
Dccv` 8
hw` Kvbvw f zRi `yBwUKvYci i mgvbnq, ZeG`i weci xZev`yBwUI ci i mgvbne|
wekl wbePb:gbKwi , ABC w fzR ACB ABC Z = Z
| cgvYKi Zneh, AC AB = |
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hw` AC AB = GesG`i KvbwUB
AB
Gi
mgvb bv nq, Ze (i) AC AB > A_ev (ii)
AC AB < ne|
gbKwi , (i) AC AB > . AB _K AC Gi mgvb
AD KUwbB| GLb, ADC w f zRwUmgwev| myZi vs
ACD ADC Z = Z DBC A Gi ewnt KvY
ADC Z > ABC Z
ACD Z > ABC Z myZi vs, ACB Z > ABC Z
wKZvc`kZwei vax|
(2) Abyi cf ve, (ii) AC AB < nj `Lvbvhvqh
ABC Z > ACB Z . wKZvI c`kZwei vax|
(3) myZi vs, AC AB > A_ev AC AB < nZcvi
bv| AC AB = (cgvwYZ)
[mgwevw f zRi f ~wgmsj MKvYqmgvb]
[ewnt KvY At weci xZ KvY `yBwUcZKwU
Acveni ]
Dccv` 9 (ev-ev-evDccv`)
hw` GKwUw f zRi wZbevAci GKwUw f zRi wZbevi mgvbnq, Zew f zR`yBwUmemgne|
gbKwi , ABC A Ges DEF A G DE AB = ,
DF AC = Ges EF BC = . Zvnj ,
DEF ABC A ~ A .
Dccv` 10( KvY-ev-KvYDccv`)
hw` GKwUw f yRi `yBwUKvYI Zv`i msj Mevh_vgAci GKwUw f yRi `yBwUKvYI Zv`i
msj Mevi mgvbnq, Zew f yR`yBwUmemgne|
MwYZ
117
gb Kwi , DEF ABC A A I -G E B Z = Z ,
F C Z = Z GesKvYqi msj MBC ev=Abyi ~c
EF ev| Ze w f yR `yBwU memg, A_vr
DEF ABC A ~ A .
Dccv`11(AwZf zR-evDccv`)
`yBwUmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yRq mgvbnj Ges GKwUi GK evAci wUi Aci GK evi mgvbnj ,
w f yRqmemg|
DEF ABCI mgKvYx w f yRq AwZf yR AC =AwZf yR DF Ges DE AB = .Zvnj ,
DEF ABC A ~ A .
w f zRi evI KvYi gamKi qQ| GmKwbPi Dccv`11I Dccv`12Gi cwZcv`wel q|
Dccv`12
Kvbvw f zRi GKwUev Aci GKwUev Acveni nj , eni evi weci xZ KvY z`Zi evi
weci xZKvYAcveni |
gbKwi , . G - AB AC ABC > A myZi vs
. ACB ABC Z > Z
Dccv`13
Kvbvw f zRi GKwUKvYAci GKwUKvYAcveni nj , eni KvYi weci xZevz`Zi KvYi
weci xZevAcveni |
wekl wbePb: gbKwi ,
ABC A
Gi
ACB ABC Z > Z
cgvYKi Zneh,
AB AC >
cgvY:
avc
h_v_Zv
(1) hw`
AC
ev
AB
evAcv
eni bvnq,
[mgwev w f zRi mgvb evqi weci xZ KvYq
mgvb]
MwYZ
118
Ze(i)
AB AC =
A_ev(ii)
AB AC <
ne|
(i) hw`
AB AC =
nq,
ACB ABC Z = Z
wKkZvbyhvqx
ACB ABC Z > Z
Zvc`kZwei vax|
(ii) Avevi , hw`
AB AC <
nq, Ze
ACB ABC Z < Z
ne|
wKZvI c`kZwei vax|
(2) myZi vs,
AC
ev
AB
Gi mgvb ev
AB
_K z`Zi nZ cvi bv|
AB AC >
(cgvwYZ)|
[z`Zi evi weci xZKvYz`Zi ]
w f zRi hKvbv`yBevi `Ni mgwi evAi i mv_ ZZxqevi `Ni mKi qQ|
Dccv`14
w f zRi hKvbv`yBevi `Ni mgwGi ZZxqevi `NAcveni |
gbKwi , ABC GKwUw f z R| awi , BC w f zRwUi
engev| Zvnj , BC AC AB > + |
Abywmv1| w f zRi hKvbv`yBevi `Ni Ai Gi ZZxqevi `NAcvz`Zi |
gbKwi , ABC GKwUw f zR| ABC A Gi hKvbv`yBevi `Ni Ai Gi ZZxqevi `N
Acvz`Zi | hgb, BC AC AB < |
Dccv`15
w f zRi hKvbv`yBevi gawe`yi mshvRKi Lvsk ZZxqevi mgvi vj Ges`NZvi AaK|
gbKwi , ABC GKwUw f zR| DI E h_vg
w f zRwUi AB I AC evi gawe`y| Zvnj , cgvY
Ki Zneh BC DE || Ges BC DE
2
1
= .
Ab: DI E hvMKi ewaZKwi hb DE EF = nq|
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) ADE A I CEF A Gi ga EC AE = ,
EF DE =
CEF AED Z = Z
[`I qvAvQ]
[Abvbymvi ]
[wecZxc KvY]
119
MwYZ
ADE A ~ CEF A
EFC ADE Z = Z Ges ECF DAE Z = Z .
BC DF || ev BC DE || .
[ev-KvY-evDccv`]
[GKv i KvY]
(2) Avevi , BC DF = ev BC EF DE = +
ev BC DE DE = + ev BC DE = 2 ev
BC DE
2
1
=
Dccv`16(wc_vMvi vmi Dccv`)
mgKvYx w f zRi AwZf zRi I ci AwZ eM i dj Aci `yBevi I ci AwZ eM qi
dj i mgwi mgvb|
gbKwi , ABC mgKvYxw f yRi ABC Z mgKvYGes
AC AwZf zR| Zvnj ,
2 2 2
BC AB AC + = .
Abykxj bx63
1| wbPwZbwUevi `N`I qvnj v| Kvb w f yRAbme?
K. 5m. wg., 6m. wg. I 7m. wg. L. 3m. wg., 4m. wg. I 7m. wg.
M. 5m. wg., 7m. wg. I 14m. wg. N. 2m. wg., 4m. wg. I 8m. wg.
2| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
i hw f yRi wZbwUKvYmgKvYZvKmgKvYxw f yRej
ii hw f yRi wZbwUKvYmy KvYZvKm~ KvYxw f yRej |
iii hw f yRi wZbwUevmgvbZvKmgevw f yRej
wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3| c`wP Abyhvqx3I 4bscki Di `vI |
GKmgKvYi mgvbKvYKvYwU?
K. ZBOC L. ZBOD
M. ZCOD N. ZAOD
4| ZBOC Gi c~i KKvbKvYwU?
K. ZAOC L. ZBOD
M. ZCOD N. ZAOD
120
MwYZ
5| cgvYKi h, mgevw f zRi evj vi gawe`ymg~nhvMKi j hw f zRDrcbnq, Zvmgevne|
6| cgvYKi h, mgevw f zRi gagvwZbwUci i mgvb|
7| cgvYKi h, w f zRi hKvbv`yBwUewntKvYi mgw`yBmgKvYAcveni |
8| ABC A Gi Af i D GKwUwe`y| cgvYKi h, . DC BD AC AB + > +
9| ABC A Gi BC evi gawe`yD nj , cgvYKi h, . 2AD AC AB > +
10| cgvYKi h, w f zRi gagv qi mgwZvi cwi mxgvAcvz`Zi |
11| ABC mgwevw f zR, BA evK D ch Gi cf veewa ZKi vnj , hb AD BA = nq| cgvY
Ki h, BCD Z GKwUmgKvY|
12| ABC A Gi B Z I C Z Gi mgwLKq O we`yZwgwj Znq|
cgvYKi h, .
2
1
90 A BOC Z + = Z

13| ABC A Gi AB I AC evKewaZKi j B I C we`yZhewntKvY`yBwUDrcbnq, Zv`i
mgwLK`yBwUO we`yZwgwj Znj ,
cgvYKi h, .
2
1
90 A BOC Z = Z

14| wP , `I qvAvQ, C Z =GKmgKvY
Ges A B Z = Z 2
cgvYKi h, BC AB 2 = .
15| cgvYKi h, w f zRi GKwUevewaZKi j hewntKvYDrcbnq, Zvweci xZAtKvYqi
mgwi mgvb|
16| cgvYKi h, w f zRi hKvbv`yBevi Ai Zvi ZZxqevAcvy`Zi |
17| wP , ABC w f zRi = ZB GKmgKvY
Ges D, AwZf zR AC Gi gawe`y|
cgvYKi h, .
2
1
AC BD =
18| ABC A G AC AB > Ges A Z Gi mgwLK BC AD, evK D we`yZQ` Ki |
cgvYKi h, ADB Z ~j KvY|
19| cgvYKi h,
cgvYKi h,
Kvbvi Lvski j ^wLKi Dcwi wZhKvbvwe`yD i Lvski cvwe`yqnZ
mg`~i eZx|
20.ABC GKwUmgKvYxw f yRhvi ZA=GKmgKvY| BC evi gawe`yD.
K. c`Z_AbyhvqxABC w f yRwUAbKi |
L.
M.
`LvI h, AB+AC>2AD
AD=
2
1
BC
dgv- 16, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
mgAavq
eenvwi KRvwgwZ
c~ei kwYZ RvwgwZi wewf bDccv` cgvY I Abykxj bxZ wP Abi cqvRb wQj | mme wP
m~ f veAbi cqvRbwQj bv| wKKLbvKLbvRvwgwZK wP m~ f veAbi cqvRbnq| hgb,
GKRb cwZ hLb Kvbvevwoi bKmvKi b wKsevcKkj xhLb hi wewf bAski wP AuvKb| G
ai bi RvwgwZK Ab ayj I cwj Kvmi mvnvhbI qvnq| BZvc~ej I cwj Kvmi
mvnvhw f zR I PZzf yR AuvKZ wkLwQ| GAavqwekl ai bi w f zR I PZzf yR Abi Avj vPbvKi v
ne|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
wP i mvnvhw f zRI PZzf yRevLvKi Zcvi e|
c`Dcveenvi Ki w f zRAbKi Zcvi e|
c`Dcveenvi Ki mvgvwi KAbKi Zcvi e|
71w f zRAb
cZK w f zRi wZbwUevI wZbwUKvYi qQ| ZeKvbvw f zRi AvKvi I AvKwZ wbw`Ki vi Rb
mej vevI KvYi cqvRbnqbv| hgb, w f zRi wZbKvYi mgw`yBmgKvY ej Gi hKvbv
`yBwUKvYi gvb `I qv_vKj ZZxq KvYwUi gvb ei Ki vhvq| Avevi , w f zRi memgZvmsv
Dccv`j v_K `Lvhvq h, Kvbvw f zRi wZbwUevI wZbwUKvY A_vr QqwUi gaKej gv
wbgwj wLZ wZbwUAci GK w f zRi Abyi c wZbwUi Aski mgvbnj Bw f zR `yBwUmemgnq| A_vr, G
wZbwUAski vi vwbw`AvKvi i Abbw f zRAuvKvhvq| mgkwYZAvgi vwbgewYZDcv_Kw f zR
AuvKZwkLwQ|
(1) wZbwUev
(2) `yBwUevI Zv`i Af y KvY
122
MwYZ
(3) `yBwUKvYI Zv`i msj Mev
(4) `yBwUKvYI GKwUi weci xZ
ev
(5) `yBwU ev I Zv`i GKwUi
weci xZKvY
(6) mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf yRI
Aci GKwUev
j Yxqh, Dci i cZK w f zRi wZbwUAsk wbw`Ki vnqQ| wKhKvbvwZbwUAsk wbw`
Ki j Bw f zRwUwbw` nq bv| hgb, w f zRi wZbwUKvY `I qv_vKj wewf bAvKvi i AmsLw f zR
AuvKvhvq(hv`i m`k w f zRej vhvq)|
AbKmgqw f zRAuvKvi RbGgbwZbwUDcv`I qv_vK, hv`i mvnvhwewf bAbi gvagw f zRwU
wbavi YKi vhvq| Gi c KqKwUmv`wbPeYbvKi vnj v|
MwYZ
123
mv`1
w f zRi f ~wg, f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvYI Aci `yBevi mgw`I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAuvKZne|
gbKwi , Kvbvw f zRi f ~wg a , f ~wg msj MGKwUKvY
x Z Ges Aci `yBevi mgw s `I qvAvQ| w f zRwU
AuvKZne|
Ab:
(1) hKvbvGKwUi wkBE _K f ~wg a Gi mgvbKi BC i Lvsk KUwbB| BC i Lvski B
we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb CBF Z AuvwK|
(2) BF i wk_K s Gi mgvb BD Ask KvwU|
(3) D C, hvMKwi | C we`yZ DC i Lvski hcvk B we`yAvQmBcvk BDC Z Gi mgvb
DCG Z AuvwK|
(4) CG i wkBD K A we`yZQ` Ki |
Zvnj , ABC A BDw w f zR|
cgvY: ACD A G ACD ADC Z = Z [AbAbymvi ]
. AD AC =
GLb, ABC A G , , a BC x ABC = Z = Z [AbAbymvi ]
Ges s BD AD BA AC BA = = + = + | AZGe, ABC A BwbYqw f zR|
weK cwZ
gb Kwi , Kvbvw f zRi f ~wg a , f ~wg msj MGKwUKvY
x Z Ges Aci `yB evi mgw s `I qvAvQ| w f zRwU
AuvKZne|
Ab:
(1) hKvbvGKwUi wkBE _K f ~wg a Gi mgvbKi
BC i Lvsk KUwbB| BC i Lvski B we`yZ x Z Gi
mgvb CBF Z AuvwK|
(2) BF i wk_K s Gi mgvb BD Ask KvwU|
(3) D C, hvMKwi | CD Gi j ^wLK PQ AuvwK|
(4) PQ i wkBD i wkK A we`yZ Q` Ki | C A,
hvMKwi |
Zvnj , ABC A BDw w f zR|
a
124
MwYZ
cgvY: ACR A Ges ADR A G DR CR = AR AR = GesA f y ARD ARC Z = Z [mgKvY]
ACR A ~ ADR A . AD AC =
GLb, ABC A G , , a BC x ABC = Z = Z [AbAbymvi ]
Ges s BD AD BA AC BA = = + = + . AZGe, ABC A BwbYqw f zR|
mv`2
w f yRi f ~wg, f ~wgmsj MGKwUm~ KvYI Aci `y Bevi Ai `I qvAvQ| w f ~RwUAuvKZne|
gb Kwi , Kvbvw f zRi f ~wg a f ~wg msj Mm~ KvY x Z .
Ges Aci `yB evi Ai d `I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAuvKZ
ne|
Ab:
(1) hKvbvGKwUi wkBF _K f ~wg a Gi mgvbKi BC i Lvsk KUwbB| BC i Lvski B
we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb CBE Z AuvwK|
(2) BE i wk_K d Gi mgvb BD Ask KUwbB|
(3) D C, hvMKwi | DC i Lvski hcvk E we`yAvQmBcvk C we`yZ EDC Z Gi mgvb
DCA Z AuvwK| CA i wkBE i wkK A we`yZQ` Ki | Zvnj , ABC A BDw w f zR|
cgvY: AbAbymvi , ACD A G ACD ADC Z = Z
. AD AC =
myZi vs`yBevi Ai , . d BD AD AB AC AB = = =
GLb, ABC A G d AC AB a BC = = , Ges . x ABC Z = Z myZi vs, ABC A BwbYqw f zR|
wekl `e:
KvR:
1| c`KvYm~ KvYbvnj , Dci i cwZZAbKi vmebq| Kb?G w f zRwUAuvKvi KvbvDcvq
ei Ki |
2| w f yRi f ~wg, f ~wgmsj MGKwUm~ KvYI Aci `yBevi Ai `I qvAvQ| weK cwZZ w f yRwUAb
Ki |
a
x
MwYZ
125
mv`3
w f yRi f ~wgmsj M`yBwUKvYI cwi mxgv`I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAuvKZne|
gbKwi , GKwUw f zRi cwi mxgvp Gesf ~wgmsj M`yBwU
KvY x Z I y Z `I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAuvKZne|
Ab:
(1) hKvbvGKwUi wkDF _Kcwi mxgvp Gi mgvb
Ki DE Ask KUwbB| D I E we`yZ DE i Lvski
GKBcvk x Z Gi mgvb EDL Z Ges y Z Gi mgvb
DEM Z AuvwK|
(2) KvY`yBwUi wLK DG I EH AuvwK|
(3) gbKwi , DG I EH i wkqci i K A we`yZQ` Ki | A we`yZ ADE Z Gi mgvb
DAB Z Ges AED Z Gi mgvb EAC Z AuvwK|
(4) AB Ges AC i wkq DE i LvskKh_vg B I C we`yZQ` Ki |
Zvnj , ABC A BDw w f zR|
cgvY: ADB A G DAB ADB Z = Z [AbAbymvi ], . DB AB =
Avevi , ACE A G EAC AEC Z = Z ; . CE CA =
myZi vs ABC A G . p DE CE BC DB CA BC AB = = + + = + +
x x x DAB ADB ABC Z = Z + Z = Z + Z = Z
2
1
2
1
Ges .
2
1
2
1
y y y EAC AEC ACB Z = Z + Z = Z + Z = Z myZi vs ABC A BwbYqw f zR|
KvR: w f yRi f ~wgmsj M`yBwUm~ KvYI cwi mxgv`I qvAvQ| weK cwZZw f y RwUAbKi |
D`vni Y 1| GKwU w f zRABC AuvK, hvi = Z = Z 45 , 60 C B Ges cwi mxgv 11 = + + CA BC AB
m.wg.|
MwYZ
126
Ab: wbPi avcmg~nAbymi YKwi :
(1) i Lvsk 11 = PQ m.wg. AuvwK|
(2) PQ i Lvski GKBcvk P Ges Q we`yZh_vg = ZQPL 60 I = ZPQM 45 KvY
AuvwK|
(3) KvY`yBwUi wLK PG I QH AuvwK| gbKwi , PG I GH i wkqci i K A we`yZQ` Ki |
(4) PA, QA i Lvski j ^mgwLKAuvwKhvPQ i LvskK h_vg B I C we`yZQ` Ki |
(5) B A, Ges C A, hvMKwi |
Zvnj , ABC A BDw w f zR|
KvR: mgKvYxw f zRi mgKvYmsj MGKwUevGesAwZf zRI Aci evi Ai `I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAuvK|
Abykxj bx71
1| wbgc`Dcvwbqw f z RAbKi :
K. wZbwUevi `Nh_vg3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 28 m.wg.|
L. `yBwUevi `N4 m.wg., 3 m.wg. GesAf y KvY60|
M. `yBwUKvY60 I 45 GesG`i msj Mevi `N 5 m.wg.|
N. `yBwUKvY60 I 45 Ges45 KvYi weci xZevi `N 5 m.wg.|
O. `yBwUevi `Nh_vg4.5 m.wg. I 3.5 m.wg. GeswZxqevi weci xZKvY30|
P. mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zRI GKwUevi `Nh_vg6 m.wg. I 4 m.wg.|
2| wbgc`Dcvwbqw f zRAbKi :
K. f ~wg35 m.wg., f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvY60 I Aci `yBevi mgw8 m.wg|
L. f ~ wg4 m.wg., f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvY50 I Aci `yBevi mgw7.5 m.wg|
M. f ~wg4 m.wg., f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvY50 I Aci `yBevi Ai 1.5 m.wg|
N. f ~wg5 m.wg., f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvY45 I Aci `yBevi Ai 1 m.wg|
O. f ~wgmsj MKvY`yBwUh_vg60 I 45 I cwi mxgv12 m.wg.|
O. f ~wgmsj MKvY`yBwUh_vg30 I 45 I cwi mxgv10 m.wg.|
3| GKwUw f yRi f ~wg msj M`yBwUKvY Geskxl _K f ~wgi Dci AwZ j ^i `N`I qvAvQ|
w f yRwUAuvK|
4| mgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yRI Aci `yBevi mgw`I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAuvK|
5| w f yRi f ~wgmsj MGKwUKvY, DPZvI Aci `yBevi mgw`I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAuvK|
6| mgevw f yRi cwi mxgv`I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAuvK|
7| w f zRi f ~ wg, f ~ wgmsj MGKwU ~ j KvYI Aci `yBevi A i `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAuvK|
127
MwYZ
72PZzf yRAb
Avgi v`LwQh, w f zRi wZbwUDcv `I qv_vKj AbK Bw f zRwUwbw`f veAuvKvme| wK
PZzf yRi Pvi wUev`I qv_vKj BGKwUwbw`PZzf yRAuvKvhvqbv| wbw`PZzf yRAuvKvi RbcuvPwU^Z
DcvcqvRbnq| wbgewYZcuvPwUDcvRvbv_vKj , wbw`PZzf yRAuvKvhvq|
(1) Pvi wUevI GKwUKvY
(2) Pvi wUevI GKwUKY
(3) wZbwUevI `yBwUKY
(4) wZbwUevI Zv`i Af y `yBwUKvY
(5) `yBwUevI wZbwUKvY|
AgkwYZDj wLZDcvw`qPZzf yRAbwel qAvj vPbvKi vnqQ| Abi Kkj j Ki `Lv
hvqwKQz mi vmwi PZzf yRAuvKvnq| Avevi wKQz w f zRAbi gvagPZzf yRAuvKvnq| hnZz
KYPZzf yRK `yBwUw f zR wef Ki , mnZzDcv wnmveGKwUev`yBwUKYc` nj w f zR Abi
gvagPZzf yRAuvKvmenq|
(1) Pvi wUevI GKwUKvY
(2) Pvi wUevI GKwUKY
(3) wZbwUevI `yBwUKY
(4) wZbwUev I Zv`i Af y `yBwU
KvY
(5) `yBwUevI wZbwUKvY|
128
MwYZ
wekl ai bi PZzf yR Abi RbAbK mgqGgbDcv `I qv_vK hv_K wbw`PZzf yR AuvKvi Rb
cqvRbxqcuvPwU^ZDcv cvI qvhvq| Zvnj H Dcvi mvnvhI PZzf yRwUAuvKvhvq| hgb, mvgv
wi Ki `yBwUmsj MevI Zv`i Af y KvYwU`I qv_vKj mvgvwi KwUAuvKvhvq| GLvbwZbwUgv
Dcv`I qvAvQ| Avevi eMi gv GKwUev`I qv_vKj BeMwUAuvKvhvq| Kvi Y, ZvZcuvPwUDcv,
h_veMi Pvi mgvbevI GKKvY(mgKvY) wbw`nq|
mv`4
mvgvwi Ki `yBwUKYI Zv`i Af y GKwUKvY`I qvAvQ| mvgvwi KwUAuvKZne|
gb Kwi , mvgvwi Ki KY`yBwU a I b Ges KYqi Af y
GKwUKvY x Z `I qvAvQ| mvgvwi KwUAuvKZne|
Ab: hKvbvi wk AM _K a Gi mgvb AC i Lvsk wbB|
AC Gi gawe`yO wbYq Kwi | O we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb
AOP Z AuvwK| OP Gi weci xZ i wkOQ AbKwi | OP I
OQ i wkq _K b
2
1
Gi mgvb h_vg OB I OD
i LvskqwbB| B C D A B A , ; , ; , I D C, hvMKwi |
Zvnj , ABCD BDw mvgv wi K|
cgvY: AOB A I COD A G b OD OB a OC OA
2
1
,
2
1
= = = = [Abvbymvi ]
GesAf y AOB Z =Af y COD Z [wecZxc KvY]|
AZGe, COD AOB A ~ A
myZi vs, CD AB =
Ges CDO ABO Z = Z ; wKKvY`yBwUGKvi KvY|
AB I CD mgvbI mgvi vj |
Abyi cf ve, AD I BC mgvbI mgvi vj |
myZi vs, ABCD GKwUmvgvwi Khvi KYq a a a OC AO AC = + = + =
2
1
2
1
I b b b OD BO BD = + = + =
2
1
2
1
GesKY`yBwUi Af y x AOB Z = Z
AZGe, ABCD BwbYqmvgvwi K|
MwYZ
129
dgv- 17, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
mv`5
mvgvwi Ki `yBwUKYI GKwUev`I qvAvQ| mvgvwi KwUAuvKZne|
gbKwi mvgvwi Ki `yBwUKYa I b GesGKwUev c `I qv
AvQ| mvgvwi KwUAuvKZne|
Ab: a I b KYqK mgvb`yBf vMwef Kwi | hKvbvi wk
AX _K c Gi mgvb AB wbB| A I B K K`Ki
h_vg
2
a
I
2
b
Gi mgvb evmvawbq AB Gi GKB cvk
`yBwUePvc AuvwK| gbKwi , ePvc `yBwUci i K O we`yZ
Q` Ki | O A, I B O, hvMKwi | AO K AE ei vei Ges
BO K BF ei vei ewaZKwi | OE _K OC
a
=
2
Ges OF
_K OD
b
=
2
wbB| C D D A , ; , I C B, hvMKwi |
Zvnj , ABCDBDw mvgv wi K|
cgvY: AOB A I COD A G ,
2
;
2
b
OD OB
a
OC OA = = = = [Abvbymvi ]
GesAf y AOB Z =Af y COD Z [wecZxc KvY]
COD AOB A ~ A .
CD AB = Ges ODC ABO Z = Z ; wKKvY`yBwUGKvi KvY|
CD AB I mgvbI mgvi vj |
Abyi cf ve, BC ADI mgvbI mgvi vj | AZGe, ABCD BwbYqmvgvwi K|
D`vni Y1| UvwcwRqvgi `yBwUmgvi vj evGes G`i gaeni evmsj M`yBwUKvY`I qvAvQ|
UvwcwRqvgwUAuvK|
gbKwi , UvwcwRqvgi mgvi vj evq a Ges b , hLvb b a > Geseni ev a msj MKvYq x Z
I y Z | UvwcwRqvgwUAuvKZne|
Ab: hKvbvi wkAX _K a AB = wbB| B i Lvski A we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb BAY Z Ges B
we`yZ y Z Gi mgvb ABZ Z AuvwK|
130
MwYZ
Gevi AB i Lvsk _K b AE = KUwbB| E we`yZ AY BC|| AvuwK hvBZ i wkZ C we`yZQ`
Ki | Gevi BA CD|| AuvwK| CD i Lvsk AY i wkK D we`yZQ` Ki | Zvnj , ABCD BDw
UvwcwRqvg|
cgvY: Abvbymvi , CD AB|| Ges EC AD|| myZi vs ABCD GKwUmvgvwi KGes b AE CD = = . GLb,
PZzf yR ABCD I , , b CD a AB = = CD AB|| Ges BAD Z = x Z , ABC Z = y Z (AbAbymvi )
AZGe, ABCDBwbYqUvwcwRqvg|
KvR: i ^mi cwi mxgvI GKwUKvY`I qvAvQ| i ^mwUAuvK|
Abykxj bx72
1| mgKvYxw f yRi Aci `yBwUKvYi cwi gvY`I qv_vKj wbgi Kvb w f yRAbKi vme|
K. 63
0
I 36
0
L. 30
0
I 70
0
M. 40
0
I 50
0
N. 80
0
I 20
0
2| i AvqZGKwUmvgvwi K
ii eMGKwUAvqZ
iii i ^mGKwUeM
I ci i Z_i Avj vKwbgi KvbwUmwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
c`wP i Avj vK3I 4bscki Di `vI
3| AAOB Gi dj KZ?
K. 6 eMGKK L. 7 eMGKK
M. 12 eMGKK N. 14 eMGKK
4| PZzf yRwUi cwi mxgv
K. 12 GKK L. 14 GKK
M. 20 GKK N. 28 GKK
5| wbgc`DcvwbqPZzf yRAbKi :
K. Pvi wUevi `N3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 2.5 m.wg. I 3 m,wg. GesGKwUKvY45|
L. Pvi wUevi `N 3.5 m.wg, 4 m.wg., 25 m.wg. I 3.5 m.wg. GesGKwUKY5 m.wg.|
M. wZbwUevi `N32 m.wg., 3 m.wg., 35 m.wg. Ges`yBwUKY28 m.wg. I 4.5 m.wg.|
N. wZbwUevi `N3 m.wg., 35 m.wg., 4 m.wg. Ges`yBwUKvY60 I 45|
MwYZ
131
6| wbgc`Dcvwbqmvgv wi KAbKi :
K. `yBwUKYi `N4 m.wg., 65 m.wg. GesG`i Af y KvY45|
L. `yBwUKYi `N5 m.wg., 65 m.wg. GesG`i Af y KvY30|
M. GKwUevi `N4 m.wg. Ges`yBwUKYi `N5 m.wg., 65 m.wg.|
N. GKwUevi `N5 m.wg. Ges`yBwUKYi `N4.5 m.wg., 6 m.wg.|
7| ABCD PZzf yRi AB I BC evGes C B Z Z , I D Z KvY`I qvAvQ| PZzf yRwUAuvK|
8| PZzf yRi KY`yBwUi Q`we`yvi vKY`yBwUi Pvi wULwZAsk GesZv`i Af y GKwUKvYh_vg
OA =4 m.wg.,OB =5 m.wg., = OC 35 m.wg., OD =45 m.wg. I AOB Z =80.
PZzf yRwUAuvK|
9| i ^mi GKwUevi `N35 m.wg. I GKwUKvY45 ; i ^mwUAuvK|
10| i ^mi GKwUevGesGKwUKYi `N`I qvAvQ| i ^mwUAuvK|
11| `yBwUKYi `N`I qvAvQ| i ^mwUAuvK|
12| eM i cwi mxgv`I qvAvQ| eM wUAuvK|
13| RKxI Rvdi yj mvnei emZ evwo GKBmxgvi Lvi gaAewZ Gesevwoi dj mgvb| Ze
RKxi mvnei evwoi AvKwZAvqZvKvi GesRvdvi yj mvnei evwo mvgvwi KAvKwZi |
K. f ~wgi `N10 GKKGesDPZv8 GKKai Zv`i evwoi mxgvi LvAbKi |
L. `LvI h, RKxmvnei evwoi mxgvi LvRvdvi yj mvnei evwoi mxgvi LvAcvQvU|
M. RKxmvnei evwoi `NI ci AbycvZ 3 : 4 Ges dj 300 eMGKK nj , Zv`i evwoi
dj qi AbycvZwbYqKi |
14| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf ~R7 m.wgI GK evi `N4 m.wg, ZA =85
0
, ZB =80
0
Ges
ZC =95
0
I ci i Z_i Avj vKwbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
K. w f yRwUi Aci evi `NwbYqKi |
L. w f yRwUAbKi |
M. w f yRwUi cwi mxgvi mgvbcwi mxgvwewkGKwUeMAbKi |
15| ABCD PZzf yRi AB =4m.wg. BC =5m.wg
I ci i Z_i Avj vKwbPi ckj vi Di `vI
K. GKwUi ^mAbKi Dnvi bvg`vI |
L. c`Z_AbyhvqxABCD PZzf yRwUAbKi |
M. c`PZzf yRi cwi mxgvi mgvbcwi mxgvwewkGKwUmgevw f yRAbKi |
AgAavq
e
Avgi vRbwQh, e GKwUmgZj xq RvwgwZK wP hvi we`yj vKvbvwbw` we`y_K mg`~i Z
AewZ| e mwKZ wewf bavi YvhgbK`, evm, evmva, RvBZvw` wel qAvj vPbvKi vnqQ| G
AavqmgZj Kvbvei Pvc I kKmwKZcwZvi Avj vPbvKi vne|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
ePvc, K`KvY, eKvY, eAwj wLZPZzf yRevLvKi Zcvi e|
emsvDccv`cgvYKi Zcvi e|
emwKZmv`eYbvKi Zcvi e|
81 e
e GKwUmgZj xq RvwgwZK wP hvi we`yj vKvbvwbw`we`y_K mg`~i ZAewZ| wbw`we`ywU
ei K`| wbw`we`y_K mg`~i ZeRvqi L Kvbvwe`yhAvec_ wPw Z Ki ZvBe| K`
nZeKvbvwe`yi `~i ZKevmvaej |
gbKwi , O mgZj i Kvbvwbw`we`yGes r wbw`cwi gvc|
mgZj hmKj we`yO _K r `~i ZAewZ, Zv`i mU
e, hvi K`O I evmvar . wP O ei K`, C B A I ,
ewe`y| OC OB OA I , Gi cZKwUewUi evmva|
mgZj KwZcqwe`yKmgewe`yej vnqhw` we`yj vw`qGKwUehvqA_vr, GgbGKwUe_vK
hvZwe`yj vAewZnq| Dci i wP C B A I , mgewe`y|
ei Af i I ewnf vM
hw` Kvbvei K`O Gesevmvar nqZe O _KmgZj i h
mKj we`yi `~i Zr _KKgZv`i mUKewUi Af i Ges O _K
mgZj i hmKj we`yi `~i Zr _Kewk Zv`i mUKewUi ewnf vM
ej vnh| ei Af i `yBwUwe`yi mshvRKi Lvsk m~Yf veei
Af i B_vK|
Kvbvei Af i GKwUwe`yI ewntGKwUwe`yi mshvRK i Lvsk ewUK GKwUI Kej GKwU
we`yZ Q` Ki | wP , P ei Af i GKwUwe`yGes Q ei ewntGKwUwe`y| PQ i Lvsk
ewUKKej R we`yZQ` Ki |
r
MwYZ
133
ei RvI evm
ei `yBwUwf bwe`yi mshvRKi Lvsk ewUi GKwURv| ei
KvbvRvhw` K`w`qhvqZeRvwUKei evmej vnq|
A_vr ei K`MvgxhKvbvRvnj vevm| wP , AC AB I
ewUi `yBwURvGesewUi K`O| G`i ga AC RvwU
evm; Kvi Y RvwUewUi K`Mvgx| OA I OC ei `yBwU
evmva| myZi vs, ei K`cZKevmi gawe`y| AZGe
cZKevmi `N r 2 , hLvb r ewUi evmva|
Dccv`1| ei K`I evmwf bKvbvRvGi gawe`yi mshvRK i Lvsk H RvGi I ci
j ^ |
gbKwi , O K`wewk ABC e evmbqGgbGKwU
Rv AB Ges GBRvGi ga we`yM | M O, hvM
Kwi |
cgvYKi Zneh, OM i Lvsk AB RvGi Dci j ^|
Ab: A O, Ges B O, hvMKwi |
cgvY:
avcmg~n h_v_Zv
(1) OAM A Ges OBM A G
BM AM =
OB OA =
Ges OM OM =
myZi vs, OBM OAM A ~ A
OMB OMA Z = Z
AB M, [ Gi gawe`y]
[Df qGKBei evmva]
[mvavi Yev]
[ev-ev-evDccv`]
(2) hnZzKvYqi wLKhyMj KvYGesZv`i cwi gvc mgvb,
myZi vs, OMB OMA Z = Z =1 mgKvY|
AZGe, AB OM . (cgvwYZ)
Abywmv1| ei hKvbvRvGi j ^-wLKK`Mvgx|
Abywmv2| hKvbvmi j i LvGKwUeK`yBqi AwaKwe`yZQ` Ki Zcvi bv|
KvR:
1| Dccv`1Gi weci xZDccv`wUwbgi c: ei K`_K evmwf bAbKvbvRvGi I ci AwZj ^H
RvKmgwLwZKi c gvYKi |
MwYZ
134
Dccv`2| ei mKj mgvbRvK`_Kmg`~i eZx|
gbKwi , O ei K`Ges CD AB I ei `yBwUmgvbRv|
cgvYKi Zneh, O _K CD AB Ges Rvqmg`~i eZx|
Ab: O _K CD AB Ges RvGi Dci h_vg
OF OE Ges j ^AuvwK| C O A O , , Ges hvMKwi |
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AB OE
. CD OF I
myZi vs, . DF CF BE AE = = Ges
.
2
1
2
1
CD CF AB AE = = Ges
[K`_Kevmwf bhKvbvRvGi
Dci AwZj ^RvKmgwLwZKi ]
(2) wK CD AB =
. CF AE =
[K bv]
(3) GLb OCF OAE A A Ges mgKvYx
w f zRqi gaAwZf zR = OA AwZf zR OC Ges
. CF AE =
OCF OAE A ~ A
. OF OE =
[Df qGKBei evmva]
[avc 2]
[ mgKvYx w f zRi AwZf zR-ev mgmgZv
Dccv`]
(4) wK OF OE Ges K`O _Kh_vg AB
RvGes CD RvGi `~i Z|
myZi vs, CD AB Ges Rvqei K`_K
mg`~i eZx|
Dccv`3| ei K`_Kmg`~i eZxmKj Rvci i mgvb|
gb Kwi , O ei K`Ges CD AB I `yBwURv| O _K
AB
I
CD Gi Dci h_vg OE
I
OF j ^| Zvnj
OF OE I K`_K h_vg CD AB I Rvqi `~i Zwb`k
Ki | OF OE = nj cgvYKi Zneh, . CD AB =
Ab: C O A O , , Ges hvMKwi |
135
MwYZ
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hnZz . CD OF AB OE Ges
myZi vs, = Z = Z OFC OEA GKmgKvY|
[mgKvY]
(2) GLb, OCF OAE A A Ges mgKvYxw f zRqi
gaAwZf zR OC OA AwZf zR = Ges
OF OE = [K bv]
OCF OAE A ~ A
. CF AE =
[Df qGKBei evmva]
[mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zR-evmemgZvDccv`
(3) CD CF AB AE
2
1
2
1
= = Ges
[ K`_K evmwf bhKvbvRvGi Dci
AwZj ^RvKmgwLwZKi ]
(4) myZi vs CD AB
2
1
2
1
=
A_vr., CD AB =
.
Abywmv1| ei evmBengRv|
Abykxj bx81
1| cvgYKi h, Kvbvei `yBwURvci i KmgwLwZKi j Zv`i Q`we`yewUi K`ne|
2| cgvY Ki h, `yBwUmgvi vj RvGi gawe`yi mshvRK mi j i LvK`MvgxGes Rvqi I ci
j ^|
3| Kvbvei AC AB I Rv`yBwU A we`yMvgxevmvai mv_ mgvbKvY DrcbKi | cgvY Ki
h, . AC AB =
4| wP O ei K`GesRv = AB Rv . AC
cgvYKi h, . CAO BAO Z = Z
5| Kvbve GKwUmgKvYxw f zRi kxl we`yj vw`q hvq| `LvI h, ewUi K`AwZf zRi
gawe`y|
6| `yBwUmgKw`Kei GKwUi AB RvAci eK D C I we`yZQ` Ki |
cgvYKi h, . BD AC =
7| ei `yBwUmgvbRvci i KQ` Ki j `LvI h, Zv`i GKwUi AskqAci wUi Askqi mgvb|
8| cgvYKi h, ei mgvbRvGi gawe`yj vmge|
9| `LvI h, evmi `yBcv_KZvi weci xZw`K`yBwUmgvbRvAbKi j Zvi vmgvi vj nq|
10| `LvI h, evmi `yBcv_KZvi weci xZw`K`yBwUmgvi vj RvAuvKj Zvi vmgvbnq|
11| `LvI h, ei `yBwURvGi gaeni Rv-wUz`Zi RvAcvK`i wbKUZi |
136
MwYZ
82ePvc
ei hKvbv`yBwUwe`yi gai cwi wai AskK Pvc ej | wP
B AI `yBwUwe`yi gvS ei Askj vj Kwi | `Lvhvq,
`yBwUAski GKwUAsk QvU, AbwUZzj bvg~j Kf ve eo| QvU
AskwUK DcPvc I eowUK AwaPvc ej vnq| B AI GBPvci
cvwe`yGesPvci AbmKj we`yZvi Atwe`y| Pvci At
we`ywUGKwUwe`yC wbw`Ki PvcwUK ACB Pvc ej Awf wnZ
Ki vnq Ges ACB cZxK vi vcKvk Ki vnq| Avevi KLbv
DcPvcwUAB cZxK vi vcKvk Ki vnq| ei `yBwUwe`y B AI
ewUK `yBwUPvc wef Ki | Df qPvci cvwe`y B AI Ges
cvwe`yQvovPvc `yBwUi AbKvbvmvavi Ywe`ybB|
KvYKZKLwZPvc
GKwUKvYKvbveGKwUPvc LwZevwQbKi ej vnqhw`
(1) PvcwUi cZKcvwe`yKvYwUi evZAewZnq,
(2) KvYwUi cZKevZPvcwUi AZGKwUcvwe`y, AewZnq
Ges
(3) PvcwUi AtcZKwUwe`yKvYwUi Af i _vK| wP
c`wkZKvYwUO Kw`Ke APB Pvc LwZKi |
eKvY
GKwUKvYi kxl we`yKvbvei GKwUwe`ynj Ges KvYwUi
cZK evZ kxl we`yQvovI ei GKwUwe`y_vKj KvYwUK
GKwUe KvY eve Awj wLZ KvY ej vnq| wP KvYj v
eKvY| cZK eKvY e GKwUPvc LwZ Ki | GBPvc
DcPvc, AaeA_evAwaPvc nZcvi |
GKwUeKvYehPvc LwZKi , KvYwUmBPvci I ci `vqgvb
Ges LwZ Pvci AbyexPvc A wj wLZ ej vnq| cvki wP e
KvYwUAPB Pvci I ci `vqgvbGes ACB Pvc Awj wLZ|
j Yxqh, ACB APB I GKAci i AbyexPvc|
MwYZ
137
dgv- 18, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
ge: ei KvbvPvc Awj wLZ GKwUKvYnQmBKvY hvi
kxl we`yHPvci GKwUAtwe`yGeshvi GK GKwUevHPvci
GK GKwUcvwe`yw`qhvq| ei KvbvPvc `vqgvbGKwUe
KvYnQHPvci AbyexPvc Awj wLZGKwUKvY|
K`KvY
GKwUKvYi kxl we`yKvbvei K`AewZ nj , KvYwUK
Hei GKwUK`KvYej vnqGesKvYwUehPvc LwZ
Ki mBPvci I ci Zv`vqgvbej vnq| cvki wP i AOB Z
KvYwUGKwUK`KvYGesZvAPB Pvci I ci `vqgvb|
cZK K`KvY e GKwUDcPvc LwZ Ki | wP APB
GKwUDcPvc| ei KvbvDcPvci I ci `vqgvbK`KvY
ej Z Gi ~c KvYKB evSvq hvi kxl we`yei K`AewZ
Geshvi evqHPvci cvwe`y`yBwUw`qhvq|
Aaei I ci `vqgvbK`KvYweePbvi RbI ci Dwj wLZ
eYbvA_enbq| Aaei K`KvY BOC Z mi j KvY
GeseKvY BAC Z mgKvY|
Dccv`4
ei GKBPvci I ci `vqgvbK`KvYeKvYi wY|
gbKwi , O K`wewk ABC GKwUe GesZvi GKBDcPvc
BC Gi I ci `vqgvbe BAC Z GesK` BOC Z |
cgvYKi Zneh, BAC BOC Z = Z 2
Ab: gbKwi , AC i Lvsk K`Mvgxbq| G A we`y
w`qK`Mvgxi Lvsk AD AuvwK|
138
MwYZ
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AOBGi ewntKvY ABO BAO BOD Z + Z = Z
(2) AOB G OB OA =
AZGe, ABO BAO Z = Z
(3) avc (1) I (2) _K BAO BOD Z = Z 2 .
(4) GKBf ve AOC _K CAO COD Z = Z 2
(5) avc (3) I (4) _K
CAO BAO COD BOD Z + Z = Z + Z 2 2
A_vr BAC BOC Z = Z 2 . [cgvwYZ]
[ewntKvYAtweci xZ
KvYqi mgwi mgvb]
[GKBei evmva]
[ mgw`evw f zRi f ~wg msj MKvY
`yBwUmgvb]
[hvMKi ]
Abf veej vhvq, ei GKBPvci I ci `vqgvbeKvYK`KvYi AaK|
KvR: OK`wewkABC ei AC K`Mvgxnj Dccv`8cgvYKi |
Dccv`5
ei GKBPvci Dci `vqgvbeKvYj vci i mgvb|
gbKwi , O ei K`Gesei BCD Pvci I ci `vqgvb
BED BAD Z Z I `yBwUeKvY|
cgvYKi Zneh, BED BAD Z Z =
Ab: D O B O , , Ges hvMKwi |
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) GLvb BCD Pvci I ci `vqgvbK`KvY BOD Z |
myZi vs, BAD BOD Z = Z 2 Ges BED BOD Z = Z 2
BED BAD Z = Z 2 2
ev BED BAD Z = Z
[GKB Pvci I ci `vqgvb K`
KvYeKvYi wY]
Dccv`6
AaeKvYGKmgKvY
gbKwi , O K`wewke AB GKwUevmGes ACB Z
GKwUAaeKvY|
cgvYKi Zneh, = ZACB GKmgKvY|
cgvY
MwYZ
139
Ab: AB Gi hcvk C we`yAewZ, Zvi weci xZcvk
ei Dci GKwUwe`yD wbB|
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) ADB Pvci I ci `vqgvbe
2
1
= ZACB (K`mi j KvY AOB Z )
(2) wKmi j KvY AOB Z `yBmgKvY|
2
1
= Z ACB (`yBmgKvY) =GKmgKvY|
[GKB Pvci I ci `vqgvb e
KvYK`KvYi AaK]
Abywmv1| mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zRKevmai eAbKi j ZvmgKwYKkxl we`yw`qhve|
Abywmv2| Kvbvei AwaPvc Awj wLZKvYm~ KvY|
KvR:
1| cgvYKi h, Kvbvei DcPvc Awj wLZKvY~j KvY|
Abykxj bx82
1| O K`wewkKvbve ABCD GKwUAwj wLZPZzf yR| CD AB, KYq.. we`yZQ` Ki j
cgvYKi h, . AEB COD AOB Z = Z Z + 2
2| ABCD e CD AB I Rv`yBwUci i E we`yZ Q` Ki Q| `LvI h, BED AED A A I
m`kKvYx|
3| O K`wewk e = Z + Z BDC ADB GK mgKvY| cgvY Ki h, C B A Ges I GK
mi j i LvqAewZ|
4| CD AB I `yBwURvei Af i E we`yZQ` Ki Q| cgvYKi h, CD AB I PvcqK`
h`yBwUKvYDrcbKi , Zv`i mgw AEC Z Gi wY|
5| `LvI h, eUvwcwRqvgi wZhKevqci i mgvb|
6| CD AB I Kvbvei `yBwURvGes Q P I h_vgZv`i vi vwQbDcPvc `yBwUi gawe`y|
CD AB PQ I Rv RvKh_vg E DI we`yZQ` Ki | `LvI h, . AE AD =
83 ePZzf yR
exqPZzf yReveAwj wLZPZzf yRnj vGgbPZz f yRhvi Pvi wUkxl we`yei Dci AewZ| GmKj
PZzf yRi GKwUwekl agi qQ| wel qwUAbyavebi RbwbPi KvRwUKwi |
140
MwYZ
KvR:
wewf bAvKvi i KqKwUexqPZzf yR ABCDAuvK| KqKwUwewf bevmvai eAbKi cwZwUi Dci Pvi wUKi we`y
wbqPZzf yRj vmnRBAuvKvhvq| PZzf yRi KvYj vgc wbPi mvi wYwUc~i YKi |
wgKbs
A Z B Z C Z D Z
A Z + C Z B Z + D Z
1
2
3
4
5
mvi wY_KKxevSvhvq?
emsvDccv`
Dccv`7
eAwj wLZPZzf yRi hKvbv`yBwUweci xZKvYi mgw`yBmgKvY|
gbKwi , O K`wewkGKwUe ABCD PZzf yRwUAwj wLZnqQ|
cgvYKi Zneh, ADC ABC Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
Ges BCD BAD Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
Ab: A O, Ges C O, hvMKwi |
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) GKBPvc ADC Gi Dci `vqgvbK`
2 = ZAOC (e ABC Z )
A_vr, ABC AOC Z = Z 2
(2) Avevi , GKBPvc ABC Gi Dci `vqgvbK`
ceKvY 2 = ZAOC (e ADC Z )
A_vr ceKvY ADC AOC Z = Z 2
+ ZAOC ceKvY ) ( 2 ADC ABC AOC Z + Z = Z
wK AOC Z +ceKvY AOC Z =Pvi mgKvY
GKBPvci Dci `vqgvbK`
KvYeKvYi wY|
GKBPvci Dci `vqgvbK`
KvYeKvYi wY|
MwYZ
141
ADC ABC Z + Z ( 2 =Pvi mgKvY
ADC ABC Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
GKBf ve, cgvYKi vhvqh, BCD BAD Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
Abywmv1| eAwj wLZPZzf yRi GKwUevewaZKi j hewntKvYDrcbnqZvweci xZAt
KvYi mgvb|
Abywmv2| eAwj wLZmvgvwi KGKwUAvqZ |
Dccv`8
KvbvPZzf yRi `yBwUweci xZKvYm~i Knj Zvi kxl we`yPvi wUmgenq|
gbKwi , ABCD PZzf yR ADC ABC Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
cgvYKi Zneh, D C B A , , , we`yPvi wUmge|
Ab: hnZz C B A , , we`ywZbwUmgi L bq, myZi vswe`ywZbwU
w`q hvq Gi c GKwUI Kej GKwUe AvQ| gb Kwi , ewU
AD i LvskK E we`yZQ` Ki | E A, hvMKwi |
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
AbAbymvi ABCE ePZzf yR|
myZi vs AEC ABC Z + Z =`yBmgKvY
wK ADC ABC Z + Z =`yBmgKvY[`I qvAvQ]
ADC AEC Z = Z
wK ZvAme| Kvi Y CED A Gi ewnt > ZAEC
weci xZ At ADC Z
myZi vs E Ges D we`yqwf bnZcvi bv|
E we`yAekB D we`yi mv_ wgj hve|
AZGe, D C B A , , , we`yPvi wUmge|
e Awj wLZ PZzf yRi `yBwUweci xZ
KvYi mgw `yB mgKvY|
ewntKvY weci xZ AthKvbv
KvYi Pq eo|
MwYZ
142
Abykxj bx83
1| ABC A G B Z I C Z Gi mgwLKq P we`yZGesewnwLKq Q we`yZwgwj Znj ,
cgvYKi h, Q C P B , , , we`yPvi wUmge|
2| cgvY Ki h, ePZzf yRi hKvbvKvYi mgwLK I Zvi weci xZ KvYi ewnwLK ei
I ci Q` Ki |
3| ABCD GKwUe| CAB Z I CBA Z Gi mgwLK `yBwUP we`yZ Ges DBA Z I DAB Z
KvYqi mgwLK`yBwUQ we`yZwgwj Znj , cgvYKi h, B P Q A , , , we`yPvi wUmge|
4| O K`wewkei AB I CD Rv`yBwUei Af i AewZ Kvbvwe`yZ mgKvYwgwj Z
nqQ| cgvYKi h, BOC AOD Z + Z =`yBmgKvY|
5| mgvbmgvbf ~wgi I ci AewZhKvbv`yBwUw f yRi wki tKvYqm~i K nj , cgvYKi h, Zv`i
cwi eqmgvbne|
6| ABCD PZzf yRi weci xZ KvYq ci i m~i K| AC i Lvhw` BAD Z Gi mgwLK nq,
ZecgvYKi h, CD BC = |
84 ei Q`KI kK
mgZj GKwUeI GKwUmi j i Lvi cvi wi KAevbweePbvKwi | G wbPi wP i c`wZbwU
mvebvi qQ:
(K)
(K) (L) (M)
eI mi j i Lvi Kvbvmvavi Ywe`ybB,
(L) mi j i LvwUeK`yBwUwe`yZQ` Ki Q,
(M) mi j i LvwUeKGKwUwe`yZkKi Q|
mgZj GKwUe I GKwUmi j i Lvi mevwaK `yBwUQ`we`y_vKZ cvi | mgZj GKwUe I GKwU
mi j i Lvi hw` `yBwUQ`we`y_vK Ze i LvwUK ewUi GKwUQ`K ej vnqGeshw` GKwUI Kej
GKwUmvavi Ywe`y_vK Zei LvwUK ewUi GKwUkK ej vnq| kl v , mvavi Ywe`ywUK H
kKi kwe`yej vnq| Dci i wP GKwUeI GKwUmi j i Lvi cvi wi K Aevb`LvbvnqQ|
wP -K GeI PQ mi j i Lvi Kvbvmvavi Ywe`ybB, wP -L G PQ mi j i LvwUeK A I B `yBwU
we`yZ Q` Ki QGeswP -MG PQ mi j i LvwUeK A we`yZ kKi Q| PQ ewUi kK I
A GBkKi kwe`y|
ge: ei cZKQ`Ki Q`we`yqi AeZxmKj we`yewUi Af i _vK|
143
MwYZ
mvavi YkK
GKwUmi j i Lvhw` `yBwUei kKnq, ZeZvKe`yBwUi
GKwUmvavi YkKej vnq| cvki wP j vZ AB Df qei
mvavi YkK| wP -KI wP -L Gkwe`yGKB| wP -MI wP -NG
kwe`ywf bwf b|
`yBwU ei Kvbv mvavi Y kKi kwe`y`yBwU wf bnj
kKwUK
(K) mi j mvavi Y kK ej vnq hw` e `yBwUi K`q kKi
GKBcvk_vKGes
(L) wZhK mvavi Y kK ej vnq hw` e `yBwUi K`q kKi
weci xZcvk_vK|
wP -MGk KwUmi j mvavi Y k K GeswP -NGk KwUwZh K
mvavi Yk K|
`yBwUei mvavi Y kK hw` e `yBwUK GKBwe`yZ kKi
Ze H we`yZ e `yBwUci i K kKi ej vnq| Gi c ,
e `yBwUi AtknqQej vnqhw` K`qkKi GKBcvk
_vKGesewntknqQej vnqhw` K`qkKi weci xZcvk
_vK| wP -KGe`yBwUi AtkGeswP -L GewntknqQ|
Dccv` 9
ei hKvbvwe`yZAwZkKkKwe`yMvgxevmvai I ci j ^|
gbKwi , O K`wewkGKwUei I ci P we`yZ PT GKwU
kKGes OP kwe`yMvgxevmva| cgvYKi Zneh,
. OP PT
Ab: PT kKi I ci hKvbvGKwUwe`yQ wbBGes Q O,
hvMKwi |
cgvY: hnZzei P we`yZ PT GKwUkK, myZi vsH P
we`yeZxZ PT Gi I ci AbmKj we`yei evBi _vKe|
myZi vs Q we`ywUei evBi AewZ|
OQ ei evmvaOP Gi Pqeo, A_vr, OP OQ > GesZvk
we`yP eZxZ PT Gi I ci Q we`yi mKj Aevbi RbmZ|
K`O _K PT kKi I ci OP nj y`Zg`~i Z|
myZi vs . OP PT
144
MwYZ
Abywmv1| ei Kvbvwe`yZGKwUgv kKAbKi vhvq|
Abywmv2| kwe`yZkKi I ci AwZj ^K`Mvgx|
Abywmv3| ei Kvbvwe`yw`qHwe`yMvgxevmvai I ci AwZj ^D we`yZewUi kKnq|
Dccv`10
ei ewntKvbvwe`y_Ke`yBwUkKUvbj , Hwe`y_Kkwe`yqi `~i Zmgvb|
gbKwi , O K`wewk ABC ei P GKwUewn:we`yGes
PB PAI i wkqei B AI we`yZ`yBwUkK| cgvY
Ki Zneh, PB PA =
Ab: , ; , B O A O Ges P O, hvMKwi |
cgvY:
C
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hnZzPA kKGes OA kwe`yMvgxevmva, mnZz
. OA PA PAO Z =GKmgKvY|
Abyi c PBO Z =GKmgKvY|
PBO PAO A A Ges Df qBmgKvYxw f zR|
(2) GLb, PBO PAO A A I mgKvYxw f zRq
AwZf zR PO =AwZf zR PO
Ges OB OA =
. PBO PAO A ~ A
PB PA =
[kKkKwe`yMvgxevmvai
I ci j ^]
[GKBei evmva]
[mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zR- ev
memgZv]
ge:
1. `yBwUeci i KewntkKi j , kwe`yQvovcZKei AbmKj we`yAci ei evBi _vKe|
2. `yBwUeci i KAtkKi j , kwe`yQvovQvUei AbmKj we`yeoewUi Af i _vKe|
Dccv` 11
`yBwUeci i KewntkKi j , Zv`i K`qI kwe`ymgi L|
gbKwi , B AGes K`wewk`yBwUeci i O we`yZewntk
Ki | cgvYKi Zneh, B O A, Ges we`ywZbwUmgi L|
Ab: hnZzeqci i O we`yZkKi Q, myZi vs O we`yZ
Zv`i GKwUmvavi Y kK _vKe| GLb O we`yZ mvavi Y kK
POQ AbKwi Ges B O A O , , I hvMKwi |
MwYZ
145
dgv- 19, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
A K`wewke OA kwe`yMvgxevmvaGes POQ k K|
myZi vs POA Z =GKmgKvY| Z`yc POB Z =GKmgKvY|
POB POA Z + Z =GKmgKvY+GKmgKvY=`yBmgKvY|
ev, AOB Z =`yBmgKvY
A_vr, AOB Z GKwUmi j KvY| B O A, Ges we`y qmgi L|
Abywmv1| `yBwUeci i KewntkKi j , K`qi `~i Zeqi evmvai mgwi mgvb|
Abywmv2| `yBwUeci i KAtkKi j , K`qi `~i Zeqi evmvai Ai i mgvb|
KvR: 1| cgvYKi h, `yBwUeci i AtkKi j , Zv`i K`qI kwe`ymgi L ne|
Abykxj bx84
1| O K`wewkGKwUei ewntKvbvwe`yP _Ke`yBwUkKUvbvnj | cgvYKi h,
OP mi j i Lvk-RvGi j ^wLK|
2| `I qvAvQ, O ei K`Ges PAI PB kKqeKh_vg B AI we`yZkKi Q|
cgvYKi h, APB PO Z , KmgwLwZKi |
3| cgvYKi h, `yBwUeGKKw`Knj Geseni ewUi KvbvRvz`Zi ewUKkKi j
D Rvkwe`yZmgwLwZnq|
4| AB Kvbvei evmGes BC evmvai mgvbGKwURv| hw` C AI we`yZAwZkKq
ci i D we`yZwgwj Znq, ZecgvYKi h, ACD GKwUmgevw f zR|
5| cgvY Ki h, Kvbvei cwi wj wLZ PZzf yRi hKvbv`yBwUweci xZ ev K`h `yBwUKvY
avi YKi , Zvi vci i m~i K|
85emKxqmv`
mv`1
GKwUeevePvc `I qvAvQ, K`wbYqKi Zne|
GKwUewP -1evePvc wP -2`I qvAvQ, ewUi ev
ePvcwUi K`wbYqKi Zne|
Ab: c` e evePvc wZbwUwe`y C B A, I wbB|
C B B A , , Ges hvM Kwi | BC AB I Rv `yBwUi
j ^mgwLK h_vg GH EF I i Lvsk `yBwUUvwb| gb
Kwi , Zvi vci i O we`yZ Q` Ki | myZi vs, O we`yB
cgvY
ei evePvci K`|
146
MwYZ
cgvY: EF i Lvsk AB RvGi Ges GH i Lvsk BC RvGi j ^mgwLK| wK GH EF I Df q
K`MvgxGes O Zv`i mvavi YQ` we`y| myZi vs O we`yBei evePvci K`|
ei kKAb
Avgi vRbwQh, ei wf Zi AewZ Kvbvwe`y_K ei kK AuvKvhvq bv| we`ywUhw` ei
I ci _vK Zvnj D we`yZ ei GKwUgv kK Ab Ki vhvq| kKwUewYZ we`yZ AwZ
evmvai Dci j ^nq| myZi vs, ewZKvbvwe`yZei kK AbKi Znj ewYZwe`yZevmva
Ab Ki evmvai Dci j ^AuvKZ ne| Avevi we`ywUei evBi AewZ nj Zv_K e `yBwU
kKAuvKvhve|
mv`2
ei Kvbvwe`yZGKwUkKAvuKZne|
gbKwi , O K`wewke A GKwUwe`y| A we`yZ
ewUZGKwUkKAuvKZne|
Ab:
(1) A O, hvMKwi | A we`yZ OA Gi Dci AP j ^
AuvwK| Zvnj AP wbYqkK|
cgvY: OA i Lvsk A we`yMvgxevmvaGes AP Zvi
I ci j ^| myZi vs, AP i LvBwbYqkK|
wekl `e: ei Kvbvwe`yZGKwUgv kKAuvKvnq|
mv`3
ei ewntKvbvwe`y_KewUi kKAuvKZne|
gb Kwi , O K`wewk ei P GKwUewntwe`y| P we`y
_KHekKAuvKZne|
Ab:
(1) O P, hvMKwi | PO i Lvski gawe`yM wbYqKwi |
(2) GLb M K K`Ki MO Gi mgvbevmvawbqGKwU
e AvuwK| gb Kwi , bZzb AwZ ewU c` eK B AI
we`yZQ` Ki |
(3) P A, Ges P B, hvMKwi |
Zvnj , AP , BP Df qBwbYqkK|
MwYZ
147
cgvY: O B O A , , Ges hvMKwi | APB e PO evm|
PAO Z =GKmgKvY [AaeKvYmgKvY]
myZi vs, OA i Lvsk AP i Lvski I ci j ^ | AZGe, O Kw`K ei A we`yZ AP i Lvsk GKwU
kK| Abyi cf ve, BP i LvskI GKwUkK|
wekl `e: ei ewntKvbvwe`y_KHe`yBwUI Kej `yBwUkKAuvKvhvq|
mv`4
Kvbvwbw`w f zRi cwi eAuvKZne|
gbKwi , ABC GKwUw f zR| Gi cwi e AuvKZne| A_vr, GgbGKwU
eAuvKZne, hvw f zRi wZbwUkxl we`y C B A, I we`yw`qhvq|
Ab:
(1) AC AB I i Lvski j ^mgwLKh_vg EM I FN i Lvsk
AuvwK| gbKwi , Zvi vci i K O we`yZQ` Ki |
(2) O A, hvMKwi | O KK`Ki OA Gi mgvbevmvawbqGKwU
eAuvwK|
Zvnj , ewU C B A, I we`yMvgxneGesGBewUB ABC A Gi wbYq
cwi e|
cgvY : O C O B , , Ges hvMKwi | O we`ywU AB Gi j ^mgwLK
EM Gi I ci AewZ|
OB OA = , GKBf ve, OC OA =
OC OB OA = =
myZi vs O KK`Ki OA Gi mgvbevmvawbqAwZewU
C B A, I we`ywZbwUw`qhve| myZi vsGBewUB ABC A Gi cwi e|
KvR : I ci i wP GKwUm~ KvYxw f yRi cwi e AuvKvnqQ| zj KvYxGes mgKvYxw f yRi
cwi eAbKi |
j Yxqh, m~ KvYxw f zRi cwi K`w f zRi Af i , zj KvYxw f zRi cwi K`w f zRi
ewnf vMGesmgKvYxw f zRi cwi K`AwZf yRi I ci AewZ|
148
MwYZ
mv`5
Kvbvwbw`w f zRi AeAuvKZne|
gbKwi , ABC A GKwUw f zR| Gi AeAuvKZne| A_vr,
ABC A Gi wf Zi Ggb GKwU e AuvKZ ne, hv
AB CA BC, I evwZbwUi cZKwUKkKi |
Ab: ACB ABC Z Z I Gi mgwLKh_vg CM BL I
AuvwK| gbKwi , Zvi vO we`yZQ` Ki | O _K BC Gi
I ci OD j ^AuvwKGesgbKwi , ZvBC K D we`yZQ`
Ki | O K K`Ki OD Gi mgvbevmvawbqGKwUe
AuvwK| Zvnj , GBewUBwbYqAe|
cgvY: O _K AB AC I Gi I ci h_vg OF OE I j ^Uvwb| gbKwi , j ^qevqKh_vg
F E I we`yZQ` Ki |
O we`y ABC Z Gi wLKi I ci AewZ|
OD OF =
Abyi cf ve, O we`y ABC Z Gi wLKi I ci AewZej OD OF =
OF OE OD = =
myZi vs O KK`Ki OD Gi mgvbevmvawbqeAuvKj Zv F E D, Ges we`yw`qhve|
Avevi , OF OE OD, I Gi cvwe`yZh_vg AB AC BC, I j ^|
myZi vsewU ABC A Gi wf Zi _KGi evwZbwUKh_vg F E D, I we`yZkKi |
AZGe, DEF ewUB ABC A Gi Aene|
mv`6
Kvbvwbw`w f zRi ewneAuvKZne|
gb Kwi , ABC GKwUw f zR| Gi ewne AuvKZ ne|
A_vr, GgbGKwUeAuvKZne, hvw f zRi GKwUevK
GesAci `yBevi ewaZvskKkKi |
Ab : AC AB I evqK h_vg F DI chewaZ
Kwi | FCB DBC Z Z I Gi mgwLK CN BM Ges
AuvwK| gbKwi , E Zv`i Q` we`y| E _K BC Gi
I ci EH j ^AuvwK GesgbKwi ZvBC K H we`yZ
Q` Ki | E K K`Ki EH Gi mgvb evmvawbq
GKwUeAuvwK|
Zvnj , GBewUBwbYqewne|
MwYZ
149
cgvY : E _K CF BDI i Lvski I ci h_vg EL EG I j ^Uvwb| gb Kwi , j ^q,
i LvskqKh_vg L G I we`yZQ` Ki |
E we`ywU DBC Z Gi wLKi I ci AewZ
EG EH =
Abyi cf ve, E we`ywU FCB Z Gi wLKi I ci AewZej EL EH =
EL EG EH = =
myZi vs E KK`Ki EL Gi mgvbevmvawbqAwZe G H, Ges L we`ywbqhve|
Avevi , EL EG EH, I Gi cvwe`yZh_vg CF BD BC, I i Lvsk wZbwUj ^|
myZi vsewUi Lvsk wZbwUKh_vg L G H, I we`ywZbwUZkKi |
AZGe, HGL ewUB ABC A Gi ewnene|
ge: Kvbvw f zRi wZbwUewneAuvKvhvq|
KvR: 1| w f zRi Aci `yBwUewneAuvK|
Abykxj bx85
1. wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
i ekKkwe`yMvgxevmvai I ci j ^
ii AaeKvYGKmgKvY
iii ei mKj mgvbRvK`_Kmg`~i eZx
wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
I ci i wP Abyhvqx2I 3bscki Di `vI :
2. ZBOD Gi cwi gvYne-
K.
2
1
ZBAC L.
2
1
ZBAD
2ZBAC 2ZBAD
MwYZ
150
3. ewUABC w f y Ri -
K. Ae L. cwi e
M. ewnte N. Dce
4. Kvbvei AwaPvc Awj wLZKvY-
K. m~ KvY L. mgKvY
M. ~j KvY N. c~i KKvY
5. KvbveGgbGKwUkKAuvKhbZvwbw`mi j i Lvi mgvi vj nq|
6. KvbveGgbGKwUkKAuvKhbZvwbw`mi j i Lvi Dci j ^nq|
7. KvbveGgb`yBwUkKAuvKhbZv`i Af y KvY60 nq|
8. 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg. I 45 m.wg. evwewkGKwUw f zRi cwi eAuvKGesGBei evmvawbYqKi |
9. 5 m.wgevwewkGKwUmgevw f zR ABC Gi AC evKkKwi qGKwU ewneAuvK|
10. GKwUeMi AeI cwi eAuvK|
11. cgvYKi h, mgwevw f ~Ri mgvbevqKevmai `yBwUeAbKi j , Zvi vf ~wgi
gawe`yKci i Q` Ki |
12. cgvYKi h, mgKvYxw f ~Ri AwZf yRi gawe`yI weci xZkxl i mshvRKi LvskAwZf yRi AaK|
13. ABC GKwUw f yR| AB KevmwbqAwZehw` BC evK D we`yKQ` Ki , Ze
cgvYKi h, AC evKevmwbqAwZeI D we`yw`qhve|
14. AB I CD GKBe`yBwUmgvi vj Rv| cgvYKi h, Pvc AC =Pvc BD .
15. O K`wewkKvbvei AB I CD Rv`yBwUei Af i E we`yZQ` Ki j cgvYKi
h, ). (
2
1
AOC BOD AEC Z + Z = Z
16. `yBwUmgvbevmwewkei mvavi YRvAB | B we`yw`qAwZKvbvmi j i Lvhw` e`yBwUi
mv_ P I Q we`yZwgwj Znq, ZecgvYKi h, OAQ A mgwev|
17. O K`wewkABC eRvAB = x m.wg. OD AB
cvki wP AbyhvqxwbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
K. ewUi dj wbYqKi |
L. `LvI h, D, AB Gi gawe`y|
M. OD = (
2
x
-2) m. wg. nj x Gi gvbwbYqKi |
18. GKwUw f yRi wZbwUevi `Nh_vg4m. wg. 5m. wg. I 6m. wg.
I ci i Z_Abyhvqxwbgi ckj vi Di `vI :
K. w f yRwUAbKi
L. w f yRwUi cwi eAbKi |
M. w f yRi cwi ei evwni hKvbGKwUwbw`we`y_Kei `yBwUkKAbKi
`LvI hkKqi `~i Zmgvbnq|
begAavq
w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
(Trigonometric Ratios)
Avgi vcwZwbqZ w f zR, wekl Ki mgKvYxw f zRi eenvi Ki _vwK| Avgv`i Pvwi w`Ki cwi ek
bvbvD`vni Y `Lvhvq hLvb K bvq mgKvYxw f zR MVb Ki vhvq| mBcvPxb hyMgvbyl RvwgwZi
mvnvhb`xi Zxi `uvwoqb`xi cwbYqKi vi Kkj wkLwQj | MvQbvDVI MvQi Qvqvi mj vwVi
Zzj bvKi wbL~uyZf ve MvQi DPZvgvcZ wkLwQj | GB MvwYwZK Kkj kLvbvi Rb mw nqQ
w KvYwgwZ bvg MwYZi GK wekl kvLv| Trigonometry kwUwM K k tri(A_wZb) gon(A_
avi ) metron(A_cwi gvc) vi vMwVZ| w KvYwgwZZw f zRi evI KvYi gamKwel qcvV`vb
Ki vnq| wgki I ewej bxqmf Zvqw KvYwgwZeenvi i wb`kbi qQ| wgki xqi vf ~wgRwi c I cKkj
KvRGi ej eenvi Ki Zej avi YvKi vnq| Gi mvnvhRvwZwe`MYcw_ex_K `~i eZxMn-b i
`~i ZwbYq Ki Zb| Aaybvw KvYwgwZi eenvi MwYZi mKj kvLvq| w f yR msvmgmvi mgvavb,
bwf MkbBZvw` w KvYwgwZi evcK eenvi nq_vK| MwYZi i Zc~YRvwZwevbkvLvmn
Kvj Kzj vmGi ej eenvi i qQ|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZeYbvKi Zcvi e|
m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZj vi gacvi wi KmKwbYqKi Zcvi e|
m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZj vi ayeZvhvPvBKi cgvYI MvwYwZKmgmvmgvavbKi Z
cvi e|
RvwgwZKcwZZ

