cd: Cng ngun sng (candela)

nt, cd/m2: chi (nit)

lm: Quang thng (lumen)

lx: ri (lux)

Cng sng: Cng sng l i lng quang hc c bn dng trong vic o thng s ngun sng, l mt trong 7 n v c bn ca h thng o lng quc t SI (System International), 7 n v o lng c bn (m: mt, kg: kilogam, s: giy, A: Ampe, K: kelvin, mol, cd: candela). Cng sng l nng lng pht ra 1 ngun nh sng trong 1 hng c th v c tnh nh sau: 1 candela l cng m mt ngun sng pht ra 1 lumen ng hng trong mt gc c. Mt ngun sng 1 candela s pht ra 1 lumen trn mt din tch 1m2 ti mt khong cch mt mt k t tm ngun sng. C th thy cng ngun sng gim theo khong cch k t ngun sng. 1cd = 1lm/ 1steradian. Mt ngn nn thng thng pht ra nh sng vi cng sng khong mt candela. Nu pht thi trong mt s hng b chn li bi mt ro m, ngun sng ny vn c cng khong mt candela trong cc hng m khng b che khut. Candela c ngha l ngn nn. T thng 10-1979 CIE a ra nh ngha mi ca candela: Candela l cng sng theo mt phng ca ngun sng n sc c tn s 540.1012 Hz (bc sng=555nm) v c cng nng lng theo phng ny l 1/683 W/Sr. K hiu : I (Vit tt ca ting Anh l Intensity : cng ) n v : Cd (candela).

Bng cng sng ca mt s ngun sng Ngun sng Ngn nn n si t 40 W n si t 300 W c b phn x n Halogen kim loi 2 kW c b phn x Cng sng (cd) 0,8 theo mi phng 35 theo mi phng 1500 tm chm tia 14.800 theo mi phng 250.000 tm chm tia

biu din s phn b cng sng trong khng gian ngi ta thng s dng h to cc m gc l ngun sng v u mt l cc vect cng sng. Trong thc t, biu ny c biu din trong mt phng hoc na mt phng bng cch v ng cong ct b mt ny bi mt s mt phng kinh tuyn xc nh. Vi cc ngun i xng trn xoay th ch cn ct bi mt mt phng kinh tuyn Quang thng: Quang thng l i lng trc quang cho bit cng sut bc x ca chm nh sng pht ra t mt ngun pht sng im. n v ca quang thng trong cc h n v SI, Quang thng (F) l i lng o cng sut pht sng ca 1 ngun sng. Ngoi ra cn c cc i lng khc nh cng sng ( k hiu I), n v l candela (cd); ri (E), n v lux (lx). Quang thng ca 1 s loi ngun sng: 1. Bng si t 100W: F=1030lm 2. Bng compact 20W: F=1200lm 3. Bng sodium 250W: F=27500lm.... K hiu: F n v: lm (lumen) Bng quang thng ca mt s ngun sng thng dng Ngun sng n si t 60W n compact 11 W n hunh quang 40W n Na cao p 400W n Halogen kim loi 2 kW Quang thng (lumen) 685 560 2700 47.000 180.000

chi: Khi ta nhn vo mt ngun sng hoc mt vt c chiu sng, ta c cm gic b chi mt. c trung cho kh nng bc x nh sng ca ngun hoc b mt phn x gy nn cm gic chi sng i vi mt, ngi ta a ra nh ngha chi. Cc nguyn t din tch ca cc vt c chiu sng ni chung phn x nh sng nhn c mt cch khc nhau v tc ng nh mt ngun sng th cp pht cc cng sng khc nhau theo mi hng. c trng cho cc quan h ca ngun sng (ngun s cp v ngun th cp) i vi mt cn phi b sung vo cng sng cch xut hin nh sng. Quan h ny c th c minh ha bng nhn xt sau y: v d mt n si t 40 W thc t pht ra cng mt quang thng, ngha l cng mt cng theo mi hng d bng n bng thy tinh trong hay thy tinh m. Tuy nhin i vi mt ta cm thy chi hn khi bng n bng thy tinh trong so vi bng thu tinh m. Ngi ta nh ngha chi L theo mt phng cho trc, ca mt din tch mt pht sng dS l t s ca cng sng dI pht bi dS theo phng ny v din tch biu kin ca dS Ta nhn thy chi ca mt b mt bc x ph thuc vo hng quan st m khng ph thuc vo khong cch t ngun n im quan st.

