William Shakespeare

English poet, dramatist, and actor, considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Some of Shakespeare's plays, such as Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, are among the most famous literary works of the world. However, his early works did not match the artistic quality of Marlowe's dramas. Ben Jonson (1572-1637), another contemporary playwright, wrote that Shakespeare's "wit was in his own power; would the rule of it had been so too". Shakespeare possessed a large vocabulary for his day, having used 29,066 different words in his plays. Today the average English-speaking person uses something like 2,000 words in everyday speech. "It may be that the essential thing with Shakespeare is his ease and authority and thay you just have to accept him as he is if you are going to be able to admire him properly, in the way you accept nature, a piece of scenery for example, just as it is." (Ludwig Wittgenstein in Culture and Value, 1980) There is not much records of Shakespeares personal life. Rumors arise from time to time that he did not write his plays, but the real author was Christopher Marlowe, Queen Elizabeth or Edward De Vere (1550-1604), whom T.J. Looney identified in 1920 as the author of Shakespeare's plays. A large body of 'Oxfordians' have since built on this claim and the reluctance to believe that a man of humble origins could be such a great author. According to some numerologists, Shakespeare wrote The King James Version of the Bible at the age of 46. Their "evidence": Shake is the 46th word of the 46th Psalm, Spear is the 46th word from the end in the 46th Psalm. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small country town. Stratford was famous for its malting. The black plague killed in 1564 one out of seven of the town's 1,500 inhabitants. Shakespeare was the eldest son of Mary Arden, the daughter of a local landowner, and her husband, John Shakespeare (c. 1530-1601), a glover and wood dealer. John Aubrey (1626-1697) tells in Brief Lives that Shakespeare's father was a butcher and the young William exercised his father's trade, "but when he kill'd a Calfe he would do it in a high style, and make a speech." In 1568 John Shakespeare was made a mayor of Stratford and a justice of peace. His wool business failed in the 1570s, and in 1580 he was fined 40, with other 140 men, for failing to find surety to keep the peace. There is not record that his fine was paid. Later the church commissioners reported of him and eight other men that they had failed to attend church "for fear of process for debt". The family's position was restored in the 1590s by earnings of William Shakespeare, and in 1596 he was awarded a coat of arms. Very little is known about Shakespeare early life, and his later works have inspired a number of interpretations. T.S. Eliot wrote that "I would suggest that none of the plays of Shakespeare has a "meaning," although it would be equally false to say that a play of Shakespeare is meaningless." (from Selected Essays, new edition, 1960). Shakespeare is assumed to have been educated at Stratford Grammar School, and he may have spent the years 1580-82 as a teacher for the Roman Catholic Houghton family in Lancashire. When Shakespeare was 15, a woman from a nearby village drowned in the Avon. Her death was ruled accidental but it may have been a suicide. Later in Hamlet Shakespeare left open the question whether Ophelia died accidentally or by her own hand. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married a local girl, Anne Hathaway (died 1623), who was eight years older. Their first child, Susannah, was born within six months, and twins Hamnet and Judith were born in 1585. Hamnet, Shakespeare's only son, died in 1596, at the age of 11. It has often been suggested, that the lines in King John, beginning with "Grief fills the room of my absent child", reflects Shakespeare's grief. Hamlet was first printed in 1603. It is Shakespeare's largest drama, based on a lost play r-Hamlet. Prince Hamlet, an enigmatic intellectual, mourns both his father's death and his mother's remarriage. His father's ghost appears to him and tells that Claudius, married to Queen Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, poisoned him. Hamlet, fascinated by cruelly witty games, swears revenge. "The time is out of joint; O cursed spite, That ever I was born to set it right!" He arranges an old play whose story has a parallel to that of Claudius. Hamlet's behavior is considered mad. He kills the eavesdropping Polonius, the court chamberlain, by thrusting his sword through a curtain. Polonius's son Laertes returns to Denmark to avenge his father's death. Polonius's daughter Ofelia loves Hamlet, but the prince's sadistically brutal behavior drives her to madness. "Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners?" he tells Ophelia who dies by drowning. Before the slaughter that ends the story, Hamlet says to his friend Horatio: "I shall win at the odds. But thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart." A duel takes place and ends with the death of Gertrude, Laertes, Claudius, and Hamlet, whose final words are "the rest is silence."

The Road not Taken by: Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

JULIET

Sa Aking Mga Kababata

Kapagka ang bayay sadyang umiibig Sa kaniyang salitang kaloob ng langit Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid Pagkat ang salitay isang kahatulan Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian At ang isang taoy katulad, kabagay Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan. Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin, Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel, Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin. Ang salita natiy tulad din sa iba Na may alfabeto at sariling letra, Na kaya nawalay dinatnan ng sigwa Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.