60 , 45 , 30 KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZi gvbwbYqI cqvMKi Zcvi e|


0 I

90 KvYi A_c~Yw KvYwgwZKAbycvZj vi gvbwbYqKi cqvMKi Zcvi e|
w KvYwgwZKAf `vewj cgvY Ki Zcvi e|
w KvYwgwZKAf `vewj i cqvMKi Zcvi e|
91 mgKvYxw f zRi evj vi bvgKi Y
Avgi vRvwb, mgKvYxw f zRi evj vAwZf zR, f ~wg I DbwZ bvg Awf wnZ nq| w f zRi Abyf ~wgK
Aevbi Rb G bvgmg~n mv_K| Avevi mgKvYxw f zRi m~ KvYqi GKwUi mvc Aevbi
cwZI evj vi bvgKi YKi vnq| h_v:
K. AwZf zR, mgKvYxw f zRi engevhvmgKvYi weci xZev
L. weci xZev, hvnj vc`KvYi mi vmwi weci xZw`Ki ev
M. mwbwnZev, hvc`KvYmwKvi xGKwUi Lvsk|
152
MwYZ
PON Z KvYi RbAwZf zR OP , mwbwnZev
ON , weci xZev PN
OPN Z KvYi RbAwZf zR OP , mwbwnZev
PN , weci xZev ON
RvwgwZK wP i kxl we`ywPwZKi vi Rbeo nvZi eYI evwb`k Ki ZQvUnvZi eYeenvi Ki v
nq| KvYwb`ki RbcvqkBwMKeYeeZnq| wMKeYgvj vi QqwUej eeZeYnj v:
alpha o beta gamma y theta phi o omega u
(Avj dv) (weUv) (Mvgv) (w_Uv) (cvB) (I gMv)
cvPxb wMmi weLvZ me MwYZwe``i nvZ ai B RvwgwZ I w KvYwgwZZ wMK eYj veenvi nq
AvmQ|
D`vni Y1| KvYi RbAwZf zR, mwbwnZevI weci xZevwPwZKi |
mgvavb:
(K) AwZf zR17 GKK
weci xZev8 GKK
mwbwnZev15 GKK
(L) AwZf zR p
weci xZev r
mwbwnZev q
(M) AwZf zREF
weci xZev EG
mwbwnZev FG
D`vni Y2| o I KvYi RbAwZf zR, mwbwnZevI weci xZevi `NwbYqKi |
(K) o KvYi Rb
AwZf zR25 GKK
weci xZev24 GKK
mwbwnZev7 GKK
(L) KvYi Rb
AwZf zR 25 GKK
weci xZev 7 GKK
mwbwnZev 24 GKK
KvR:
I o KvYi RbAwZf z R, mwb wnZevI weci xZevwb` k Ki |
MwYZ
153
dgv- 20, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
92 m`k mgKvYxw f zRi evj vi AbycvZmg~ni ayeZv
KvR: wbPi Pvi wUm`k mgKvYxw f zRi evj vi `Ngc mvi wYwUc~i YKi | w f zRi AbycvZj v
mKKxj Ki ?
evi `N AbycvZ( KvYi mvc)
BC AB AC BC/ AC AB/ AC BC/ AB
gbKwi , XOA Z GKwUm~ KvY| OA evZ hKvbvGKwUwe`yP wbB| P _K OX evch
PM j ^Uvwb| dj GKwUmgKvYxw f yR POM MwVZ nj v| GB POM A Gi OM PM, I OP
evj vi hwZbwUAbycvZcvI qvhvqZv`i gvb OA evZwbevwPZ P we`y i Ae vbi I ci wbf i Ki
bv|
XOA Z KvYi OA evZ hKvbvwe`yP I
1
P _K OX evchh_vg PM I
1 1
M P j ^
AbKi j POM A I
1 1
OM P A `yBwUm`k mgKvYxw f yRMwVZnq|
GLb, POM A I
1 1
OM P A m`k nI qvq,
1 1
M P
PM
=
1
OP
OP
ev,
OP
PM
=
1
1 1
OP
M P
..... ) (i
154
MwYZ
1
OM
OM
=
1
OP
OP
ev,
OP
OM
=
1
1
OP
OM
.... ) (ii
1 1
M P
PM
=
1
OM
OM
ev,
OM
PM
=
1
1 1
OM
M P
.... ) (iii
A_vr, AbycvZmg~ni cZKwUaeK| GBAbycvZmg~nKw KvYwgwZKAbycvZej |
93 m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
gbKwi , XOA Z GKwUm~ KvY| OA evZ hKvbvGKwUwe`y
P wbB| P _K OX ev chPM j ^Uvwb| dj GKwU
mgKvYxw f yR POM MwVZ nj v| GB POM A Gi OM PM, I
OP evj vi h QqwU AbycvZ cvI qvhvq Zv`i XOA Z Gi
w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ ej vnq Ges Zv`i cZKwUK GK GKwU
mywbw`bvgbvgKi YKi vnq|
XOA Z mvc mgKvYxw f yR POM Gi PM weci xZ ev,
OM mwbwnZ ev, OP AwZf yR| GLb = ZXOA ai j , KvYi hQqwUw KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
cvI qvhvqZvwbgeYbvKi vnj v|
wP _K,
sin =
OP
PM
= [ KvYi mvBb ) (sine ]
cos =
OP
OM
= [ KvYi KvmvBb ine cos ]
tan =
OM
PM
= [ KvYi UvbRU gent tan ]
GesG`i weci xZAbycvZ
ec cos =
sin
1
[ KvYi KvmKvU ant cosec ]
sec =
cos
1
[ KvYi mKvU ant sec ]
cot =
tan
1
[ KvYi KvUvbRU angent cot ]
j Kwi , sin cZxKwU KvYi mvBb-Gi AbycvZK evSvq; sinI Gi Ydj K bq| ev`
sinAvj v`vKvbvA_enbKi bv| w KvYwgwZKAbvbAbycvZj vi I wel qwUchvR|
weci xZev
AwZf yR
mwbwnZev
AwZf yR
weci xZev
mwbwnZev
MwYZ
155
94 w KvYwgwZKAbycvZj vi mK
gbKwi , = ZXOA GKwUm~ KvY|
cvki wP mvc, msvbyhvqx,
sin =
OP
PM
, ec cos =
sin
1
=
PM
OP
cos =
OP
OM
, sec =
cos
1
=
OM
OP
tan =
OM
PM
, cot =
tan
1
=
PM
OM
Avevi , tan =
OM
PM
OP
OM
OP
PM
= [j eI ni K OP vi vf vMKi ]
=

cos
sin
tan =

cos
sin
GesGKBf ve,
cot =

sin
cos
95 w KvYwgwZKAf `vewj
) (i
2 2
) (cos ) (sin + =
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
OP
OM
OP
PM
=
2
2
2
2
OP
OM
OP
PM
+ =
2
2 2
OP
OM PM +
=
2
2
OP
OP
[ wc_vMvi vmi m~ ]
1 =
ev, 1 ) (cos ) (sin
2 2
= +
1 cos sin
2 2
= +
ge: c~YmsLvm~PK n Gi Rb
n
) (sin K
n n
) (cos ), (sin K
n
cos BZvw` j Lvnq|
) (ii
2
sec =
2
) (sec =
2
|
.
|

\
|
OM
OP
=
2
2
OM
OP
=
2
2 2
OM
OM PM +
[ OP mgKvYx POM A Gi AwZf ~Rej ]
156
MwYZ
=
2
2
2
2
OM
OM
OM
PM
+
=
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
OM
PM
=
2
) (tan 1 + =
2
tan 1+

2 2
tan 1 sec + =
ev,
1 tan sec
2 2
=
ev,
1 sec tan
2 2
=
) (iii
2 2
) cosec ( cosec = =
2
|
.
|

\
|
PM
OP
=
2
2
PM
OP
=
2
2 2
PM
OM PM +
[ OP mgKvYx POM A Gi AwZf yRej ]
=
2
2
2
2
PM
OM
PM
PM
+ =
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
PM
OM
=
2
) (cot 1 + =
2
cot 1+

1 cot cosec
2 2
=
Ges
1 cosec cot
2 2
=
KvR t
1| wbPi w KvYwgwZKm~ j vmnRgbi vLvi RbZvwj KvZwi Ki |

sin
1
cosec =

cos
1
sec =

cot
1
tan =

cos
sin
tan =

sin
cos
cot =
1 cos sin
2 2
= +

2 2
tan 1 sec + =

2 2
cot 1 cosec + =
D`vni Y1|
3
4
tan = A nj , A KvYi Abvbw KvYwgwZKAbycvZmg~nwbYqKi |
mgvavb: `I qvAvQ,
3
4
tan = A .
AZGe, A KvYi weci xZev=4, mwbwnZev=3
AwZf zR= 5 25 3 4
2 2
= = +
myZi vs, A sin =
5
4
, A cos =
5
3
, A cot =
4
3
MwYZ
157
mgvavb: `I qvAvQ,
3
4
tan = A .
AZGe, A KvYi weci xZev=4, mwbwnZev=3
AwZf zR= 5 25 3 4
2 2
= = +
myZi vs, A sin =
5
4
, A cos =
5
3
, A cot =
4
3
A cosec =
4
5
, A sec =
3
5
.
D`vni Y2| ABC mgKvYxw f zRi B Z KvYwUmgKvY| 1 tan = A nj 1 cos sin 2 = A A Gi mZZv
hvPvBKi |
mgvavb: `I qvAvQ, 1 tan = A .
AZGe, weci xZev=mwbwnZev=1
AwZf zR= 2 1 1
2 2
= +
myZi vs, A sin =
2
1
, A cos =
2
1
.
GLbevgc =2 A sin A cos =2
2
1

2
1
=2
2
1
=1
= Wvbc |
1 cos sin 2 = A A evKwUmZ|
KvR:
1| ABC mgKvYxw f zRi C Z mgKvY, AB =29 m.wg., BC = 21 m.wg. Ges = ZABC nj ,

2 2
sin cos Gi gvbei Ki |
D`vni Y3| cgvYKi h, . cosec . sec cot tan = +
mgvavb:
evgc = t co n ta +
=

n si
s co
s co
n si
+
=


s co n si
s co n si
2 2

+
=
s co n si
1

] 1 s co n si [
2 2
= +
=
s co
1
n si
1

= c se ec s co
= ec s co c se = Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|
A cosec =
4
5
, A sec =
3
5
.
D`vni Y2| ABC mgKvYxw f zRi B Z KvYwUmgKvY| 1 tan = A nj 1 cos sin 2 = A A Gi mZZv
hvPvBKi |
MwYZ
158
=


2 2
2 2
n si s co
s co n si +
=

2 2
n si s co
1
[ ] 1 s co n si
2 2
= +
=

2 2
n si
1
s co
1

=
2 2
ec s co c se
= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|
D`vni Y5| cgvYKi h, 1
ec cos 1
1
n si 1
1
2 2
=
+
+
+
mgvavb: evgc =

2 2
ec s co 1
1
n si 1
1
+
+
+
=

2
2
n si
1
1
1
n si 1
1
+
+
+
=

2
2
2
n si 1
n si
n si 1
1
+
+
+
=

2
2
n si 1
n si 1
+
+
= 1= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|
D`vni Y6| cgvYKi : 1
A n ta 2
1
A n si 2
1
2 2
=
+
+

mgvavb: evgc=
A n ta 2
1
A n si 2
1
2 2
+
+

=
A s co
A n si
2
1
A n si 2
1
2
2 2
+
+

=
A n si A s co 2
A s co
A n si 2
1
2 2
2
2
+
+

=
A n si ) A n si 1 ( 2
A s co
A n si 2
1
2 2
2
2
+
+

=
A n si A n si 2 2
A s co
A n si 2
1
2 2
2
2
+
+

=
A n si 2
A n si 1
A n si 2
1
2
2
2

=
A
A
2
2
sin 2
sin 2

= 1= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
159
MwYZ
D`vni Y7| cgvYKi : 0
A n ta
1 A c se
1 A c se
A n ta
=

+
mgvavb: evgc=
A n ta
1 A c se
1 A c se
A n ta

+
=
A n ta ) 1 A c se (
) 1 A c se ( A n ta
2 2
+

] tan 1 sec [
2 2
A A =
=
A n ta ) 1 A c se (
A n ta A n ta
2 2
+

=
A n ta ) 1 A c se (
0
+
= 0 = Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
D`vni Y8| cgvYKi : A n ta A c se
A n si 1
A n si 1
=
+

mgvavb: evgc=
A n si 1
A n si 1
+

=
) A n si 1 )( A n si 1 (
) A n si 1 )( A n si 1 (
+

[j eI ni K ) n 1 ( A si vi vYKi ]
=
A n si 1
) A n si 1 (
2
2

=
A s co
) A n si 1 (
2
2

=
A s co
A n si 1
=
A s co
1

A s co
A n si
= A n ta A c se
= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
D`vni Y9| a A n si A n ta = + Ges b A n si A n ta = nj , cgvYKi h, ab 4 b a
2 2
= .
mgvavb: GLvbc`, a A n si A n ta = + Ges b A n si A n ta =
evgc =
2 2
b a
=
2 2
) A n si A n ta ( ) A n si A n ta ( +
= A n si A n ta 4 ] 4 ) ( ) ( [
2 2
ab b a b a = +
= A n si A n ta 4
2 2
160
MwYZ
= ) A s co 1 ( A n ta 4
2 2

= A s co A n ta A n ta 4
2 2 2

= A n si A n ta 4
2 2

= ) A n si A n ta )( A n si A n ta ( 4 +
= ab 4
= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
KvR: 1| 1 cot cot
2 4
= A A nj , cgvYKi h, 1 cos cos
2 4
= + A
2| 1 A n si A n si
4 2
= + nj , cgvYKi h, 1 A n ta A n ta
2 4
= +
D`vni Y10|
2
5
A n ta A c se = + nj , A n ta A c se Gi gvbwbYqKi |
mgvavb: GLvbc`, ) i ...( ..........
2
5
A n ta A c se = +
Avgi vRvwb, A n ta 1 A c se
2 2
+ =
ev, 1 A n ta A c se
2 2
=
ev, 1 ) A n ta A c se )( A n ta A c se ( = +
ev, 1 ) A n ta A c se (
2
5
= [ ) (i nZ]
.
5
2
A n ta A c se =
Abykxj bx91
1| wbPi MvwYwZKDw j vi mZ-wg_vhvPvBKi | Zvgvi Di i c hyw `vI |
K. A tan Gi gvbme`v1 Gi PqKg
L. A cot nj v cotI AGi Ydj
M. A Gi Kvbgvbi Rb
5
12
A sec =
N. cos nj v cotangentGi mswi c
2|
4
3
A sin = nj , A KvYi Abvbw KvYwgwZKAbycvZmg~nwbYqKi |
3| `I qvAvQ, 8 A cot 15 = , A sin I A sec Gi gvbei Ki |
MwYZ
161
dgv- 21, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
= ) A s co 1 ( A n ta 4
2 2