V sau chng ta s thy chi ng vai tr c bn trong k thut chiu sng, n l c s ca cc khi nim v tri gic v tin nghi th gic. chi mi phn nh cht lng chiu sng, cn ri ch phn nh s lng chiu sng m thi. Bng chi ca mt s ngun thng dng. chi ca b mt phn x nh sng theo mt phng cn gi l trng. Ngun sng B mt mt tri B mt mt trng Bu tri xanh Bu tri xm n si t 100W n hunh quang 40W Giy trng khi ri 400 lux chi ca mt ng chi cd/m2 165.107 2500 1500 1000 6.106 7000 80 1-2

K hiu: L n v: Cd/m2 1Cd/m2 l chi ca mt mt phng pht sng u c din tch 1m2 v c cng sng 1Cd theo phng vung gc vi ngun . V d v chi mt s b mt: - B mt n hunh quang: 5.000-15.000cd/m2 B mt ng nha chiu sng vi ri 30lux c chi khong 2cd/m2 Mt tri mi mc : khong 5.106 Cd/m2 Mt tri gia tra : khong 1,5 2.109 Cd/m2 Cng sut bng n: lng in nng tiu th ca n. V d: Bng n hunh quang T8 1,2m c cng sut 36W, tn hao 10% nn tng cng sut l 40W. Nh vy trong 24h lng in nng tiu th l: 960W ~ 1kW (ngi ta hay gi l 1 k in). Nng lng in cung cp cho ngun sng khng phi bin i hon ton thnh nh sng m bin i thnh nhiu dng nng lng khc nhau nh ha nng, bc x nhit, bc x in t. Cc bc x nh sng ch l mt phn ca bc x in t do ngun pht ra. Di gc k thut chiu sng ta ch quan tm n nng lng bc x nh sng nhn thy m thi, do ngi ta a ra khi nim thng lng nng lng ca bc x nh sng nhn thy, l phn nng lng bc x thnh nh sng ca ngun sng trong mt giy theo mi hng n v: Watt(W). Quang hiu: Quang hiu l t s gia quang thng do ngun sng pht ra v cng sut in m ngun sng tiu th, ngha l 1W in to ra c bao nhiu lumen. C n v Lm/W. V d: n hunh quang T8 c cng sut 36W, quang hiu l 40~50 lm/W. Vy tng quang thng pht ra = 36W*40~50 (lm/W) = 1440~1800lm. V th ta thit k mng n gom ly gn nh ton b quang thng ny. Ch s quang hiu ny s gim theo thi gian s dng, v th bng n s m dn v cn thay th. Trong k thut chiu sng ngi ta khng dng khi nim hiu sut theo ngha thng thng (tnh theo t l %) m s dng khi nim quang hiu. Quang hiu th hin y kh nng bin i nng lng m ngun sng tiu th thnh quang nng.

Mt s ti liu gi khi nim ny l hiu sut ca ngun sng. Tuy nhin, nu ta s dng khi nim hiu sut th s lin tng n t l % (gi tr 1) gia cc i lng cng n v o. Tri ngc hon ton vi quan nim v hiu sut, quang hiu li c gi tr ln hn 1 rt nhiu v l t s ca 2 n v o khc nhau (lm/W) do vic dng khi nim hiu sut l khng hp l. ri: ri l i lng c trng cho b mt c chiu sng, l mt quang thng trn b mt c din tch S. C ngha l mt quang thng ca mt ngun sng 1 lumen trn din tch 1m2. Khi mt c chiu sng khng u ri c tnh bng trung bnh i s ca ri cc im. K hiu: E n v: Lux hay Lx Bng ri trn mt s b mt thng gp a im c chiu sng ri (lux) Ngoi tri gia tra nng Trng trn tiu chun Phng lm vic Lp hc ng ph v ban m 100.000 0,25 300-500 300-400 20-50 Ngoi tri gia tra y my 10.000

