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Botkin: Chapter #28 Guided Viewing Urban Environments 1: The environmental focus has shifted from outside to inside

the city. Why has this happened? - Polluted, dirty, lacking in wildlife and native plants 2: How much of the worlds population lives in cities? 45% How much of developed countries live in cities? 75% How much of developing (poor) countries live in cities? 38% 3: What is a megacity? How many are there? - a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people. - 8 millions 4: As of 2011, which city is the most populated in the world? Tokyo, Japan Which U.S. city is the most populated? New York, US 5: Why is a city considered to be an ecosystem? - Because it must maintain a flow of energy, provide necessary resources 6: Define Site: an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed. Situation: cities are not located at random but develop mainly because of local condition 7: What do city planners tend to do in city centers that is harmful to the environment? - Transform city from nature lives 8: What was the first large public park in the United States? - Central Park 9: What is a greenbelt? Why are they important? (Hint: Think of corridors)

- forming a system of countryside and urban landscape 10: What is the energy budget of a city? - The city exchanges energy with its environment 11: How does the climate change in a city? Explain why. - Pollution, high population 12: Why are cities called, Urban Heat Islands? Explain how this happens. - Increase heat from burning fossil, lower rate of heat loss 13: How are water pathways changed in the city? - Dirty rivers, lakes, oceans by pollution and toxic from human activities 14: How are soils changed in the city? - Soils are no longer replenished by vegetation - Lose organic matter and soil organisms die from lack of food and 02 - No more nutrients 15: Why are city dwellers exposed to more pollution? - Higher toxic chemicals and high concentrations - More human-produced noise, heat, and particulates 16: What are the main sources of urban pollution? - Motor vehicles, stationary power sources, home heating, industrial boilders, coal burning power plant 17: What are some professions that specialize in bringing nature into the city? - Urban forestry, landscape architecture, city planning 18: How can vegetation help alleviate city issues? - Protect houses from wind, trees provide shade, block noise, habitats for wildlife 19: What are the 4 categories of city wildlife?

(1) Species that cannot persist in an urban environment and disappear (2) Those that tolerate an urban environment but do better elsewhere (3) Adapted to urban environment, abundant (4) Pests 20: How can city environments contribute to conservation of wildlife? - Urban kitchen, plant more trees, naturalistic streams and marsh 21: What are animal pests? What are the characteristics that they have in common? - Cockroaches, fleas, rats, termites - Spread diseases 22: How are pests controlled in the city? - Poison 23: How can we revitalize urban environments? - plant more trees - protect soils, and plants - open urban kitchen

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