= A s co A n ta A n ta 4
2 2 2

= A n si A n ta 4
2 2

= ) A n si A n ta )( A n si A n ta ( 4 +
= ab 4
= Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
KvR: 1| 1 cot cot
2 4
= A A nj , cgvYKi h, 1 cos cos
2 4
= + A
2| 1 A n si A n si
4 2
= + nj , cgvYKi h, 1 A n ta A n ta
2 4
= +
D`vni Y10|
2
5
A n ta A c se = + nj , A n ta A c se Gi gvbwbYqKi |
mgvavb: GLvbc`, ) i ...( ..........
2
5
A n ta A c se = +
Avgi vRvwb, A n ta 1 A c se
2 2
+ =
ev, 1 A n ta A c se
2 2
=
ev, 1 ) A n ta A c se )( A n ta A c se ( = +
ev, 1 ) A n ta A c se (
2
5
= [ ) (i nZ]
.
5
2
A n ta A c se =
Abykxj bx91
1| wbPi MvwYwZKDw j vi mZ-wg_vhvPvBKi | Zvgvi Di i c hyw `vI |
K. A tan Gi gvbme`v1 Gi PqKg
L. A cot nj v cotI AGi Ydj
M. A Gi Kvbgvbi Rb
5
12
A sec =
N. cos nj v cotangentGi mswi c
2|
4
3
A sin = nj , A KvYi Abvbw KvYwgwZKAbycvZmg~nwbYqKi |
3| `I qvAvQ, 8 A cot 15 = , A sin I A sec Gi gvbei Ki |
162
MwYZ
4| ABC mgKvYxw f zRi C Z mgKvY, AB = 13 m.wg., BC = 12 m.wg. Ges
= ZABC nj , cos , sin I tan Gi gvbei Ki |
5| ABC mgKvYxw f zRi B Z KvYwUmgKvY| 3 tan = A nj , 4 A cos A sin 3 = Gi
mZZvhvPvBKi |
cgvYKi (620) :
6| ) (i ; 1
A cosec
1
A c se
1
2 2
= + ) (ii ; 1
A cot
1
A cos
1
2 2
= ) (iii ; 1
A n ta
1
A n si
1
2 2
=
7| ) (i ; 1
A sec
A s co
A cosec
A sin
= + ) (ii . 1
A cot
A n a t
A cos
A sec
=
) (iii 1
cosec 1
1
sin 1
1
2 2
=
+
+
+ A A
8| ) (i 1 cos sec
tan 1
cot
cot 1
tan
+ =

ecA A
A
A
A
A
; ) (ii 1
cot 1
1
tan 1
1
2 2
=
+
+
+ A A
9| . A A si
A
A
A a
A
cos n
cot 1
sin
n t 1
cos
+ =

10| . A sin A sin ` 1 A tan


2
=
11|
A n ta A c se
A t co ecA s co
A t co ecA s co
A n ta A c se

=
+
+
12| . A c se 2
1 ecA s co
ecA s co
1 ecA s co
A sec co
2
=
+
+

13| . A c se 2
A n si 1
1
A n si 1
1
2
=

+
+
14| . A n ta 2
1 ecA s co
1
1 ecA s co
1
2
=
+

15| . A c e s co 2
A n si
A s co 1
A s co 1
A n si
=

16| 0
A n a t
1 A c se
1 A sec
A n a t
=

+
17|


n si 1
n si 1
) sec n ta (
2

+
= + 18| . B n ta . A t co
A n ta B t co
B n ta A t co
=
+
+
19| . A n ta A c se
A n si 1
A n si 1
=
+

20| . A ec s co A t co
1 A c se
1 A c se
+ =

+
21| A s co 2 A n si A s co = + nj , ZecgvYKi h, A sin 2 A sin A cos =
22| hw`
3
1
A tan = nq, Ze
A c se A ec s co
A c se A ec s co
2 2
2 2
+

Gi gvbwbYqKi |
23|
3
4
A cot A c e cos = nj , cotA A c e cos + Gi gvbKZ?
24|
a
b
A t co = nj ,
A s co b A n si a
A s co b A n si a
+

Gi gvbwbYqKi |
MwYZ
163
96

45 30 , I

60 KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
RvwgwZKDcvq

45 30 , I

60 cwi gvci KvYAuvKZwkLwQ| GmKj KvYi w KvYwgwZK
AbycvZi cKZgvbRvwgwZKcwZZwbYqKi vhvq|

30 I

60 KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
gbKwi ,

30 = ZXOZ Ges OZ evZ P GKwU
we`y| OX PM AuvwKGes PM K Q chewaZ
Kwi hb PM MQ = nq| Q O, hvMKi Z
chewaZKwi
GLb POM A I QOM A Gi ga , QM PM =
OM mvavi YevGesAf y PMO Z = Af y

90 = ZQMO
QOM POM A ~ A
AZGe,

30 = Z = Z POM QOM
Ges

60 = Z = Z OPM OQM
Avevi ,

60 30 30 = + = Z + Z = Z QOM POM POQ
OPQ A GKwUmgevw f yR|
hw` a OP 2 = nq, Ze a OP PQ PM = = =
2
1
2
1
[hnZz OPQ A GKwUmgevw f yR ]
mgKvYx OPM A nZcvB,
2 2
PM OP OM = a a a 3 4
2 2
= = .
w KvYwgwZKAbycvZmg~nei Kwi :

2
1
2
30 sin = = =
a
a
OP
PM

,
2
3
2
3
30 cos = = =
a
a
OP
OM

3
1
3
30 tan = = =
a
a
OM
PM

.
2
2
30 cosec = = =
a
a
PM
OP

,
3
2
3
2
30 sec = = =
a
a
OM
OP

3
3
30 cot = = =
a
a
PM
OM

.
GKBf ve,
164
MwYZ
2
3
2
3
60 sin = = =
a
a
OP
OM

,
2
1
2
60 cos = = =
a
a
OP
PM

, 3
3
60 tan = = =
a
a
PM
OM

3
2
3
2
60 cosec = = =
a
a
OM
OP

, 2
2
60 sec = = =
a
a
PM
OP

,
3
1
3
60 cot = = =
a
a
OM
PM

45 KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
gbKwi ,

45 = ZXOZ Ges OZ P, Gi
Dci GKwUwe`y| OX PM AuvwK|
OPM A mgKvYxw f yR

45 = ZPOM
myZi vs,

45 = ZOPM
AZGe, OM PM = = a (gbKwi )
GLb,
2 2 2
PM OM OP + = =
2
a +
2
a =2
2
a
ev, 2a OP =
w KvYwgwZKAbycvZi msv_KAvgi vcvB,
2
1
2
45 sin = = =
a
a
OP
PM

,
2
1
2
45 cos = = =
a
a
OP
OM

, 1 45 tan = = =
a
a
OM
PM

2
45 sin
1
45 cosec =

, 2
45 cos
1
45 sec =

, 1
45 tan
1
45 cot =

97 c~i KKvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ


Avgi vRvwbh, `yBwUm~ KvYi cwi gvci mgw

90 nj , Zv`i GKwUKAci wUi c~i KKvYej vnq|
hgb,

30 I

60 Ges

15 I

75 ci i c~i KKvY|
mvavi Yf ve, KvYI ) (

90 KvYci i i c~i KKvY|


MwYZ
165
c~i KKvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
gbKwi , = ZXOY Ges P GBKvYi OY evi
Dci GKwUwe`y| OX PM AuvwK|
hnZzw f yRi wZbKvYi mgw`yBmgKvY,
AZGe, POM mgKvYxw f yR

90 = ZPMO
Ges = Z + Z POM OPM GKmgKvY=

90
= Z = Z

90 90 POM OPM
[hnZz = Z = Z XOY POM ]

OP
OM
= ) 90 ( sin

= POM Z cos = cos


OP
PM
= ) 90 ( cos

= POM Z sin = sin


PM
OM
= ) 90 ( tan

= POM Z cot = cot


OM
PM
= ) 90 ( cot

= POM Z tan = tan


PM
OP
= ) 90 ( sec

= POM Z cosec = cosec


OM
OP
= ) 90 ( cosec

= POM Z sec = sec .


Dci i m~ j vwbgwj wLZf veK_vqcKvk Ki vhvq:
c~i KKvYi n = e si KvYi ; ine cos
c~i KKvYi = ine cos KvYi ; e sin
c~i KKvYi = gent tan KvYi , tangent co BZvw`|
KvR:
3
5
) 90 ( sec =

nj , cot cosec Gi gvbwbY qKi |


98

0 I

90 KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZ
Avgi v mgKvYx w f zRi m~KvY Gi Rb w KvYwgwZK
AbycvZj vwbYqKi Z wkLwQ| Gevi `wL, KvYwUgkt QvUKi v
nj w KvYwgwZi AbycvZj vKxi c nq| KvYwUhZBQvUnZ
_vK, weci xZev PN Gi `NZZBQvUnq| P we`ywUN we`yi
wbKUZi nqGesAekl KvYwUhLb

0 Gi LyeKvQAewZnq,
OP cvq ON Gi mv_ wgj hvq|
MwYZ
166
hLb KvYwU

0 Gi LyewbKUAvmPN i Lvski `Nk~bi KvVvqbgAvmGesG
OP
PN
= sin Gi gvbcvqk~b| GKBmgq, KvYwU

0 Gi LyeKvQGj OP Gi `NcvqON
Gi `Ni mgvbnqGes
OP
ON
= cos Gi gvbcvq1.
w KvYwgwZZAvj vPbvi myweav_

0 KvYi AeZvi YvKi vnqGescwgZAevb



0 KvYi cvxqev
I Avw` ev GKBi wkai vnq| myZi vs c~ei Avj vPbvi mmvgmi L ej vnq h, 1 0 cos =

,
0 0 sin =

.
m~ KvYnj Avgi v`LwQ

cos
sin
tan = ,

sin
cos
cot = ,

cos
1
sec = ,

sin
1
cosec = ,

0 KvYi Rbmve GmKj vhvZeRvq_vKmw`Kj i L msvwqZKi vnq|


0
1
0
0 cos
0 sin
0 tan = = =

1
1
1
0 cos
1
0 sec = = =

.
0 vi vf vMKi vhvqbvweavq

0 cosec I

0 cot msvwqZKi vhvqbv|
Avevi , hLb KvYwU

90 Gi Lye KvQ, AwZf zR OP cvq PN Gi mgvb| myZi vs, sin Gi gvb
cvq1| Abw`K, KvYwUcvq

90 Gi mgvbnj ON k~bi KvQvKvwQ; cos Gi gvbcvq0.
myZi vs, c~eewYZm~ i mmvgmi L ej vnqh, 0 90 cos =

, 1 90 sin =

.
0
1
0
0 9 sin
0 9 cos
0 9 cot = = =

167
MwYZ
1
1
1
0 9 sin
1
0 9 cosec = = =

c~ei bvq 0 vi vf vMKi vhvqbvweavq



90 tan I

90 sec msvwqZKi vhvqbv|
`e: eenvi i myweav_

60 , 45 , 30 , 0 I

90 KvYj vi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZj vi gvbwbPi
QK`Lvbvnj v:
KvY
AbycvZ

0

30

45

60

90
e sin 0
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
ine cos 1
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
gent tan
0
3
1 1
3
AmsvwqZ
angent cot AmsvwqZ
3
1
3
1
0
ant sec 1
3
2
2
2 AmsvwqZ
ecant cos
AmsvwqZ 2
2
3
2
1
j Kwi : wbavwi ZKqKwUKvYi Rbw KvYwgwZKgvbmg~ngbi vLvi mnRDcvq|
) (i 3 2 1 0 , , , Ges 4 msLvj vi cZKwUK 4 vi vf vMKi f vMdj i eMg~j wbj h_vgsin0,
60 sin , 45 sin , 30 sin Ges

90 sin Gi gvbcvI qvhvq|
) (ii 1 2 3 4 , , , Ges 0 msLvj vi cZKwUK 4 vi vf vMKi f vMdj j vi eMg~j wbj h_vg
, 0 cos

60 cos , 45 cos , 30 cos

Ges

90 cos Gi gvbcvI qvhvq|
) (iii 3 1 0 , , Ges 9 msLvj vi cZKwUK 3 vi vf vMKi f vMdj j vi eMg~j wbj h_vg

0 tan ,

45 tan , 30 tan Ges 60 tan

Gi gvbcvI qvhvq| (Dj Lh,

90 tan msvwqZbq)|
) (iv 1 3 9 , , Ges 0 msLvj vi cZKwUK 3 vi vf vMKi f vMdj j vi eMg~j wbj h_vg

45 cot ,

90 cot , 60 cot Gi gvbcvI qvhvq| (Dj Lh,

0 cot msvwqZbq)|
168
MwYZ
D`vni Y1| gvbwbYqKi :
(K)

45 n
45 n 1
45 n 1
2
2
2
ta
si
si
+
+

(L)

60 s 30 c 0 n 90 t ec co se ta co
(M)

30 n 60 s 30 s 60 n si co co si +
(N) +
+

60 sin
60 tan 1
, 60 tan 1
2
2
2
mgvavb:
(K) c`i vwk =

45 n
45 n 1
45 n 1
2
2
2
ta
si
si
+
+

= ] I [ ) ( 1 45 n
2
1
45 n 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
= = +
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|


ta si
= 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
+
+

= 1
2
3
2
1
+ = 1
3
1
+ =
3
4
(L) c`i vwk =

60 s 30 c 0 n 90 t ec co se ta co
= 0
3
2
3
2
0 0 =
[
3
2
60 s
3
2
30 c 0 0 n 0 90 t = = = =

, , , ec co se ta co ]
(M) c`i vwk =

30 n 60 s 30 s 60 n si co co si +
=
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
+
[
2
1
60 s co 30 n si ,
2
3
30 s co 60 n si = = = =

]
=
4
1
4
3
+ =
4
4
= 1
(N) c`i vwk =

60 n si
60 n ta 1
60 n ta 1
2
2
2
+
+

=
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3
3 1
3 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

=
4
3
3 1
3 1
+
+

=
4
3
4
2
+

=
4
1
4
3 2
=
+
MwYZ
169
dgv- 22, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
D`vni Y2|
(K) 3 ) B A ( n si 2 , 1 ) B A s( co 2 = + = Ges B A, m~ KvYnj , B AI Gi gvbwbYqKi |
(L)
3 1
3 1
A n si A s co
A n si A s co
+

=
+

nj , AGi gvbwbYqKi |
(M) cgvYKi h,
A n ta 1
A n ta 1
A 2 s co
2
2
+

= , hw`

45 = A nq|
(N) mgvavbKi : 0 3 n si 3 s co 2
2
= + , hLvb m~ KvY|
mgvavb: (K) 1 s( 2 = ) B A co
ev,
2
1
s( = ) B A co
ev,

s45 s( co B A co = ) [
2
1
s45 =

co ]
) ........( .......... i B A

45 =
Ges 3 n 2 = + ) ( B A si
ev,
2
3
) ( n = + B A si
ev,

60 n n si B A si = + ) ( [
2
3
60 n =

si ]
) ( .......... .......... ii B A

60 = +
) (i I ) (ii bshvMKi cvB,

105 2 = A

2
105

= A

2
1
52 =
Avevi , ) (ii nZ ) (i weqvMKi cvB,

15 2 = B
ev,
2
15

= B


2
1
7 = B
wbYq

2
1
52 = A I

2
1
7 = B
170
MwYZ
(L)
3 1
3 1
n s
n s
+

=
+

A si A co
A si A co
ev,
3 1 3 1
3 1 3 1
sin cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos

+ +
=

+ +
A A A A
A A A A
ev,
3 2
2
n 2
s 2

=
A si
A co
ev,
3
1
n
s
=
A si
A co
ev,

60 cot t = A co


60 = A
(M) `I qvAvQ,

45 = A
cgvYKi Zne,
A ta
A ta
A co
2
2
n 1
n 1
2 s
+

=
evgc = A co 2 s
= )

45 s(2 co =

90 s co = 0
Wvbc =
A ta
A ta
2
2
n 1
n 1
+

45 n 1
45 n 1
2
2
ta
ta
+

=
2
2
1 1
1 1
) (
) (
+

=
2
0
= 0
. evgc =Wvbc (cgvwYZ)
(N) c`mgxKi Y 0 3 n 3 s 2
2
= + si co
ev, 0 ) ) sin 1 ( 3 sin 1 ( 2
2
=
ev, 0 n 1 3 n 1 n 1 2 = + ) ( ) )( ( si si si
ev, 0 3 n ){2(1 n 1 = + } ) ( si si
ev, 0 1 n 2 n 1 = } ){ ( si si
ev, 0 n 1 = si A_ev, 0 1 sin 2 =
1 n = si ev, 1 n 2 = si
ev,

90 n n si si = ev,
2
1
n = si


90 = ev,

30 n n si si =
ev,

30 =
hnZz m~ KvY, mnZz,

30 = .
MwYZ
171
Abykxj bx92
1| cosu =
2
1
nj cotu Gi gvbKvb&wU?
K.
3
1
L. 1
M. 3 N. 2
2| (i) sin
2
u = 1 - cos
2
u
(ii) sec
2
u = 1 + tan
2
u
(iii) cot
2
u = 1 - tan
2
u
cvki Z_i Avj vKwbgi KvbwUmwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wP Abyhvqx3I 4bscki Di `vI |
3| sinu Gi gvbKvb&wU?
K.
4
3
L.
3
4
M.
5
3
N.
5
4
4| cotu Gi gvbKvb&wU?
K.
4
3
L.
5
3
M.
5
4
N.
3
4
gvbwbYqKi (5-8)
5|

60 cot 1
60 cot 1
2
2
+

6| .

60 n ta 30 n ta 60 n si 45 n ta
2

7|

60 sec
60 cos 1
60 cos 1
2
2
2
+
+

8|

30 ec s co 60 t co 45 s co
2 2

`LvI h, (9-11)
9| .

60 s co 30 n si 30 s co
2 2
=
10|

90 n si 30 n si 60 s co 30 s co 60 n si = +
11|

30 s co 30 n si 60 n si 30 s co 60 s co = +
12| . A 3 s co A 3 n si = hw`

15 = A nq|
172
MwYZ
13|
A n ta 1
A n ta 2
A 2 n si
2
+
= hw`

45 = A nq|
14|
A ta
A ta
A ta
2
n 1
n 2
2 n

= hw`

30 = A nq|
15|
A n ta 1
A n ta 1
A 2 s co
2
2
+

= hw`

60 = A nq|
16| ) B A n( si 2 1 ) B s(A co 2 = = + Ges B A, m~ KvYnj `LvI h,

45 = A ,

15 = B |
17| ) B A n( si 2 , 1 ) B s(A co + = = 3Ges B A, m~ KvYnj , B AI Gi gvbwbYqKi |
18| mgvavbKi :
1 3
1 3
A n si A s co
A n si A s co
+

=
+

19| B AI m~ KvYGes 3 ) B A t( co 1, B) t(A co = = + nj , B AI Gi gvbwbYqKi |


20| `LvI h, A s co 3 A s co 4 A 3 s co
3
= hw`

30 A = nq|
21| mgvavbKi : 1 s co n si = + , hLb

90 0 s s
22| mgvavbKi : s co 5 2 n si s co
2 2
= hLb m~ KvY|
23| mgvavbKi : 0 3 s co 3 n si 2
2
= + , m~ KvY|
24| mgvavbKi : . 0 3 n ta ) 3 1 ( n ta
2
= + +
25| gvbwbYqKi : 3cot
2
60 +
4
1
cosec
2
30 +5sin
2
45 4co
2
60
26| AABC Gi ZB =90
0
, AB =5cm, BC =12cm.
K. AC Gi `N wbY qKi |
L. ZC =u nj sinu +cosu Gi gvbwbYqKi |
M. `LvI h, sec
2
u+cosec
2
u =sec
2
u cosec
2
u
27|
K. AC Gi cwi gvYKZ?
L. tanA +tanC Gi gvbwbYqKi |
M. xI yGi gvb wbYq Ki |
`kgAavq
`~i ZI DPZv
AwZcvPxbKvj _KB`~i eZxKvbvei `~i ZI DPZvwbYqKi Zw KvYwgwZK AbycvZi cqvMKi v
nq| eZgvbhyMw KvYwgwZK AbycvZi eenvi eo hvI qvqGi i ZAcwi mxg| hmecvnvo, ceZ,
UvI qvi , MvQi DPZvGes b`-b`xi c mnR gvcvhvq bvmme DPZvI c w KvYwgwZi
mvnvhwbYqKi vhvq| G m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZKAbycvZi gvbRbi vLvcqvRb|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
- f ~ -i Lv, Ea i Lv, Dj ^ Zj , Db wZKvYI AebwZKvYevLvKi Zcvi e|
- w KvYwgwZi mvnvh`~i ZI DPZvwel qKMvwYwZKmgmvmgvavbKi Zcvi e|
- w KvYwgwZi mvnvhnvZ-Kj g`~i ZI DPZvwel qKwewf bcwi gvc Ki Zcvi e|
f ~ -i Lv, Ea i LvGesDj ^Zj :
f ~ -i LvnQf ~ wg Zj Aew Z hKvbvmi j i Lv| f ~-i LvK kqbi LvI ej vnq| Eai LvnQf ~wg
Zj i Dci j ^hKvbvmi j i Lv| GKDj ^i LvI ej |
f ~ wgZj i Dci j ^f veAew Zci i Q`xf ~-i LvI Ea i LvGKwU
Zj wbw`Ki | GZj KDj ^Zj ej |
wP : f ~wgZj i Kvbvvb C _K CB `~i Z AB DPZvwewk
GKwUMvQLvovAevq`vqgvb| GLvb CB i LvnQf ~-i Lv, BA
i LvnQEa i LvGes ABC Zj wUf ~wgi Dci j ^hvDj ^Zj |
DbwZKvYI AebwZKvY:
wP wU j Kwi , f ~wgi mgvi vj AB GKwU mi j i Lv| P B O , ,
we`yj vGKBDj ^Zj AewZ| AB mi j i Lvi Dci i P we`ywU
AB i Lvi mv_ POB Z DrcbKi | GLvb, O we`yZ P we`yi
DbwZKvYnQ POB Z |
myZi vs, f ~Zj i Dci i Kvbwe`yf ~wgi mgv i vj i Lvi mv_ hKvY
DrcbKi ZvKDbwZKvYej vnq|
MwYZ
174
Avevi , Q A O , , we`yj vGKBDj ^Zj AewZ Ges Q we`yf ~-i Lvi mgvi vj AB i Lvi wbPi
w`K AewZ| GLvb, O we`yZ Q we`yi AebwZ KvY nQ QOA Z .myZi vsf ~Zj i mgvi vj i Lvi
wbPi Kvbvwe`yf ~-i Lvi mv_ hKvYDrcbKi ZvKAebwZKvYej vnq|
KvR:
wP wU wPwZ Ki Ges f ~ -i LvEa i Lv, Dj ^ Zj ,
DbwZKvYI AebwZKvYwb`k Ki |
f ~wg
wekl `e: GAavqmgmvmgvavbi AvbygvwbK mwVK wP AvekK| wP Abi mgqwbPi
Kkj Aej ^bKi v`i Kvi |
(1)

30 KvYAbi f ~wg>j ^ne|
(2)

45 KvYAbi f ~wg=j ^ne|
(3)

60 KvYAbi f ~wg<j ^ne|
D`vni Y 1| GKwUUvI qvi i cv``k _K 75 wgUvi `~i f ~Zj Kvbvwe`yZ UvI qvi i kxl i DbwZ

30 nj , UvI qvi i DPZvwbYqKi |


mgvavb : gb Kwi , UvI qvi i DPZv h AB = wgUvi
UvI qvi i cv``k _K 75 = BC wgUvi `~i f ~Zj C
we`yZUvI qvi i kxl A we`yi DbwZ

30 = ZACB
mgKvYx ABC A _KcvB,
BC
AB
ACB ta = Z n
75 wgUvi
ev,
75
30 n
h
ta =

ev,
(

= =
3
1
30 n
75 3
1

ta
h
ev, 75 3 = h ev,
3
75
= h
ev,
3
3 75
= h [ni Gesj eK 3 vi vYKi ] ev, 3 25 = h
301 43. = h (cvq)|
wbYqUvI qvi i DPZv 301 43. wgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 2| GKwUMvQi DPZv105 wgUvi | MvQwUi kxl i DbwZ f ~wgi Kvbvwe`yZ DbwZ KvY

60
nj , MvQwUi Mvov_Kf ~j we`ywUi `~i ZwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , MvQi Mvov_K f ~Zj we`ywUi `~i Z x BC =
wgUvi , MvQi DPZv 105 = AB wgUvi Ges C we`yZ MvQwUi kxl
we`yi DbwZ

60 = ZACB
175
MwYZ
BC
AB
ACB ta = Z n ev, | | 3 60 n
105
60 n
0 0
= = ta
x
ta
ev,
x
105
3= ev, 105 3 = x ev,
3
105
= x ev,
3
3 105
= x ev, 3 35 = x
622 60. = x wgUvi (cvq)
MvQwUi Mvov_Kf ~Zj we`ywU`~i Z 622 60. wgUvi (cvq)|
KvR:
wP AB GKwUMvQ| wP c`Z_K
1. MvQwUi DPZvwbYqKi |
2. MvQwUi cv``k _Kf ~Zj C we`yi `~i ZwbYqKi |
D`vni Y 3| 18 wgUvi j ^vGKwUgBGKwU`I qvj i Qv` ei vei Vmw`qf ~wgi m

45 KvY Drcb
Ki | `I qvj wUi DPZvwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , `I qvj wUi DPZv h AB = wgUvi , gBwUi `N
18 = AC wgUvi Gesf ~wgi m

45 = ZACB DrcbKi |
ABC A _KcvB,
AC
AB
ACB = Z sin
ev,
18
45 sin
h
=

ev,
(

= =
2
1
45 sin
18
2
1

h
ev, 18 2 = h ev,
2
18
= h
ev, 18 2 = h ev,
2
18
= h
ev,
2
2 18
= h [ni Gesj eK 2 vi vYKi ] ev, 2 9 = h
728 12. = h (cvq)
myZi vs`I qvj wUi DPZv 728 12. wgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 4| So GKwUMvQnj coj v| MvQi Mvov_K 7 wgUvi DPZvq GKwUj vwVVmw`q
MvQvwUKmvRvKi vnj v| gvwUZj vwVwUi kwe`yi AebwZKvY

30 nj , j vwVi `NwbYqKi |
ABC A _KcvB,
176
MwYZ
mgvavb: gbKwi , MvQi Mvov_K 7 = AB wgUvi DPZvq
j vwVwUVmw`qAvQGesAebwZ

30 = ZDBC
|

30 = Z = Z DBC ACB [GKvi KvYej ]


ABC A _KcvB,
BC
AB
ACB Sin = Z ev,
BC
Sin
7
30 =

ev,
(

= =
2
1
30
7
2
1

Sin
BC
14 = BC
j vwVwUi `N14 wgUvi |
KvR: wP AebwZ

60 = ZCAE , Db wZ

30 = ZADB
36 = AC wgUvi Ges D C B , , GKBmi j i LvqAewZnj ,
AD AB, Ges CD evi `NwbY qKi |
D`vni Y 5| f ~Zj KvbvvbGKwU`vj vbi Qv`i GKwUwe`yi DbwZ KvY

60 | H vb_K 42
wgUvi wcwQqMj `vj vbi Hwe`yi DbwZKvY

45 nq| `vj vbi DPZvwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , `vj vbi DPZv h AB = wgUvi , kxl i DbwZ

60 = ZACB Ges C vb_K 42 = CD wgUvi wcwQq Mj


DbwZ

45 = ZADB nq|
awi , x BC = wgUvi |
( ) 42 + = + = x CD BC BD wgUvi |
ABC A _KcvB,
BC
AB
ta =
0
60 n ev, | | 3 60 n 3
0
= = ta
x
h

( ) i
h
x .. ..........
3
=
Avevi , ABD A _KcvB,
BD
AB
=

45 tan
ev, | | 1 45 n
42
1
0
=
+
= ta
x
h
ev, 42 x h + =
ev, ; 42
3
+ =
h
h (i) bsmgxKi Yi mvnvh|
MwYZ
177
dgv- 23, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
|
ev, 3 42 3 + = h h ev, 3 42 3 = h h ev, ( ) 3 42 1 3 = h ev,
1 3
3 42

= h
h 373 99. = wgUvi (cvq)
`vj vbwUi DPZv 373 99. wgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 6| GKwULyuwUGgbf vef OMj h, Zvi f vOvAsk `vqgvbAski mv_

30 KvY Drcb
Ki LyuwUi Mvov_K 10 wgUvi `~i gvwUkKi | LyuwUi m~Y`NwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , LyuwUi m~Y`N h AB = wgUvi | LywUwU x BC =
wgUvi DPZvq f OwMq wewQbbvnq f vOvAsk `vqgvb Aski
mv_

30 = ZBCD DrcbKi Mvov_K 10 = BD wgUvi `~i
gvwUkKi |
GLvb, ( ) x h C B AB AC CD = = = wgUvi
BCD A _KcvB,
BC
BD
ta =

30 n ev,
3
1
=
x
10
3 10 = x
Avevi ,
CD
BD
si =

30 n ev,
x h
=
10
2
1
ev, 20 = x h ev, x h + = 20 ev, ; 3 10 20+ = h [x-Gi gvbewmq]
321 37. = h (cvq) LyuwUi `N 321 37. wgUvi (cvq)|
KvR:
`y BwUgvBj cvi gaeZxKvbv vbi Dci GKwUej ybDoQ| ej ybi vbHgvBj cv`yBwUi
AebwZKvYh_vg

30 I

60 nj , ej ybwUi DPZvwgUvi wbYqKi |
Abykxj bx10
1| K. ZCADGi cwi gvbwbYqKi |
L. AB I BC Gi `N wbY qKi |
M. A I DGi `~i ZwbYqKi |
2| `ywUwKj vwgUvi cvA I B Gi gaeZxKvbvbi Dci Owe`yZGKwUnwj Kvi nZH
wKj vwgUvi cvqi AebwZKvbh_vg60
0
Ges30
0
K. msweYbvmnAvbycvwZKwP AbKi |
L. nwj Kvi wUgvwU_KKZDuPzZAewZ?
M. A we`y_Knwj Kvi i mi vmwi `~i ZwbYqKi |
3| I ci i wP Owe`yZP we`yi DbwZKvYKvbwU?
K. ZQOB L. ZPOA M. ZQOA N. ZPOB
4 i f ~ -i LvnQf ~ wgZj AewZhKvbvmi j i Lv|
ii Da i LvnQf ~ wgZj i I ci j ^hKvbvmi j i Lv|
iii f ~ wgZj i Dci j ^f veAew Zci i Q`xf ~-i LvI Da i LvGKwUZj wbw`Ki | GZj K
Dj ^Zj ej |
178
MwYZ
I ci i evKj vi gaKvbwUmwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
cvki wP Abyhvqx5-6ck`yBwUi Di `vI |
5| BC Gi `Nne
K. m
3
4
L. 4m
M. 4 2m N. 4 m 3
6| AB Gi `Nne
K. m
3
4
L. 4m
M. 4 2m N. 4 m 3
7| GKwUwgbvi i cv``k _K wKQy`~i GKwUvbwgbvi wUi kxl i DbwZ

30 Geswgbvi wUi DPZv
26 wgUvi nj , wgbvi _KHvbwUi `~i ZwbYqKi |
8| GKwUMvQi cv``k _K 20 wgUvi `~i f ~Zj i Kvbvwe`yZ MvQi P~ovi DbwZ KvY

60 nj ,
MvQwUi DPZvwbYqKi |
9| 18wgUvi `NGKwUgBf ~wgi mv_

45 KvY DrcbKi `I qvj i Qv` kKi | `I qvj wUi
DPZvwbYqKi |
10| GKwUNi i Qv`i Kvbvwe`yZ H we`y_K 20 wgUvi `~i i f ~Zj GKwUwe`yi AebwZ KvY

30 nj , Ni wUi DPZvwbYqKi |
11| f ~Zj KvbvvbGKwUi kxl i DbwZ

60 | H vb_K 25 wgUvi wcwQqMj wUi
DbwZKvY

30 nq| wUi DPZvwbYqKi |
12| Kvbvvb_K GKwUwgbvi i w`K 60 wgUvi GwMqAvmj wgbvi i kxl we`yi DbwZ

45 _K

60 nq| wgbvi wUi DPZvwbYqKi |


13| GKwUb`xi Zxi KvbvGK vb`uvwoqGKRbj vK `Lj h, wVK mvRvmvwRAci Zxi AewZ
GKwUUvI qvi i DbwZ KvY

60 | H vb _K 32 wgUvi wcwQq Mj DbwZ KvY

30 nq|
UvI qvi i DPZvGesb`xi wevi wbYqKi |
14| 64 wgUvi j ^vGKwULyuwUf OwMqm~YwewQbbvnqf ~wgi mv_

60 DrcbKi | LyuwUwUi f vOv
Aski `NwbYqKi |
15| GKwUMvQSo Ggbf vef OMj h, f vOvAsk `vqgvbAski mv_

30 KvYKi MvQi Mvov
_K 12 wgUvi `~i gvwUkKi | MvQwUm~Y`NwbYqKi |
16| GKwUb`xi GK Zxi Kvbvvb `uvwoq GKRb j vK `Lj vh, wVK mvRvmvwR Aci Zxi
AewZ 150 wgUvi j ^vGKwUMvQi kxl i DbwZKvY

30 | j vKwUGKwUbKvhvMMvQwUK j
Ki hv v i Ki j v| wKcvwbi mvZi Kvi Yj vKwUMvQ_K 10 wgUvi `~i Zxi cuQj |
(K) Dci v eYbvwUwP i gvag`LvI |
(L) b`xi wevi wbYqKi |
(M) j vKwUi hv vvb_KMevbi `~i ZwbYqKi |
GKv`k Aavq
exRMwYZxqAbycvZI mgvbycvZ
(Algebraic Ratio and Proportion)
AbycvZ I mgvbycvZi avi Yv_vKvAvgv`i Rb LyeB i yZc~Y| mg kwYZ cvwUMwYZxq AbycvZ I
mgvbycvZ wek`f ve Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| G Aavq Avgi vexRMwYZxq AbycvZ I mgvbycvZ mK
Avj vPbvKi ev| Avgi vcwZwbqZBwbgvYmvgMxI wewf bcKvi Lv`mvgMxZwi Z, f vMcYDrcv`b,
RwgZ mvi cqvM, KvbvI wKQzi AvKvi -AvqZb `wb`b Ki Z Ges `bw`b Kvhgi Avi I AbK
AbycvZ I mgvbycvZi avi YvcqvMKi _vwK| Bnveenvi Ki `bw`b Rxeb AbK mgmvi
mgvavbKi vhvq|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v
exRMwYZxqAbycvZI mgvbycvZevLvKi Zcvi e|
mgvbycvZmsvwewf bi cvi wewacqvMKi Zcvi e|
avi vevwnKAbycvZeYbvKi Zcvi e|
evemgmvmgvavbAbycvZ, mgvbycvZI avi vevwnKAbycvZeenvi Ki Zcvi e|
111 AbycvZ
GKBGKKmgRvZxq`yBwUi vwki cwi gvYi GKwUAci wUi KZYevKZAsk ZvGKwUf Mvsk vi v
cKvk Ki vhvq| GBf MvskwUKi vwk `yBwUi AbycvZej |
`yBwUi vwk p I q Gi AbycvZKp : q =
q
p
wj Lvnq| p I q i vwk `yBwUmgRvZxqI GKBGKKnZ
ne| AbycvZp Kc~ei vwk Gesq KDi i vwk ej vnq|
AbK mgqAvbygvwbK cwi gvc Ki ZI Avgi vAbycvZ eenvi Kwi | hgb, mKvj 8 Uvqi vvqhmsLK
Mvox_vK, 10 UvqZvi wYMvox_vK| G AbycvZ wbYqMvoxi cKZ msLvRvbvi cqvRbnq
bv| Avevi AbK mgqAvgi vej _vwK, Zvgvi Ni i AvqZbAvgvi Ni i AvqZbi wZbYne| GLvbI
Ni i mwVKAvqZbRvbvi cqvRbnqbv| eveRxebGi KgAbK Avgi vAbycvZi avi bveenvi
Ki _vwK|
112 mgvbycvZ
hw` Pvi wUi vwk Gi c nqh, c_gI wZxqi vwki AbycvZZZxqI PZz_i vwki AbycvZi mgvbnq, ZeH
Pvi wUi vwk wbqGKwUmgvbycvZDrcbnq| a, b, c, d Gi c Pvi wUi vwk nj Avgi vwj wL
a : b = c : d | mgvbycvZi Pvi wUi vwkBGKRvZxqnI qvi cqvRbnqbv| cZKAbycvZi i vwk `yBwU
GKRvZxqnj BPj |
180
MwYZ
Dci i wP , `yBwUw f yRi f ~wgh_vga I b GesZv`i cZKi DPZvh GKK| w f yRqi
dj A I B eMGKKnj Avgi vwj LZcvwi
b
a
bh
ah
B
A
= =
2
1
2
1
ev, b a B A : : =
A_vr, dj qi AbycvZf ~wgqi AbycvZi mgvb|
wgKmgvbycvZx
a, b, c wgKmgvbycvZxej ZevSvq a : b = b : c.
a, b, c wgKmgvbycvZxnehw` GesKej hw` b
2
= ac nq| wgKmgvbycvZi mej vi vwk
GKRvZxqnZne| G c Ka I b Gi ZZxqmgvbycvZxGesb Ka I c Gi gamgvbycvZxej v
nq|
D`vni Y1| A I B wbw`c_ AwZgKi h_vgt1 Gest2 wgwbU| A I B Gi MoMwZeMi
AbycvZwbYqKi |
mgvavb: gbKwi , A I B Gi Mo MwZeMcwZwgwbUh_vgv1 wgUvi I v2 wgUvi | Zvnj ,
t1 wgwbUA AwZgKi v1t1 wgUvi Gest2 wgwbUB AwZgKi v2t2 wgUvi |
ckvbymvi , v1t1, = v2t2,
1
2
2
1
t
t
=
v
v
GLvbMwZeMi AbycvZmgqi eAbycvZi mgvb|
KvR: 1| 3.5 : 5.6 K1 : a Ges b : 1 AvKvi cKvk Ki |
2| x : y = 5 : 6 nj 3x : 5y = KZ?
113 AbycvZi i cvi
GLvbAbycvZi i vwkj vabvZKmsLv|
(1) d c b a : : = nj , c d a b : : = [eKi Y ) (Invertendo ]
cgvY: `I qvAvQ,
d
c
b
a
=
bc ad = [Df qcK bd vi vYKi ]
MwYZ
181
ev,
ac
bc
ac
ad
= [Df qcK ac vi vf vMKi hLvb a, c Gi KvbwUBk~bbq]
ev,
a
b
c
d
=
A_vr, c d a b : : =
(2) d c b a : : = nj , d b c a : : = [GKvi Ki Y ) (alternendo ]
cgvY: `I qvAvQ,
d
c
b
a
=
bc ad = [Df qcK bd vi vYKi ]
ev,
cd
bc
cd
ad
= [Df qcKcd vi vf vMKi hLvb c, d Gi KvbwUBk~bbq]
ev,
d
b
c
a
=
A_vr, d b c a : : =
(3) d c b a : : = nj ,
d
d c
b
b a +
=
+
[hvRb ) (componendo ]
cgvY: `I qvAvQ,
d
c
b
a
=
1 1 + = +
d
c
b
a
[Df qc 1hvMKi ]
A_vr,
d
d c
b
b a +
=
+
(4) d c b a : : = nj ,
d
d c
b
b a
=

[weqvRb ) (dividendo ]
cgvY: `I qvAvQ,
d
c
b
a
=
1 1 =
d
c
b
a
[Df qc _K1 weqvMKi ]
A_vr,
d
d c
b
b a
=

(5) d c b a : : = nj ,
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
=

+
[hvRb-weqvRb ) ( dividendo componendo ]
cgvY: d c b a : : =
MwYZ
182
hvRbKi cvB,
) ....( .......... i
d
d c
b
b a +
=
+
Avevi weqvRbKi cvB,
d
d c
b
b a
=

ev,
d c
d
b a
b

[e Ki YKi ] ) ....( .......... ii


myZi vs,
d c
d
d
d c
b a
b
b
b a

+
=

+
[(i) I (ii) YKi ]
A_vr, .
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
=

+
[GLvb d c b a = = Ges ]
(6)
h
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
= = = nj , cZKwUAbycvZ = .
h f d b
g e c a
+ + +
+ + +
cgvY: gbKwi , . k
h
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
= = = =
hk g fk e dk c bk a = = = = , , ,
.
) (
k
h f d b
h f d b k
h f d b
hk fk dk bk
h f d b
g e c a
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +

wK k c`mgvbycvZi cZKwUAbycvZi mgvb|


.
h f d b
g e c a
h
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
+ + +
+ + +
= = = =
KvR: 1| gvZvI Kbvi eZgvbeqmi mgws eQi | Zv`i eqmi AbycvZt eQi c~ewQj r : p, x eQi
ci Zv`i eqmi AbycvZKZne?
2| GKwUj vcv _K p wgUvi `~ i `u vovbvr wgUvi DPZvwewkGKew i Qvqvi `Ns
wgUvi | j vcvi DPZvh wgUvi nj , Hew j vcv _K KZ`~i `uvovbvwQj b?
D`vni Y2| wcZvI cy i eZgvbeqmi AbycvZ 2 : 7 Ges 5 eQi ci Zv`i eqmi AbycvZ 3 : 8
ne| Zv`i eZgvbeqmKZ?
mgvavb: gbKwi , wcZvi eZgvbeqma eQi Gescy i eZgvbeqmb eQi |
cki c_gI wZxqkZvbymvi h_vgcvB,
) .( ..........
3
8
5
5
) .( ..........
2
7
ii
b
a
i
b
a
=
+
+
=
183
MwYZ
mgxKi Y(i) _KcvB,
) .( ..........
2
7
iii
b
a =
mgxKi Y(ii) _KcvB,
) 5 ( 8 ) 5 ( 3 + = + b a
40 8 15 3 , + = + b a ev
25 8 3 , = b a ev
25 8
2
7
3 , = b
b
ev [(iii) eenvi Ki ]
25
2
16 21
, =
b b
ev
50 5 , = b ev
10 = b
mgxKi Y(iii) G 10 = b ewmqcvB, 35 = a
wcZvi eZgvbeqm35 eQi Gescy i eZgvbeqm10 eQi |
D`vni Y3| hw` c b b a : : = nq, ZecgvYKi h, .
2 2
2 2
2
c b
b a
c b
b a
+
+
+
+
= |
.
|

\
|
mgvavb: `I qvAvQ, c b b a : : =
ac b =
2
GLb,
2
2
2
) (
) (
c b
b a
c b
b a
+
+
+
+
= |
.
|

\
|
c
a
c b a c
c b a a
c bc ac
ac ab a
c bc b
b ab a
= =
=
=
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
) 2 (
) 2 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
Ges
2
2
2 2
2 2
c ac
ac a
c b
b a
+
+
+
+
=
c
a
c a c
c a a
=
=
+
+
) (
) (
2 2
2 2
2
c b
b a
c b
b a
+
+
+
+
= |
.
|

\
|

184
MwYZ
D`vni Y4|
d
c
b
a
= nj , `LvI h, .
2 2
2 2
bd ac
bd ac
b a
b a

+
=

+
mgvavb: gbKwi , ; k
d
c
b
a
= = dk c bk a = = Ges
GLb,
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) (
) (
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2

+
=

+
=

+
=

+
k
k
k b
k b
b bk
b bk
b a
b a
Ges
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
2
2