trng M, lumen/m2 (lm/m2): trng ti mt im ca b mt pht x M l quang thng pht ra bi mt n v din tch ti im , l t s gia quang thng pht ra bi mt nguyn t b mt cha im v din tch ca n. n v o trng bc x: Watt/m2 (W/m2); n v o trng nh sng: lumen/m2 (lm/m2). Nhit mu (K): Nhit mu ca mt ngun sng c th hin theo thang Kelvin (K) l biu hin mu sc ca nh sng do n pht ra. Tng tng mt thanh st khi ngui c mu en, khi nung u n khi n rc ln nh sng da cam, tip tc nung n s c mu vng, v tip tc nung cho n khi n tr nn nng trng. Ti bt k thi im no trong qu trnh nung, chng ta c th o c nhit ca thanh thp theo Kelvin (00C ng vi 273,15K) v gn gi tr vi mu c to ra. i vi n si t, nhit mu chnh l nhit bn thn n. i vi n hunh quang, n phng in (ni chung l cc loi n khng dng si t) th nhit mu ch l tng trng bng cch so snh vi nhit tng ng ca vt en tuyt i b nung nng. Khi ni n nhit mu ca n l ngi ta c ngay cm gic l ngun sng m, trung tnh hay l mt. Ni chung, nhit cng thp th ngun cng m, v ngc li. d hnh dung iu ny ta xt mt s gi tr nhit mu sau y: 25000K 3000K: Lc mt tri ln, n si t. 45000K 50000K: nh sng ban ngy quang my. 60000K - 10.0000K: nh sng khi tri nhiu my (nh sng lnh). Trong nh sng n khng dng ch nhit ging 0C, m n dng ch di mu ca nh sng.

Bng nhit mu ca mt s ngun sng Ngun sng Bu tri xanh nh sng tri my n hunh quang nh sng ngy n hunh quang nh sng m n Metal Halide n si t Ngn nn Nhit mu (K) 10.000-30.000 6000-8000 6200 3000 4100 2500 1800

Mu v sc: Mu v sc khng phi l nhng khi nim ng nht. Trong t nhin ta gp cc mu c chia thnh hai nhm: mu v sc v mu c sc. - Mu v sc nh mu en, trng v xm (gia en v trng), chng khng c trong ph nh sng mt tri nn coi l khng mu. - Mu c sc l tt c cc mu c trong ph nh sng v cc mu pha trn gia chng. nh sng trng ban ngy m chng ta nhn thy l nh sng phc hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc c ph tn s lin tc trong min bc x nhn thy, tuy vy cht lng nh sng ban ngy thay i ng k theo iu kin kh hu, thi tit. Ngun nh sng trng W do n xenon pht ra c nng lng khng i trong ph nhn thy, trong khi ngun sng trng A c lin quan n n si t giu bc x mu . Ngun sng trng B biu din nh sng ban ngy khi tri sng, ngun sng trng C khi tri u m giu bc x xanh da tri. Khi cm th nh sng, con ngi chu tc ng tm l ca mu sc nh sng do c ch lin tng. V d mu , da cam cho ta lin tng n ngn la v gy cm gic nng. Cc mu lam lm ta lin tng n bu tri, bin khi v gy cm gic lnh. S lin tng trn to ra mi lin h nhit -mu, c ngha l ng vi mi mu tng ng vi mt nhit . Nhit mu: Nhit mu ca ngun tnh theo Kelvin din t mu ca cc ngun sng so vi mu ca vt en c nung nng t 2000 n 10.000 K. Ni chung, nhit mu khng phi l nhit thc ca ngun sng m l nhit ca vt en tuyt i cho khi c t nng n nhit ny th nh sng do n bc x c ph hon ton ging ph ca ngun sng kho

