Muscle Anatomy

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Muscle Attachment

All muscles are attached to at least two points:

The origin is an attachment to a immoveable bone. The insertion is an attachment to an movable bone.

Types of Muscle Movement

Flexion

Most often found in hinge joints. Brings two bones closer together. Opposite movement of flexion. Pulls two bones farther apart. Flexion beyond the normal position.

Extension

Hyperflexion or hyperextension

Types of Muscle Movement

Types of Muscle Movement

Abduction

Pulls a limb away from the midline of the body. Pulls a limb toward the midline of the body.

Adduction

Elevation

Movement upwards, toward the head.

Movement downwards, towards the feet.

Depression

Types of Muscle Movement

Types of Muscle Movement

Rotation

Movement of a bone in a circular direction around a central axis. Medial rotation is toward the midline. Lateral rotation is away from the midline.

Types of Muscle Movement

How Are Muscles Named?

Direction of muscle

Rectus abdominis Muscle fibers travel in a straight direction. Gluteus maximus Largest muscle in the gluteus group. Temporalis Covers the temporal bone of the cranium.

Relative size of the muscle

Location of the muscle

How Are Muscles Named?

Number of origins

Biceps brachii Two origin attachment sites.

Location of the muscles origin and/or insertion.

Sternocleidomastoid Origin is the sternum. Deltoid Triangular Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes the wrist.

Shape of the muscle

Action of the muscle

Frontalis

Zygomatic Bone

Temporalis

Orbicularis Oculi Zygomaticus

Trapezius Orbicularis Oris

Sternocleidomastoid Buccinator Masseter

Head and Neck Muscles

The frontalis raises the eyebrows. The masseter and temporalis both elevate the mandible.

Chewing muscles

The buccinator flattens the cheeks during chewing, holding them against the teeth. The orbicularis oculi performs all eyelid movements, including opening, closing, blinking, etc. The orbicularis oris closes the mouth with the lips. The zygomaticus raises the corners of the mouth when smiling. The sternocleidomastoid rotates the head and flexes the neck.

Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Clavicle Sternum Pectoralis Major Deltoid

Serratus Anterior
Latissimus Dorsi Internal Abdominal Oblique

External Abdominal Oblique

Rectus Abdominis

Muscles of the Trunk

The pectoralis major adducts the humerus. The rectus abdominis flexes the vertebral column and compresses the contents of the abdomen.

The pushing muscle of defecation, childbirth, and forced breathing. The transversus abdominis also performs this action.

The external and internal obliques rotate the trunk.

Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Deltoid

Infraspinatus Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major

External Oblique

Muscles of the Dorsal Trunk

The trapezius elevates and depresses the scapula. The latissimus dorsi adducts the humerus. The deltoid abducts the arm. The triceps brachii extends the arm.

Deltoid

Biceps

Triceps

Bracioradialis Extensor Carpi Radialis Extensor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Anterior Muscles of the Arm

The biceps brachii flexes the arm.

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Semitendinosus

Posterior Muscles of the Leg

Biceps femoris Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Gluteus medius Tensor Fascia Latae

Gracilis Sartorius Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis

Anterior Muscles of the Leg

Soleus

Fibularis Tibialis Anterior

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The gluteus maximus adducts and extends the leg. The gluteus medius abducts the leg. The hamstring group flexes the knee.

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

The gastrocnemius extends the foot, the soleus flexes it.

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The sartorius flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.

Look at the bottom of your foot while standing to demonstrate these actions. Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedialis (a deep muscle)

The quadriceps group extends the knee.

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The tibialis anterior and fibularis muscles flex the foot.

Temporalis
Orbicularis Oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis Oris

Frontalis Masseter Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis Major Deltoid Biceps Brachii Rectus Abdominis Internal Oblique External Oblique Gluteus Medius Tensor Fascia Latae

Adductor Longus Gracilis Sartorius Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis

Tibialis Anterior

Fibularis Longus Soleus

Trapezius Deltoid Triceps Brachii Latissimus Dorsi External Oblique Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Adductor Magnus Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus

Gastrocnemius Soleus