+
=

+
=

+
=

+
k
k
k bd
k bd
bd dk bk
bd dk bk
bd ac
bd ac
.
bd ac
bd ac
b a
b a

+
=

2 2
2 2
D`vni Y5| mgvavbKi : . 2 2 0 , 1
1
1
1
1
b a b
bx
bx
ax
ax
< < < =

+
+

mgvavb: `I qvAvQ, 1
1
1
1
1
=

+
+

bx
bx
ax
ax
ax
ax
bx
bx

+
=

1
1
1
1
2
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
1
,
ax
ax
bx
bx

+
=

+
ev [Df qcKeMKi ]
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
1
1
,
x a ax
x a ax
bx
bx
+
+ +
=

+
ev
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
1 1
,
x a ax x a ax
x a ax x a ax
bx bx
bx bx
+ + +
+ + + +
=
+ +
+ +
ev [hvRb-weqvRbKi ]
ax
x a
bx 4
) 1 ( 2
2
2
2 2
,
+
= ev
ax
x a
bx 2
1 1
2 2
,
+
= ev
) ,
2 2
1 ( 2 x a bx ax + = ev
0 )} ,
2 2
1 ( 2 { = + x a b a x ev
0 ) ( 2 0
2 2
= + = x a a b a x A_ev nq
MwYZ
185
dgv- 24, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
1
2 1
1
2 1
,
1
2
,
2
,
2 ) ,
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
1 (
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
=
+
+
b
a
a
x
b
a
a
x
b
a
x a
b
a
x a
a x a b
ev
ev
ev
ev
wbYqmgvavb 0 = x , 1
2 1
=
b
a
a
x .
D`vni Y6| mgvavbKi :
b a x
1 1 6
+ = nj `LvI h, . , 2
3
3
3
3
b a
b x
b x
a x
a x
= =

+
+

+
mgvavb: `I qvAvQ,
b a x
1 1 6
+ =
x b a ab ) ( + = 6 [Df qcK abx vi vYKi ]
A_vr,
) (
6
b a
ab
x
+
=
ev,
b a
b
a
x
+
=
2
3
b a b
b a b
a x
a x

+ +
=

2
2
3
3
[hvRb-weqvRbKi ]
ev,
a b
b a
a x
a x

+
=

+ 3
3
3
Avevi ,
b a
a
b
x
+
=
2
3
ev,
b a a
b a a
b x
b x

+ +
=

+
2
2
3
3
[hvRb-weqvRbKi ]
b a
b a
b x
b x

+
=

3
3
3
GLb,
b a
b a
a b
b a
b x
b x
a x
a x

+
+

+
=

+
+

+ 3 3
3
3
3
3
a b
b a
a b
b a

+
=
3 3
a b
b a b a

+
=
3 3
a b
a b

=
) ( 2
2 =
.
. 2
3
3
3
3
=

+
+

b x
b x
a x
a x
186
MwYZ
D`vni Y7| p
x x
x x
=
+
+ +
1 1
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190
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= 3 : 5. myZi vsi wbi Avq: mwbi Avq: mvwgi Avq=2 : 3 : 5.
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i vwkK Zv`i j .mv.. Gi mgvbKi Zne|
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AvKvi j Lvhve|
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mgvavb: w f yRi wZbKvYi mgw=180

gbKwi , c`AbycvZAbymvi KvYwZbwUh_vg3x, 4x Ges5x.


ckvbymvi , 3x + 4x + 5x = 180

ev, 12x = 180

ev, x = 15

AZGe, KvYwZbwUnj v3x = 3 15

= 45

4x = 4 15

= 60

Ges 5x = 5 15

= 75

D`vni Y 14| hw` KvbveM i cZK evi cwi gvY % 10 ewcvq, ZeZvi dj kZKi vKZ
ewcve?
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115mgvbycvwZKf vM
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9
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3
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3
1
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2
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2 : 6 : 9 =
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1gew i Ask
17
9
5100 = UvKv= 2700 UvKv
2qew i Ask
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6
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2
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AZGewZbew h_vK&g2700 UvKv, 1800 UvKvGes600 UvKvcveb|
192
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Abykxj bx11.2
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M. 8eQi N. 10eQi
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i mgvbycvZi Pvi wUi vwkBGKRvZxqnI qvi cqvRbnqbv|
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M. 25: 49 N. 49: 25
6| GKwUKvVi cyj Zwi i cvwj Zeq90,000 UvKv| wKLi Pewk nqQ21,600 UvKv| Li P
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9| K, L ,M,N Gi ga300 UvKvGgbf vef vMKi `vI hb, KGi Ask : L Gi Ask =2 : 3, L
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15| GKwUAwdm2 RbKgKZv, 7 RbKi wYKGes3 RbwcI bAvQ| GKRbwcI b1 UvKvcj
GKRbKi wYKcvq2 UvKv, GKRbKgKZvcvq4 UvKv| Zv`i mKj i gvUeZb150,000 UvKv
nj , KKZeZbcvq?
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18| GKwUAvqZ i `N10% ewGesc10%nvmcj AvqZ i dj kZKi vKZew
evnvmcve?
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mgvbcwi gvYi avbI Mg_KDrcbPvj I mywRi AbycvZei Ki |
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`yBPj Kwewkmi j mnmgxKi Yi mwZhvPvBKi Zcvi e|
`yBPj Kwewk`yBwUmgxKi Yi ci i wbf i kxj ZvhvPvBKi Zcvi e|
mgvavbi AvoYbcwZevLvKi Zcvi e|
evewf wKMvwYwZK mgmvi mnmgxKi Y MVbKi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
j LwP i mvnvh`yBPj Kwewkmi j mnmgxKi YmgvavbKi Zcvi e|
121 mi j mnmgxKi Y
mi j mnmgxKi Yej Z`yBPj Kwewk`yBwUmi j mgxKi YK evSvqhLbZv`i GK DcvcbKi vnq
GesPj K `yBwUGKBewki nq| Avevi Gi c `yBwUmgxKi YK GK mi j mgxKi YRvUI ej | Ag
kwYZ Avgi vGi c mgxKi YRvUi mgvavbKi wQI evewf wK mgmvi mnmgxKi Y MVbKi mgvavb
Ki ZwkLwQ| GAavqGmKAvi vwevwi ZAvj vPbvKi vnqQ|
c_gAvgi v 12 2 = + y x mgxKi YwUweePbvKwi | GwUGKwU`yBPj Kwewkmi j mgxKi Y|
mgxKi YwUZevgc y x I Gi GgbgvbcvI qvhvewK hv`i c_gwUwYi mv_ wZxqwUi hvMdj
Wvbci 12 Gi mgvbnq, A_vr Hgvb`yBwUvi vmgxKi YwUwmnq?
GLb, 12 2 = + y x mgxKi YwU_KwbPi QKwUc~i YKwi :
x Gi gvb y Gi gvb evgc ) ( y x + 2 Gi gvb Wvbc
....
5
3
0
2
.....
2
6
12
16
12 .....
12 2 10
12 6 6
12 12 0
12 16 4
=
= +
= +
= +
= +
12
12
12
12
12
MwYZ
195
mgxKi YwUi AmsLmgvavbAvQ| Zvi gaPvi wU mgvavb ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( I 2 5 6 3 12 0 16 2 |
Avevi , AbGKwUmgxKi Y 3 = y x wbqwbPi QKwUc~i YKwi :
x Gi gvb y Gi gvb evgc ) ( y x Gi gvb Wvbc
....
5
3
0
2
.....
2
0
3
5

3 .....
3 2 5
3 0 3
3 3 0
3 5 2
=
=
=
= +
= +
3
3
3
3
3
mgxKi YwUi AmsLmgvavbAvQ| Zvi gaPvi wUmgvavb:
) 0 , 3 ( ), 3 , 0 ( ), 5 , 2 ( I ) 2 , 5 (
hw` Avj vPmgxKi Y`yBwUK GK RvUwnmeai vnq, ZeGKgv ) , ( 2 5 vi vDf qmgxKi Yhy Mcr
wmnq| Avi AbKvbvgvbvi vDf qmgxKi YhyMcr wmnebv|
AZGe, mgxKi YRvU 12 2 = + y x Ges 3 = y x Gi mgvavb: ) , ( ) , ( 2 5 = y x
KvR : 0 3 2 0 1 2 = + = + y x y x I mgxKi Yqi cZKwUi cuvPwUKi mgvavbj L hb
Zbamvavi YmgvavbwUI _vK|
122 `yBPj Kwewkmi j mnmgxKi Yi mgvavbhvMZv
(K) c~ei Avj vwPZmgxKi YRvU
)
`

=
= +
3
12 2
y x
y x
Gi Abb(GKwUgv ) mgvavbcvI qvMQ|
Gi c mgxKi YRvUK mwZc~Yevmvgmc~Y ) (Consistent ej vnq| mgxKi Y `yBwUi y x I Gi mnM
Zzj bvKi (mnMi AbycvZ wbq) cvB,
1
1
1
2

= , mgxKi YRvUwUi GKwUmgxKi YK AbwUi gvag


cKvk Ki vhvqbv| GRbGi c mgxKi YKci i Awbf i kxj ) ( t Independen mgxKi YRvUej vnq|
mwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj mgxKi YRvUi AbycvZj vmgvbbq|
G aeKc` Zzj bvKi vi cqvRbnqbv|
(L) GLbAvgi v
)
`

=
=
12 2 4
6 2
y x
y x
mgxKi YRvUwUweePbvKwi | GB`yBwUmgxKi YmgvavbKi vhvewK?
GLvb, 1gmgxKi YwUi Df qcK 2 vi vY Ki j 2qmgxKi YwUcvI qvhve| Avevi , 2qmgxKi Yi
Df qcK 2 vi vf vMKi j 1gmgxKi YwUcvI qvhve| A_vr, mgxKi Y`yBwUci i wbf i kxj |
196
MwYZ
Avgi vRvwb, 1g mgxKi YwUi AmsL mgvavb AvQ| KvRB, 2q mgxKi YwUi I H GKB AmsL mgvavb
AvQ| Gi c mgxKi YRvUK mwZc~YI ci i wbf i kxj ) (dependent mgxKi YRvUej | Gi c
mgxKi YRvUi AmsLmgvavbAvQ|
GLvb, mgxKi Y`yBwUi y x I Gi mnMGesaeKc` Zzj bvKi cvB,
|
.
|

\
|
= =

=
2
1
12
6
2
1
4
2
A_vr, mwZc~YI ci i wbf i kxj mgxKi YRvUi AbycvZj vmgvbnq|
(M) Gevi Avgi v
)
`

= +
= +
5 2 4
12 2
y x
y x
mgxKi YRvUwUmgvavbKi vi PvKwi |
GLvb, 1gmgxKi YwUi Df qcK 2 vi vYKi cvB, 24 2 4 = + y x
2qmgxKi YwU 5 2 4 = + y x
weqvMKi cvB, 19 0= , hvAme|
KvRB ej Z cvwi , G ai bi mgxKi YRvU mgvavb Ki vme bq| Gi c mgxKi YRvU AmwZc~Y
) ( nt inconsiste I ci i Awbf i kxj | Gi c mgxKi YRvUi KvbvmgvavbbB|
GLvbmgxKi Y`yBwUi y x I Gi mnMGesaeKc` Zzj bvKi cvB, .
5
12
2
1
4
2
= =
A_vr, AmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj mgxKi YRvUi Pj Ki mnMi AbycvZj vaeKi
AbycvZi mgvbbq|
mvavi Yf ve,
)
`

= +
= +
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
mgxKi YRvUwUwbq wbPi QKi gvag `yBwUmi j mgxKi Yi mgvavb
hvMZvi kZDj L Ki vnj v:
mgxKi YRvU mnMI ayeK
c` Zzj bv
mwZc~Y/AmwZc~Yci i wbf i kxj /
Awbf i kxj
mgvavbAvQ
(KqwU)/bB
) (i
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
= +
= +
2
1
2
1
b
b
a
a
=
mwZc~Y Awbf i kxj AvQ
(GKwUgv )
) (ii
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
= +
= +
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= =
mwZc~Y wbf i kxj AvQ
(AmsL)
) (iii
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
= +
= +
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= =
AmwZc~Y Awbf i kxj bB
MwYZ
197
GLb, hw` KvbvmgxKi YRvUDf qmgxKi YaeKc` bv_vK, A_vr, 0
2 1
= = c c nq, ZeQKi
) (i Abyhvqx
2
1
2
1
b
b
a
a
= nj , mgxKi YRvUme`vmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj | m GKwUgv
(Abb) mgvavb_vKe|
) (ii I ) (iii _K
2
1
2
1
b
b
a
a
= nj , mgxKi YRvUmwZc~YI ci i wbf i kxj | m AmsLmgvavb_vKe|
D`vni Y: wbPi mgxKi YRvUj vmwZc~Y/AmwZc~Y, wbf i kxj /Awbf i kxj wK bvevLvKi GesG`i
mgvavbi msLvwb`k Ki |
(K) 1 3 = + y x (L) 3 5 2 = y x (M) 7 5 3 = y x
2 6 2 = + y x 1 3 = + y x 15 106 6 = y x
mgvavb:
(K) c`mgxKi YRvU:
)
`

= +
= +
2 6 2
1 3
y x
y x
x Gi mnMqi AbycvZ
2
1
y ,, ,, ,,
6
3
ev
2
1
aeKc`qi AbycvZ
2
1
2
1
6
3
2
1
= =
AZGe, mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~YI ci i wbf i kxj | mgxKi YRvUwUi AmsLmgvavbAvQ|
(L) c`mgxKi YRvU:

= +
=
1 3
3 5 2
y x
y x
x Gi mnMqi AbycvZ
1
2
y ,, ,, ,,
3
5
Avgi vcvB,
3
5
1
2
=
mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj | mgxKi YRvUwUi GKwUgv (Abb) mgvavbAvQ|
(M) c`mgxKi YRvU: 7 5 3 = y x
15 10 6 = y x
MwYZ
198
x Gi mnMqi AbycvZ
6
3
ev
2
1
y ,, ,, ,,
10
5

ev
2
1
aeKc`qi AbycvZ
15
7
Avgi vcvB,
15
7
10
5
6
3
=

=
mgxKi YRvUwUAmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj | mgxKi YRvUwUi KvbvmgvavbbB|
KvR : 0 3 2 , 0 1 2 = + = + y x y x mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~YwK bv, ci i wbf i kxj wK bvhvPvB
Ki GesmgxKi YRvUwUi KqwUmgvavb_vKZcvi Zvwb`k Ki |
Abykxj bx121
wbPi mi j mnmgxKi Yj vmwZc~Y/AmwZc~Y, ci i wbf i kxj /Awbf i kxj wK bvhyw mn Dj L Ki
GesGj vi mgvavbi msLvwb`k Ki :
1| 4 = y x 2| 3 2 = + y x 3| 0 4= y x
10 = + y x 6 2 4 = + y x 0 10 3 3 = y x
4| 0 2 3 = + y x 5| 0 2 3 = + y x 6| 0 16 2 5 = y x
0 4 6 = + y x 0 6 9 = y x 2
5
6
3 = y x
7| 1
2
1
= + y x 8| 0
2
1
= y x 9| 1
2
1
= + y x
2 2 = y x 0 2 = y x 5 = + y x
10| 0 = cy ax
.
2 2
a c ay cx =
123 mi j mnmgxKi Yi mgvavb
Avgi v aymwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj mi j mnmgxKi Yi mgvavb mKAvj vPbvKi ev| Gi c
mgxKi YRvUi GKwUgv (Abb) mgvavbAvQ|
GLvb, mgvavbi Pvi wUcwZi Dj L Ki vnj v:
199
MwYZ
(1) cwZvcbcwZ (2) AcbqbcwZ (3) AvoYbcwZI (4) j wLKcwZ|
Avgi vAgkwYZcwZvcbI AcbqbcwZZmgvavbKxf veKi ZnqRbwQ| G`yBcwZi GKwU
Ki D`vni Y`I qvnj v:
D`vni Y1| cwZvcbcwZZmgvavbKi :
8 2 = + y x
5 2 3 = y x
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Yq ) ....( .......... 1 8 2 = + y x
) ..( .......... 2 5 2 3 = y x
mgxKi Y ) (1 nZcvB, ) .........(3 2 8 x y =
mgxKi Y ) (2 G y Gi gvb x 2 8 ewmqcvB,
3
21 7
16 5 4 3
5 4 16 3
5 ) 2 8 ( 2 3
=
=
+ = +
= +
=
x
x
x x
x x
x x
ev
ev
ev
ev
x Gi gvbmgxKi Y ) (3 GewmqcvB,
2
6 8
3 2 8
=
=
= y
mgvavb ) , ( ) , ( 2 3 = y x
cwZvcbcwZZmgvavb: myweavgZGKwUmgxKi Y_K GKwUPj Ki gvbAci Pj Ki gvagcKvk
Ki cvgvbAci mgxKi Yemvj GK Pj KwewkmgxKi YcvI qvhvq| AZtci mgxKi YwUmgvavbKi
Pj KwUi gvbcvI qvhvq| GBgvbc` mgxKi Yi hKvbvwUZ emvbvhZ cvi | ZehLvbGKwU
Pj KK Aci Pj Ki gvagcKvk Ki vnqQmLvbemvj mgvavbmnRnq| GLvb_K Aci Pj Ki
gvbcvI qvhvq|
D`vni Y2| AcbqbcwZZmgvavbKi : 8 2 = + y x
5 2 3 = y x
[`e: cwZvcbI AcbqbcwZi cv_KevSvZBD`vni Y1Gi mgxKi YqBD`vni Y2Gbqvnj v]
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Yq ) ....( .......... 1 8 2 = + y x
) ..( .......... 2 5 2 3 = y x
mgxKi Y ) 1 ( Gi Df qcK 2 vi vYKi , ) ....( .......... 3 16 2 4 = + y x
mgxKi Y ) (2 ) ..( .......... 2 5 2 3 = y x
mgxKi Y ) (2 I ) (3 hvMKi cvB,
200
MwYZ
3
21 7
=
=
x
x
ev,
x Gi gvbmgxKi Y ) (1 GewmqcvB,
6 8
8 3 2
=
= +
y
y
ev,
2 = y ev,
mgvavb ) , ( ) , ( 2 3 = y x
AcbqbcwZZ mgvavb: myweavgZ GKwUmgxKi YK evDf qmgxKi YK Gi c msLvw`qY Ki Z
nehbYbi ci Df qmgxKi Yi hKvbvGKwUPj Ki mnMi ci ggvbmgvbnq| Gi ci cqvRbgZ
mgxKi Y`yBwUK hvMevweqvMKi j mnMmgvbKZPj KwUAcbxZevAcmvwi Znq| Zvi ci mgxKi YwU
mgvavbKi j we`gvbPj KwUi gvbcvI qvhvq| HgvbmyweavgZc` mgxKi Yqi hKvbvwUZemvj
Aci Pj KwUi gvbcvI qvhvq|
(3) AvoYbcwZ:
AvoYbcwZKeRYbcwZI ej |
wbPi mgxKi Y`yBwUweePbvKwi :
) ( ..........
) .( ..........
2 0
1 0
2 2 2
1 1 1
= + +
= + +
c y b x a
c y b x a
mgxKi Y ) (1 K
2
b w`qI mgxKi Y ) (2 K
1
b w`qYKi cvB,
) .........(
) .........(
4 0
3 0
2 1 2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2 1
= + +
= + +
c b y b b x b a
c b y b b x b a
mgxKi Y ) (3 _KmgxKi Y ) (4 weqvMKi cvB,
) 5 ( ..........
1
) (
0 ) (
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
b a b a c b c b
x
c b c b x b a b a
c b c b x b a b a

=
= +
ev,
ev,
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (1 K
2
a w`qI mgxKi Y ) (2 K
1
a w`qYKi cvB,
) .........(
) .........(
7 0
6 0
1 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2 2 1
= + +
= + +
a c y b a x a a
a c y b a x a a
mgxKi Y ) (6 _KmgxKi Y ) (7 weqvMKi cvB,
) 8 ( ..........
1
) ( ) (
0 ) (
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
b a b a a c a c
y
a c a c y b a b a
a c a c y b a b a

=
= +
ev,
ev,
) (5 I ) (8 _KcvB,
MwYZ
201
dgv- 26, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b a b a a c a c
y
c b c b
x

y x I Gi Gi c mK_KG`i gvbwbYqi Kkj KAvoYbcwZej |


y x I Gi Dwj wLZmK_KcvB,
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b a b a c b c b
x

, ev
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
c b c b
x

=
Avevi ,
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b a b a a c a c
y

, ev
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
a c a c
y

=
c`mgxKi Yqi mgvavb:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
a c a c
b a b a
c b c b
y x , ) , (
j Kwi :
mgxKi Y
y x I Gi gamK
gbi vLvi wP
0
0
2 2 2
1 1 1
= + +
= + +
c y b x a
c y b x a
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b a b a a c a c
y
c b c b
x

y x 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
b a c b a
b a c b a
`e: c` Df qmgxKi Yi aeK c` Wvbc i LI AvoYbcwZ cqvMKi vhvq| Ze m
wPi wKQycwi eZbne| wKmgvavbGKBcvI qvhve|
)
`

= +
=
0 3
0 7 4 : KvR
y x
y x
mgxKi YRvUK
)
`

= + +
= + +
0
0
2 2 2
1 1 1
c y b x a
c y b x a
mgxKi YRvUi AvKvi cKvk Ki j
2 2 2 1 1 1
c b a c b a , , , , , Gi gvbei Ki |
D`vni Y3| AvoYbcwZZmgvavbKi : 1 6 = y x
13 2 3 = + y x
mgvavb: cvi cwqvqc`mgxKi Yqi Wvbc 0 (k~b) Ki cvB,
0 13 2 3
0 1 6
= +
=
y x
y x
mgxKi YqKh_vg 0
1 2 1 1
= + + c y b x a
Ges 0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a
Gi mv_ Zzj bvKi cvB, 1 1 6
1 1 1
= = = c b a , ,
13 2 3
2 2 2
= = = c b a , ,
202
MwYZ
2 3 13 2
1 6 1 1


AvoYbcwZZcvB,
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
b a b a a c a c
y
c b c b
x

evLv
y x 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
b a c b a
b a c b a
ev
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 3 2 6
1
6 13 3 1 1 2 13 1
=

=

y x
ev
3 12
1
78 3 2 13 +
=
+
=
+
y x
ev
15
1
75 15
= =
y x

15
1
15
=
x
ev 1
15
15
= = x
Avevi ,
15
1
75
=
y
ev 5
15
75
= = y
mgvavb ) , ( ) , ( 5 1 = y x
D`vni Y4| AvoYbcwZZmgvavbKi : 0 4 3 = y x
1 3 2 = y x
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Yq
)
`

=
=
1 3 2
0 4 3
y x
y x
ev,
)
`

= +
= +
0 1 3 2
0 0 4 3
y x
y x
AvoYbcwZZcvB,
) ( ) ( ) ( 4 2 3 3
1
3 1 2 0 0 3 1 4
=

=

y x
y x 1
3 2 1 3 2
4 3 0 4 3


ev
8 9
1
3 0 0 4 +
=

=
+
y x
ev
1
1
3 4
=

y x
ev
1
1
3 4
= =
y x

1
1
4
=
x
ev, 4 = x
Avevi ,
1
1
3
=
y
ev, 3 = y
mgvavb ) , ( ) , ( 3 4 = y x
y x 1
6
3
MwYZ
203
D`vni Y5| AvoYbcwZZmgvavbKi : 8
3 2
= +
y x
3 3
4
5
= y
x
mgvavb: c`mgxKi YqK 0 = + + c by ax AvKvi mvwRqcvB,
8
3 2
= +
y x
ev 8
6
2 3
=
+ y x
ev 0 48 2 3 = + y x
Avevi , 3 3
4
5
= y
x
ev 3
4
12 5
=
y x
ev 0 12 12 5 = + y x
mgxKi Yq 0 48 2 3 = + y x
0 12 12 5 = + y x
AvoYbcwZZcvB,
2 5 12 3
1
3 12 5 48 48 12 12 2
=

=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
y x
y 1 x
12 5 12 12 5
2 3 48 2 3

ev
10 36
1
36 240 576 24
=

=

y x
ev
46
1
276 552
=

y x
ev
46
1
276 552
= =
y x

46
1
552
=
x
ev, 12
46
552
= = x
Avevi ,
46
1
276
=
y
ev. 6
46
276
= = y
mgvavb: ) , ( ) , ( 6 12 = y x
mgvavbi wci xv: cv y x I Gi gvbc`mgxKi YewmqcvB,
1gmgxKi Y, evgc = 2 6
3
6
2
12
3 2
+ = + = +
y x
= = 8 Wvbc
2qmgxKi Y, evgc = 6 3
4
12 5
3
4
5

= y
x
3 18 15 = = = Wvbc|
mgvavb nqQ|
204
MwYZ
D`vni Y6| AvoYbcwZZmgvavbKi : . ay bx ab by ax = =
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Yq,
)
`

=
=
ab ay bx
ab by ax
ev,
)
`

=
=
0
0
ab ay bx
ab by ax
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( ) ( b b a a a ab b ab
y
ab a ab b
x

=

=

1 y x
a b ab a b
b a ab b a


ev
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
b a b a ab
y
b a ab
x
+
=
+
=

ev
) )( ( ) ( ) ( b a b a b a ab
y
b a ab
x
+
=

=

1
ev
) )( ( ) ( ) ( b a b a b a ab
y
b a ab
x
+
=

=

) )( ( ) ( b a b a b a ab
x
+
=

1
, ev
b a
ab
b a b a
b a ab
x
+
=
+

=
) )( (
) (
Avevi ,
) )( ( ) ( b a b a b a ab
y
+
=

1
, ev
b a
ab
b a b a
b a ab
y
+

=
+

=
) )( (
) (

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
b a
ab
b a
ab
y x , ) , (
Abykxj bx122
cwZvcbcwZZmgvavbKi (13) :
1| 31 3 7 = y x
41 5 9 = y x
2| 1
3 2
= +
y x
1
2 3
= +
y x
3| 2 = +
b
y
a
x
2 2
b a by ax + = +
AcbqbcwZZmgvavbKi (46) :
4| 31 3 7 = y x 5| 9 8 7 = y x 6| c by ax = +
41 5 9 = y x 3 4 5 = y x
2 2 2
c y b x a = +
AvoYbc`awZZmgvavbKi (715) :
7| 0 5 3 2 = + + y x 8| 0 9 5 3 = + y x 9| 7 2 = + y x
0 6 7 4 = + + y x 0 1 3 5 = y x 0 3 2 = y x
1
MwYZ
205
10| 12 3 4 = + y x 11| 9 8 7 = + y x 12| 3 2 0 7 3 + = = y x y x
5 2 = x 3 4 5 = y x
13|
2 2
b a by ax + = + 14| ) ( ) ( y x x y + = + 6 3
ab ay bx = 2 ) ( ) ( 1 5 3 3 = + y x
15| 5 1 3 7 3 7 + + = + + ) )( ( ) )( ( x y y x
0 35 11 5 = + y x
124 j wLKcwZZmgvavb
`yBPj KwewkGKwUmi j mgxKi Ywe`gvbPj K y x I Gi mKKwP i mvnvhcKvk Ki vhvq| GB
wP K H mKi j LwP ej | GRvZxq mgxKi Yi j LwP AmsLwe`y_vK| Gi c KqKwUwe`y
vcbKi G`i ci i mshy Ki j Bj LwP cvI qvhvq|
mi j mnmgxKi Yi cZKwUi AmsL mgvavb i qQ| cZKwU mgxKi Yi j L GKwU mi j i Lv|
mi j i LvwUi cZKwUwe`yi vbvsKmgxKi YwUKwmKi | Kvbvj L wbw`Ki Z`yBevZZvwaKwe`y
bqvAvekK|
GLbAvgi vwbPi mgxKi YRvUwUmgvavbKi vi PvKi e: ) 1 ( .......... 3 2 = + y x
) 2 ........( 6 2 4 = + y x
mgxKi Y ) (1 _KcvB, x y 2 3 = .
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) 3 , 0 ( ), 5 , 1 ( I ) 3 , 3 ( |
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 _KcvB, x y 4 6 2 = ev,
2
4 6 x
y

=
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei Kwi I
cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) 3 , 0 ( ), 7 , 2 ( I ) 9 , 6 ( |
gbKwi , QK KvMR Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x -A I y -A Ges
Og~j we`y|
QK KvMRi Df qA ei vei z`ZgeM i cwZevi `NK GKK
awi | GLbmgxKi Y ) 1 ( nZ cv ) 3 , 0 ( ), 5 , 1 ( I ) 3 , 3 ( we`yMyj v
vcbKwi I Zv`i ci i mshy Kwi | j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv|
x
1 0 3
y
5 3 3
x
2 0 6
y
7 3 9
MwYZ
206
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) 2 ( nZ cv ) 3 , 0 ( ), 7 , 2 ( I ) 9 , 6 ( we`yj vvcbKwi I Zuv`i ci i mshy
Kwi | G I j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv| Zej Kwi , mi j i Lv`yBwUci i i Dci mgvcwZZnqGKwU
mi j i Lvqcwi YZ nqQ| Avevi , mgxKi Y ) 2 ( Gi Df qcK 2 vi vf vMKi j mgxKi Y ) 1 ( cvI qv
hvq| GKvi YmgxKi Yqi j L ci i mgvcwZZnqQ|
GLvb,
)
`

= +
= +
) 2 ........( 6 2 4
) 1 ( .......... 3 2
y x
y x
mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~YI ci i wbf i kxj | Gi c mgxKi YRvUi
AmsLvmgvavbAvQGesmgxKi YRvUwUi j L GKwUmi j i Lv|
Gevi Avgi vwbPi mgxKi YRvUwUmgvavbKi vi PvKi e: ) 1 ( .......... 4 2 = y x
) 2 ......( 12 2 4 = y x
mgxKi Y ) (1 _KcvB, 4 2 = x y .
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) 4 , 4 ( ), 4 , 0 ( ), 6 , 1 ( |
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 _KcvB,
12 2 4 = y x , ev 6 2 = y x [Df qcK 2 vi vf vMKi ]
ev 6 2 = x y
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) 6 , 6 ( ), 0 , 3 ( ), 6 , 0 ( |
gbKwi , QKKvMR Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x -A I y -A GesO g~j we`y|
QK KvMRi Df q A ei vei z`Zg eM i cwZevi `NK
GKK ai mgxKi Y ) (1 nZ cv ) 4 , 0 ( ), 6 , 1 ( I ) 4 , 4 (
we`yMyj vvcb Kwi I Zv`i ci i mshy Kwi | j LwU GKwU
mi j i Lv|
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) 2 ( nZ cv ) 6 , 6 ( ), 0 , 3 ( ), 6 , 0 ( we`yj vvcb
Kwi I G`i ci i mshy Kwi | G I j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv|
x
1 0 4
y
6 4 4
x 0 3 6
y
6 0 6
207
MwYZ
wP j Kwi , c` mgxKi Yqi c_Kf ve cZKwUi AmsL mgvavb _vKj I RvUwnme Zv`i
mvavi YmgvavbbB| Avi I j Kwi h, c` mgxKi Y`y BwUi j LwP `y BwUci i mgv i vj mi j i Lv|
A_vr, i Lv`yBwUKLbvGK Aci K Q` Ki ebv| AZGe, G`i Kvbvmvavi YQ` we`ycvI qvhve
bv| G Avgi vewj h, Gi c mgxKi YRvUi KvbvmgvavbbB| Avgi vRvwb, Gi c mgxKi YRvU
AmwZc~ YI ci i Awbf i kxj |
Avgi vGLbj LwP i mvnvhmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj mgxKi YRvUmgvavbKi ev|
`yBPj Kwewk`yBwUmwZc~YI ci i Awbf i kxj mi j mgxKi Yi j L GKwUwe`yZQ` Ki | HQ`
we`yi vbvsKvi vDf qmgxKi Ywmne| Q`we`ywUi vbvsKBnemgxKi Yqi mgvavb|
D`vni Y7| mgvavbKi I mgvavbj LwP `LvI : 8 2 = + y x
5 2 3 = y x
mgvavb: : c`mgxKi Yq ) .( .......... 1 0 8 2 = + y x
) ...( .......... 2 0 5 2 3 = y x
AvoYbcwZZcvB,
1 3 2 2
1
2 5 3 8 8 2 5 1
=

=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
y x
ev
3 4
1
10 24 16 5
=
+
=

y x
ev
7
1
14 21
=

y x
ev
7
1
14 21
= =
y x

7
1
21
=
x
, ev 3
7
21
= = x
Avevi ,
7
1
14
=
y
, ev 2
7
14
= = y
mgvavb: ) , ( ) , ( 2 3 = y x
gbKwi , Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x-A I y -A GesO g~j we`y|
QKKvMRi Df qA ei vei z`ZgeMi cwZ`yBevi `NKGKKai ) , ( 2 3 we`ywUvcbKwi |
D`vni Y8| j LwP i mvnvhmgvavbKi :
3 3 = y x
21 5 = + y x
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Yq ) ( .......... 1 3 3 = y x
) ........(2 21 5 = + y x
208
MwYZ
x 3
2
1
2
y
4 3 2
mgxKi Y ) (1 _KcvB, 3 3 = y x , ev 3 3 = x y
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 6 3 3 0 6 1
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 _KcvB, 21 5 = + y x , ev x y 5 21 =
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 4 5 1 4 6 3 |
gbKwi , Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x -A I y -A GesOg~j we`y|
QKKvMRi Df qA ei vei z`ZgeMi cwZevi `NKGKKawi |
GLb QK KvMR mgxKi Y ) (1 nZ cv ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 6 3 3 0 6 1
we`yMyj v vcb Kwi I Zv`i ci i mshy Kwi | j LwU GKwU
mi j i Lv|
GKBf ve, mgxKi Y ) (2 nZ cv ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 4 5 1 4 6 3 we`yj vvcb
Kwi I Zv`i ci i mshy Kwi | G I j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv|
gbKwi , mi j i Lvq ci i P we`yZ Q` Ki Q| wP _K `Lv
hvq, P we`yi vbvsK ) , ( 6 3
mgvavb : ) , ( ) , ( 6 3 = y x
D`vni Y9| j wLKcwZZmgvavbKi : 14 5 2 = + y x
17 5 4 = y x
mgvavb: : c`mgxKi Yq ) 1 .( .......... 14 5 2 = + y x
) ........(2 17 5 4 = y x
mgxKi Y ) (1 _KcvB, x y 2 14 5 = , ev
5
14 2
=
x
y
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi myweavgZKqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei Kwi
I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y
|
.
|

\
|
) , ( ), , ), , ( 2 2 3
2
1
4 3 |
x
1 0 3
y
6 3 6
x 3 4 5
y
6 1 4
x 3
2
1
2
y
1 3 5
MwYZ
209
dgv- 27, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
x
1 2 3
y
4 0 4
x
2
0
2
y
6 3 0
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 _KcvB, 17 4 5 = x y , ev
5
17 4
=
x
y
mgxKi YwUZ x Gi myweavgZKqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvb
ei Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) 5 , 2 ( , 3 ,
2
1
), 1 , 3 (
|
.
|

\
|

gbKwi , Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x -A I y -A GesOg~j we`y|


QK KvMRi Df qA ei vei y`ZgeMi cwZ `yBevi `NK GKK
awi |
GLb, QK KvMR mgxKi Y ) (1 _K cv ) , ( I , ), , ( 2 2 3
2
1
4 3
|
.
|

\
|

we`y j v vcbKi Zv`i ci ci mshy Kwi | j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv|
GKBf ve, mgxKi Y ) (2 _K cv ) 5 , 2 ( , 3 ,
2
1
), 1 , 3 (
|
.
|

\
|
we`yj vvcbKi Zv`i ci ci mshy
Kwi | j LwUGKwUmi j i Lv|
gbKwi , mi j i Lvqci i P we`yZQ` Ki Q| wP `Lvhvq, P we`yi vbvsK
|
.
|