st. Nhit mu cho ta cm gic nh tnh v vng cc i trong ph nng lng ca ngun sng. Ta ni nh sng n si t l nh sng m v c ph nng lng cc i nm vng bc x mu , cn nh sng n hunh quang l nh sng lnh v ph nng lng bc x ca n giu mu xanh da tri. Tc dng tm sinh l ca mu sc: Ngi ta phn bit ba loi ngun sng: - nh sng nng s lm tng thm mu v cam cho vt, lm sm i cc mu xanh v lam. Mu nng cho cm gic nng n v khi lng hn so vi cc mu khc v gy tm l kch thch, to ra cm gic vui ti, hng phn, gy tng huyt p, tng nhp th. Tuy nhin mu nng li gy chng mt mi. Mu cam nh hng tt n h tiu ho, mu vng kch thch s lm vic tr c. V nhng l do trn nh sng nng m thng c s dng khng gian nh hp, to ra cm gic gn gi, trang trng, tn nghim, huyn b v c knh. - nh sng trung tnh (trng) gy n tng lnh lng v trng rng nhng n lm tng chi v s tc ng ca cc mu sc ng bn cnh nh sng trung tnh thng c s dng khi cn c s ng u, khng nhn mnh mt mu sc c bit no. Vic chiu sng cc cng trnh c kiu dng n gin vi yu cu chiu sng ng u trn cc mt cng trnh thng s dng loi ngun sng ny. Ngc vi mu nng, mu lnh cho ta cm gic nh v khi lng v xa xi v khong cch: Mu lc, mu lam cho ta cm gic ti mt, lm du i s kch thch, to cm gic bnh yn, th gin. Mu tm ngoi cm gic lnh cn gy tm l bun chn, th ng u oi. - nh sng lnh c dng khi mun to cm gic th gin ngh ngi, to ra khung cnh phong cch hin i, ph hp vi cc khu cng cng c khng gian rng, khu vc c nhiu cy xanh. Tuy nhin cn trnh dng nh sng lnh chiu sng mt tin cc ngi nh p gch hoc sn mu sm c bit l cc cng trnh kin trc c. Tc ng ca mu sc ln tm l ca con ngi ch yu l do s lin tng. Khi thit k chiu sng cn phi chn nhit mu ca ngun sng ph hp vi c im tm-sinh l ngi, l vi ri thp th chn ngun sng c nhit mu thp v ngc li vi yu cu ri cao th chn cc ngun sng "lnh" c nhit mu cao. c im sinh l ny c Kruithof chng minh. Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh, ng xy dng c biu Kruithof lm tiu chun u tin la chn ngun sng ca bt k n thit k chiu sng no (tt nhin sau cn c cc tiu chun khc). Trong biu Kruithof, vng gch cho gi l vng mi trng nh sng tin nghi. Vi mt ri E (lux) cho trc, ngi thit k chiu sng phi chn ngun sng c nhit mu nm trong min gch cho m bo khng nh hng n tm-sinh l ca con ngi, nu khng m bo iu kin ny s gy ra hin tng " nhim nh sng", c th gy tn hi n sc khe. Cc cng trnh nghin cu sinh l th gic cho thy cc ngun sng c nhit mu thp ch chp nhn vi ri thp, trong khi khi ri cao cn nhit mu cao hn. Mi trng chiu sng tin nghi nm trong min gch cho trn biu Kruithof

Biu Kruithof Biu Kruithof l tiu chun u tin cho s la chn ngun sng. Ta nhn thy mun c ri vi tin nghi cao th ngun sng phi c nhit mu thch hp. Bng trn cho nhit mu ca mt s ngun sng. Bng tc ng tm l ca mu sc ln con ngi Mu sc Cam Vng Vng lc Lc Xanh lc Xanh tri Lam Tm Ta Trng Xm trng Xm ti en Nng Lnh Nh Nng Lm Li Kch ng p ch Yn tnh