\
|
3
2
1
,
mgvavb:
|
.
|

\
|
= 3
2
1
, ) , ( y x
D`vni Y10| j Li mvnvhmgvavbKi : x x 4 8
2
3
3 =
mgvavb: c`mgxKi Y x x 4 8
2
3
3 =
awi , x x y 4 8
2
3
3 = =
) ( .......... 1
2
3
3 x y =
Ges ) ( .......... 2 4 8 x y =
GLb, mgxKi Y ) (1 G x Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y Gi Abyi c gvbei Kwi I
cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 0 2 3 0 6 2
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 G x -Gi KqKwUgvbwbq y -Gi Abyi c gvb ei
Kwi I cvki QKwUZwi Kwi :
mgxKi YwUi j Li Dci wZbwUwe`y ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 4 3 0 2 4 1
gbKwi , Y YO X XO ' ' I h_vg x-A I y -A GesO g~j we`y| QK KvMRi Df qA ei vei
z`ZgeMi cwZevi `NKGKKawi |
210
MwYZ
GLb, QK KvMR mgxKi Y ) (1 _K cv ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 0 2 3 0 6 2 we`yj vvcb Kwi I we`yj vci ci
mshy Kwi | Zvnj , j LwUneGKwUmi j i Lv| GKBf ve, mgxKi Y ) (2 _K cv ) , ( ), , ( ), , ( 4 3 0 2 4 1
we`yj vvcbKi Gj vci ci mshy Kwi | Zvnj , j LwUneGKwUmi j i Lv| gbKwi , mi j i Lvq
ci i P we`yZQ` Ki | wP `Lvhvq, Q`we`ywUi vbvsK ) , ( 0 2 |
mgvavb: 2 = x , evmgvavb: 2
KvR : 0 3 2 = y x mgxKi Yi j Li Dci QKi gvag Pvi wUwe`ywbYqKi | AZ:ci QK KvMR
wbw``Ni GKKwbqwe`yj vvcbKi I Zv`i ci i mshy Ki | j LwUwKmi j i LvnqQ?
Abykxj bx123
j LwP i mvnvhmgvavbKi :
1| 14 4 3 = + y x 2| 1 2 = y x 3| 1 5 2 = + y x
2 3 4 = y x 13 5 = + y x 2 3 = + y x
4| 2 2 3 = y x 5| 2
3 2
= +
y x
6| 6 3 = + y x
5 3 5 = y x 13 3 2 = + y x 12 3 5 = + y x
7| 4 2 3 = + y x 8| 3
3 2
= +
y x
9| 2 2 3 = + x x
1 4 3 = y x 3
6
= +
y
x 10| x x 2 3 7 3 =
125 evewf wKmgmvi mnmgxKi YMVbI mgvavb
`bw`bRxebGgbwKQyMvwYwZK mgmvAvQhvmgxKi Y MVbi gvagmgvavbKi vmnRZi nq| G
Rbmgmvi kZevkZvewj _K `yBwUAvZ i vwki Rb`yBwUMvwYwZK cZxK, cavbZ Pj K y x, ai v
nq| AvZi vwk `yBwUi gvbwbYqi Rb`yBwUmgxKi YMVbKi Znq| MwVZmgxKi YqmgvavbKi j B
AvZi vwk `yBwUi gvbcvI qvhvq|
D`vni Y11| `yBAwewkKvbvmsLvi Aqi mgwi mv_ 5 hvMKi j hvMdj nemsLvwUi `kK
vbxqAi wZbY| Avi msLvwUi AqvbwewbgqKi j hmsLvcvI qvhve, Zvg~j msLvwU_K
9 Kgne| msLvwUwbYqKi |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , wbYq msLvwUi `kK vbxq Ax Ges GKK vbxq A y | AZGe, msLvwU
. y x + 10
MwYZ
211
1gkZvbymvi ) .........(1 3 5 x y x = + +
Ges2qkZvbymvi , ) .......( ) ( 2 9 10 10 + = + y x x y
mgxKi Y ) (1 _KcvB, 5 3 = x x y , ev ) ........(3 5 2 = x y
Avevi , mgxKi Y ) (2 _KcvB,
4
0 1 5 2
0 1
0 9 9 9
0 9 10 10
=
= +
= +
= +
= + +
x
x x
x y
x y
x x y y
ev
ev
ev
ev
) (3 G x Gi gvbewmqcvB,
3
5 8
5 4 2
=
=
= y
wbYqmsLvwUne
43
3 40
3 4 10 10
=
+ =
+ = + y x
msLvwU43
D`vni Y12| AvUeQi c~ewcZvi eqmcy i eqmi AvUYwQj | `k eQi ci wcZvi eqmcy i eqmi
wYne| eZgvbKvi eqmKZ?
mgvavb: gbKwi , eZgvbwcZvi eqmx eQi I cy i eqmy eQi |
1gkZvbymvi ) )........( ( 1 8 8 8 = y x
Ges2qkZvbymvi , ) ).......( ( 2 10 2 10 + = + y x
) (1 nZcvB, 64 8 8 = y x
ev 8 64 8 + = y x
ev ) ...( .......... 3 56 8 = y x
) (2 nZcvB, 20 2 10 + = + y x
ev 20 2 10 56 8 + = + y y [ ) (3 nZ x Gi gvbewmq]
ev 10 56 20 2 8 + = y y
ev 66 6 = y
ev 11 = y
) (3 nZcvB, 32 56 88 56 11 8 = = = x
eZgvbwcZvi eqm32 eQi I cy i eqm11eQi |
D`vni Y13| GKwUAvqZvKvi evMvbi ci wY, `NAcv10 wgUvi ewk GesevMvbwUi cwi mxgv
100 wgUvi |
K. evMvbwUi `N x wgI c y wg. ai mgxKi YRvUMVbKi |
L. evMvbwUi `N I c wbYqKi |
[ ) 3 ( nZ y -Gi gvb
ewmq]
212
MwYZ
M. evMvbwUi mxgvbvi evBi Pvi w`K 2 wgUvi PI ov i vv AvQ| i vvwU BU w`q Zwi Ki Z
cwZeMwgUvi 00 110 UvKvwnmegvUKZLi Pne?
mgvavb: K. AvqZvKvi evMvbwUi `N x wgUvi I c y wgUvi |
1gkZvbymvi ) ........(1 10 2 + = x y
Ges2qkZvbymvi , ) .......( ) ( 2 100 2 = + y x
L. mgxKi Y ) (1 nZcvB, ) ........(1 10 2 + = x y
mgxKi Y ) (2 nZcvB, ) .......(2 100 2 2 = + y x
ev 100 10 2 = + + x x [ ) (1 nZ y 2 Gi gvbewmq]
ev 90 3 = x ev 30 = x
) (1 nZcvB, 10 30 2 + = y [x Gi gvbewmq]
ev, 40 2 = y ev, 20 = y
evMvbwUi `N30 wgUvi I c 20 wgUvi |
M. i v vi evBi i `N ) ( 4 30+ wg.=34 wg
Gesc= ) ( 4 20+ wg. =24 wg.
i vvi dj =i vvmnevMvbi dj evMvbi dj
) ( 20 30 24 34 = eMwgUvi |
) ( 600 816 = eMwgUvi
216 = eMwgUvi |
BUw`qi v vZwi Ki vi Li P
110 216 = UvKv
23760 = UvKv|
KvR : ABC w f zR x B 2 = Z wWwM, x C = Z wWwM, y A = Z wWwMGes
C B A Z + Z = Z nj , x I y Gi gvbwbYqKi |
Abykxj bx124
1| wbPi Kvb kZ 0 = + + c by ax I 0 = + + r qy px mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~YI ci i
Awbf i kxj ne?
30wgUvi
2
4
w
g
U
v
i
2
0
w
g
U
v
i
34wgUvi
x wgUvi
y
w
g
U
v
i
MwYZ
213
K.
q
b
p
a
= L.
r
c
q
b
p
a
= = M.
r
c
q
b
p
a
= = N.
q
b
p
a
=
2| 2 4 = = + y x y x , nj ) , ( y x Gi gvbwbPi KvbwU?
K. ) , ( 4 2 L. ) , ( 2 4 M. ) . ( 1 3 N. ) , ( 3 1
3| 6 = + y x I 4 2 = x nj , y gvbKZ?
K. 2 L. 4 M. 6 N. 8
4| wbPi KvbwUi Rbcvki QKwUmwVK?
K. 4 = x y L. x y = 8 M. x y 2 4 = N. 4 2 = x y
5| 8 2 = y x Ges 4 2 = y x nj , y x + =KZ?
K. 0 L. 4 M. 8 N. 12
6| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
. i 0 2 = y x I 0 2 = y x mgxKi Yqci i wbf i kxj |
. ii 0 3 2 = + y x mgxKi Yi j LwP ) , ( 0 3 we`yMvgx|
. iii 1 4 3 = + y x mgxKi Yi j LwP GKwUmi j i Lv|
Dci i Z_i wf wZwbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. ii i I L. iii ii I M. iii i I N. iii ii i I ,
7| AvqZvKvi GKwUNi i gSi `N, cAcv2 wgUvi ewk GesgSi cwi mxgv20 wgUvi |
wbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
(1) Ni wUi gSi `NKZwgUvi ?
K. 10 L. 8 M. 6 N. 4
(2) Ni wUi gSi dj KZeMwgUvi ?
K. 24 L. 32 M. 48 N. 80
(3) Ni wUi gS gvRvBKKi ZcwZeMwgUvi 900UvKvwnmegvUKZLi Pne?
K. 72000 L. 43200 M. 28800 N. 21600
mnmgxKi YMVbKi mgvavbKi (817) :
8| Kvbvf Mvski j eI ni i cZKwUi mv_ 1 hvMKi j f MvskwU
5
4
ne| Avevi , j eI ni i
cZKwU_K 5 weqvMKi j f MvskwU
2
1
ne| f MvskwUwbYqKi |
x 0
2 4
y
4 0 4
MwYZ
214
9| Kvbvf Mvski j e_K 1 weqvMI ni i mv_ 2 hvMKi j f MvskwU
2
1
nq| Avi j e_K 7
weqvMGesni _K 2 weqvMKi j f MvskwU
3
1
nq| f MvskwUwbYqKi |
10| `yBAwewkGKwUmsLvi GKK vbxqA`kK vbxqAi wZbYAcv1 ewk| wKAq
vbwewbgq Ki j hmsLvcvI qvhvq, ZvAqi mgwi AvUYi mgvb| msLvwU KZ?
11| `yBAwewkGKwUmsLvi Aqi Ai 4; msLvwUi AqvbwewbgqKi j hmsLvcvI qv
hvq, Zvi I g~j msLvwUi hvMdj 110 ; msLvwUwbYqKi |
12| gvZvi eZgvb eqmZvi `yBKbvi eqmi mgwi Pvi Y| 5 eQi ci gvZvi eqmH `yBKbvi
eqmi mgwi wYne| gvZvi eZgvbeqmKZ?
13| GKwUAvqZ i `N 5 wgUvi Kg I c 3 wgUvi ewk nj dj 9 eMwgUvi Kg ne|
Avevi `N3 wgUvi ewk I c 2 wgUvi ewk nj dj 67 eMwgUvi ewk ne| wUi `N
I cwbYqKi |
14| GKwUbKv`uvo eqmvZi AbyK~j Nvq 15 wK.wg. hvqGesmvZi cwZK~j hvqNvq 5
wK.wg.| bKvi I mvZi eMwbYqKi |
15| GKRbMvgUmkwgK gvwmK eZbPvKwi Ki b| cwZeQi kl GKwUwbw`eZbewcvb| Zvi
gvwmK eZb 4 eQi ci 4500 UvKvI 8 eQi ci 5000 UvKvnq| Zuvi PvKwi i i eZbI
evwl KeZbewi cwi gvYwbYqKi |
16| GKwUmi j mgxKi YRvU 10 = + y x
0 2 3 = y x
K. `LvI h, mgxKi YRvUwUmwZc~Y| Gi KqwUmgvavbAvQ?
L. mgxKi YRvUwUmgvavbKi ) , ( y x wbYqKi |
M. mgxKi Yqvi vwb`wkZmi j i Lvq x -Ai mv_ hw f yRMVbKi Zvi dj wbYqKi |
17| Kvbvf Mvski j ei mv_ 7 hvMKi j f MvskwUi gvb c~YmsLv2 nq| Avevi ni nZ 2
weqvMKi j f MvskwUi gvbc~YmsLv1 nq|
K. f MvskwU
y
x
ai mgxKi YRvUMVbKi |
L. mgxKi YRvUwUAvoYbcwZZmgvavbKi ) , ( y x wbYqKi | f MvskwUKZ?
M. mgxKi YRvUwUi j L AbKi ) , ( y x Gi cvgvbi mZZvhvPvBKi |
qv`k Aavq
mmxgavi v
Finite Series
cvZwnKRxebgej cPwj ZGKwUk| hgb- `vKvbi ZvKf vMcYmvRvZ, bvUKI Abyvbi
NUbvej xmvRvZ, `vgNi my`i f ve `evw` i vLZ gi avi YveenZ nq| Avevi AbK KvR mnR
Ges`wb`bf vemv`bKi ZAvgi veo nZQvU, wk nZe, nvj KvnZf vi xBZvw` ai bi g
eenvi Kwi | GBgi avi YvnZBwewf bcKvi MvwYwZK avi vi DenqQ| GBAavqAbygI avi vi
gamKI GZ`msvwel qeDcvcbKi vnqQ|
Aavqkl wkv_xi v-
AbygI avi veYbvKi ZI Zv`i cv_Kwbi cYKi Zcvi e|
mgvi avi vevLvKi Zcvi e|
mgvi avi vi wbw`Zgc` I wbw`msLKc`i mgwwbYqi m~ MVbKi Zcvi eGesm~ cqvMKi
MvwYwZKmgmvmgvavbKi Zcvi e|
^vf vweKmsLvi eMi I Nbi mgwwbYqKi Zcvi e|
avi vi wewf bm~ cqvMKi MvwYwZKmgmvi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
Yvi avi vi wbw`Zg c` I wbw` msLK c`i mgw wbYqi m~ MVbKi Z cvi e Gesm~ cqvM
Ki MvwYwZKmgmvi mgvavbKi Zcvi e|
Abyg
wbPi mKwUj Kwi :
1 2 3 4 5 n
! ! ! ! ! !
2 4 6 8 10 n 2
GLvb cZK ^vf vweK msLvn Zvi wY msLv n 2 Gi mv_ mwKZ| A_vr ^vf vweK msLvi mU
,.......} 3 , 2 , 1 { = N _K GKwUwbqgi gvaghvMevaK Rvo msLvi mU ,.......} 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 { cvI qv
hvq| GBmvRvbvRvomsLvi mUwUGKwUAbyg| myZi vs, KZKj vi vwk GKUvwekl wbqggv^q
Ggbf vemvRvbvnqhcZK i vwk Zvi c~ei c` I ci i c`i mv_ Kxf vemwKZ ZvRvbvhvq|
Gf vemvRvbvi vwkj vi mUKAbyg(Sequence) ej vnq|
Dci i mKwUK dvskb ej Ges n n f 2 ) ( = wj Lvnq| GB Abygi mvavi Y c` n 2 . hKvbv
Abygi c`msLvAmxg| AbygwUmvavi Y c`i mvnvhwj Lvi cwZ nj v ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 , 2 = > < n n
ev,
+
=
> <
1
2
n
n ev, > < n 2 .
216
MwYZ
Abygi c_gi vwkKc_gc`, wZxqi vwkKwZxqc`, ZZxqi vwkKZZxqc` BZvw` ej vnq| 1, 3,
5, 7,Abygi c_gc` =1, wZxqc` = , 3 BZvw`|
wbPAbygi Pvi wUD`vni Y`I qvnj v:
1, 2, 3, ,n,
1, 3, 5, , ) 1 2 ( n ,
1, 4, 9, ,
2
n ,
2
1
,
3
2
,
4
3
, ,
1 + n
n
,
KvR: 1| wbP QqwUAbygi mvavi Yc` `I qvAvQ| Abygwj j L :
(i)
n
1
(ii)
1
1
+

n
n
(iii)
n
2
1
(iv)
1
2
1
n
(v)
1
1
) 1 (
+
+

n
n
n
(vi)
1 2
1
) 1 (
+

n
n
n
.
2| Zvgi vcZKGKwUKi Abygi mvavi Yc` wj L AbygwUj L|
avi v
KvbvAbygi c`j vci ci + wP vi vhy Ki j GKwUavi v(Series) cvI qvhvq| hgb,
....... 7 5 3 1 + + + + GKwU avi v| avi vwUi ci ci `yBwU c`i cv_K mgvb| Avevi
........ 16 8 4 2 + + + + GKwUavi v| Gi ci ci `yBwUc`i AbycvZ mgvb| myZi vs, hKvbvavi vi ci ci
`yBwUc`i gamKi Dci wbf i Ki avi vwUi ewk| avi vj vi gai Zc~Y`yBwUavi vnj vmgvi
avi vI Yvi avi v|
mgvi avi v
Kvbvavi vi hKvbvc` I Zvi c~eeZxc`i cv_Kmemgqmgvbnj , mBavi vwUKmgvi avi vej |
D`vni Y: 11 9 7 5 3 1 + + + + + GKwUavi v|
GBavi vwUi c_gc` 1, wZxqc` 3, ZZxqc` , 5 BZvw`|
GLvb, wZxqc` c_gc` = , 2 1 3 = ZZxqc` wZxqc` = , 2 3 5 =
PZz_c` ZZxqc` = , 2 5 7 = cgc` PZz_c` = , 2 7 9 =
l c` cgc` 2 9 11 = =
myZi vs, avi vwUGKwUmgvi avi v|
GBavi vqc v`y BwUc`i weqvMdj Kmvavi YAi ej vnq| Dwj wLZavi vi mvavi YA i . 2 avi vwUi c`
msLvwbw`| GRbGwUGKwUmmxgevmvavi v(FiniteSeries)| Dj L, mgvi avi vi c`msLvwbw`
bvnj ZvK Amxg evAbavi v(Infinite Series) ej | hgb, ... ... 10 7 4 1 + + + + GKwUAmxg
avi v| mgvi avi vqmvavi YZ c _g c`K a vi vGesmvavi Y Ai K d vi vcKvk Ki vnq| Zvnj
msvbymvi , c_g c` a nj , wZxq c` , d a + ZZxq c` , 2d a + BZvw`| myZi vs, avi vwUne,
..... ) 2 ( ) ( + + + + + d a d a a .
MwYZ
217
dgv- 28, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
mgvi avi vi mvavi Yc` wbYq
gbKwi , hKvbvmgvi avi vi c_gc` a = I mvavi YAi d = ; Zvnj avi vwUi
c_gc` d a a ) 1 1 ( + = =
wZxqc` d a d a ) 1 2 ( + = + =
ZZxqc` d a d a ) 1 3 ( 2 + = + =
PZz_c` d a d a ) 1 4 ( 3 + = + =
.... .... .... .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... .... .... .... ....
nZgc` = d n a ) 1 ( +
GB nZg c`KBmgv i avi vi mvavi Y c` ej vnq| Kvbvmgvi avi vi c_g c` a, mvavi Y A i d
Rvbv_vKj nZgc` ... ,... 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 = n ewmqchvqgavi vwUi cZKwUc` wbYqKi vhvq|
gbKwi , GKwUmgvi avi vi c_gc` 3Gesmvavi YAi 2| Zvnj avi vwUi
wZxqc` , 5 2 3 = + = ZZxqc` , 7 2 2 3 = + = PZz_c` , 9 2 3 3 = + = BZvw`|
AZGe, avi vwUi nZgc` ( ) 1 2 2 1 3 + = + = n n .
KvR: Kvbvmgvi avi vi c_gc` 5Gesmvavi YAi 7nj , avi vwUi c_g
QqwUc`, 22Zgc`, r ZgGes (2p+1)Zgc` wbYqKi |
D`vni Y1| + + + + 14 11 8 5 avi vwUi Kvbc` 383 ?
mgvavb: avi vwUi c _gc` , 5 = a mvavi YAi 3 8 11 5 8 = = = d
BnvGKwUmgvi avi v|
gbKwi , avi vwUi nZgc` =383
Avgi vRvwb, nZgc` = . ) 1 ( d n a +
383 ) 1 ( = + d n a
ev, 383 3 ) 1 ( 5 = + n
ev, 383 3 3 5 = + n
ev, 3 5 383 3 + = n
ev, 381 3 = n
ev,
3
381
= n
127 = n
c`avi vi 127Zgc` =383.
218
MwYZ
mgvi avi vi n msLKc`i mgw
gbKwi , hKvbvmgvi avi vi c_gc` a , kl c` p, mvavi YAi , d c` msLvn Gesavi vwUi n
msLKc`i mgw .
n
S
avi vwUKc_gc` nZGesweci xZKgkl c` nZwj L cvI qvhvq
( ) ( ) ) ( 2 ) 2 ( ) ( i p d p d p d a d a a S
n
+ + + + + + + + =
Ges ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( 2 2 ii a d a d a d p d p p S
n
+ + + + + + + + =
hvMKi , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p a p a p a p a p a p a S
n
+ + + + + + + + + + + + = ... ... 2
ev, ( ) p a n S
n
+ = 2 [ avi vwUi c` msLvn ]
( ) ) (
2
iii p a
n
S
n
+ =
Avevi , nZgc` . ) 1 ( d n a p + = = p Gi gvb ) (iii GewmqcvB,
}] ) 1 ( { [
2
d n a a
n
S
n
+ + =
A_vr, ( ) { } d n a
n
S
n
1 2
2
+ =
Kvbvmgvi avi vi c_gc` a, kl c` p Gesc` msLvn Rvbv_vKj , ) (iii bsm~ i mvnvhavi vwUi
mgw wbYqKi vhvq| wK c_g c` a , mvavi Y Ai , d c` msLvn Rvbv_vKj , ) (iv bsm~ i
mvnvhavi vwUi mgwwbYqKi vhvq|
c_g n msLK^vf vweKmsLvi mgwwbYq
gbKwi , n msLK^vf vweKmsLvi mgw
n
S
A_vr, ) ( ) 1 ( 3 2 1 i n n S
n
+ + + + + =
avi vwUKc_gc` nZGesweci xZKgkl c` nZwj L cvI qvhvq
( ) ) ( ) 1 ( 2 3 2 1 i n n n S
n
+ + + + + + =
Ges ( ) ( ) ) ( 1 2 3 2 1 ii n n n S
n
+ + + + + + =
hvMKi , ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 + + + + + + + + = n n n n S
n
[ n msLKc` ]
ev, ) 1 ( 2 + = n n S
n
) (
2
) 1 (
iii
n n
S
n
+
=
D`vni Y2| c_g50wU^vf vweKmsLvi hvMdj wbYqKi |
mgvavb: Avgi v(iii) bsm~ eenvi Ki cvB,
1275 51 25
2
) 1 50 ( 50
50
= =
+
= S
c_g50wU^vf vweKmsLvi hvMdj 1275.
MwYZ
219
D`vni Y3| = + + + + + 99 4 3 2 1 KZ?
mgvavb: avi vwUi c _gc` , 1 = a mvavi YAi 1 1 2 = = d Geskl c` p =99.
BnvGKwUmgvi avi v|
gbKwi , avi vwUi nZgc` =99
Avgi vRvwb, mgvi avi vi nZgc` = d n a ) 1 ( +
99 ) 1 ( = + d n a
ev, 99 1 ) 1 ( 1 = + n
ev, 99 1 1 = + n
99 = n
weK cwZ:
hnZy
( ),
2
p a
n
S
n
+ =
( ) 99 1
2
99
99
+ = S
4950
2
100 99
=

=
(iv) bsm~ nZ, mgvi avi vi c_g n-msLKc`i mgw-
}. ) 1 ( 2 {
2
d n a
n
S
n
+ =
myZi vs, avi vwUi 99wUc`i mgw ) 98 2 (
2
99
} 1 ) 1 99 ( 1 2 {
2
99
99
+ = + = S
4950 50 99
2
100 99
= =

=
D`vni Y4| + + + 17 12 7 avi vwUi 30wUc`i mgwKZ?
mgvavb: avi vwUc_gc` 7 = a , mvavi YAi 5 7 12 = = d
BnvGKwUmgvi avi v| GLvbc` msLv . 30 = n
Avgi vRvwb, mgvi avi vi c_g n-msLKc`i mgw,
}. ) 1 ( 2 {
2
d n a
n
S
n
+ =
Zvnj , 30wUc`i mgw S
30
= } 5 ) 1 30 ( 7 . 2 {
2
30
+ ) 5 29 14 ( 15 + =
) 145 14 ( 15 + = 159 15 =
2385 =
D`vni Y 5| K Zvi eZb_K c_ggvm1200 UvKvmqKi bGesci eZxgvmj vi cwZgvmGi
c~eeZxgvmi Zzj bvq100 UvKvewk mqKi b|
(i ) wZwb nZggvmKZUvKvmqKi b?
(ii ) Dci v mgmvwUK n msLKc` chavi vqcKvk Ki |
(iii ) wZwbc_g n msLKgvmKZUvKvmqKi b?
(iv ) GKeQi wZwbKZUvKvmqKi b?
mgvavb: (i ) c_ggvmmqKi b1200 UvKv
wZxqgvmmqKi b ) 100 1200 ( + UvKv 1300 = UvKv
220
MwYZ
ZZxqgvmmqKi b ) 100 1300 ( + UvKv 1400 = UvKv
PZz_gvmmqKi b ) 100 1400 ( + UvKv 1500 = UvKv
myZi vs, GwUGKwUmgv i avi v, hvi c_gc` , 1200 = a mvavi YAi . 100 1200 1300 = = d
avi vwUi nZgc` d n a ) 1 ( + =
1100 100
100 100 1200 100 ) 1 ( 1200
+ =
+ = + =
n
n n
AZGe, wZwb nZggvmmqKi b ) 1100 100 ( + n UvKv|
(i i) G nmsLKc` ch avi vwUne ) 1100 100 ( 1400 1300 1200 + + + + + n
(iii ) wZwbc_g nmsLKgvmmqKi b-
} ) 1 ( 2 {
2
d n a
n
+ UvKv } 100 ) 1 ( 1200 2 {
2
+ = n
n
UvKv
) 100 100 2400 (
2
+ = n
n
UvKv ) 50 1150 ( 2
2
n
n
+ = UvKv
) 1150 50 ( + = n n UvKv|
(iv ) Avgi vRvwb, GKeQi =12 gvm| G , . 12 = n
AZGe, [Dci i (iii) nZ]KGKeQi mqKi b ) 1150 12 50 ( 12 + UvKv
) 1150 600 ( 12 + = UvKv 1750 12 = UvKv=21000 UvKv|
Abykxj bx131
1| 19 12 5 2 avi vwUi mvavi YA i Ges12Zgc` wbYqKi |
2| + + + + 17 14 11 8 avi vwUi Kvbc` 392?
3| + + + + 13 10 7 4 avi vwUi Kvbc` 301?
4| Kvbvmgvi avi vi p Zgc`
2
p Ges q Zgc`
2
q nj , avi vwUi ) ( q p + Zgc` KZ?
5| Kvbvmgvi avi vi mZgc` n I nZgc` m nj , ( n m+ )Zgc` KZ?
6| + + + + 7 5 3 1 avi vwUi n c`i mgwKZ?
7| + + + 24 16 8 avi vwUi c_g 9wUc`i mgwKZ?
8| = + + + + + 59 23 17 11 5 KZ?
9| = + + + 23 21 25 29 KZ?
10| Kvbvmgvi avi vi 12Zgc` 77 nj , Gi c_g 23wUc`i mgwKZ?
11| GKwUmgvi avi vi 16Zgc` 20 nj , Gi c_g 31wUc`i mgwKZ?
12| + + + 5 7 9 avi vwUi c_g n msLKc`i hvMdj 144 nj , n Gi gvbwbYqKi |
MwYZ
221
13| + + + + 8 6 4 2 avi vwUi c_gn msLKc`i mgw 2550nj , n Gi gvbwbYqKi |
14| Kvbvavi vi c_g n msLKc`i mgw ) 1 ( + n n nj , avi vwUwbYqKi |
15| Kvbvavi vi c_g n msLKc`i mgw ) 1 ( + n n nj , avi vwUi 10wUc`i mgwKZ?
16| GKwUmgvi avi vi c_g12c`i mgw144Gesc_g20c`i mgw560nj , Gi c_g6
c`i mgwwbYqKi |
17| Kvbvmgvi avi vi c_gm c`i mgwn Gesc_gn c`i mgwm nj , Gi c_g(m+n)
c`I mgwwbYqKi |
18| Kvbvmgvi avi vq p Zg, q ZgI r Zgc` h_vg c b a , , nj , `LvI h,
. 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + q p c p r b r q a
19| `LvI h, . 209 173 171 169 125 7 5 3 1 + + + + = + + + + +
20| GK ew 2500 UvKvi GKwUFYwKQzmsLK wKwZcwi kvaKi Zi vRxnb| cZK wKwc~ei
wKw_K 2 UvKvewk| hw` c_gwKw1 UvKvnq, ZeKZj vwKwZHew Zvi FYkva
Ki Zcvi eb?
c_g n msLK^vf vweKmsLvi eMi mgwwbYq
gbKwi , c_g n msLK^vf vweKmsLvi eMi mgwS
n
.
A_vr,
2 2 2 2
3 2 1 n S
n
+ + + + =
Avgi vRvwb,
3 2 3
) 1 ( 1 3 3 = + r r r r
ev, 1 3 ) 1 (
2 3 3
3 + = r r r r
Dci i Af `wUZ, n r , , 3 , 2 , 1 = ewmqcvB,
1 . 3 . 3 ) 1 (
1 3 . 3 3 . 3 2 3
1 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 2
1 1 . 3 1 . 3 0 1
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
n n n n


hvMKi cvB,
) 1 1 1 1 ( ) 3 2 1 ( 3 ) 3 2 1 ( 3 0
2 2 2 2 3 3
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + = n n n
ev,
(

+
= + + + + +
+
=
2
) 1 (
3 2 1
2
) 1 (
. 3 3
3
n n
n n
n n
S n
n

ev, n
n n
n S
n

+
+ =
2
) 1 ( 3
3
3
MwYZ
222
2
)} 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 {
2
2 (
2 2
2
2
2
) 1 2
) 1 3 2 ( 3 2 3 3
2
2 2 3 2 3
+ + +
= =
= = =
+ + +
+ + + + + +
n n n n n n
n n n
n n
n n n n n n n
ev,
2
) 1 2 )( 1 (
3
+ +
=
n n n
S
n

6
) 1 2 )( 1 ( + +
=
n n n
S
n
c_gn msLK^vf vweKmsLvi Nbi mgwwbYq
gbKwi , c_g n msLK^vf vweKmsLvi Nbi mgwS
n
.
A_vr,
3 3 3 3
3 2 1 n S
n
+ + + + =
Avgi vRvwb, . 4 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2 2 2
r r r r r r r = + + + = +
ev,
3 2 2 2 2 2
4 . 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( r r r r r r r = = + [ Df qcKr
2
vi vYKi ]
Dci i Af `wUZ, n r , , 3 , 2 , 1 = ewmqcvB,
3 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 2
4 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
3 . 4 2 . 3 3 . 4
2 . 4 1 . 2 2 . 3
1 . 4 0 . 1 1 . 2
n n n n n = +
=
=
=


hvMKi , ) 3 2 1 ( 4 0 . 1 . ) 1 (
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
n n n + + + + = +
ev,
n
S n n 4 . ) 1 (
2 2
= +
ev,
4
) 1 (
2 2
+
=
n n
S
n

2
2
) 1 (
)
`

=
+ n n
S
n
cqvRbxqm~
2
) 1 (
3 2 1
+
= + + + +
n n
n
6
) 1 2 )( 1 (
3 2 1
2 2 2 2
+ +
= + + + +
n n n
n
2
3 3 3 3
2
) 1 (
3 2 1
)
`

+
= + + + +
n
n
n

223
MwYZ
wekl `e: . ) 3 2 1 ( 3 2 1
2 3 3 3 3
n n + + + + = + + + +
KvR: 1| c_g n msLK^vf vweKRvomsLvi mgwwbYqKi |
2| c_g n msLK^vf vweKweRvomsLvi eMi mgwwbYqKi |
Yvi avi v
Kvbvavi vi hKvbvc` I Gi c~eeZxc`i AbycvZ me mgq mgvb nj A_vr, hKvbvc`K Gi
c~eeZxc` vi vf vMKi f vMdj me`vmgvbcvI qvMj , mavi vwUK Yvi avi vej Gesf vMdj K
mvavi Y AbycvZ ej | hgb, 32 16 8 4 2 + + + + avi vwUi c _g c` 2, wZxq c` 4, ZZxq c` 8,
PZz_c` , 16 cgc` 32. GLvb,
wZxqc`i mv_ c_gc`i AbycvZ= 2
2
4
= , ZZxqc`i mv_ wZxqc`i AbycvZ= 2
4
8
=
PZz_c`i mv_ ZZxqc`i AbycvZ= 2
8
16
= , cgc`i mv_ PZz_c`i AbycvZ= 2
16
32
= .
myZi vs, avi vwUGKwUYvi avi v| GBavi vqhKvbvc` I Gi c~eeZxc`i AbycvZme`vmgvb|
Dwj wLZavi vqmvavi YAby cvZ 2| avi vwUi c` msLvwbw`| GRbGwUGKwUYvi mmxgavi v|
f ZI Rxewevbi wewf b , evsK I exgvBZvw` cwZvbGeswewf bcKvi chyw we`vqYvi
avi vi evcKcqvMAvQ|
Yvi avi vi c` msLvwbw`bv_vKj GKAbYvi avi vej |
Yvi avi vi c_gc`Kmvavi YZ a vi vGesmvavi YAbycvZK r vi vcKvk Ki vnq| Zvnj
msvbymvi , c_gc` a nj , wZxqc` , ar ZZxqc` ,
2
ar BZvw`| myZi vs, avi vwUne,
+ + + +
3 2
ar ar ar a
KvR: wbgwj wLZ Yvi avi vj vj L:
(i) c_gc` 4, mvavi YAbycvZ10 (ii) c_gc` 9, mvavi YAbycvZ
3
1
(iii) c_gc` 7, mvavi YAbycvZ
10
1
(iv) c_gc` 3, mvavi YAbycvZ1 (v) c_gc` 1, mvavi YAbycvZ
2
1

(vi) c_gc` 3, mvavi YAbycvZ1


Yvi avi vi mvavi Yc`
gbKwi , hKvbvYvi avi vi c_gc` , a mvavi YAby cvZ , r Zvnj avi vwUi
c_gc`
1 1
= = ar a wZxqc`
1 2
= = ar ar
ZZxqc`
1 3 2
= = ar ar PZz_c`
1 4 3
= = ar ar
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
nZgc` =
1 n
ar
224
MwYZ
GB nZgc`KBYvi avi vi mvavi Yc` ej vnq| KvbvYvi avi vi c_gc` a I mvavi YAbycvZ
r Rvbv_vKj nZgc` chvqg , 3 , 2 , 1 = r BZvw` ewmqavi vwUi hKvbvc` wbYqKi vhvq|
D`vni Y6| + + + + 16 8 4 2 avi vwUi 10Zgc` KZ?
mgvavb: avi vwUi c _gc` , 2 = a mvai YAbycvZ . 2
2
4
= = r
c`avi vwUGKwUYvi avi v|
Avgi vRvwb, Yvi avi vi nZgc` =
1 n
ar
avi vwUi 10Zgc` =
1 10
2 2

= 1024 2 2
9
=
D`vi nY7| + + + 32 64 128 avi vwUi mvavi Yc` KZ?
mgvavb: c`avi vwUi c _gc` , 128 = a mvavi YAbycvZ .
2
1
128
64
= = r
BnvGKwUYvi avi v|
Avgi vRvwb, Yvi avi vi mvavi Yc` =
1 n
ar
my Zi vs, avi vwUi mvavi Yc` = .
2
1
2
1
2
2
8 7 1 1
7
1
2
1
128

= = = |
.
|

\
|
n n n
n
D`vni Y8| GKwUYvi avi vi c_gI wZxqc` h_vg 27 Ges 9 nj , avi vwUi cgc` Ges`kg
c` wbYqKi |
mgvavb: c`avi vwUi c _gc` a , 27 = wZxqc` 9 =
Zvnj mvavi YAbycvZ .
3
1
27
9
= = r
cgc` =
3
1
3 27
1 27
3
1
27
4
1 5
=

= = |
.
|

\
|

ar
Ges`kgc` = .
729
1
3
1
3 3
3
3
1
27
6 6 3
3
9
1 10
= =

= = |
.
|

\
|

ar
Yvi avi vi mgwwbYq
gbKwi , Yvi avi vi c _gc` , a mvavi YAby cvZ r Gesc` msLv . n hw` n msLKc`i mgw
n
S
nq, Zvnj
) (
1 2 2
i ar ar ar ar a S
n n
n

+ + + + + =
Ges
n n
n
ar ar ar ar ar S r + + + + + =
1 3 2
. [(i) Kr vi vYKi ] (ii)
weqvMKi ,
n
n n
ar a rS S =
ev, ) 1 ( ) 1 (
n
n
r a r S =
MwYZ
225
dgv- 29, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
,
1
) 1 (
r
r a
S
n
n

= hLb 1 < r
Avevi (ii) _K (i) weqvMKi cvB,
a ar S rS
n
n n
= ev, ) 1 ( ) 1 ( =
n
n
r a r S
A_vr, ,
) 1 (
) 1 (

=
r
r a
S
n
n
hLb 1 > r .
j Yxq : mvavi Y AbycvZ 1 = r nj cZK c` a =
myZi vs, G + + + = a a a S
n
n c` ch
. an =
KvR : K Zvi Qj K zj bqv-Avbvi RbGK ew K 1j vGwcj _K GK gvmi RbwbqvMKi j b| Zvi
cvwi kwgK wVK Ki vnj v- c_g w`b GK cqmv, wZxq w`b c_g w`bi wY A_vr `yBcqmv, ZZxq w`b wZxq w`bi
wY A_vr Pvi cqmv| GB wbqg cvwi kwgK w`j mvvwnK QzwUi w`bmn GK gvmci H ew KZ UvKvcveb ?
D`vni Y 9| 768 48 24 12 + + + + avi vwUi mgw KZ ?
mgvavb : c` avi vwUi c_g c` , 12 = a mvavi Y AbycvZ . 1 2
12
24
> = = r
avi vwUGKwUYvi avi v|
gb Kwi , avi vwUi nZg c` 768 =
Avgi vRvwb, nZg c` =
1 n
ar
768
1
=
n
ar
ev, 768 2 12
1
=
n
ev, 64
12
768
2
1
= =
n
ev,
6 1
2 2 =
n
ev, 6 1= n
. 7 = n
myZi vs, avi vwUi mgw ,
) 1 (
) 1 (

=
r
r a
n
hLb 1 > r
. 1524 127 12 ) 1 128 ( 12
1 2
2 ( 12 ) 1
7
= = =

=

D`vni Y 10| + + + +
8
1
4
1
2
1
1 avi vwUi c_g AvUwUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : c` avi vwUi c_g c` , 1 = a mvavi Y AbycvZ 1
2
1
1
2
1
< = = r
BnvGKwUYvi avi v|
GLvb c` msLv . 8 = n
226
MwYZ
Avgi vRvwb, Yvi avi vi n-msLK c`i mgw
,
1
) 1 (
r
r a
S
n
n

= hLb . 1 < r
myZi vs, avi vwUi 8wUc`i mgw
2
1
256
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1 1
8
8


=

)

|
.
|

\
|
S
128
127
1
128
255
256
1 256
2 = =

= |
.
|

\
|
Abykxj bx132
1. a, b, c I d mgvi avi vi Pvi wUwgK c` nj wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. b =
2
d c +
L. a =
2
c b +
M. c =
2
d b +
N. d =
2
c a +
2. i a+(a+d)+(d+2d).................... avi vwUi c _g n msLK c`i mgw =
2
n
{2a+(n-1)d}
ii 1+2+3............+n =
6
) 1 2 )( 1 ( + + n n n
iii 1+3+5+..............+(2n-1) =n
2
Dci i evKj vi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi avi vwUi wf wZ 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI :
log 2+log 4 +log 8 +.......................
3. avi vwUi mvavi Y A i KvbwU?
K. 2 L. 4
M. log 2 N. 2 log 2
4. avi vwUi 7g c` KZ?
K. log 32 L. log 64
M. log 128 N. log 256
5| + + + + 8 16 32 64 avi vwUi Ag c` wbYq Ki |
6| + + + 27 9 3 avi vwUi c_g P wUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
7| + + + 32 64 128 avi vwUi Kvb c`
2
1
?
8| GKwUYvi avi vi cg c`
9
3 2
Ges `kg c`
81
2 8
nj , avi vwUi ZZxq c` wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
227
9| , 2 , 1 ,
2
1
avi vwUi Kvb c` 2 8 ?
10| 135 5 + + + y x Yvi avi vf z nj , x Ges y Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
11| 243 3 + + + + z y x Yvi avi vf z nj , x, y Gesz Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
12| + + 16 8 4 2 avi vwUi c_g mvZwUc`i mgw KZ ?
13| + + 1 1 1 1 avi vwUi ) 1 2 ( + n msLK c`i mgw wbYq Ki |
14| + + + 8 log 4 log 2 log avi vwUi c_g `kwUc`i mgw KZ ?
15| + + + 512 log 16 log 2 log avi vwUi c_g evi wUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
16| + + + + 16 8 4 2 avi vwUi n-msLK c`i mgw
254
nj , n-Gi gvb KZ ?
17| + + 2 2 2 2 avi vwUi ) 2 2 ( + n msLK c`i mgw KZ ?
18| c_g n msLK ^vf vweK msLvi Nbi mgw 441 nj , nGi gvb wbYq Ki Ges H msLvj vi
mgw wbYq Ki |
19| c_g n msLK ^vf vweK msLvi Nbi mgw 225 nj , nGi gvb KZ ? H msLvj vi eMi mgw
KZ ?
20| `LvI h, . ) 10 3 2 1 ( 10 3 2 1
2 3 3 3 3
+ + + + = + + + +
21| 210
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 3 3
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
n
n


nj n-Gi gvb KZ ?
22| 1 wgUvi `Nwewk GKwUj n `K 10wUUzKi vq wef Ki vnj vhvZ UzKi vj vi `NYvi
avi vMVb Ki | hw` eng UzKi vwUz`Zg UzKi vi 10Y nq, Ze z`Zg UzKi vwUi `Ni gvb
Avmbwgwj wgUvi wbYq Ki |
23| GKwUYvi avi vi 1g c` a, mvavi Y AbycvZ r, avi vwUi 4_c` -2 Ges 9g c` 8 2
K. Dci v Z_j vK `yBwUmgxKi Yi gvag cKvk Ki |
L. avi vwUi 12 Zg c` wbYq Ki |
M. avi vwUwbYq Ki c_g 7wUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
24| Kvb avi vi n Zg c` 2n-4
K. avi vwUwbYq Ki |
L. avi vwUi 10Zg c` Ges c_g 20wUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
M. cv avi vwUi c_g c`K c_g c` Ges mvavi Y Ai K mvavi Y AbycvZ ai GKwUbZzb avi vZwi Ki
Ges m~ cqvMKi avi vwUi c_g 8 c`i mgw wbYq Ki |
PZz`k Aavq
AbycvZ, m`kZvI cwZmgZv
`yBwUi vwki Zzj bvKi vi RbZv`i AbycvZ weePbvKi vnq| AbycvZ wbYqi Rbi vwk `yBwUGKB GKK
cwi gvc Ki Z nq| G mKexRMwYZ wevwi Z Avj vPbvKi vnqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
RvwgwZK AbycvZ mKevLvKi Z cvi e|
i Lvski Awef w evLvKi Z cvi e|
AbycvZ mwKZ Dccv`j vhvPvB I cgvY Ki Z cvi e|
m`kZvi AbycvZ msvDccv`j vhvPvB I cgvY Ki Z cvi e|
cwZmgZvi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
nvZ-Kj g eve DcKi Yi mvnvhi LvI N~Yb cwZmgZvhvPvB Ki Z cvi e|
141 AbycvZ I mgvbycvZi ag
) (i y x d c y x b a t t t t Ges = = nj , d c b a t t =
) (ii a b b a t t = nj , b a =
) (iii y x b a t t = nj , x y a b t t = (eKi Y)
) (iv y x b a t t = nj , y b x a t t = (GKvi Ki Y)
) (v d c b a t t = nj , bc ad = (AvoYb)
) (vi y x b a t t = nj , y y x b b a t t + = + (hvRb)
Ges y y x b b a t t = (weqvRb)
) (vii
d
c
b
a
= nj ,
d c
d c
b a
b a

+
=

+
(hvRb I weqvRb)
RvwgwZK mgvbycvZ
Avgi vw f zR i dj wbYq Ki Z wkLwQ| G _K `yBwUcqvRbxq AbycvZi avi YvZwi Ki vhvq|
(1) `yBwUw f zR i DPZvmgvb nj , Zv`i dj I f ~wg mgvbycvwZK|
gb Kwi , w f zR ABC I DEF Gi f ~wg h_vg a BC = , d EF = Ges Df q i DPZv h |
myZi vs, w f zR ABC Gi dj = h a
2
1
, w f zR DEF Gi dj = h d
2
1
AZGe, w f zR ABC Gi dj t w f zR DEF Gi dj = h a
2
1
t h d
2
1
=a td =BC t EF |
MwYZ
229
(2) `yBwUw f zR i f ~wg mgvb nj , Zv`i dj I DPZvmgvbycvwZK|
gb Kwi w f zR ABC I DEF Gi DPZv h_vg h AP = , k DQ = Ges Df q i f ~wg b |
myZi vs, w f zR ABC Gi dj = h b
2
1
, w f zR DEF Gi dj = k b
2
1
AZGe, w f zR ABC Gi dj t w f zR DEF Gi dj = h b
2
1
t k b
2
1
=h tk =AP t DQ|
Dccv`1
w f z Ri hKvbvevi mgv i vj mi j i LvH w f z Ri Aci evqK evZv`i ewa ZvskqK
mgvb AbycvZ wef Ki |
wekl wbePb : ABC w f zRi BC evi mgvi vj
DE i Lvsk AC AB I evqK A_ev
Zv`i ewaZvskqK h_vg E D I
we`yZ Q` Ki Q|
cgvY Ki Z ne h, . t t EC AE DB AD =
Ab : B , E Ges C , D hvMKwi |
cgvY :
avc
(1) BDE ADE A A Ges GKB DPZvwewk
DB
AD
BDE
ADE
=
A
A

(2)Avevi , DEC ADE A A Ges GKB DPZvwewk


EC
AE
DEC
ADE
=
A
A

(3) wK DEC BDE A = A


DEC
ADE
BDE
ADE
A
A
=
A
A

(4) AZGe,
EC
AE
DB
AD
=
A_vr, . EC AE DB AD t t =
[GKB DPZvwewk w f zRmg~ni dj f ~wgi
mgvbycvwZK]
[GKB DPZvwewk w f zRmg~ni dj f ~wgi
mgvbycvwZK]
[GKB f ~wg DE I GKB mgvi vj hyMj i ga
AewZ]
Abywmv1| ABC w f zRi BC evi mgvi vj Kvbvi Lvhw` AC AB I evK h_vg
E D I we`yZ Q` Ki , Ze
CE
AC
BD
AB
AE
AC
AD
AB
Ges = = ne|
Abywmv2| w f zRi Kvbvevi gawe`yw`q Aci GK evi mgvi vj i LvZZxq evK mgwLwZ
Ki |
h_v_Zv
wP : 1 wP : 2
MwYZ
230
Dccv` 1 Gi weci xZ cwZvI mZ| A_vr Kvbvmi j i LvGKwUw f zRi `yB evK A_evZv`i
ewaZvskqK mgvb AbycvZ wef Ki j D mi j i Lvw f zRwUi ZZxq evi mgvi vj ne| wbP
cwZvwUcgvY Ki vnj v|
Dccv`2
Kvbvmi j i LvGKwUw f zRi `yB evK A_evZv`i ewaZvskqK mgvb AbycvZ wef Ki j
D mi j i Lvw f zRwUi ZZxq evi mgvi vj |
wekl wbePb : DE i Lvsk ABC w f zRi AB I AC
evqK A_evZv`i ewaZvskqK mgvb AbycvZ wef Ki Q|
A_vr, EC AE DB AD t t =
cgvY Ki Z ne h, BC DE Ges mgvi vj |
Ab : D C E B , , Ges hvMKwi |
cgvY :
h_v_Zv
(1)
DB
AD
BDE
ADE
=
A
A
Ges
EC
AE
DEC
ADE
=
A
A
(2) wK
EC
AE
DB
AD
=
(3) AZGe,
BDE
ADE
BDE
ADE
A
A
=
A
A
DEC BDE A = A
(4) wK DEC BDE A A Ges GKB f ~wg DE Gi GKB cvk
AewZ| myZi vs Zvi vGKB mgvi vj hyMj i gaAewZ|
DE BC I mgvi vj |
[ w f zR `yBwUGKB DPZvwewk ]
[ w f zR `yBwUGKB DPZvwewk ]
[^xKvi ]
[(1) Ges (2) _K]
Dccv`3
w f zRi hKvbvKvYi AwLK weci xZ evK D KvY msj Mevqi AbycvZ Awef Ki |
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , AD i Lvsk ABC A Gi At A Z
K mgwLwZ Ki BC evK D we`yZ Q` Ki | cgvY Ki Z
ne h, AC BA DC BD t t =
Ab : DA i Lvski mgvi vj Ki C we`yw`q CE i Lvsk
Ab Kwi , hb ZvewaZ BA evK E we`yZ Q` Ki |
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hnZz CE DA ll Ges BC I AC Zv`i Q`K
BAD AEC Z = Z
Ges CAD ACE Z = Z
[Ab]
[Abyi c KvY]
[GKvi KvY]
avc
231
MwYZ
(2) wK CAD BAD Z = Z
AE AC ACE AEC = Z = Z ;
(3) Avevi , hnZz , CE DA ll
AE
BA
DC
BD
=
(4) wK AC AE =
AC
BA
DC
BD
=
[^xKvi ]
[ Dccv`1]
[avc (2)]
Dccv`4
w f zRi hKvbvev Aci `yB evi AbycvZ Awef nj , wef vMwe`y_K weci xZ kxl ch
AwZ i Lvsk D kxl KvYi mgwLK ne|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , ABC w f zRi A we`y_K AwZ
AD mi j i Lvsk BC evK D we`yZ Gi c Atf ve wef
Ki Qh, AC BA DC BD t t =
cgvY Ki Z ne h, AD i Lvsk BAC Z Gi mgwLK A_vr,
. CAD BAD Z = Z
Ab : DA i Lvski mgvi vj Ki C we`yw`q Gi c CE
i Lvsk Ab Kwi hb ZvBA evi ewaZvskK E we`yZ Q`
Ki |
cgvY :
avc h_v_ Zv
(1) BCE A Gi CE DA ll
DC BD AE BA t t =
(2) wK AC BA DC BD t t =
AC BA AE BA t t =
AC AE =
AZGe AEC ACE Z = Z
(3) wK BAD AEC Z = Z
Ges CAD ACE Z = Z
AZGe, CAD BAD Z = Z
A_vr AD i Lvsk BAC Z Gi mgwLK|
[Ab]
[ Dccv`1]
[ ^xKvi ]
[avc 1 I avc 2 _K ]
[mgwev w f zRi f ~wg msj MKvY `yBwUmgvb]
[Abyi c KvY ]
[GKvi KvY ]
[avc 2 _K ]
Abykxj bx141
1| Kvbvw f zRi f ~wg msj MKvYqi mgwLKq weci xZ ev `yBwUK Y X I we`yZ Q` Ki |
XY f ~wgi mgvi vj nj cgvY Ki h, w f yRwUmgwev|
2| cgvY Ki h, KZKj vci i mgvi vj mi j i LvK `yBwUmi j i LvQ` Ki j Abyi c Askj v
mgvbycvwZK ne|
3| cgvY Ki h, UvwcwRqvgi KYq Zv`i Q`we`yZ GKB AbycvZ wef nq|
4| cgvY Ki h, UvwcwRqvgi wZhK evqi gawe`yi mshvRK i Lvsk mgvi vj evqi mgvi vj |
5| ABC w f zRi BE AD I gagvq ci i G we`yZ Q` Ki Q| G we`yi gaw`q AwZ
DE Gi mgvi vj i Lvsk AC K F we`yZ Q` Ki | cgvY Ki h, . EF AC 6 =
232
MwYZ
6| ABC A Gi BC evhKvbvwe`y AX X Ges i LvO GKwUwe`y| cgvY Ki h,
XC BX AOC AOB t t = A A
7| A ABC Z A Gi Gi mgwLK BC K D we`yZ Q` Ki | BC Gi mgvi vj Kvbvi Lvsk
AC AB I K h_vg F E I we`yZ Q` Ki |
cgvY Ki h, CF BE DC BD t t =
8| DEF ABC I m`kKvYxw f zRqi DPZv DN AM I nj cgvY Ki h,
. t t DE AB DN AM =
142 m`kZv(Similarity )
mg kwYZ w f zRi memgZvI m`kZvwbq Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| mvavi Yf ve, memgZvm`kZvi
wekl i c| `yBwUwP memg nj mj vm`k; Ze wP `yBwUm`k nj mj vmemg bvI nZ cvi |
m`kKvYxef zR : mgvb msLK evwewk `yBwUef yRi GKwUi KvYj vhw` avi vevwnKf ve Aci wUi
KvYj vi mgvb nq, Ze ef zR `yBwUK m`kKvYx(equiangular) ej vnq|
m`k ef zR : mgvb msLK evwewk `yBwUef zRi GKwUi kxl we`yj vK hw` avi vevwnKf ve Aci wUi
kxl we`yj vi mGgbf ve wgj Ki vhvq h, ef zR `y&BwUi (1) Abyi c KvYj vmgvb nq Ges (2)
Abyi c evj vi AbycvZj vmgvb nq, Ze ef zR `yBwUK m`k (Similar ) ef zR ej vnq|

Dci i wP Avgi vj Kwi h, ABCD AvqZ I PQRS eMm`kKvYx| Kvi Y, Df q wP evi msLv
4 Ges AvqZi KvYj vavi vevwnKf ve eMwUi KvYj vi mgvb (mej vKvY mgKvY)| wKwP j vi
Abyi c KvYj vmgvb nj I Abyi c evj vi AbycvZ mgvb bq| dj mj vm`k bq | w f zRi
AekGi Kg nq bv| `yBwUw f zRi kxl we`yj vi KvY wgj Ki Yi dj m`kZvi msvq Dj wLZ kZ
`yBwUi GKwUmZnj Aci wUI mZnq Ges w f zR `yBwUm`k nq| A_vr, m`k w f zR me`vm`kKvYx
Ges m`kKvYxw f zR me`vm`k|
`yBwUw f zR m`kKvYxnj Ges G`i KvbvGK RvovAbyi c ev mgvb nj w f zRq mgmg nq| `yBwU
m`kKvYxw f zRi Abyi c evj vi AbycvZ aeK| wbP G msvDccv`i cgvY `I qvnj v|
Dccv`5
`yBwUw f zR m`kKvYxnj Zv`i Abyi c evj vmgvbycvwZK|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , DEF ABC I
w f zRqi F C E B D A Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z Ges ,
cgvY Ki Z ne h,
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
= =
Ab : DEF ABC I w f zRqi cZK Abyi c
evhyMj Amgvb weePbvKwi | AB evZ P we`y
Ges AC evZ Q we`y wbB hb
DF AQ DE AP = = Ges nq| Q P I hvM
Ki Ab mbKwi |
MwYZ
233
dgv- 30, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
avc h_v_Zv
(1) APQ A I DEF A Gi , DE AP = , DF AQ =
D A Z = Z
AZGe, DEF APQ A ~ A
myZi vs, ABC DEF APQ Z = Z = Z Ges
. ACB DFE AQP Z = Z = Z
A_vr, PQ i Lvsk I BC evK AB ev I AC i Lv
Q` Ki vq Abyi c KvYhyMj mgvb nqQ|
myZi vs, ; BC PQ ll
AQ
AC
AP
AB
= ev, .
DF
AC
DE
AB
=
(2) GKBf ve BA ev I BC ev _K h_vg ED
i Lvsk I EF i Lvski mgvb i Lvsk KUwbq `Lvbv
hvq h,
EF
BC
ED
BA
=
A_vr .
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
EF
BC
DE
AB
; = = =
[ ev-KvY-evi mgmgZv]
[Dccv`1]
[Dccv`1]
Dccv`5 Gi weci xZ cwZvwUI mZ|
Dccv` 6
`yBwUw f zRi evj vmgvbycvwZK nj Abyi c evi weci xZ KvYj vci i mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi ,
. I Gi
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
DEF ABC = = A A
cgvY Ki Z ne h, . . , , F C E B D A Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z
Ab:
DEF ABC A A I Gi cZK Abyi c evhyMj Amgvb weePbv
Kwi | AB evZ P we`yGes AC evZ Q we`ywbB hb
DF AQ DE AP Ges = = nq| Q P I hvMKi Ab
mbKwi |
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hnZz .
AQ
AC
AP
AB
DF
AC
DE
AB
= = , myZi vs
myZi vs, BC PQ ll
APQ ABC Z = Z Ges AQP ACB Z = Z
APQ ABC A A I m`kKvYx|
myZi vs . ev,
PQ
BC
DE
AB
PQ
BC
AP
AB
= =
[Dccv`2]
[AB Q`K vi vDrcbAbyi c KvY]
[AC Q`K vi vDrcbAbyi c KvY]
[Dccv`5]
cgvY
234
MwYZ
PQ
BC
EF
BC
= [K bvbymvi ] ;
EF
BC
DE
AB
=
PQ EF =
myZi vs, DEF APQ A A I memg|
DFE AQP DEF APQ EDF PAQ Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z , ,
ABC APQ Z = Z Ges ACB AQP Z = Z
. , , F C E B D A Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z
[ ev-ev-ev Dccv`]
Dccv`7
`yBwUw f zRi GKwUi GK KvY Aci wUi GK KvYi mgvb nj Ges mgvb mgvb KvY msj M
evj vmgvbycvwZK nj w f zRq m`k|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , DEF ABC A A Ges Ggb h,
DF
AC
DE
AB
D A = Z = Z Ges
cgvY Ki Z ne h, DEF ABC A A Ges m`k|
Ab :
DEF ABC A A I Gi cZK Abyi c evhyMj Amgvb weePbv
Kwi | AB evZ P we`yGes AC evZ Q we`ywbB hb
DF AQ DE AP Ges = = nq| Q P I hvMKi Ab
mbKwi |
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
APQ A I DEF A Gi DF AQ DE AP = = , Ges Af y
= ZA A f y D Z , DEF ABC A ~ A
. , , F AQP E APQ D A Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z
Avevi , hnZz .
AQ
AC
AP
AB
DF
AC
DE
AB
= = , myZi vs
BC PQ ll
myZi vs AQP ACB APQ ABC Z = Z Z = Z Ges
F C E B D A Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z , Ges
A_vr, DEF ABC A A I m`kKvYx|
myZi vs DEF ABC A A I m`k|
[ev-KvY-ev Dccv`]
[Dccv`2]
Dccv` 8
`yBwUm`k w f zR i dj qi AbycvZ Zv`i hKvbv`yB Abyi c evi Dci AwZ
eM i dj qi AbycvZi mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , DEF ABC I w f zRq m`k Ges
Zv`i `yBwUAbyi c ev EF BC I .
cgvY Ki Z ne h,
2 2
EF BC DEF ABC t t = A A
MwYZ
235
Ab : EF BC I Gi I ci h_vg DH AG I j ^AuvwK| gb Kwi , , h AG = . p DH =
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1)
p EF DEF h BC ABC .
2
1
.
2
1
= A = A Ges
EF p
BC h
p EF
h BC
DEF
ABC
.
.
.
.
2
1
2
1
= =
A
A

=
EF
BC
p
h

(2)
DEH ABG Ges
w f z Rqi
, E B Z = Z
DHE AGB Z = Z
(=GK mgKvY)|

EDH BAG Z = Z
DEH ABG A A I
m`kKvYx, ZvB m`k|
(3) ] m`k Kvi Y I [ DEF ABC
EF
BC
DE
AB
p
h
A A = =
2
2
EF
BC
EF
BC
EF
BC
EF
BC
p
h
DEF
ABC
= =
A
A
=
143| wbw` AbycvZ i Lvski wef w Ki Y
mgZj `yBwUwf bwe`yAI B Gesm I n hKvbv^vf vweK msLvnj Avgi v^xKvi Ki wbB h,
AB i Lvq Ggb Abbwe`yX AvQh, X we`ywUAI B we`yi AeZxGes AX t XB =m t n.

I ci i wP , AB i Lvsk X we`yZ n m t AbycvZ Awef nqQ| Zvnj , AX t XB =m t n.
mv` 1
Kvbvi LvskK GKwUwbw` AbycvZ Awef Ki Z ne|
gb Kwi , AB i LvskK n m t AbycvZ Awef Ki Z ne|
Abi weei Y : A we`yZ hKvbvKvY BAX Z Ab Kwi
Ges AX i wk_K ci ci m AE = Ges n EC = Ask KU
wbB| C B , hvMKwi | E we`yw`q CB Gi mgvi vj ED
i Lvsk Ab Kwi hvAB K D we`yZ Q` Ki | Zvnj AB
i Lvsk D we`yZ n m t AbycvZ Awef nj v|
cgvY : hnZzDE i Lvsk ABC w f zRi GK ev BC Gi
mgvi vj ,
n m EC AE DB AD t t t = =
KvR : 1| weK cwZZ Kvbvi LvskK wbw` AbycvZ Awef Ki |
236
MwYZ
D`vni Y 1| 7 m.wg. `Ni GKwUi LvskK 3t2 AbycvZ Awef Ki |
mgvavb : hKvbvGKwUi wkAG AuvwK Ges AG _K 7 m.wg.
mgvb i Lvsk AB wbB| A we`yZ hKvbvKvY BAX Z Ab
Kwi | AX i wk_K 3 = AE m.wg. KUwbB Ges EX _K
2 = EC m.wg. KUwbB| C B , hvMKwi | E we`yZ ACB Z
Gi mgvb AED Z Ab Kwi hvi ED i Lv AB K D we`yZ
Q` Ki | Zvnj AB i Lvsk D we`yZ 2 3 t AbycvZ
Awef nj v|
D`vni Y 2| GKwUwbw` w f zRi m`k GKwUw f zR Ab Ki hvi evj vg~j w f zRi evj vi
5
3
Y|
Abykxj bx142
6| cgvY Ki h, `yBwUw f zRi cZKwUhw` Aci ZZxq GKwUw f zRi m`k nq, Ze Zvi vci i m`k|
1| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
i `yBwUi vwki Zzj bvKi vi RbZv`i AbycvZ weePbvKi vnq
ii AbycvZ wbYqi Rbi vwk `yBwUGKB GKK cwi gvc Ki Z nq
iii AbycvZ wbYqi i vwk `ywUGKB RvZxq nZ nq
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
Dci i wP i Z_vbymvi (2 I 3) bs cki Di `vI :
2| AABC Gi DPZvI f ~wgi AbycvZ KZ?
K.
2
1
L.
5
4
M.
5
2
N.
4
5
3| AABD Gi dj KZ eMGKK?
K. 6 L. 20 M. 40 N. 50
4| AABC- G PQ11 BC nj wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. AP : PB =AQ : QC L. AB : PQ =AC : PQ
M. AB : AC =PQ : BC N. PQ : BC =BP : BQ
5| GKwUeMi mevP (gvU) KZwUcwZmvgi LvAvQ?
K. 10wU L. 8wU
M. 6wU N. 4wU
MwYZ
237
7| cgvY Ki h, `yBwUmgKvYxw f zRi GKwUi GKwUm~ KvY Aci wUi GKwUm~ KvYi mgvb nj ,
w f zR `yBwUm`k ne|
8| cgvY Ki h, mgKvYxw f zRi mgKwYK kxl _K AwZf yRi Dci j ^AuvKj h `yBwUmgKvYx
w f zR Drcbnq, Zvi vci i m`k Ges cZK g~j w f zRi m`k|
9| cvki wP , . 4AB CD D B = Z = Z Ges
cgvY Ki h, . BL BD 5 =
10| ABCD mvgvwi Ki A kxl w`q AwZ GKwUi Lvsk BC evK M we`yZ Ges DC ev
ewaZvskK N we`yZ Q` Ki | cgvY Ki h, DN BM GKwUaeK|
11| cvki wP AC BD Ges
. QC AQ BA DQ
2
1
2 = = = . BL BD 5 =
cgvY Ki h, . DC DA
12| D A DEF ABC Z = Z A A Gi I .
cgvY Ki h, . . t . t DF DE AC AB DEF ABC = A A
13| A ABC Z A Gi Gi mgwLK BC AD, K D we`yZ Q` Ki Q| DA Gi mgvi vj CE
i Lvsk ewaZ BA evK E we`yZ Q` Ki Q|
K. Z_Abymvi wP wUAb Ki |
L. cgvY Ki h, AC BA DC BD t t =
M. BC Gi mgvi vj Kvbvi Lvsk AC AB I K h_vg Q P I we`yZ Q` Ki j , cgvY
Ki h, CQ BP DC BD t t =
14| wP DEF ABC Ges `yBwUm`k w f zR|
K. w f zR `yBwUi Abyi c ev I Abyi c
KvYj vi bvg wj L|
L. cgvY Ki h,
2
2
2
2
2
2
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
DEF
ABC
= =
A
A
=
M. hw` 3 = BC m.wg., 8 = EF m.wg., 3
2
3
60 = A = == Z ABC
AB
BC
B , Ges

eMm.wg. nq,
Ze DEF A Ab Ki Ges Gi dj wbYq Ki |
144 cwZmgZv
cwZmgZvGKwUcqvRbxq RvwgwZK avi YvhvcKwZZ we`gvb Ges hvAvgv`i KgKv cwZwbqZ
eenvi Ki _vwK| cwZmgZvi avi YvK wk x, Kvwi Mi , wWRvBbvi , myZvi i vcwZwbqZ eenvi Ki _vKb|
MvQi cvZv, dzj , gPvK, Ni evwo, Uwej , Pqvi mewKQzi gacwZmgZvwe`gvb| hw` Kvbvmi j i Lv
ei vei KvbvwP f uvR Ki j Zvi Ask `yBwUm~Yf ve wgj hvq m mi j i LvwUK cwZmvgi Lv
ej vnq|
MwYZ
238
Dci i wP j vi cwZwUi cwZmvgi Lvi qQ| kl i wP wUi GKvwaK cwZmvgi Lvi qQ|
KvR :
1| mywg KvMR KUcvki wP i wWRvBb Zwi Ki Q| wP cwZmg
i Lvmg~n wPwZ Ki | Gi KqwUcwZmg i Lvi qQ?
2| Bsi wR eYgvj vi h mKj eYi c wZmvgi Lvi qQmj vwj L
cwZmvgi LvwPwZ Ki |
145 myl g ef zRi cwZmvgi Lv
ef zR KZKj vi Lvsk vi vAvewP | ef zRi i Lvskj vi `Nmgvb I KvYj vmgvb nj ZvK
myl g ef zR ej vnq| w f zR nj vmePq Kg msLK i Lvsk w`q MwVZ ef zR| mgev w f zR nj vwZb
ewewk myl g ef zR| mgev w f yRi ev I KvYj vmgvb| Pvi ewewk myl g ef zR nj veM |
eM i I ev I KvYj vmgvb | Abyi cf ve, myl g cf zR I myl g l of zRi ev I KvYj vmgvb|
mgev w f zR eM my l g cf zR myl g l of zR
cZK myl g ef zR GKwUcwZmg wP | myZi vs Zv`i cwZmvg i Lvi mKRvbvAvekK| myl g
ef zRi AbK evi cvkvcvwk GKvwaK cwZmvgi Lvi qQ|
wZbwUcwZmvgi Lv Pvi wUcwZmvgi Lv cu vPwUcwZmvgi Lv QqwUcwZmvgi Lv
mgev w f zR eM myl g cf zR myl g l of zR
cwZmgZvi avi Yvi mv_ Avqbvi cwZdj bi mKi qQ| KvbvRvwgwZK wP i cwZmvgi LvZLbB
_vK, hLb Zvi Aavski cwZQwe evwK Aavski mv_ wgj hvq| GRbcwZmvgi LvwbYq Kv wbK
Avqbvi Aevb i Lvi mvnvhbqvnq| i LvcwZmgZvK cwZdj b cwZmgZvI ej vnq|
239
MwYZ
6| wbPi RvwgwZK wP i cwZmvgi Lvi msLvwbYq Ki :
(K) mgwev w f zR (L) wel gev w f zR (M) eM (N) i ^m
(O) myl g l of zR (P) cf zR (Q) e
7| Bsi wR eYgvj vi h mKj eYi
(K) Abyf zwgK Avqbv (L) Dj ^Avqbv
(M) Abyf zwgK I Dj ^ Df q Avqbv
mvc cwZdj b cwZmgZvi qQmj vAuvK|
7| cwZmgZvbB Ggb wZbwUwP Ab Ki |
146 N~Yb cwZmgZv
Kvbvwbw` we`yi mvc N~Ybi dj ei AvKwZ I AvKvi i cwi eZb nq bv| Ze ei wewf bAski
Aevbi cwi eZb nq| N~Ybi dj ei bZzb Aevb ei AvKwZ I AvKvi Avw` Aevbi bvq GKB
nj Avgi vewj ewUi N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ| hgb, mvBKj i PvKv, wmwj s dvb, eMBZvw`| GKwU
wmwj s dvbi cvLvj vi N~Ybi dj GKvwaKevi g~j Aevbi mv_ wgj hvq| cvLvj vNwoi KuvUvi
w`KI Nyi Z cvi Avevi weci xZ w`KI Nyi Z cvi | mvBKj i PvKvNwoi KuvUvi w`KI Nyi Z cvi ,
Avevi weci xZ w`KI Nyi Z cvi | Nwoi KuvUvi w`K N~YbK abvZK w`K wnmve ai vnq|
1| wbPi wP mg~ni KvbwUi cwZmvgi Lvi qQ?
(K) evwoi wP (L) gmwR`i wP (M) gw`i i wP (M) MxRvi wP , (M) cvMvWvi wP (N) cvj vgU
f ebi wP , (O) gyLvki wP (P) ZvRgnj i wP
2| cwZmvgi Lv`I qvAvQ, AbdzUwK c`kb Ki :
3| cwZmvgi Lv`I qvAvQ(Wvkhy i Lv), RvwgwZK wP m~YKi Ges kbv Ki |
4| wbPi RvwgwZK wP cwZmvgi Lvwb`k Ki :
5| wbPi Am~YRvwgwZK wP m~YKi hb Avqbvi Lvmvc cwZmg nq :
Abykxj bx143
240
MwYZ
h we`yi mvc ewUNvi Zvnj vN~Yb K`| N~Ybi mgq h cwi gvY KvY Nvi Zvnj vN~Yb
KvY| GKevi c~YN~Ybi KvYi cwi gvY 360, AaN~Ybi KvYi cwi gvY 180|
wP Pvi cvLvwewk dvbi 90 Ki N~Ybi dj wewf bAevb `LvbvnqQ| j Kwi , GKevi c~Y
N~Yb wVK Pvi wUAevb (90, 180, 270 I 360 KvY N~Ybi dj ) dvbwU`LZ e GKB i Kg|
GRbej vnq dvbwUi N~Yb cwZmgZvi gv v 4|
N~Yb cwZmgZvi AbGKwUD`vni Y bqvhvq| GKwU eMi KY`yBwUi Q`we`yK N~Yb K`awi | N~Yb
K`i mvc eMwUi GK-PZz_vsk N~Ybi dj hKvbvKwYK wK`yi Aevb wZxq wP i bvq ne|
Gf ve Pvi evi GK-PZz_vsk N~Ybi dj eMwUAvw` Aevb wdi Avm| ej vnq, eMi 4 gv vi N~Yb
cwZmgZvi qQ|
j Kwi , hKvbvwP GKevi c~YN~Ybi dj Avw` Aevb wdi Avm| ZvB hKvbvRvwgwZK wP i
1 gv vi N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ|
N~Yb cwZmgZvwbYqi wbPi wel qj vj i vLZ ne:
(K) N~Yb K` (L) N~Yb KvY (M) N~Ybi w`K (N) N~Yb cwZmgZvi gv v|
KvR : 1| Zvgvi Pvi cvki cwi ek _K 5wUmgZj xq ei D`vni Y `vI hv`i N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ|
2| wbPi wP i N~Yb cwZmgZvwbYq Ki |
147 i LvcwZmgZvI N~Yb cwZmgZv
Avgi v`LwQh wKQzRvwgwZK wP i ayi LvcwZmgZvi qQ, wKQzi ayN~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ| Avevi
KvbvKvbvwP i i LvcwZmgZvI N~Yb cwZmgZv Df qB we`gvb| hgb, eMi hgb Pvi wUcwZmvg
i Lvi qQ, Zgwb 4 gv vi N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ|
e GKwUAv`kcwZmg wP | eK Gi K`i mvc hKvbvKvY I hKvbvw`K Nyi vj Gi
Aevbi cwi eZb j Ki vhvq bv| AZGe, ei N~Yb cwZmgZvi gv vAmxg| GKB mgq ei
K`MvgxhKvbvi LvGi cwZmvgi Lv| myZi vs, ei AmsLcwZmvgi Lvi qQ|
KvR :
1| Bsi wR eYgvj vi KqKwUeYi i LvcwZmgZvI N~Yb cwZmgZvwbavi Y Ki Ges wbPi mvi wYwUc~i Y Ki :
(GKwUKi `Lvbvnj v)
(M)
(K) (L)
(N)
(O)
MwYZ
241
dgv- 31, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
eY i LvcwZmgZv cwZmvgi Lvi msLv N~Yb cwZmgZv N~Yb cwZmgZvi gv v
Z
bB 0 nuv 2
H

O

E

C

Abykxj bx144
1| wbPi wP i N~Yb cwZmgZvwbYq Ki :

2| GKwUj eyAvovAvwo KUwP i bvq AvKvi cvI qvMj | mgZj xq wP wUi
N~Yb cwZmgZvwbYq Ki |
3| k~bvb c~i Y Ki :
wP N~Yb K` N~Yb cwZmgZvi gv v N~Yb cwZmgZvi KvY
eM
AvqZ
i ^ m
mgev w f zR
Aa e
myl g cf zR
4| h mKj PZzf yRi i LvcwZmgZvI 1 Gi AwaK gv vi N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQ, Zv`i Zvwj KvKi |
5| 1 Gi AwaK gv vi N~Yb cwZmgZvi qQGi c wP i N~Yb KvY 18 nZ cvi Kx? Zvgvi Di i
c hyw `vI |
(K)
(L)
(M) (N)
(O)
(P)
c`k Aavq
dj mwKZ Dccv` I mv`
(Area Related Theorems and Constructions)
Avgi vRvwb mxgvemgZj i AvKwZ wewf bi Kg nZ cvi | mgZj hw` Pvi wUevvi vmxgve
nq, Ze ZvK Avgi vPZzf yR ej _vwK| GB PZzf yRi Avevi kwY wef vMAvQGes AvKwZ I ewki
Dci wf w Ki Zv`i bvgKi YI Ki vnqQ| GB mKj mgZj i evBi AbK AvQhv`i ev
Pvi i AwaK| Avj vwPZ G mKj B ef yR | cZK mxgvemgZj i wbw` cwi gvc AvQ
hvK dj ej AewnZ Ki vnq| GB mKj dj cwi gvci Rbmvavi YZ GK GKK evwewk
eM i dj eenvi Ki vnq Ges Zv`i dj K eMGKK wnme j Lvnq| hgb, evsj v`ki
dj 144 (cvq) nvRvi eMwKj vwgUvi | Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi cqvRb gUvZ ef zR i
dj RvbZ I cwi gvc Ki Z nq| ZvB G i i wkv_x`i ef zR i dj m^ mgK vb
c`vb Ki vAZxe i Zc~Y| GLvb ef zR i dj i avi YvGes GZ`msvKwZcq Dccv`I
mv`wel qK wel qeDcvcb Ki vnqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
ef zR i dj i avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
dj msvDccv`hvPvB I cgvY Ki Z cvi e|
c` Dcv eenvi Ki ef yR Ab I Abi h_vhZvhvPvB Ki Z cvi e|
w f yR i dj i mgvb PZzf yR Ab Ki Z cvi e|
PZzf yR i dj i mgvb w f yR Ab Ki Z cvi e|
151 mgZj i dj
cZK mxgvemgZj i wbw` dj i qQ| GB dj cwi gvci Rbmvavi YZ GK GKK
evwewk eM i dj K eMGKK wnme MnY Ki vnq| hgb, h eM i GK evi `NGK
mwUwgUvi Zvi dj ne GK eMmwUwgUvi |
Avgi vRvwb,
(K) ABCD AvqZ i
`N a AB = GKK (h_v, wgUvi )
c b BC = GKK (h_v, wgUvi ) nj ,
ABCD AvqZ i dj =ab eMGKK (h_v, eMwgUvi )|
MwYZ
243
(L) ABCD eM i evi
`N=a GKK (h_v, wgUvi ) nj ,
ABCD eM i dj =
2
a eMGKK
(h_v, eMwgUvi )|
`yBwU i dj mgvb nj Zv`i ga=wP
eenvi Ki vnq| hgb, ABCD AvqZ i
dj =AED w f zR i dj |
Dj Lh, ABC A I DEF A memg nj ,
DEF ABC A ~ A j Lvnq| G AekB
ABC A Gi dj = DEF A Gi dj |
wK`yBwUw f zR i dj mgvb nj B w f zR
`yBwUmemg nq bv| hgb, wP ABC A Gi dj
= DBC A Gi dj | wK ABC A I DBC A memg bq|
Dccv`151
GKB f ~wgi Dci Ges GKB mgvi vj i LvhyMj i gaAewZ mKj w f yR i dj mgvb|
gb Kwi , ABC I DBC w f zR q GKB f ~wg BC Gi Dci GesGKBmgvi vj i LvhyMj BC I AD
Gi gaAewZ| cgvY Ki Z ne h, A ABC Gi dj =A DBC Gi dj |
Ab : BC i Lvski B I C we`yZ h_vg BE I CF j ^Ab Kwi | Gi v AD i Lvi ewa Z
AskK E we`yZ Ges AD i LvK F we`yZ Q` Ki | dj EBCF GKwUAvqZ Zwi nq|
cgvY : EBCF GKwUAvqZ , GLb A ABC Ges AvqZ EBCF GKB f ~wg BC Gi
Dci Ges BC I ED mgvi vj i Lvski ga AewZ| myZi vs A ABC =
2
1
(AvqZ
EBCF ) Abyi cf ve, A DBC i dj =
2
1
(AvqZ EBCF )
A ABC dj =A DBC -Gi dj (cgvwYZ)|
244
MwYZ
Dccv`1
GKB f ~wgi Dci Ges GKB mgvi vj i LvhyMj i gaAewZ mKj w f yR i dj mgvb|
gb Kwi , ABC I DBC w f zR q GKB f ~wg BC Gi Dci Ges GKB mgvi vj i LvhyMj BC I
AD Gi ga AewZ| cgvY Ki Z ne h, A ABC Gi dj = A DBC Gi
dj |
Ab : BC i Lvski B I C we`yZ h_vg BE I CF j ^Ab Kwi | Gi v AD i Lvi ewa Z
AskK E we`yZ Ges AD i LvK F we`yZ Q` Ki | dj EBCF GKwUAvqZ Zwi nq|
cgvY : EBCF GKwUAvqZ , GLb A ABC Ges AvqZ EBCF GKB f ~wg BC Gi
Dci Ges BC I ED mgvi vj i Lvski ga AewZ| myZi vs A ABC =
2
1
(AvqZ
EBCF ) Abyi cf ve, A DBC i dj =
2
1
(AvqZ EBCF )
A ABC dj =A DBC -Gi dj (cgvwYZ)|
Dccv`2
GKB f ~wgi Dci Ges GKB mgvi vj i LvhyMj i gaAewZ mvgvwi K mg~ni dj mgvb|
wP , ABCD I EFGH mvgvwi K `yBwU AB I EF f ~ wg AB Gi Dci Ges F GKB mgvi vj
i LvhyMj AF I DG Gi gaAewZ|
cgvY Ki Z ne h, mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj =mvgvwi K EFGH .
EFGH Gi f ~wg EF mgvb nq| GLb AC I EG hvMKwi | C I G we`y_K f ~wg AF I Gi
ewaZ i Lvski Dci CL I GK j ^Uvwb|
cgvY : ABC A Gi dj = GL AB
2
1
Ges
EFG A Gi dj GK EF
2
1
.
EF AB = Ges GK CL = , (Abymvi )
AZGe, ABC A Gi dj =. EFG A Gi dj
MwYZ
245

2
1
mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj =
2
1
mvgvwi K EFGH Gi dj
mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj =mvgvwi K EFGH (cgvwYZ|
Dccv`3 (cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`)
mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zRi I ci AwZ eM i dj Aci `yB evi I ci AwZ eM qi
dj i mgwi mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , ABCmgKvYxw f yRi ACB Z
mgKvY Ges AB AwZf zR| cgvY Ki Z ne h,
2 2 2
AC BC AB + = .
Ab : AB , AC Ges BC evi Dci h_vg
ABED , ACGF Ges BCHK eM Ab Kwi | C
we`yw`q AD evBE i Lvi mgvi vj CLi LvAuvwK|
gbKwi , ZvAB K M we`yZ GesDE K L we`yZ
Q` Ki | C I DGes B I F hvMKwi |
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) A CAD I A FAB GCA=AF , AD=AB Ges
A f y BAD CAB CAD Z + Z = Z
= CAF CAB Z + Z
=Af y BAF Z
AZGe, A ~ CAD A FAB
(2) w f zR CADGes AvqZ ADLM GKB f ~wg
ADGi Dci Ges ADI CL mgvi vj i Lvqi ga
AewZ| myZi vs,
AvqZ ADLM =2 (w f zR CAD)
(3) w f zR BAF Ges eM ACGFGKB f ~wg
AF Gi Dci Ges AF I BG mgvi vj i Lvqi ga
AewZ| myZi vs,
eM ACGF =2 (w f zR FAB )
=2 (w f zR CAD)
(4) AvqZ ADLM = eM ACGF
(5) Abyi cf ve E C, I K A, hvMKi cgvY Ki vhvq
h, AvqZ BELM = eM BCHK
(6) AvqZ ( ADLM +BELM )= eM ACGF +
eM BCHK
ev, eM ABED = eM ACGF + eM BCHK
A_vr,
2 2 2
AC BC AB + = [cgvwYZ]
[ BAD Z = CAF Z =1 mgKvY ]
[ev-KvY-ev Dccv`]
[Dccv`1]
[Dccv`1]
[(2) Ges(3) _K ]
[(4) Ges(5) _K ]
MwYZ
246
mv`1
Ggb GKwUmvgvwi K AuvKZ ne, hvi GKwUKvY GKwUwbw` KvYi mgvb Ges hvvi vmxgve
GKwUw f zR i dj i mgvb|
gb Kwi , ABC GKwUwbw` w f zR Ges x Z GKwUwbw` KvY| Gi c mvgvwi K AuvKZ ne, hvi
GKwUKvY x Z Gi mgvb Ges hvvi vmxgve i dj A ABC Gi dj i mgvb|
Ab : BC evK E we`yZ mgwLw Kwi | EC i Lvski E we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb CEF Z AuvwK|
A we`yw`q BC evi mgvi vj AG i wkUvwb Ges gb Kwi ZvEF i wkK F we`yZ Q` Ki | C
we`yw`q EF i Lvski mgvi vj CG i wkUvwb Ges gb Kwi ZvAG i wkK G we`yZ Q` Ki |
Zvnj , ECGF B Dw mvgvwi K|
cgvY : E A, hvMKwi |
GLb, A ABE Gi dj =A AEC Gi dj [hnZzf ~wg BE =f ~wg EC Ges
Df qi GKB DPZv]
A ABC Gi dj =2 (A AEC Gi dj )
Avevi , mvgvwi K ECGF Gi dj 2(A AEC Gi dj ) [hnZz, Df q GKB f ~wg
EC &Gi Dci AewZ Ges AG ECll
mvgvwi K ECGF Gi dj =A ABC Gi dj
Avevi , . CEF Z = x Z [hnZz CG EF ll , Ab Abymvi ]
mvgvwi K ECGF B wbYq mvgvwi K|
mv`2
Ggb GKwUw f zR AuvKZ ne hvvi vmxgve i dj GKwUwbw` PZyf yR i dj i
mgvb|
gb Kwi , ABCD GKwUPZzf yR | Gi c GKwUw f zR AuvKZ ne hvvi vmxgve i dj
ABCD PZzf yR i dj i mgvb|
247
MwYZ
Ab : B D, hvMKwi | C we`yw`q DB CE ll Uvwb| gb Kwi , ZvAB evi ewaZvskK E we`yZ
Q` Ki | E D, hvMKwi |
Zvnj , DAE A B Dw w f zR|
cgvY : BD f ~ wgi Dci BDC A I BDE A AewZ Ges CE DBll [Ab Abymvi ]
A BDC Gi dj = A BDE Gi dj
A BDC Gi dj + A ABD Gi dj =A BDE Gi dj +A
ABD Gi dj |
A PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj =A ADE Gi dj |
AZGe, ADE A B wbYq w f yR|
wekl `e : Dci i cwZi mvnvh wbw` PZzf yR i dj i mgvb dj wewk AmsL
w f zR AuvKvhve|
mv`3
Ggb GKwUmvgvwi K AuvKZ ne hvi GKwUKvY `I qvAvQGes Zvvi vmxgve GKwUwbw`
PZzf yR i dj i mgvb|
gb Kwi , ABCD GKwUwbw` PZzf yR Ges x Z GKwUwbw` KvY| Gi c GKwUmvgvwi K AuvKZ
ne hvi GKwUKvY c` x Z Gi mgvb Ges mxgve i dj ABCD i dj i mgvb|
Ab : D B, hvMKwi | C we`yw`q DB CF ll Uvwb Ges gb Kwi , AB CE, evi ewaZvskK F
we`yZ Q` Ki | AF i Lvski gawe`yG wbYq Kwi | AG i Lvski A we`yZ x Z Gi mgvb
GAK Z AuvwK Ges G we`yw`q AK GH ll Uvwb| D we`yw`q AG KDH ll Uvwb Ges gb Kwi , Zv
AK I GH K h_vg K I H we`yZ Q` Ki |
Zvnj , AGHK B Dw mvgvwi K|
cgvY : F D, hvMKwi | AGHK GKwUmvgvwi K [Ab Abymvi ]
hLvb, x GAK Z = Z Avevi , A DAF Gi dj =PZzf yR& ABCD Gi dj Ges
mvgvwi K AGHK Gi dj =w f zR DAF Gi dj |
AZGe, AGHK B wbYq mvgvwi K|
248
MwYZ
Abykxj bx15
1| w f yRi wZbwUevi `N`I qvAvQ; wbPi Kvb mgKvYxw f yR Ab me bq?
K. 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm L. 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm
M. 5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm N. 5 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm
2| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
i cZK mxgvemgZj i wbw` dj i qQ
ii `yBwUw f yR i dj mgvb nj B w f yR `yBwUmemg
iii `yBwUw f yR memg nj Zv`i dj mgvb
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi wP , AABC mgev, ADBC Ges AB=2 Z_i wf wZ (3 I 4) bs cki Di `vI :
3| BD =KZ ?
K. 1 L. 2
M. 2 N. 4
4| w f yRwUi DPZvKZ ?
K.
3
4
e. GKK L. 3 e. GKK
M.
3
2
e. GKK N. 2 3 e. GKK
5| cgvY Ki h, mvgvwi Ki KYq mvgvwi K wUK Pvi wUmgvb w f yR wef Ki |
6| cgvY Ki h, KvbveM Zvi KYi Dci AwZ eM i AaK|
7| cgvY Ki h, w f zRi hKvbvgagvw f zR wUK mgvb dj wewk `yBwUw f zR wef
Ki |
8| GKwUmvgvwi K i Ges mgvb dj wewk GKwUAvqZ GKB f ~wgi Dci Ges Gi GKB
cvk AewZ| `LvI h, mvgvwi K wUi cwi mxgvAvqZ wUi cwi mxgvAcveni |
9| ABC A Gi AB I AC evqi gawe`yh_vg X I Y .
cgvY Ki h, A AXY Gi dj =
4
1
(A ABC Gi K dj )|
10| wP , ABCD GKwUUvwcwRqvg| Gi AB I CD ev `yBwUmgvi vj | UvwcwRqvg ABCD
Gi dj wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
249
dgv- 32, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
11| mvgvwi K ABCD Gi Af i P hKvbvGKwUwe`y| cgvY Ki h, A PAB Gi
dj +A PCD Gi dj =
2
1
(mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj )
12| ABC A G BC f ~wgi mgvi vj hKvbvmi j i LvAB I AC evK h_vg D I F we`yZ
Q` Ki | cgvY Ki h, A DBC = A EBC Ges A DBF = A
CDE .
13| ABC w f zRi A Z =GK mgKvY| AC D, Gi Dci GKwUwe`y|
cgvY Ki h, .
2 2 2 2
AC BD AD BC + = +
14| ABC GKwUmgev w f zR Ges BC AD, Gi I ci j ^|
`LvI h, . 3 4
2 2
AB AD =
15| ABC GKwUmgwev mgKvYxw f zR| BC Gi AwZf zR Ges BC P, Gi I ci hKvbvwe`y|
cgvY Ki h, . 2
2 2 2
PA PC PB = +
16| ABC A Gi C Z j KvY ; BC AD, Gi
I ci j ^| `LvI h,
. . 2
2 2 2
CD BC BC AC AB + + =
17| ABC A Gi C Z m~ KvY ; BC AD, Gi
I ci j ^| `LvI h,
. . 2
2 2 2
CD BC BC AC AB + =
18| ABC A Gi AD GKwUgagv| `LvI h,
) ( 2
2 2 2 2
AD BD AC AB + = +
l `k Aavq
cwi wgwZ
(Mensuration)
eenvwi K cqvRb, i Lvi `N, Zj i dj , Nbei AvqZb BZvw` cwi gvc Ki vnq| G i Kg
hKvbvi vwk cwi gvci GKB RvZxq wbw` cwi gvYi GKwUi vwkK GKK wnmve MnY Ki vnq|
cwi gvcKZ i vwk Ges Gi c wbavwi Z GKKi AbycvZB i vwkwUi cwi gvc wbavi Y Ki |
A_vr cwi gvc = |
wbavwi Z GKK mKcZK cwi gvc GKwUmsLvhvcwi gvcKZ i vwkwUi GKK i vwki KZY Zvwb`k
Ki | hgb, ewU5 wgUvi j ^v| GLvb wgUvi GKwUwbw` `NhvK GKK wnmve ai vnqQGes hvi
Zzj bvq ewU5 Y j ^v|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
w f yR I PZzf yR i dj i m~ cqvM Ki ef yR i dj wbYq Ges
GZ`mwKZ mgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
ei cwi wa I evski `NwbYq Ki Z cvi e|
ei dj wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
e I Zvi Askwekl i dj wbYq Ki GZ`mwKZ mgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
AvqZKvi Nbe, NbK I ej bi dj cwi gvc Ki Z cvi e Ges G mwKZ mgmvmgvavb
Ki Z cvi e|
myl g I hwMK Nbei cZj i dj cwi gvc Ki Z cvi e|
161 w f yR i dj
c~ei kwYZ Avgi vRbwQ, w f yR i dj =
2
1
f ~wg DPZv
(1) mgKvYxw f yR : gb Kwi , ABC mgKvYxw f yRi mgKvY msj M
evq h_vg a BC = Ges b AB = | BC K f ~wg Ges AB K
DPZvweePbvKi j ,
cwi gvcKZ i vwk
GKK i vwk
MwYZ
251
ABC A Gi dj =
2
1
f ~wg DPZv
= ab
2
1
(2) w f yR i `yB ev I Zv`i Af y KvY `I qvAvQ| gb Kwi , ABC w f yRi evq a BC = ,
b CA = , c AB = | A _K BC evi Dci AD j ^AuvwK|
awi , DPZv h AD = |
KvY C weePbvKi j cvB, C
CA
AD
sin =
ev, C
b
h
sin = ev, C b h sin =
A ABC Gi dj = AD BC
2
1
= C b a sin
2
1

= C absin
2
1
Abyi cf ve A ABC Gi dj = A bc sin
2
1
= B casin
2
1
(3) w f yRi wZbev `I qvAvQ| gb Kwi , ABC A Gi a BC = , b CA = Ges c AB = |
Gi cwi mxgv c b a s + + = 2
BC AD AuvwK|
awi , x BD = Zvnj , x a CD =
ABD A Ges ACD A mgKvYx

2 2 2
BD AB AD = Ges
2 2 2
CD AC AD =

2 2 2 2
CD AC BD AB =
ev,
2 2 2 2
) ( x a b x c =
ev,
2 2 2 2 2
2 x ax a b x c + =
ev,
2 2 2
2 b a c ax + =

a
b a c
x
2
2 2 2
+
=
Avevi ,
2 2 2
x c AD =


252
MwYZ
=
2
2 2 2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

a
b a c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
a
b a c
c
a
b a c
c
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
a
b a c ac
a
b a c ac
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+

+ +
=
2
2 2 2 2
4
} ) ( }{ ) {(
a
a c b b a c +
=
2
4
) 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( (
a
c c b a a c b a b c b a c b a + + + + + + + +
=
2
4
) 2 2 )( 2 2 )( 2 2 ( 2
a
c s a s b s s
=
2
) )( )( ( 4
a
c s b s a s s
) )( )( (
2
c s b s a s s
a
AD =
A ABC Gi dj = AD BC
2
1
= ) )( )( (
2
2
1
c b b s a s s
a
a
= ) )( )( ( c b b s a s s
(4) mgev w f yR :
gb Kwi , ABC mgev w f yRi cZK evi `N a
BC AD AuvwK|
2
a
CD BD = =
ABD A mgKvYx

2 2 2
AB AD BD = +
ev,
4
3
4 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
a a
a
a
a BD AB AD = =
|
.
|

\
|
= =

2
3a
AD =
A ABC Gi dj = AD BC
2
1
=
2
3
2
1 a
a ev,
2
4
3
a

MwYZ
254
D`vni Y 3| GKwUw f yRi wZbwUevi `Nh_vg 7 m.wg., 8 m.wg. I 9 m.wg.| Gi dj wbYq
Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , w f yRwUi evj vi `Nh_vg 7 = a m.wg., 8 = b m.wg. Ges 9 = c m.wg.
Aacwi mxgv
2
9 8 7
2
+ +
=
+ +
=
c b a
s m.wg. =12 m.wg.
Gi dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
= ) 9 12 )( 8 12 )( 7 12 ( 12 eMm.wg.
= 7 6 5 12 eMm.wg. = 2 50 eMm.wg.
w f yRwU dj 2 50 eMm.wg. (cvq)|
D`vni Y 4| GKwUmgev w f yRi cZK evi `N1 wgUvi evovj dj 3 3 eMwgUvi eo hvq|
w f yRwUi evi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , mgev w f yRi cZK evi `N a wgUvi |
Gi dj =
2
4
3
a eMwgUvi |
w f yRwUi cZK evi `N1 wgUvi evovj w f yRwUi dj =
2
) 1 (
4
3
+ a eMwgUvi |
ckvbymvi , 3 3
4
3
) 1 (
4
3
2 2
= + a a
ev, 12 ) 1 (
2 2
= + a a ; |
4
3
vi vf vMKi ]
ev, 12 1 2
2 2
= + + a a a ev, 11 2 = a ev, 5 5 = a
wbYq evi `N 5 5 wgUvi |
D`vni Y 5| GKwUmgwev w f yRi f ~wgi `N6u m.wg.| Gi dj 12uu eMm.wg. nj , mgvb mgvb
evi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , mgwev w f yRi f ~wg 60 = b m.wg. Ges mgvb mgvb evi `N a |
Gi dj =
2 2
4
4
b a
b

ckvbymvi , 1200 4
4
2 2
= b a
b
ev, 1200 ) 60 ( 4
4
60
2 2
= a
ev, 1200 3600 4 15
2
= a
ev, 80 3600 4
2
= a


255 MwYZ
ev, 6400 3600 4
2
= a ; eMKi
ev, 10000 4
2
= a
ev, 2500
2
= a
50 = a
w f yRwUi mgvb evi `NSu m.wg.|
D`vni Y 6| GKwUwbw` vb _K `yBwUi vv
o
120 KvY Pj MQ| `yBRb j vK H wbw` vb _K
h_vg Nvq 1u wKj vwgUvi I Nvq 8 wKj vwgUvi eMweci xZ w`K i I bvnj v| S Nvci Zv`i
gami vmwi `~i ZwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , A vb _K `yBRb j vK h_vg Nvq 1u wKj vwgUvi I Nvq 8 wKj vwgUvi eM
i I bvnq S Nvci B I C vb cuwQj | Zvnj , S Nvci Zv`i gami vmwi `~i Zne BC .
C _K BA Gi ewaZvski I ci CD j ^Uvwb|
10 5 = AB wKj vwgUvi =Su wKj vwgUvi , 8 5 = AC wKj vwgUvi =4u wKj vwgUvi
Ges
o
BAC 120 = Z

o o o
DAC 60 120 180 = = Z
ACD mgKvYx

o
AC
CD
60 sin = ev, 3 20
2
3
40 60 sin = = =
o
AC CD
Ges
o
AC
AD
60 cos = ev, 20
2
1
40 60 cos = = =
o
AC AD
Avevi , BCD A mgKvYx_K cvB,
2 2 2 2 2
) ( CD AD BA CD BD BC + + = + =
= 6100 1200 4900 ) 3 20 ( ) 20 50 (
2 2
= + = + +
1 78 = BC (cvq)
wbYq `~i Z 1 78 wKj vwgUvi (cvq)
D`vni Y 7| GKwUw f yRi evj vi `Nh_vg 2S GKK, 2u GKK I 1S GKK| eni evi weci xZ
kxl we`y_K AwZ j ^w f yRwUK h `yBwUw f yR wef Ki Zv`i dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABC w f y Ri 25 = BC GKK, 20 = AC GKK, 15 = AB GKK|
A kxl we`y_K BC evi Dci AwZ j ^AD w f yR wUK ABD A I ACD A wef Ki |
awi , x BD = Ges h AD =
x BD BC CD = = 25
ABD A mgKvYx-G
2 2 2
AB AD BD = + ev,
2 2 2
) 15 ( = + h x


256
MwYZ
) ( .......... 225
2 2
i h x = +
Ges ACD A mgKvYx
2 2 2
AC AD CD = + ev,
2 2 2
) 20 ( ) 25 ( = + h x
ev, 400 50 625
2 2
= + + h x x
ev, 400 225 50 625 = + x ; mgxKi Y ) (i Gi mvnvh
ev, 450 50 = x 9 = x
mgxKi Y ) (i G x Gi gvb ewmq cvB,
225 81
2
= + h ev, 144
2
= h 12 = h
A ABD Gi dj = 12 9
2
1
2
1
= AD BD eMGKK =36 eMGKK
Ges A ACD Gi dj = 12 ) 9 25 (
2
1
2
1
= AD BD eMGKK
= 12 16
2
1
eMGKK =96 eMGKK
wbYq dj 36 eMGKK Ges 96 eMGKK|
Abykxj bx161
1| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yR 25 wgUvi | Gi GKwUev Aci wUi
4
3
Ask nj , ev `yBwUi `N
wbYq Ki |
2| 2u wgUvi j ^vGKwU`I qvj i mv_ Lvovf ve AvQ| gBwUi Mvov`I qvj _K KZ `~i mi vj
I ci i cv4 wgUvi wbP bvge|
3| GKUmgwev w f yRi cwi mxgv16 wgUvi | Gi mgvb mgvb evi `Nf ~wgi
6
5
Ask nj , w f yRwUi
dj wbYq Ki |
4| GKwUw f yRi `yBwUevi `N2S m.wg., 27 m.wg. Ges cwi mxgv84 m.wg.| w f yRwUi dj
wbYq Ki |
5| GKwUmgev w f yRi cZK evi `N2 wgUvi evovj Gi dj 3 6 eMwgUvi eo hvq|
w f yRwUi evi `NwbYq Ki |
6| GKwUw f yRi `yB evi `N h_vg 26 wgUvi , 28 wgUvi Ges dj 182 eMwgUvi nj ,
evqi Af y KvY wbYq Ki |
7| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi j ^f ~wgi
12
11
Ask _K 6 m.wg. Kg Ges AwZf yR f ~wgi
3
4
Ask _K S
m.wg. Kg| w f yRwUi f ~wgi `NwbYq Ki |
MwYZ
257
dgv- 33, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
8| GKwUmgwev w f yRi mgvb mgvb evi `N1u wgUvi Ges dj 48 eMwgUvi nj , f ~wgi `N
wbYq Ki |
9| GKwUwbw` vb _K `yBwUi vvci i
o
135 KvY Ki `yBw`K Pj MQ| `yBRb j vK H wbw`
vb _K h_vg Nvq 7 wKj vwgUvi I Nvq S wKj vwgUvi eMweci xZ gyL i I bvnj v| 4 Nv
ci Zv`i gami vmwi `~i ZwbYq Ki |
10| GKwUmgev w f yRi Af i GKwUwe`y_K wZbwUi I ci AwZ j ^i `Nh_vg 6 m.wg.,
7 m.wg. I 8 m.wg.| w f yRwUi evi `NGes dj wbYq Ki |
162 PZzf yR i dj
(1) AvqZ i dj
gb Kwi , ABCD AvqZ i `N a AB =
c b BC = Ges KY d AC =
Avgi vRvwb, AvqZ i KYAvqZ wUK
mgvb `yBwUw f yR wef Ki |
AvqZ ABCD Gi dj = A 2 ABC Gi dj
= b a
2
1
2 =ab
AvqZ wUi cwi mxgv ) ( 2 b a s + =
Ges ABC A mgKvYx
2 2 2
BC AB AC + = ev,
2 2 2
b a d + =
2 2
b a d + =
(2) eM i dj
gb Kwi , ABCD eM i cwZ evi `N a Ges KYd
AC KYeM wUK mgvb `yBwUw f yR wef Ki |
eM ABCD Gi dj = A 2 ABC Gi dj
= a a
2
1
2 =
2
a
j Kwi . eM i cwi mxgv a s 4 =
Ges KY
2 2
a a d + = =
2
2a = a 2
(3) mvgvwi K i dj
(K) f ~wg I DPZv`I qvAvQ|
gb Kwi , ABCD mvgvwi K i f ~wg b AB =
Ges DPZv h DE =
BD KYmvgvwi K wUK mgvb
`yBwUw f yR wef Ki |

258
MwYZ
mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj = A 2 ABD Gi dj
= h b
2
1
2
=bh
(L) GKwUKYi `NGes H KYi weci xZ KwYK we`y_K D KYi I ci AwZ j ^i `N`I qvAvQ|
gb Kwi , ABCD mvgvwi K i KY d AC = Ges Gi weci xZ KwYK we`yD _K AC Gi Dci
AwZ j ^ h DE = | KYAC mvgvwi K wUK mgvb `yBwUw f yR wef Ki |
mvgvwi K ABCD Gi dj = A 2 ACD Gi dj
= h d
2
1
2
=dh
(4) i ^mi dj
i ^mi `yBwUKY`I qvAvQ|
gb Kwi , ABCD i ^mi KY
1
d AC = , KY d BD = Ges KYq ci i O we`yZ Q` Ki |
KYAC i ^m wUK mgvb `yBwUw f yR wef Ki |
Avgi vRvwb, i ^mi KYq ci i K mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki
ACD A Gi DPZv=
2
2
d
i ^mABCD Gi dj = A 2 ACD Gi dj
=
2 2
1
2
2
1
d
d
=
2 1
2
1
d d
(5) UvwcwRqvg i dj
UvwcwRqvg i mgvi vj `yBwUev Ges G`i gaeZxj ^`~i Z`I qvAvQ|
gb Kwi , ABCD UvwcwRqvg i mgvi vj evqi `Nh_vg a AB = GKK, b CD = GKK
Ges G`i gaeZx`~i Z h AF CE = = | AC KYUvwcwRqvg ABCD wUK ABC A I ACD A
wef Ki |
UvwcwRqvg ABCD Gi dj
=A ABC Gi dj +A ACD Gi dj
= AF CD CE AB +
2
1
2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ bh ah
2
1
2
1
= ) (
2
1
b a h +
MwYZ
259
D`vni Y 1| GKwUAvqZvKvi Ni i `Nci
2
3
Y| Gi dj 384 eMwgUvi nj , cwi mxgvI KYi
`NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , AvqZvKvi Ni i c x wgUvi |
Ni i `N
2
3x
wgUvi
Ges dj x
x

2
3
ev,
2
3
2
x
eMwgUvi |
ckvbymvi , 384
2
3
2
=
x
ev, 768 3
2
= x ev, 256
2
= x 16 = x wgUvi
AvqZvKvi Ni wUi `N= 16
2
3
wgUvi =24 wgUvi
Ges c=16 wgUvi |
Gi cwi mxgv= ) 16 24 ( 2 + wgUvi =80 wgUvi
Ges KYi `N=
2 2
) 16 ( ) 24 ( + wgUvi = 832 wgUvi = 84 28 wgUvi (cvq)
wbYq cwi mxgv80 wgUvi Ges KYi `N 84 28 wgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 2| GKwUAvqZ i dj 2000 eMwgUvi | hw` Gi `N1u wgUvi Kg nZ Zvnj GwU
GKwUeM nZ| AvqZ wUi `NI cwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , AvqZ wUi `N x wgUvi Ges c y wgUvi |
AvqZ wUi dj =xy eMwgUvi |
ckvbymvi , ) 1 ......( .......... 2000 = xy
Ges ) 2 ...( .......... 10 y x =
mgxKi Y (2) _K cvB, ) 3 ...( .......... 10 = x y
mgxKi Y (1) G 10 = = x y ewmq cvB
2000 ) 10 ( = x x ev, 0 2000 10
2
= x x
ev, 0 2000 40 50
2
= + x x x ev, 0 ) 40 )( 50 ( = + x x
0 50= x A_ev 0 40= + x
ev, 50 = x A_ev 40 = x
wK`NFYvZK nZ cvi bv|
50 = x
GLb, mgxKi Y (S) G x Gi gvb ewmq cvB,
40 10 50 = = y
AvqZ wUi `NSu wgUvi Ges c4u wgUvi |
260
MwYZ
D`vni Y 3| eM vKvi GKwUgvVi wf Zi Pvi w`K 4 wgUvi PI ovGKwUi vvAvQ| hw` i vvi dj 1
ni nq, Ze i vvev` gvVi wf Zi i dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , eMvKvi gvVi `N x wgUvi |
Gi dj
2
x eMwgUvi |
gvVi wf Zi Pvi w`K 4 wgUvi PI ovGKwUi v vAvQ|
i vvev` eMvKvi gvVi `N= ) 4 2 ( x ev ) 8 ( x wgUvi |
i vvev` eMvKvi gvVi dj =
2
) 8 ( x eMwgUvi
myZi vs i vvi dj = } ) 8 ( {
2 2
x x eMwgUvi
Avgi vRvwb, 1 ni =10000 eMwgUvi
ckvbymvi , 10000 ) 8 (
2 2
= + x x
ev, 10000 64 16
2 2
= + x x x
ev, 10064 16 = x
629 = x
i vvev` eMvKvi gvVi dj =
2
) 8 629 ( eMwgUvi
=385641 eMwgUvi
= 56 38 ni (cvq)
wbYq dj 56 38 ni (cvq)|
D`vni Y 4| GKwUmvgvwi K i dj 12u eMm.wg. Ges GKwUKY24 m.wg.| KYwUi weci xZ
KwYK we`y_K D KYi I ci AwZ j ^i `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , mvgvwi K i GKwUKY 24 = d m.wg. Ges Gi weci xZ KwYK we`y_K KYi
I ci AwZ j ^i `N h m.wg.|
mvgvwi K wUi dj =dh eMm.wg.
ckvbymvi , 120 = dh ev, 5
24
120 120
= = =
d
h
wbYq KYi `N5 m.wg.|
D`vni Y 5| GKwUmvgvwi Ki evi `N12 wgUvi I 8 wgUvi Ges z`Zg KYwU1u wgUvi nj , Aci
KYwUi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABCD mvgv wi Ki 12 = = a AB wgUvi , 8 = = c AD wgUvi Ges KY
10 = = b BD wgUvi | D I C _K AB Gi Dci Ges AB Gi ewaZvski Dci DF I CE j ^
Uvwb| C A, I D B, hvMKwi |

MwYZ
261
ABD A Gi Aacwi mxgv
2
8 10 12 + +
= s wgUvi =15 wgUvi
A ABD Gi dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
= ) 8 15 )( 10 15 )( 12 15 ( 15 eMwgUvi
= 1575 eMwgUvi
= 68 39 eMwgUvi (cvq)|
Avevi , A ABD Gi dj = DF AB
2
1
ev, DF = 12
2
1
68 39 ev, 68 39 6 = DF 61 6 = DF
GLb, BCE A mgKvYx
31 20 ) 61 6 ( 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= = = = DF AD CE BC BE
5 4 = BE
AZGe, 5 16 5 4 12 = + = + = BE AB AE
BCE A mgKvYx_K cvB,
94 315 ) 61 6 ( ) 5 16 (
2 2 2 2 2
= = = CE AE AC
77 17 = AC (cvq)
wbYq KYi `N 77 17 wgUvi (cvq)
D`vni Y 6| GKwUi ^mi GKwUKY1u wgUvi Ges dj 12u eMwgUvi nj , Aci KYGes cwi mxgv
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABCD i ^mi KY 10
1
= = d BD wgUvi
Ges Aci KY
2
d wgUvi
i ^mwUi dj =
2 1
2
1
d d eMwgUvi
ckvbymvi ,
120
2
1
2 1
= d d
ev,
24
10
2 120
10
2 120
2
=

= d
Avgi vRvwb, i ^mi KYq ci i K mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki |

2
10
= = OB OD
wgUvi =5 wgUvi Ges
2
24
= = OC OA
wgUvi =12 wgUvi
Ges AOD A mgKvYx-G
169 ) 12 ( 5
2 2 2 2 2
= + = + = OD OA AD 13 = AD
i ^mi cwZevi `N13 wgUvi |
i ^mi cwi mxgv= 13 4 wgUvi =52 wgUvi |
wbYq KYi `N 24 wgUvi Ges cwi mxgv52 wgUvi |


MwYZ
262
D`vni Y 7| GKwUUvwcwRqvgi mgvi vj evqi `Nh_vg 91 m.wg. I S1 m.wg. Ges Aci ev
`yBwUi `Nq_vg S7 m.wg. I 1S m.wg.| UvwcwRqvgwUi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABCD UvwcwRqvgi 91 = AB m.wg., 51 = CD m.wg.| D I C _K AB Gi
Dci h_vg DE I CF j ^Uvwb|
CDEF GKwUAvqZ |
51 = = CD EF m.wg.|
awi , x AE = Ges h CF DE = =
x x EF AE AF AB BF = + = + = = 40 ) 51 ( 91 ) ( 91
ADE A mgKvYx_K cvB,
2 2 2
AD DE AE = + ev,
2 2 2
) 13 ( = + h x ev, ) .........( 169
2 2
i h x = +
Avevi , mgKvYxGi BCF A
2 2 2
BC CF BF = + ev,
2 2 2
) 37 ( ) 40 ( = + h x
ev, 1369 80 1600
2 2
= + + h x x
ev, 1396 169 80 1600 = + x ; (1) bs Gi mvnvh
ev, x 80 1396 169 1600 = + ; mgxKi Y (1) Gi gvb ewmq cvB,
ev, 400 80 = x 5 = x
mgxKi Y (1) G x Gi gvb ewmq cvB,
163 5
2 2
= + h ev, 144 25 169
2
= = h 12 = h
UvwcwRqvg =ABCD Gi dj h CD AB + ) (
2
1
= 12 ) 51 91 (
2
1
+ eMm.wg.
=852 eMm.wg.
wbYq dj 852 eMm.wg.|
163 myl g ef zRi dj :
myl g ef zRi evj vi `Nmgvb| Avevi KvYj vmgvb| n msLK evwewk myl g ef zRi K`I
kxl we`yj vhvMKi j n msLK mgwev w f zR DrcbKi |
myZi vs ef zRi dj =n GKwUw f zR i dj |
......... ABCDEF GKwUmyl gev ef zR, hvi K`u.
n msLK ev Ges cwZ evi `Na.
B O, ; A O, hvMKwi |
awi , AOB A Gi DPZv h OA = Ges = ZOAB
myl g ef zRi cwZwUkxl DrcbKvYi cwi gvY = 2


263
MwYZ
n msLK myl g ef zRi kxl KvYi mgw = n 2
myl g ef zRi K`DrcbKvYi cwi gvY =4 mgKvY
n 4) n ( 2 + mgKvY
OAB A Gi wZbKvYi mgw =2 mgKvY
Gi c n msLK w f zRi KvYi mgw 2 n mgKvY
4) n ( 2 + mgKvY = 2 n mgKvY
n 2 = 4) (2n mgKvY
=
n
n
2
4 2
mgKvY
=
|
.
|

\
|

n
2
1
=

90
n
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
180
90

GLb,
a
h
a
h
a
h
tan
2
2
2
tan = = =
OAB A Gi dj = a h
2
1
=
a
a tan
2 2
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

n
180
90 tan
4
a
2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
180
cot
4
a
2
n msLK evwewk myl g ef zRi dj =
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
180
cot
4
a
2
D`vni Y 8| GKwUmyl g cf zRi cwZevi `N 4 m.wg. nj , Gi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , myl g cf zRi evi `N 4 a= m.wg.
Ges evi msLv 5 n =
Avgi vRvwb, myl g ef zRi dj =
n
180
cot
4
a
2
myl g cf zRi dj =
5
180
cot
4
4
2
eMm.wg.
msLK w f zRi KvYi mgw
mgKvY
ev,
ev,
ev,
ev,
264
MwYZ
=

36 cot 4 eMm.wg.
= 376 1 4 eMm.wg. (Kvj Kzj Ui i mvnvh)
= 506 5 eMm.wg. (cvq)
wbYq dj 506 5 eMm.wg. (cvq)
D`vni Y 9| GKwUmyl g l of yRi K`_K KwYK we`yi `~i Z4 wgUvi nj , Gi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABCDEF GKwUmyl g l of yR| Gi K`O _K kxl we`yj vhvMKi vnj v|
dj 6wUmgvb wewk w f yR Drcbnq|

60
6
360
= = ZCOD
gb Kwi , K`O _K kxl we`yj vi `~i Za wgUvi
A COD Gi dj =
2 2
4
3
2
3
2
1
60 sin
2
1
a a a a = =

=
2
4
4
3
eMwgUvi = 3 4 eMwgUvi
myl g l of yR i dj
= A 6 COD Gi dj
= 3 4 6 eMwgUvi
= 3 24 eMwgUvi |
Abykxj bx162
1| GKwUAvqZvKvi i `Nwevi i wY| Gi dj S12 eMwgUvi nj , cwi mxgvwbYq Ki |
2| GKwURwgi `N8u wgUvi Ges c6u wgUvi | H Rwgi gvS GKwUcyKzi Lbb Ki vnj v| hw`
cyKzi i cZK cvoi wevi 4 wgUvi nq, Ze cyKzi i cvoi dj wbYq Ki |
3| GKwUevMvbi `N 4u wgUvi Ges c Su wgUvi | evMvbi wf Zi mgvb cvowewk GKwUcyKzi
AvQ| cyKzi i dj evMvbi dj i
2
1
Ask nj , cyKzi i `NI cwbYq Ki |
4| GKwUeMvKvi gvVi evBi Pvi w`K S wgUvi PI ovGKwUi vvAvQ| i vvi dj Suu eMwgUvi
nj , evMvbi dj wbYq Ki |
5| GKwUeM i cwi mxgvGKwUAvqZ i cwi mxgvi mgvb| AvqZ wUi `N ci wZbY
Ges dj 768 eMwgUvi | cwZwU4u m.wg. eMvKvi cv_i w`q eM wUeuvaZ gvUKZwUcv_i
j vMe|
MwYZ
265
dgv- 34, MwYZ- 9g- 10g

6| GKwUAvqZvKvi i dj 16u eMwgUvi | hw` Gi `N6 wgUvi Kg nq, Ze wUeMvKvi
nq| AvqZvKvi i `NI cwbYq Ki |
7| GKwUmvgvwi Ki f ~wg DPZvi
4
3
Ask Ges dj S6S eMBw nj , wUi f ~wg I DPZv
wbYq Ki |
8| GKwUmvgvwi K i dj GKwUeM i mgvb| mvgvwi Ki f ~wg 12S wgUvi Ges DPZvS
wgUvi nj , eM i KYi `NwbYq Ki |
9| GKwUmvgvwi Ki evi `NSu m.wg. Ges 26 m.wg.| Gi z`Zg KYwU28 m.wg. nj , Aci
KYi `NwbYq Ki |
10| GKwUi ^mi cwi mxgv18u m.wg. Ges z`Zg KYwUS4 m.wg.| Gi Aci KYGes dj wbYq Ki |
11| GKwUUvwcwRqvgi mgvi vj ev `yBwUi `Ni Ai 8 m.wg. Ges Zv`i j ^`~i Z24 m.wg.|
UvwcwRqvg `yBwUi mgvi vj evi `NwbYq Ki |
12| GKwUUvwcwRqvgi mgvi vj evqi `Nh_vg S1 m.wg. I 11 mwUwgUvi Ges Aci ev
`yBwUi `Nh_vg 1u m.wg. I 12 m.wg.| Gi dj wbYq Ki |
13| GKwUmyl g Af yRi K`_K KwYK we`yi `~i Z1S wgUvi nj , Gi dj wbYq Ki |
14| AvqZvKvi GKwUdzj i evMvbi `N1Su wgUvi Ges c1uu wgUvi | evMvbwUK cwi PhvKi vi Rb
wVK gvS w`q S wgUvi PI ov`NI cei vei i vvAvQ|
(K) Dci i Z_wUwP i mvnvhmsw eYbv`vI |
(L) i vvi dj wbYq Ki |
(M) i vvwUcvKvKi Z 2S m.wg. `NGes 12S cwewk KqwUBUi cqvRb ne|
15| ef yR wP Z_Abymvi Gi dj wbYq Ki |
16| wbPi wP i Z__K Gi dj wbYq Ki |
64 e msvcwi gvc
(1) ei cwi wa
ei `NK Zvi cwi wa ej vnq| gb Kwi , Kvbvei evmvar nj , Gi cwi wa
r c 2 = hLvb .......... 14159265 3 = GKwUAg~j ` msLv| Gi Avmj gvb wnmve 3.1416
eenvi Ki vhvq|
266
MwYZ

myZi vs Kvbvei evmvaRvbv_vKj Gi Avmbgvb eenvi Ki ei cwi wai Avmbgvb wbYq Ki v
hvq|
D`vni Y 1| GKwUei evm26 m.wg. nj , Gi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ei evmvar
ei evm= r 2 Ges cwi wa = r 2
ckvbymvi , 26 2 = r ev,
2
26
= r 13 = r
ei cwi wa = r 2 = 13 1616 3 2 m.wg. = 13 1616 3 64 81 m.wg.(cvq)
wbYq ei cwi wa 64 81 m.wg. (cvq)|
(2) evski `N
gb Kwi , 0 K`wewkei evmvar Ges s AB = ePvc K`
o
KvY Drcb
Ki |
ei cwi wa = r 2
ei K`gvUDrcbKvY =
o
360 GesPvc s vi vK`DrcbKvYi wWMxcwi gvY

Avgi vRvwb, ei KvbvPvc vi vDrcbK`KvY H ePvci mgvbycvwZK|



r
s
o

2 360
= ev,
r
s =
180

(3) e I eKj v dj :
Kvbve I Gi Af i mshvMMwVZ mgZj i DcmUwUK GKwUe ej vnq
Ges ewUK Gi c e i mxgvi Lvej vnq|
eKj v: GKwUPvc I Pvci cvwe`ymswk evmvavi vewZ K eKj vej vnq|
O K`wewk ei cwi wai I ci A I B `yBwUwe`ynj AOB Z Gi Af i OA
I OB evmvaGes AB Pvci mshvMMwVZ GKwUeKj v|
c~ei kwYZ Avgi vwkL GmwQh, ei evmvar nj , ei dj =
2
r
Avgi vRvwb, ei KvbvPvc vi vDrcbK`KvY H ePvci mgvbycvwZK|
myZi vs G chvq Avgi v^xKvi Ki wbZ cvwi h, GKB ei `yBwUevsk Ges Gi v
h Pvc `yBwUi Dci `vqgvb G`i cwi gvc mgvbycvwZK|
gb Kwi , O K`wewk ei evmvar
AOB eKj v wUAPB Pvci Dci `vqgvb, hvi wWMxcwi gvc | OA Dci OC j ^Uvwb|
=
eKj vAOB Gi dj
eKj vAOC Gi dj
AOB Z Gi cwi gvc
ADC Z Gi cwi gvc

MwYZ
267
ev, =
o
90

; ] 90 [
o
AOC = Z
ev, eKj vAOB Gi dj =
o
90

eKj vADC Gi dj
=
4
1
90
o

e i dj
=
2
4
1
90
r
o


=
2
360
r
o

myZi vs, eKj vi dj =


2
360
r
o

D`vni Y 2| GKwUei evmva8 m.wg. Ges GKwUePvc K`


o
56 DrcbKi j , ePvci `NGes
eKj vi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ei evmva 8 = r m.wg., ePvci `N s Ges ePvc vi vK`DrcbKvY
o
560 = |
Avgi vRvwb,
180
56 8 1416 3
180

= =
o
r
s

m.wg. = 82 7 m.wg. (cvq)
Ges evski dj =
2
360
r
o

=
2
8 1416 3
350
56
eMm.wg.
= 55 62 eMm.wg. (cvq)|
D`vni Y 3| GKwUei evmI cwi wai cv_K90 m.wg. nj , ei evmwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ei evmvar
ei evm= r 2 Ges cwi wa = r 2
ckvbymvi , 90 2 2 = r r
ev, 90 ) 1 ( 2 = r ev, 01 21
1 1416 3
45
) 1 ( 2
90
=

=

r (cvq)
wbYq ei evmva r 01 21 m.wg. (cvq)|
D`vni Y 4| GKwUevKvi gvVi evm124wgUvi | gvVi mxgvbvNul 6 wgUvi PI ovGKwUi vvAvQ|
i vvi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , evKvi gvVi evmvar Ges i vvmn evKvi gvVi evmvaR |
eKj vAOB Gi dj
eKj vAOC Gi dj
268
MwYZ

2
124
= r wgUvi =62 wgUvi Ges ) 6 62 ( + = R wgUvi =68 wgUvi
evKvi gvVi dj =
2
r
Ges i vvmn evKvi gvVi dj =
2
R
i vvi dj =i vvmn gvVi dj gvVi dj
= ) (
2 2
r R = ) (
2 2
r R
= } ) 62 ( ) 68 {( 1416 3
2 2
eMwgUvi
= ) 3844 4624 ( 1416 3 eMwgUvi
= 780 1416 3 eMwgUvi
= 44 2450 eMwgUvi (cvq)
wbYq i vvi dj 44 2450 eMwgUvi (cvq)|
KvR : GKwUei cwi wa 440 wgUvi | H e Awj wLZ eM i evi `NwbYq Ki |
D`vni Y 5| GKwUei evmva12 m.wg. Ges ePvci `N14 m.wg.| ePvcwUK`h KvY Drcb
Ki ZvwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ei evmva 12 = r m.wg., ePvci `N 14 = s m.wg. GesK`DrcbKvYi cwi gvY |
Avgi vRvwb,
o
r
S
180

=
ev, S r
o
=180
ev,
o
o o
r
S
85 66
12 1416 3
14 180 180
=

(cvq)
wbYq KvY
o
85 66 (cvq)|
D`vni Y 6| GKwUPvKvi evm 5 4 wgUvi | PvKvwU360 wgUvi c_ AwZg Ki Z KZ evi Nyi e ?
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, PvKvi evm 5 4 wgUvi
PvKvwUi evmva
2
5 4
= r wgUvi Ges cwi wa = r 2
gb Kwi , PvKvwU360 wgUvi c_ AwZg Ki Z n evi Nyi e|
ckvbymvi , 360 2 = r n
ev,
18
5 4 1416 3 2
2 360
2
360
=

= =
r
n

(cvq)
PvKvwUcvq 18 evi Nyi e|

MwYZ
269
D`vni Y 7| 211 wgUvi 20 m.wg. hZ `yBwUPvKvh_vg 32 Ges 48 evi Nyi j v| PvKv`yBwUi
evmvai Ai wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : 211 wgUvi 20 m.wg. =21120 m.wg.
gb Kwi , PvKv`yBwUi evmvah_vg R I r ; hLvb . r R >
PvKv`yBwUi cwi wa h_vg R 2 I r 2 Ges evmvai Ai ) ( r R
ckvbymvi , 21120 2 32 = R
ev, 04 105
1416 3 2 32
21120
2 32
21120
=

=

R (cvq)
Ges 21120 2 48 = r
ev, 03 70
1416 3 2 48
21120
2 48
21120
=

=

r (cvq)
) 03 70 04 105 ( = r R m.wg. = 01 35 m.wg. = 35 m.wg. (cvq)
PvKv`yBwUi evmvai Ai 35 wgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 8| GKwUei evmva14 m.wg.| GKwUeMi dj D ei dj i mgvb| eM wUi
`NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ei evmva 14 = r m.wg. Ges eM wUi `N a
ei dj
2
r Ges eM wUi dj =
2
a
ckvbymvi ,
2 2
r a =
ev, 81 24 14 1416 3 = = = r a (cvq)
wbYq `N 81 24 m.wg. (cvq)|
D`vni Y 9| wP ABCD GKwUeM hvi cwZevi `N 22 wgUvi Ges AED wUGKwUAae|
m~Y wUi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ABCD eM wUi cwZ evi `N a
eM i dj =
2
a
Avevi , AED GKwUAwae
Aaei evmva
2
22
= r wgUvi =11 wgUvi
myZi vs, AED Aaei dj =
2
2
1
r
m~YZj i dj =ABCD eM i dj +AED Aaei dj
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 2
2
1
r a

MwYZ
270
=
2 2
) 11 ( 1416 3
2
1
) 22 {( + eMwgUvi = 07 674 eMwgUvi (cvq)
wbYq dj 07 674 eMwgUvi (cvq)|
D`vni Y 10| wP ABCD GKwUAvqZ hvi `NI ch_vg 12 wgUvi I 10 wgUvi Ges DAE
GKwUevsk| evsk DE Gi `NGes m~Y i dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : evski evm 12 = = AD r wgUvi Ges K`DrcbKvY
o
30 =
ePvc DE Gi `N=
o
r
180


=
180
30 12 1416 3
wgUvi = 28 6 wgUvi (cvq)
ADE evski dj =
2 2
) 12 ( 1416 3
360
30
360
= r
o

eMwgUvi
= 7 37 eMwgUvi (cvq)
AvqZ ABCD Gi `N12 wgUvi Ges c10 wgUvi |
AvqZ wUi dj =`N c=1210 wgUvi =120 eMwgUvi
m~Y i dj = ) 120 7 37 ( + eMwgUvi = 7 157 eMwgUvi
wbYq dj 7 157 eMwgUvi (cvq)|
KvR : wP Mvp wPwZ wUi dj wbYq Ki :
Abykxj bx163
1| GKwUePvc K`

30 KvY DrcbKi | ei evm126 m.wg. nj Pvci `NwbYq Ki |


2| cwZ wgwbU66 wgUvi eM
2
1
1 wgwbUGKwUNvovKvbvgvVNyi Gj v| H gvVi evmwbYq Ki |
3| GKwUevski dj 77 eMwgUvi Ges ei evmva21 wgUvi | ePvcwUK`h KvY Drcb
Ki , ZvwbYq Ki |
4| GKwUei evmva14 m.wg. Ges ePvc K`

76 KvY DrcbKi | evski dj wbYq


Ki |

271
MwYZ
5| GKwUevKvi gvVK wNi GKwUi vvAvQ| i vvwUi wf Zi i cwi wa AcvevBi i cwi wa 44
wgUvi ewk| i vvwUi PI ovwbYq Ki |
6| GKwUevKvi cvKi evm26 wgUvi | cvKwUK eb Ki evBi 2 wgUvi ckGKwUc_ AvQ|
c_wUi dj wbYq Ki |
7| GKwUMvwoi mvgbi PvKvi evm28 m.wg. Ges wcQbi PvKvi evm35 m.wg.| 88 wgUvi c_
hZ mvgbi PvKvwcQbi PvKvAcvKZ c~YmsLK evi ewk Nyi e ?
8| GKwUei cwi wa 220 wgUvi | H e Awj wLZ eM i evi `NwbYq Ki |
9| GKwUei cwi wa GKwUmgev w f yRi cwi mxgvi mgvb| G`i dj i AbycvZ wbYq Ki |
10| wbPi wP i Z_AbyhvqxMvp wPwZ j vi dj wbYq Ki :
65 AvqZvKvi Nbe:
wZb Rvovmgvi vj AvqZvKvi mgZj evc vi vAveNbeK AvqZKvi Nbeej |
gb Kwi , ABCDEFGH GKwUAvqZKvi Nbe| Gi `N a AB = , c b BC = , DPZv c AH =
(1) KYwbYq : ABCDEFGH AvqZKvi Nbei KYAF
ABC A -G AB BC Ges AC AwZf y |

2 2 2 2 2
b a BC AB AC + = + =
Avevi , ACF A G AC FC Ges AF AwZf yR|

2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a CF AC AF + + = + =

2 2 2
c b a AF + + =
AvqZvKvi NbewUi KY=
2 2 2
c b a + +
(2) mgMZj i dj wbYq :
AvqZKvi NbewUi 6wUZj
hLvb, weci xZ Zj j vci i mgvb|
AvqZvKvi NbwUi mgMZj i dj
= ABCD ( 2 Zj i dj +ABGH Zj i dj +BCFG Zj i dj )

272
MwYZ
= ) ( 2 BG BC AH AB AD AB + +
= ) ( 2 bc ac ab + +
= ) ( 2 ca bc ab + +
(3) AvqZvKvi Nbei AvqZb =`N c DPZv
=abc
D`vni Y 1| AvqZvKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvh_vg, 2S m.wg., 2u m.wg. Ges 1S m.wg.| Gi
mgMZj i dj , AvqZb Ges KYi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , AvqZvKvi Nbei `N 25 = a m.wg., c 20 = b m.wg. Ges DPZv 15 = c
m.wg.|
AvqZvKvi NbewUi mgMZj i dj = ) ( 2 ca bc ab + +
= ) 25 15 15 20 20 25 ( 2 + + eMm.wg.
=2350 eMm.wg.
AvqZb =abc
= 15 20 25 Nb m.wg.
=7500 Nb m.wg.
Ges KYi `N =
2 2 2
c b a + +
=
2 2 2
) 15 ( ) 20 ( ) 25 ( + + m.wg.
= 225 400 625 + + m.wg.
= 1250 m.wg.
= 353 35 m.wg. (cvq)
wbYq mgMZj i dj 2SSu eMm.wg., AvqZb 2Suu Nb m.wg. Ges KYi `N 353 35 m.wg. (cvq)|
KvR : Zvgvi MwYZ eBqi `N, cI DPZvgc Gi AvqZb,
mgMZj i dj Ges KYi `NwbYq Ki |
66 NYK :
AvqZKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvmgvb nj ZvK NbK ej vnq|
gb Kwi , ABCDEFGH GKwUNbK|
Gi `N=c=DPZv=a GKK
(1) NYKwUi KYi `N=
2 2 2
c b a + + =
2
3a = a 3
MwYZ
273
dgv- 35, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
(2) NYKi mgMZj i dj = ) ( 2 a a a a a a + +
= ) ( 2
2 2 2
a a a + + =6
(3) NYKwUi AvqZb = a a a =
3
a
D`vni Y 2| GKwUNYKi m~Yci dj 96 eMwgUvi | Gi KYi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , NYKwUi avi a
Gi m~Yci dj =
2
6a Ges KYi `N= a 3
ckvbymvi , 96 6
2
= a ev, 16
2
= a 4 = a
NYKwUi KYi `N= a 3 = a 3 = 928 6 wgUvi (cvq)
wbYq KYi `N 928 6 wgUvi (cvq)|
KvR : wZbwUavZe NYKi avi h_vg S m.wg., 4 m.wg. I S m.wg.| NYK wZbwUK Mwj q GKwU
bZzb NYK Zwi Ki vnj v| bZzb NYKi m~Yci dj I KYi `NwbYq Ki |
67 ej b :
KvbvAvqZ i hKvbvevK A ai AvqZ wUK H evi PZzw`K Nvi vj h Nbei mw
nq, ZvK mgef ~wgK ej b evwmwj vi ej vnq| mgef ~wgK ej bi `yB cvK evKvi Zj , eZj K
ec ej vnq Ges mgMZj K cZj ej vnq| AvqZ i Ai mgvi vj N~Yvqgvb evwUK ej bi
mRK evDrcv`K i Lvej |
gb Kwi , wP K GKwUmge&f ~wgK ej b| hvi f ~wgi evmvar Ges DPZvh
(1) f ~wgi dj =
2
r
(2) eci dj
=f ~ wgi cwi wa DPZv
= rh 2
(3) m~YZj i dj evmgMZj i dj
ev, cZj i dj = ) 2 (
2 2
r rh r + + = ) ( 2 h r r +
(4) AvqZb =f ~wgi dj DPZv
= h r
2

2
a
274
MwYZ
D`vni Y 3| GKwUmgef ~wgK ej bi DPZv10 m.wg. Ges f ~wgi evmva7 m.wg. nj , Gi AvqZb Ges
m~Yci dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , mgef ~wgK ej bi DPZv 10 = h m.wg. Ges f ~wgi evmvar
Gi AvqZb = h r
2
= 10 7 1416 3
2

= 38 1539 Nb m.wg. (cvq)
Ges mgMci dj = ) ( 2 h r r +
= ) 10 7 ( 7 1416 3 2 + eMwgUvi (cvq)
= 7 747 eMwgUvi (cvq)
KvR : GKwUAvqZvKvi KvMRi cvZvgywoq GKwUmgef ~wgK wmwj vi Zwi
Ki | Gi cZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |
D`vni Y 4| XvKbvmn GKwUev i evBi i gvc h_vg 10 m.wg., 9 m.wg. I 7 m.wg. Ges wf Zi i
mgMev wU dj 262 eMm.wg.| Gi `I qvj i cyi Zmgvb nj , ev i ea wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , ev i ea x
XvKbvmn ev i evBi i gvc h_vg 10 m.wg., 9 m.wg. I 7 m.wg.
ev i wf Zi i gvc h_vg ) 2 10 ( x a = , ) 2 9 ( x b = I ) 2 7 ( x c = m.wg.
ev i wf Zi i mgMZj i dj = ) ( 2 ca b ab + +
ckvbymvi , ) ( 2 ca b ab + + = 262
ev, 131 ) 2 10 )( 2 7 ( ) 2 7 )( 2 9 ( ) 2 9 )( 2 10 ( = + + x x x x x x
ev, 0 131 4 34 70 4 32 63 4 38 90
2 2 2
= + + + + + x x x x x x
ev, 0 92 104 12
2
= + x x
ev, 0 23 26 3
2
= + x x
ev, 0 23 23 3 3
2
= + x x x
ev, 0 ) 1 ( 23 ) 1 ( 3 = x x x
ev, 0 ) 23 3 )( 1 ( = x x
ev, 0 1= x A_ev 0 23 3 = x
ev, 1 = x A_ev, 67 7
3
23
= = x (cvq)
wKev i ea Gi `NevcevDPZvi mgvb A_eveo nZ cvi bv|
1 = x
wbYq ev i ea 1 m.wg.|
MwYZ
275
D`vni Y 5| KvbvNYKi cZj i KYi `N 2 8 m.wg. nj Gi KYi `NI AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , NYKi avi a
NYKwUi cZj i KYi `N= a 2
KYi `N= a 3
Ges AvqZb =
3
a
ckvbymvi , a 2 = 2 8 8 = a
NYKwUi KYi `N= 8 3 m.wg. = 856 13 m.wg. (cvq)
Ges AvqZb =
3
8 Nb m.wg. =512Nb m.wg.|
wbYq KYi `N 856 13 m.wg. (cvq) Ges AvqZb 512 Nb m.wg.|
D`vni Y 6| KvbvAvqZ i `N12 m.wg. Ges cS m.wg.| GK eni evi PZzw`K Nvi vj h
NbeDrcbnq Zvi cZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQGKwUAvqZ i `N12 m.wg. Ges cS m.wg.| GK eni evi PZzw`K
Nvi vj GKwUmgef ~wgK ej b AvKwZi NbeDrcbne, hvi DPZv 12 = h m.wg. Ges f ~wgi evmva
5 = r m.wg.|
DrcbNYKi cZj i dj = ) ( 2 h r r +
= ) 12 5 ( 5 1416 3 2 + eMm.wg.
= 071 534 eMm.wg. (cvq)
Ges AvqZb = h r
2

= 12 5 1416 3
2
Nb m.wg.
= 48 942 Nb m.wg. (cvq)
wbYq cZj i dj 071 534 eMm.wg. (cvq) Ges AvqZb 48 942 Nb m.wg. (cvq)|
Abykxj bx164
1| GKwUmvgvwi Ki `yBwUmwbwnZ evi `Nh_vg 7 m.wg., S m.wg. nj , Gi cwi mxgvi AaK
KZ ?
(K) 12 (L) 20 (M) 24 (N) 28
2| GKwUmgev w f yRi evi `N6 m.wg. nj , Gi dj KZ eMm.wg. ?
(K) 3 3 (L) 3 4 (M) 3 6 (N) 3 9
3| GKwUUvwcwRqvgi DPZv8 m.wg. Ges mgvi vj evqi `Nh_vg 9 m.wg. I 7 m.wg. nj ,
Gi dj KZ eMm.wg. ?
(K) 24 (L) 64 (M) 96 (N) 504
276
MwYZ
4| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
) (i 4 m.wg. eMvKvi cv_i i cwi mxgv16 m.wg.|
) (ii S m.wg. evmvai evKvi cvZi dj 3 eMm.wg.|
) (iii S m.wg. DPZvGes 2 m.wg. evmvai ej b AvKwZi ei AvqZb 20 Nb m.wg.|
Dci i Z_i wf wZ wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i , ii I iii
wP i Z_Abymvi wbPi ckj vi Di `vI :
5| ABCD AvqZ i KYi `NKZ ?
(K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 4 14 (cvq) (N) 15
6| ADF evski dj KZ ?
(K) 16 (L) 32 (M) 64 (N) 128
7| AGB Aaei cwi wa KZ ?
(K) 18 (L) 85 18 (cvq) (M) 7 37 (cvq) (N) 96
8| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvh_vg 16 wgUvi , 12 wgUvi I 5 4 wgUvi | Gi
cZj i dj , KYi `NI AvqZb wbYq Ki |
9| GKwUAvqZvKi vi Nbei `N, cI DPZvi AbycvZ 12 : 16 : 21 Ges KYi `N 87 m.wg.
nj , Nb ewUi Zj i dj wbYq Ki |
10| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbe 48 eM wgUvi f ~ wgi Dci `vqgvb| Gi DPZv3 wgUvi Ges KY13 wgUvi |
AvqZKi vi Nbei `NI cwbYq Ki |
11| GKwUAvqZvKvi KvVi ev i evBi i gvc h_vg 8 m.wg., 6 m.wg., I 4 m.wg.| Gi wf Zi i
m~Yci dj 88 eMm.wg.| ev wUi KvVi cyi ZwbYq Ki |
12| GKwU`I qvj i `N 25 wgUvi , DPZv6 wgUvi Ges cyi Z30 m.wg.| GKwUBUi `N 10
m.wg., cS m.wg. Ges DPZvS m.wg.| `I qvj wUBUw`q Zwi Ki Z cqvRbxq BUi msLv
wbYq Ki |
13| GKwUNYK AvKwZei cZj i dj 2400 eMm.wg. nj , Gi KYi `NwbYq Ki |
14| 12 m.wg. DPZvwewk GKwUej bi f ~wgi evmvaS m.wg.| Gi cZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq
Ki |
MwYZ
277
15| GKwUej bi eZj i dj 100 eMm.wg. Ges AvqZb 150 Nb m.wg.| ej bi DPZvGes
f ~wgi evmvawbYq Ki |
16| GKwUmgef ~wgK wmwj vi i eZj i dj 4400 eMm.wg.| Gi DPZv30 m.wg. nj ,
mgMZj wbYq Ki |
17| GKwUj vnvi cvBci wf Zi i I evBi i evmh_vg 12 m.wg. I 14 m.wg. Ges cvBci DPZv
S wgUvi | 1 Nb m.wg. j vnvi I Rb 2 7 Mvg nj , cvBci j vnvi I Rb wbYq Ki |
18| GKwUAvqZvKvi i `N 12 wgUvi Ges cS wgUvi | AvqZvKvi wUK cwi ewZ Ki
GKwUevKvi AvQhLvb AvqZKvi vi vAbvwaKZ Ask Nvmj vMvbvnj v|
(K) Dci i Z_i wf wZ msw eYbvmn wP AuvK|
(L) evKvi wUi evmwbYq Ki |
(M) cwZ eMwgUvi Nvmj vMvZ 50 UvKvLi P nj , gvULi P wbYq Ki |
19| AABC I ABCD GKB f ~wg BC Gi Dci Ges GKB mgvi vj hyMj BC I AD Gi ga
AewZ|
K. Dci i eYbvAbymvi wP wUAvuK|
L. cgvY Ki h, A ABC =A BCD.
M. A ABC Gi mgvb dj wewk GKwUmvgvwi K AvuK hvi GKwUKvY GKwUwbw`
KvYi mgvb| (Abi wP I weei Y AvekK)|
20| GKwUmvgvwi K ABCD Ges GKwUAvqZ BCEF Df qi f ~wg BC.
K. GKB DPZvweePbvKi mvgvwi K I AvqZ wUi wP AvuK|
L. `LvI h, ABCD wUi cwi mxgvBCEF wUi cwi mxgvAcveni |
M. AvqZ wUi `NI ci AbycvZ 5:3 Ges wUi cwi mxgv48 wgUvi nj , mvgvwi K
wUi dj wbYq Ki |
m`k Aavq
cwi msLvb
wevb I chyw i Dbqbi AMhv vq Z_Dcvi Ae`vbi dj cw_excwi YZ nqQwekMvg| Z_I
Dcvi `Z mvj b I wevi i Rbme nqQwekvqbi | ZvB Dbqbi avi vAevnZ i vLvI wekvqb
AskMnY I Ae`vb i vLZ nj Z_I Dcv m^ mgK vb ARb G i i wkv_x`i RbAcwi nvh|
cvmwKf ve wkv_xi vb ARbi Pvwn`vgUvbvi j l kwY _K Z_I Dcvi Avj vPbvKi v
nqQGes avc avc kwYwf wK wel qei webvmKi vnqQ| Gi B avi vevwnKZvq G kwYZ wkv_xi v
ghvwRZ MYmsLv, MYmsLvef zR, AwRf i Lv, Kw`q ceYZvcwi gvc msw cwZZ Mo, gaK I
cPzi K BZvw` m^ Rvbe I wkLe|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v-
ghvwRZ MYmsLv, MYmsLvef zR I AwRf i LvevLvKi Z cvi e|
MYmsLvef zR I AwRf i Lvi mvnvhDcv evLvKi Z cvi e|
Kw`q ceYZvi cwi gvc cwZ evLvKi Z cvi e|
Kw`q ceYZvcwi gvc msw cwZi cqvRbxqZvevLvKi Z cvi e|
msw cwZi mvnvhMo, gaK I cPzi K wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
MYmsLvef zR I AwRf i Lvj LwP i evLvKi Z cvi e|
Dcvi Dcvcb : Avgi vRvwb YevPK bq Ggb msLvm~PK Z_vewj cwi msLvbi Dcv| Abymvbvaxb
Dcv cwi msLvbi KuvPvgvj | Gj vAwebf ve _vK Ges AwebDcv _K mi vmwi cqvRbxq
wmvDcbxZ nI qvhvq bv| cqvRb nq Dcvj vi webI mvi wYf z Ki v| Avi Dcvmg~ni
mvi wYf z Ki vnj vDcvi Dcvcb| AvMi kwYZ Avgi vDcvmg~n Kxf ve mvi wYf z Ki web
Ki Z nq ZvwkLwQ| Avgi vRvwb KvbvDcvi mvi wYf z Ki Z nj c_g Zvi cwi mi wbavi Y Ki Z
nq| Gi ci kwY eeavb I kwY msLvwbavi Y Ki Uvwj wP eenvi Ki MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY Zwi
Ki vnq| GLvb eySvi myweav_wbPi D`vni Yi gvag MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY Zwi Ki vi cwZi
cybi vj vPbvKi vnj v|
D`vni Y 1| KvbvGK kxZ gmyg kxgj i Rvby qvwi gvmi 31 w`bi Zvcgv v(mj wmqvm) wbP `I qv
nj v| Zvcgv vi MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY Zwi Ki |
14, 14, 14, 13, 12, 13, 10, 10, 11, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 9,
11, 10, 10, 8, 9, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 8, 7|
279
MwYZ
mgvavb : GLvb Zvcgv vwb`kK Dcvi mePq QvUmsLv6 Ges eo msLv14|
myZi vs Dcvi cwi mi =(14 6) +1 =9|
GLb kwY eeavb hw` 3 bI qvnq Ze kwY msLvne
3
9
ev3|
kwY eeavb 3 wbq wZb kwYZ Dcvmg~n webvmKi j MYmsLv(NUb msLvI ej vnq) wbekb mvi wY
ne wbgi c :
Zvcgv v (mj wmqvm) Uvwj wP MYmsLvevNUb msLv
6 8
11
9 11
llll llll lll
13
12 14
llll ll
7
gvU31|
KvR : Zvgv`i kwYZ Aavqbi Z mKj wkv_x`i `yBwU`j MVb Ki | `j i m`m`i
I Rbi (KwRZ) MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY Zwi Ki |
ghvwRZ MYmsLv( Frequency Cumulative ) :
D`vni Y 1 Gi kwY 3 eeavb ai kwYmsLvwbavi Y Ki MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY Zwi Ki vnqQ|
Dj wLZ Dcvi kwY msLv3| c_g kwYi mxgvnj v6 8| GB kwYi wbgmxgv6 Ges DPmxgv
8 m.| GB kwYi MYmsLv11|
wZxq kwYi MYmsLv13| GLb c_g kwYi MYmsLv11 Gi mv_ wZxq kwYi MYmsLv13 hvMKi
cvB 24| GB 24 ne wZxq kwYi ghvwRZ MYmsLv| Avi c_g kwY w`q i nI qvq GB kwYi
ghvwRZ MYmsLvne 11| Avevi wZxq kwYi ghvwRZ MYmsLv24 Gi mv_ ZZxq kwYi MYmsLv
hvMKi j 24 +7 =31, hvZZxq kwYi ghvwRZ MYmsLv| GBf ve ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY Zwi
Ki vnq| Dci i Avj vPbvi cwZ D`vni Y 1 Gi Zvcgv vi ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY wbgi c :
Zvcgv v mwUwgUvi MYmsLv ghvwRZ MYmsLv
6 8
11 11
9 11
13 (11 +13) =24
12 14
7 (24 +7) =31
D`vni Y 2| wbP 40 Rb wkv_xi evwl K ci xvq Bsi wRZ cv b^i `I qvnj v| cv b^i i ghvwRZ
MYmsLvmvi wY Zwi Ki |
70, 40, 35, 60, 55, 58, 45, 60, 65, 80, 70, 46, 50, 60, 65, 70, 58, 60, 48, 70, 36, 85,
60, 50, 46, 65, 55, 61, 72, 85, 90, 68, 65, 50, 40, 56, 60, 65, 46, 76|
280
MwYZ
mgvavb : Dcvi cwi wa =(mevP gvb mewbggvb) +1
=(90 35) +1
=55 +1
=56
kwY eeavb hw` 5 ai vnq, Ze kwY msLv=
5
56
=112 ev12
myZi vs kwY eeavb 5 ai ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY ne wbgi c :
cv b^i MYmsLv ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
cv b^i MYmsLv ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
35 39
2 2
70 74
4 4 +31 =35
40 44
2 2 +2 =4
75 79
1 1 +35 =36
45 49
5 5 +4 =9
80 84
1 1 +36 =37
50 54
3 3 +9 =12
85 89
2 2 +37 =39
55 59
5 5 +12 =17
90 94
1 1 +39 =40
60 64
8 8 +17 =25
95 99
0 0 +40 =40
65 69
6 6 +25 =31
Pj K : Avgi vRvwb msLvm~PK Z_mg~n cwi msLvbi Dcv| Dcv eeZ msLvmg~n nj vPj K| hgb,
D`vni Y 1 G Zvcgv vwb`kK msLvj vPj K| Z`vbyi c D`vni Y 2 G cv b^i j veeZ Dcvi
Pj K|
wewQbI AwewQbPj K : cwi msLvb eeZ Pj K `yB cKvi i nq| hgb wewQbPj K I AwewQbPj K| h
Pj Ki gvb aygv c~YmsLvnq ZvwewQbPj K, hgb D`vni Y 2 G eeZ cv b^i | Z`vbyi c RbmsLv
wb`kK Dcv c~YmsLveeZ nq| ZvB RbmsLvg~j K Dcvi Pj K nQwewQbPj K| Avi hmKj
Pj Ki gvb hKvbveve msLvnZ cvi , mmKj Pj K AwewQbPj K| hgb D`vni Y 1-G eeZ
Zvcgv vwb`kK Dcv hKvbveve msLvnZ cvi | G Qvoveqm, DPZv, I Rb BZvw` mswk Dcv
hKvbveve msLveenvi Ki vhvq| ZvB Gj vi RbeeZ Pj K nQAwewQbPj K| AwewQb
Pj Ki `yBwUgvbi gaeZxhKvbvmsLvI H Pj Ki gvb nZ cvi | AbK mgq kwY eeavb AwewQb
Ki vi cqvRb nq| kwY eeavb AwewQbKi vi RbKvbvkwYi DPmxgvGes ci eZxkwYi wbgmxgvi
MwYZ
281
dgv- 36, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
gawe`ywbq mB kwYi cKZ DPmxgvGes ci eZxkwYi cKZ wbgmxgvwbavi Y Ki vnq| hgb, D`vni Y
1 G c_g kwYi cKZ DPmxgvI wbgmxgvh_vg 85 I 55 Ges wZxq kwYi DPmxgvI wbgmxgv
115 I 85 BZvw`|
KvR : Zvgv`i kwYi wkv_x`i wbq Abya40 Rbi `j MVb Ki | `j i m`m`i I Rb/DPZv
wbq `j MYmsLvwbekY I ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY Zwi Ki |
Dcvi j LwP : Avgi v`LwQh, Abymvbvaxb msMnxZ Dcv cwi msLvbi KuvPvgvj | Gj vMYmsLv
wbekY mvi wYf y evghvwRZ mvi wYf z Ki vnj G`i m^ mgK avi YvKi vI wmvbI qvmnR
nq| GB mvi wYf z Dcvmg~n hw` j LwP i gvag Dcvcb Ki vnq, Ze ZveySvi Rbhgb Avi I
mnR nq Zgwb wPvKl K nq| G Rbcwi msLvbi Dcvmg~n mvi wYf z Ki vI j LwP i gvag Dcvcb
ej cPwj Z Ges evcK eeZ cwZ| 8g kwY chwewf bcKvi j LwP i gai LvwP I AvqZj L
m^ wevwi Z Avj vPbvKi vnqQGes Gj vwKf ve AuvKZ nq Zv`LvbvnqQ| GLvb Kxf ve
MYmsLvwbekY I ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY _K MYmsLvef zR, cvBwP I AwRf i LvAuvKvnq Zv
wbq Avj vPbvKi vne|
MYmsLvef zR ( Polygon Frequency ) : 8g kwYZ Avgi vwewQbDcvi AvqZj L AuvKvwkLwQ|
GLvb Kxf ve c_g AwewQbDcvi AvqZj L GuK Zvi MYmsLvef zR AuvKvnq, ZvD`vni Yi gvag
Dcvcb Ki vnj v|
D`vni Y 3| Kvb zj i 10g kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi I Rbi (wKj vMvg) MYmsLvwbekY nj vwbgi c :
I Rb (KwR)
50 51 55 6 5 60 61 65 66 70
MYmsLv
(wkv_x`i msLv)
5 10 20 15 10
(K) MYmsLvwbekYi AvqZj L AuvK|
(L) AvqZj Li MYmsLvef zR AuvK|
mgvavb : c` mvi wYZ Dcvi kwY eeavb wewQb| kwY eeavb AwewQbKi vnj c` mvi wY ne :
kwY eeavb I Rb (KwR) AwewQbkwYmxgv MYmsLv kwY gawe`y
46 50 455 505
5 48
53
58
51 55 505 555
10
56 60 555 605
20
61 65 605 655
15
66 70 655 705
10
46
63
68
282
MwYZ
(K) QK KvMRi cwZ Ni K GK GKK ai x -A ei vei
kwYmxgv Ges y -A ei vei MYmsLv wbq AuvqZj L AuvKv
nqQ| x-A ei vei kwYmxgv 455 _K Avi nqQ|
g~j we`y_K 455 chc~eeZxNi j vAvQeySvZ f vOvwP
eenvi Ki vnqQ|
(L) AvqZj L nZ MYmsLvef zR AuvKvi Rbcv AvqZj Li AvqZmg~ni f ~wgi mgvi vj weci xZ
evi gawe`ymg~n wbavi Y Ki vnqQ| wPwZ gawe`ymg~n i Lvsk vi vmshy Ki MYmsLvef zR AuvKv
nqQ(cvki wP `Lvbvnj v)| MYmsLvef zR my`i `Lvbvi
Rbc_g I kl AvqZi gawe`yi mshvMi Lvski cvwe`yq
kwY eeavb wb`kK x -Ai mv_ mshy Ki vnqQ|
MYmsLvef zR : AwewQbDcvi kwY eeavbi weci xZ
MYmsLvwb`kK we`ymg~nK chvqg i Lvsk vi vhy Ki
h j LwP cvI qvhvq, ZvB nj vMYmsLvef zR|
D`vni Y 4| wbPi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wYi ef zR Ab Ki |
kwY eeavb
1020 2030 3040 4050 5060 6070 7080 8090
gawe`y 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
MYmsLv 8 10 15 30 45 41 15 7
mgvavb : x -A ei vei QK KvMRi cwZ `yB Ni K kwY eeavbi
5 GKK ai Ges y -A ei vei QK KvMRi `yB Ni K MYmsLvi
5 GKK ai c` MYmsLvwbekYi AvqZj L AuvKvnj v|
AvqZj Li AvqZmg~ni f ~wgi weci xZ evi gawe`yhvkwYi
gawe`ywPwZ Kwi | GLb wPwZ gawe`ymg~n i Lvsk vi vmshy
Kwi | c_g kwYi cvwe`yI kl kwYi cvwe`yqK kwY
eeavb wb`kK x Ai mv_ mshy Ki MYmsLvef zR Ab
Ki vnj v|
KvR : Zvgv`i kwYZ Aaqbi Z wkv_x`i c_g mvgwqK ci xvq evsj vq cv b^i wbq MYmsLv
ef zR AvuK|
D`vni Y 5| 10g kwYi 50 Rb wkv_xi wevb wel q cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY `I qvnj v|
c` Dcvi MYmsLvef zR AuvK (AvqZj L eenvi bvKi )|
MwYZ
283

cv b^i i kwY eeavb
3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100
MYmsLv 6 8 10 12 5 7 2
mgvavb : GLvb c` Dcv wewQb| G kwY eeavbi gawe`yei Ki mi vmwi MYmsLvef zR
AuvKvmyweavRbK|
kwY eeavb
3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100
gawe`y
5 35
2
31 40
=
+ 455 555 655 755 855 955
MYmsLv 6 8 10 12 5 7 2
x -A ei vei QK KvMRi cwZ 2 Ni K kwY eeavbi gawe`yi 10
GKK ai Ges y -A ei vei QK KvMRi 1 Ni K MYmsLvi 1
GKK ai c` Dcvi MYmsLvef ~R AuvKvnj v|
ghvwRZ MYmsLvj LwP evAwRf i Lv: KvbvDcvi kwY webvmi ci kwY eeavbi DPmxgv
x -A ei vei Ges kwYi ghvwRZ MYmsLvy A ei vei vcb Ki ghvwRZ MYmsLvi j LwP ev
AwRf i LvcvI qvhvq|
D`vni Y 6| KvbvkwYi 60 wkv_xi 50 b^i i mvgwqKxci xvq cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY nj v:
cv b^i i kwY
eeavb
1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50
MYmsLv 8 12 15 18 7
GB MYmsLvwbekYi AwRf i LvAuvK|
mgvavb : c` Dcvi MYmsLvwbekYi ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY nj v:
cv b^i i kwY
eeavb
1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50
MYmsLv 8 12 15 18 7
ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
8
8 +12 =20 15 +20 =35 18 +35 =53 7 +53 =60
KvR : 100 Rb Kj R Qv i DPZvi MYmsLvwbekY _K MYmsLvef zR AuvK|
DPZv
(m.wg.) 141150 151160 161170 171180 181190
284
MwYZ
x -A ei vei QK KvMRi `yB Ni K kwY eeavbi DPmxgvi
GKK Ges y -A ei vei QK KvMRi GK Ni K ghvwRZ
MYmsLvi 5 GKK ai c` Dcvi ghvwRZ MYmsLvi
AwRf i LvAuvKvnj v|
KvR : Kvb GK ci xvq MwYZ Zvgv`i kwYi 50 I Z`yav
b^i cv wkv_x`i b^i i ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY Zwi Ki
Ges AwRf i LvAuvK|

Kw`q ceYZv: mg I Ag kwYZ Kw`q ceYZvI Gi cwi gvc mg Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| Avgi v
`LwQh, Abymvbvaxb AwebDcvmg~n gvbi gvbymvi mvRvj , Dcvmg~n gvSvgvwS Kvbvgvbi
KvQvKvwQcwf ~Z nq| Avevi AwebDcvmg~n MYmsLvwbekY mvi wYZ Dcvcb Ki vnj gvSvgvwS
GKwUkwYZ MYmsLvi cvPzh`Lvhvq| A_vr, gvSvgvwS GKwUkwYZ MYmsLvLye ewk nq| eZ
Dcvmg~ni Kw`q gvbi w`K cywf ~Z nI qvi GB ceYZvB nj vKw`q ceYZv| Kw`q gvb GKwU
msLvGes GB msLvDcvmg~ni cwZwbwaZKi | GB msLvvi vKw`q ceYZvcwi gvc Ki vnq|
mvavi YZ Kw`q ceYZvi cwi gvc nj v: (1) MvwYwZK Mo (2) gaK (3) cPzi K|
MvwYwZK Mo : Avgi vRvwb, Dcvmg~ni gvbi mgwK hw` Zvi msLvvi vf vMKi vnq, Ze Dcvmg~ni
Mo gvb cvI qvhvq| Ze Dcvmg~ni msLvhw` Lye ewk nq Zvnj G cwZZ Mo wbYq Ki v
mgqmvc, ek KwVb I f yj nI qvi mvebv_vK| G mKj Dcvmg~n kwY webvmi gvag
mvi wYeKi msw cwZZ Mo wbYq Ki vnq|
D`vni Y 7| wbP KvbvGKwUkwYi wkv_x`i MwYZ cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY `I qvnj v|
cv b^i i MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki |
k wY evw
2534 3544 4554 5564 6574 7584 8594
MYmsLv 5 10 15 20 30 16 4
mgvavb : GLvb kwY evw `I qvAvQweavq wkv_x`i ew MZ b^i KZ ZvRvbvhvq bv| G
cZK kwYi kwY gagvb wbYq Ki vi cqvRb nq|
kwY gagvb =
hw` kwY gagvb ) ....., 1 ( k i x
i
= nq Ze gagvb msewj Z mvi wY ne wbgi c :
kwY evw kwY gagvb ) (
i
x MYmsLv ) (
i
f ) (
i i
x f
25 34 295
5
1475
35 44 395
10
3950
45 54 495
15
7425
55 64 595
20
11900
kwY Eagvb+kwYi wbggvb
2
MwYZ
285
65 74 695
30
20850
75 84 795
16
12720
85 94 895
4
3580
gvU 100
619000
wbYq MvwYwZK Mo = 6190
100
1
=
_
=
k
l
i i
x f
n
1
1
=619
kwYwebvmKZ Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo (msw cwZ)
kwYwebvmKZ Dcv MvwYwZK Mo wbYqi Rbmsw cwZ nj vmnR|
msw cwZZ Mo wbYqi avcmg~n
1| kwYmg~ni gagvb wbYq Ki v
2| gagvbmg~n _K myweavRbK Kvb gvbK AvbygvwbK Mo (a ) ai v
3| cZK kwYi gagvb _K AvbygvwbK Mo weqvMKi ZvK kwY ew vi vf vMKi avc wePzwZ
u = wbYq Ki v
4| avc wePzwZK mswk kwYi MYmsLvvi vY Ki v
5| weP~wZi Mo wbYq Ki vGes Gi mv_ AvbygvwbK Mo hvMKi KvwLZ Mo wbYq Ki v|
msw cwZ : G cwZZ Dcvmg~ni MvwYwZK Mo wbYq eeZ m~ nj v:
h
n
u f
a x
i i
+ =
_
hLvb, x = wbYq Mo, a = AvbygvwbK Mo,
i
f =i -Zg kwYi MYmsLv,
i i
f u =i
ZgkwYi MYmsLvavc wePzwZ h =kwY evw
D`vni Y 8| Kvbv`ei Drcv`b wewf bchvq h Li Pmg~n (kZ UvKvq) nq ZvwbPi mvi wYZ `Lvbv
nqQ| msw cwZZ Mo Li P wbYq Ki |
Drcv`b Li P (kZ UvKvq) 26 610 1014 1418 1822 2226 2630 3034
MYmsLv 1 9 21 47 52 36 19 3
mgvavb : msw cwZZ AbymZ avci Avj vK Mo wbYqi mvi wY ne wbgi c :
kwY evw
gagvb
i
x MYmsLv
i
f
avc wePzwZ
h
a
i
x
i
u

=
MYmsLvavc
wePzwZ
i i
u f
2 6
4 1
4 4
6 10
8 9
3 27
10 14
12 21
2 42
14 18
16 47
1 47
18 22
20 a 52 0 0
gagvbAvbygvwbK Mo
evw
MwYZ
286
22 26
24 36 1 36
26 30
28 19 2 38
30 34
32 3 3 9
gvU 188
37
Mo h
n
u f
a x
i i
+ =
_
= 4
188
37
20

+
=20 79
=1921
Drcv`b AvbygvwbK Mo Li P 19 kZ UvKv|
i Zc` Dcvi Mo wbYq
AbK Abymvbvaxb cwi msLvbi Pj Ki mvswLK gvb
n
x x x ,......., ,
2 1
wewf bKvi Y/i Z/f vi
vi vcf vweZ nZ cvi | G mKj Dcvi gvb
n
x x x ,......., ,
2 1
Gi mv_ G`i Kvi Y/i Z/f vi
n
w w w , ,....... ,
2 1
weePbvKi MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki Z nq|
hw` n msLK Dcvi gvb
n
x x x ,......., ,
2 1
nj vGes G`i i Zhw`
n
w w w ,......., ,
2 1
nq Ze
G`i i Zc` MvwYwZK Mo ne
_
_
=
=
=
n
i
i
i
i i
w
w
n
w x
x
1
1
D`nvi Y 9| Kvbvwekwe`vj qi KqKwUwef vMi vZK mvb kwYZ cvmi nvi I wkv_xi msLv
wbPi mvi wYZ Dcvcb Ki vnj v| D wekwe`vj qi H KqwUwef vMi vZK mvb kwYZ cvmi Mo
nvi wbYq Ki |
wef vMi bvg MwYZ cwi msLvb Bsi wR evsj v cvwYwe`v i vwevb
cvki nvi
(kZKi vq)
70 80 50 90 60 85
wkv_xi msLv 80 120 100 225 135 300
mgvavb : GLvb cvmi nvi I wkv_xi msLv`I qvAvQ| cvmi nvi i f vi nj vwkv_xi msLv| hw` cvmi
nvi i Pj K x Geswkv_xi msLvPj K w ai vnq, Ze i Zc` MvwYwZK Mo wbYqi mvi wY ne wbgi c :
wef vMi bvg
i
x
i
w
i i
w x
MwYZ 70 80 5600
cwi msLvb 80 120 9600
Bsi wR 50 100 5000
287
MwYZ
evsj v 90 225 20250
cvwYwe`v 60 135 8100
i vwevb 85 300 25500
gvU 960 74050
14 77
960
74050
= = =
_
_
=
=
6
2
1
6
i
i
i
i i
w
w
w x
x
cvmi Mo nvi 7714
KvR : Zvgv`i DcRj vi KqKwUzj i Gm.Gm.wm. cvmi nvi I Zv`i msLvmsMn Ki Ges
cvmi Mo nvi wbYq Ki |
gaK
8g kwYZ Avgi vwkLwQh, Kvbvcwi msLvbi Dcvj vgvbi gvbymvi mvRvj hmKj Dcv mgvb
`yBf vMf vMKi mB gvbB ne Dcvj vi gaK| Avgi vAvi I RbwQh, hw` Dcvi msLvn nq
Ges n hw` weRvo msLvnq Ze gaK ne
2
1 + n
Zg c`i gvb| Avi n hw` Rvo msLvnq, Ze
gaK ne
2
n
Zg I
|
.
|

\
|
+1
2
n
Zg c` `yBwUi mvswLK gvbi Mo| GLvb Avgi vm~ eenvi bvKi Ges
eenvi Ki Kxf ve gaK wbYq Ki vnq ZvD`vni Yi gvag Dcvcb Ki vnj v|
D`vni Y 10| wbPi 51 Rb wkv_xi DPZi (m.wg.) MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY `I qvnj v| gaK wbYq Ki |
DPZv(m.wg.) 150 155 160 165 170 175
MYmsLv 4 6 12 16 8 5
mgvavb : gaK wbYqi MYmsLvmvi wY
DPZv m.wg.) 150 155 160 165 170 175
MYmsLv 4 6 12 16 8 5
ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
4 10 22 38 46 51
GLvb n =51 hvweRvo msLv
gaK =
2
1 51+
Zg c`i gvb
=26 Zg c`i gvb, =165
wbYq gaK 165 m.wg.|
j Kwi : 23 _K 38 Zg c`i gvb 165|
D`vni Y 11 : wbPi 60 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekb mvwi wY `I qvnj v| gaK wbYq Ki :
cv b^i 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 85 90 95 100
MYmsLv 2 4 4 3 7 10 16 6 4 3 1
288
MwYZ
mgvavb : gaK wbYqi ghvwRZ MYmsLvmvi wY nj v:
cv b^i 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 85 90 95 100
MYmsLv 2 4 4 3 7 10 16 6 4 3 1
ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
2 6 10 13 20 30 46 52 56 59 60
GLvb, n =60 hvRvo msLv|
gaK =

=

= 75
2
150
2
80 70
= =
+
wbYq gaK 75|
KvR : 1| Zvgv`i kwYi 49 Rb wkv_xi DPZv(m.wg.) wbq MYmsLvmvi wY Zwi Ki Ges
Kvb m~ eenvi bvKi gaK wbYq Ki |
2| c~ei mgmv_K 9 Rbi DPZvev` w`q 40 Rbi DPZvi (m.wg.) gaK wbYq Ki |
kwYwebDcvi gaK wbYq
hw` kwYwebDcvi msLvnq n , Ze kwYwebDcvi
2
n
Zg c`i gvb nQgaK| Avi
2
n
Zg
c`i gvb evgaK wbYq eeZ m~ nj vgaK =
m
c
f
h
F
n
L + |
.
|

\
|
2
, hLvb L nj vh kwYZ
gaK AewZ mB kwYi wbgmxg, n MYmsLv,
c
F gaK kwYi c~eeZxkwYi hvwRZ MYmsLv,
m
f
gaK kwYi MYmsLvGes h kwY evw|
D`vni Y 12| wbPi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY _K gaK wbYq Ki :
mgq (mK)
3035 3641 4247 4853 5459 6065
MYmsLv 3 10 18 25 8 6
mgvavb : gaK wbYqi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY :
mgq (mK)
kwY ew
MYmsLv ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
30 35
3 3
36 41
10 13
42 47
18 31
48 53
25 56
2
60
Zg I
2
60
+1 Zg c` `yBwUi gvbi mgw
2
30 Zg I 31 Zg c` `yBwUi gvbi mgw
2
MwYZ
289
dgv- 37, MwYZ- 9g- 10g
60 65
6 70
n = 70
GLvb, 70 = n Ges | 35 ev
2
70
2
=
n

AZGe, gaK nj v35 Zg c`i gvb| 35 Zg c`i Aevb ne (48-53) kwYZ| AZGe gaK kwY
nj v(48-53)|
myZi vs, L = 48, F
c
= 31, f
m
= 25Gesh =6|
gaK =
fm
h
F
n
L
c

|
.
|

\
|
+
2

=48 +(35 31)
25
6
=48 +4
25
6

=48 +096
=4896
wbYq gaK 4896
KvR : Zvgv`i kwYi mKj wkv_xK wbq 2wU`j MVb Ki | GKwUmgmvmgvavb
cZKi KZ mgq j vM(K) Zvi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY Zwi Ki , (L) mvi wY nZ gaK
wbYq Ki |
cPyi K
8g kwYZ Avgi vwkLwQh, KvbvDcv h msLvmevwaK evi DcvwcZ nq, mB msLvB Dcvi
cPzi K| GKwUDcvi GK evGKvwaK cPzi K _vKZ cvi | KvbvDcv hw` KvbvmsLvB GKvwaKevi bv
_vK Ze mB Dcvi KvbvcPzi K bB| GLvb Avgi vKxf ve m~ eenvi Ki kwYwebDcvi
cPzi K wbYq Ki Z nq, ZvB Avj vPbvKi vnj v|
kwY webDcvi cPzi K wbYq
kwY webDcvi cPzi K wbYqi m~ nj v:
cPzi K = h
f f
f
L
+
+
2 1
1
hLvb L cPzi K kwYi A_vr h kwYZ cPzi K AewZ Zvi wbggvb,
1
f =cPzi K kwYi MYmsLvc~eeZxkwYi MYmsLv, =
2
f cPzi K kwYi MYmsLv-ci eZxkwYi
MYmsLv
Ges h =kwY evw|
D`vni Y 13| wbPi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY _K cPzi K wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : kwY MYmsLv
31 40
4
41 50
6
51 60
8
cPyi K = h
f f
f
L
+
+
2 1
1

GLvb MYmsLvmevwaK evi 12 AvQ
(71-80) kwYZ|
myZi vs, 61 = L
61 70
12
290
MwYZ
71 80
9
81 90
7

10
3 9 12
4 8 12
=
= =
= =
d
f
f
2
2
91 100
4

cPzi K =61 + 10
7
4
61 10
3 4
4
+ =
+

=61 + 7 66 7 5 61
7
40
= + = |
wbYq cPzi K 66714
D`vni Y 14| wbPi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wY _K cPzi K wbYq Ki :
kwY MYmsLv mgvavb : GLvb MYmsLvmevwaK
41 50
25 evi 25 AvQ(41-50) kwYZ|
51 60
20 myZi vs, cPzi K GB kwYZ AvQ|
61 70
15 Avgi vRvwb,
71 80
8
cPzi K = h
f f
f
L
+
+
2 1
1
GLvb, 41 = L [c_g kwYZ MYmsLvewk nj , c~eeZxkwYi MYmsLvk~b]
0 25 =
1
f
20 25 =
2
f 5 =
cPzi K =41 + 10
5 25
25

+

=41 + 33 8 51 10
30
25
+ = |
=4933
wbYq cPzi K 4933
kwY webDcv c_g kwY cPzi K kwY nj , Zvi AvMi kwYi MYmsLvk~bai Z nq
D`vni Y 15| wbPi MYmsLvwbekY mvi wYi cPzi K wbYq Ki :
mgvavb : kwY MYmsLv
10 20
4
21 30
16
31 40
20
GLvb MYmsLvmevwaK
evi 25 AvQ(41-50) kwYZ|
GB kwYZ cPzi K we`gvb
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5 20 25 = =
1
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2
f |kl kwY cPzi K kwY nj , ci eZx
kwYi NUb msLvk~bai vnqj
10 = h
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25
5

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wbYq cPzi K 42|
Abykxj bx17
mwVK Di wUK (

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1| wbPi KvbwUvi vkwY evw evSvq ?
(K) Dcvmg~ni gaeng I `Zg Dcvi eeavb
(L) Dcvmg~ni gac_g I kl Dcvi eeavb
(M) cZK kwYi Af y eng I y`Zg msLvi cv_K
(N) cZK kwYi Af y eng I y`Zg msLvi mgw
2| Dcvmg~n mvi wYf y Ki vnj cwZ kwYZ hZj vDcv Af y nq Zvi wb`kK wbPi KvbwU?
(K) kwY mxgv (L) kwYi gawe`y (M) kwY msLv (N) kwYi MYmsLv
3| cwi msLvbi AwebDcvmg~n gvbi gvbymvi mvRvj Dcvmg~n gvSvgvwS Kvbv gvbi
KvQvKvwQcwf ~Z nq| Dcvi GB ceYZvK ej vnq
(K) cPzi K (L) Kw`q ceYZv (M) Mo (N) gaK
kxZKvj evsj v`ki Kvb GKwUAj i 10 w`bi Zvcgv vi (mwUMW) cwi msLvb nj v
10, 9, 8, 6, 11, 12, 7, 13, 14, 5| GB cwi msLvbi cwZ (4-6) chckj vi
Di `vI |
4| Dci i msLvm~PK Dcvi cPzi K KvbwU?
(K) 12 (L) 5 (M) 14 (N) cPzi K bB
5| Dci i msLvm~PK Dcvi Mo Zvcgv vKvbwU?
(K) 8 (L) 8.5 (M) 9.5 (N) 9
6| Dcvmg~ni gaK KvbwU?
(K) 9.5 (L) 9 (M) 8.5 (N) 8
7| mvi wYf y kwYwebvDcvi msLvnj vn , gaK kwYi wbgmxgvL , gaK kwYi c~eeZxkwYi
ghvwRZ MYmsLv
c
F , gaK kwYi MYmsLv
m
f Ges kwY evw h GB Z_i Avj vK wbPi
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wbP Zvgv`i zj i 8g kwYi mgvcbxci xvq evsj vq cv b^i i MYmsLvmvi wY `I qvnj v|
GB mvi wY _K (817 )chcki Di `vI :
kwY evw
3140 4150 5160 6180 7180 8190 91100
MYmsLv 6 12 16 24 12 8 2
ghvwRZ
MYmsLv
6 18 34 58 70 78 80
8| Dcvmg~ni KqwUkwYZ webKi vnqQ?
(K) 6 (L) 7 (M) 8 (N) 9
9| mvi wYZ DcvwcZ Dcvi kwY evw KZ ?
(K) 5 (L) 9 (M) 10 (N) 15
10| 4_kwYi gagvb KZ ?
(K) 71.5 (L) 61.5 (M) 70.5 (N) 75.6
11| Dcvi gaK kwY KvbwU?
(K) 4150 (L) 5160 (M) 6170 (N) 7180
12| gaK kwYi c~eeZxkwYi hvwRZ MYmsLvKZ ?
(K) 18 (L) 34 (M) 58 (N) 70
13| gaK kwYi wbgmxgvKZ ?
(K) 41 (L) 51 (M) 61 (N) 71
14| gaK kwYi MYmsLvKZ ?
(K) 16 (L) 24 (M) 34 (N) 58
15| DcvwcZ Dcvi gaK KZ ?
(K) 63 (L) 63.5 (M) 65 (N) 65.5
16| DcvwcZ Dcvi cPzi K KZ ?
(K) 61.4 (L) 61 (M) 70 (N) 70.4
17| Kvb zj i 10g kwYi 50 Rb wkv_xi I Rb (wKj vMvg) nj v:
45, 50, 55, 51, 56, 57, 56, 60, 58, 60, 61, 60, 62, 60, 63, 64, 60,
61, 63, 66, 67, 61, 70, 70, 68, 60, 63, 61, 50, 55, 57, 56, 63, 60,
62, 56, 67, 70, 69, 70, 69, 68, 70, 60, 56, 58, 61, 63, 64|
(K) kwY eeavb 5 ai MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY Zwi Ki |
(L) mvi wY _K msw cwZZ Mo wbYq Ki |
(M) MYmsLvwbekb mvi wYZ DcvwcZ Dcvi MYmsLvef yR AuvK|
18| 10g kwYi 50 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ wel q cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY `I qvnj v| c`
Dcvi MYmsLvef yR AuvK|
kwY evw
3140 4150 5160 6180 7180 8190 91100
MYmsLv 6 8 10 12 5 7 2
MwYZ
293
19| Kvb kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi 50 b^i i mgwqK ci xvq cv b^i i MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY nj v:
c v b^i
110 1120 2130 3140 4150
MYmsLv 7 10 16 18 9
Dcvi AwRf i LvAuvK|
20| wbP 50 Rb wkv_xi I Rbi (KwR) MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY `I qvnj v| gaK wbYq Ki |
I Rb (KvwR) 45 50 55 60 65 70
MYmsLv 2 6 8 16 12 6
21| Zvgv`i kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi I Rbi (KwR) MYmsLvwbekb mvi wY nj v:
evw 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74
MYmsLv 4 8 10 20 12 6
hvwRZ dj 4 12 22 42 54 60
(K) Dcvi gaK wbYq Ki |
(L) Dcvi cPzi K wbYq Ki |
22| Dcvi cPzi K-
(i) K`xq cebZvi cwi gvc :
(ii) mePq ekxevi DcvwcZ gvb
(iii) me AbbbvI nZ cvi
Dci i Z_i wf wZ wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
23| Kvbvwe`vj qi evwl K ci xvq 9g kwYi 50 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv b^i j vwbgi c:
76, 65, 98, 79, 64 68, 56, 73, 83, 57
55, 92, 45, 77, 87 46, 32, 75, 89, 48
97, 88, 65, 73, 93 58, 41, 69, 63, 39
84, 56, 45, 73, 93 62, 67, 69, 65, 53
78, 64, 85, 53, 73 34, 75, 82, 67, 62
K. c` Z_wUi ai Y Kxi c? Kvbvwbel Y GKwUkwYi MYmsLvKxwb`k Ki ?
L. Dchy kwY ew wbq MYmsLvwbel Y Zwi Ki |
M. msw cwZZ cv b^i i Mo wbYq Ki |
24|
K. Dci i wP , c_g kwYwUi kwY gagvb I kl kwYwUi MYmsLvKZ?
L. wP c`wkZ Z_wUK QKi gvag cKvk Ki |
M. L-Ask cv QK _K wbel YwUi gaK wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
294
Di gvj v
Abykxj bx1
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11| (K) 464 3 , 4641 3 (L) 503 0 , 5025 0 (M) 160 1 , 1595 1 (N) 265 2 , 2650 2
12| (K) g~j ` (L) g~j ` (M) Ag~j ` (N) Ag~j ` (O) Ag~j ` (P) Ag~j ` (Q) g~j ` (R) g~j `
13| (K) 9 (L) 5
Abykxj bx21
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2| (K) x N x : { e weRvo msLvGes 1< x < 1S} (L) 36 , : { x N x e Gi YbxqK} (M) 4 , : { x N x e
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2
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5| {{x, y}, {x}, {y}, u }, {{m, n, l}, {m, n}, {m, l}, {n, l}, {m}, {n}, {l}, u }
7| (K) 3 , 2 (L) ) , ( c a (M) ) 5 , 1 (
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295
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2 2 2 2 2 2
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(Y) 994009 (Z) 10140491
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Abykxj bx32
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3 2 2 4 6
8 84 294 343 n n m n m m +
(O) 65450827 (P) 994011992
(Q) abc bc c b ac ab c a b a c b a 36 27 9 54 6 36 12 27 8
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