Teoryang Klasismo/ Klasisismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay maglahadngmgapangyayaringpayak, ukolsapagkakaibangestadosabuhayngdalawang nag-iibigan, karaniwanangdaloyngmgapangyayari, matipid at piling-pilisapaggamitngmgasalita at lagingnagtataposnang may kaayusan. Teoryang Humanismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitanaangtaoangsentrongmundo; ay binibigyang-tuonangkalakasan at mabubutingkatangianngtaogayangtalino, talentoatbp. Teoryang Imahismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay gumamitngmgaimahennahigitnamaghahayagsamgadamdamin, kaisipan, ideya, saloobin at iba pang naisnaibahaging mayadkanahigitnamadalingmaunawaankaysagumamitlamangngkaraniwangsalita. Sahalipnapaglalarawan at tuwirangmaglalahadngmgaimahennalayongilantadangtotoongkaisipanngpahayagsaloobngpanitikan. Teoryang Realismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitaangmgakaranasan at nasaksisanng may-akdasakanyanglipunan. Samakatuwid, angpanitikan ay hangosatotoongbuhayngunithindituwirangtotoosapagkatisinaalang-alangng may-akdaangkasiningan at pagkaefektibongkanyangsinulat Teoryang Feminismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay magpakilalangmgakalakasan at kakayahangpambabae at iangatangpagtinginnglipunansamgakababaihan. Madalingmatukoykungangisangpanitikan ay feminismosapagkatbabae o sagisagbabaeangpangunahingtauhan ay ipimayagpagangmabubuti at magagandangkatangianngtauhan. Teoryang Arkitaypal v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitaangmgamahahalagangbahagingakdasapamamagitanngmgasimbolo. Ngunithindibasta-bastamasusuriangmgasimbolismosaakda. Pinakamainamnaalaminmunaangkabuuangkonsepto at temangpanitikansapagkatangmgasimbolismongnapapaloobsaakda ay magkaugnaysaisatisa.Anglahatngsimbolismo ay naaayonsatema at konseptongipinapakilalang may-akdasamgamambabasa. Teoryang Formalismo/Formalistiko v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay iparatingsamambabasaangnaisniyangipaabotgamitangkanyangtuwirangpanitikan. Samakatuwid, kunganoangsinasabing may-akdasakanyangpanitikanangsiyangnaisniyangipaabotsamambabasa walanglabis at walangkulang. Walangsimbolismo at hindihumihinginghigitnamalalimangpagsusurit pang -unawa. Teoryang Saykolohikal/Sikolohikal v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipaliwanagsapamamagitanngpagpapakitangmgasalig ( factor) sapagbuongnaturangbehavior (pag-uugali, paniniwala, pananaw, pagkatao) saisangtauhansakanyangakda. Ipinakikitasaakdanaangtao ay nagbabago o nagkakaroonngpanibagongbehaviordahil may nag-udyoknamabago o mabuoito. Teoryang Eksistensyalismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitana may kalayaanangtaonapumili o magdesisyonparasakanyangsarilinasiyangpinakasentrongkanyangpananatilisamundo ( human existence). Teoryang Romantisismo v Anglayuninngteoryangito ay ipamalasangibatibangparaanngtao o sumasagisagsataosapag -aalayngkanyangpagibigsakapwa, bansa at mundongkinalakhan. Ipinakikitarinsaakdanagagawin at gagawinngisangnilalanganglahatupangmaipaalamlamangangkanyangpag-ibigsatao o bayangnapupusuan. Teoryang Markismo/Marxismo v Anglayuninngteoryangito ay ipakitanaangtao o sumasagisagsatao ay may sarilingkakayahannaumangatbuhatsapagdurusangdulotng pang-ekononiyangkahirapan at suliraningpanlipunan at pampulitika. Angmgaparaanngpag-ahonmulasakalugmukansaadka ay nagsisilbingmodeloparasamgamambabasa. Teoryang Sosyolohikal v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitaangkalagayan at suliraningpanlipunannglipunangkinabibilanganng may-akda. Naipakikitaritoangpamaraanngmgatauhansapagsugposasuliranin o kalagayannglipunannanagsisilbinggabaysamgamambabasasamagpuksasamgakatuladnasuliranin. Teoryang Moralistiko v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ilahadangibatibangpamantayangsumusukatsamoralidadngisangtao angpamantayanng tama at mali. Inilalahad din nitoangmgapilosopiya o proposisyongnagsasaadsapagkatama o kamalianngisang kilos o ugaliayonsapamantayangitinakdanglipunan. Samadalingsabi, angmoralidad ay napagkakasunduanayonnarinsakaantasannito. Teoryang Bayograpikal v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipamalasangkaranasan o kasagsagansabuhayng may-akda. Ipinahihiwatigsamgaakdangbayograpikalangmgabahagisabuhayng may-akdanasiyaniyangpinakamasaya,

pinakamahirap, pinakamalungkot at lahatngmga pinaka nainaasahangmagsilbingkatuwangngmambabasasakanyangkaranasansamundo. Teoryang Queer v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay iangat at pagpantayinsapaninginnglipunansamga homosexual. Kung angmgababae ay may feminismoangmga homosexual naman ay queer. Teoryang Historikal v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitaangkaranasanngisanglipingtaonasiyangmasasalaminsakasaysayan au bahagingkanyangpagkahubog. Nais din nitongipakitanaangkasaysayan ay bahagingbuhayngtao at ngmundo. Teoryang Kultural v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakilalaangkulturang may-akdasamgahindinakakaalam. Ibinabahaging mayakdaangmgakaugalian, paniniwala at tradisyonminana at ipasasamgasunodnasalinlahi. Ipinakikitarinditonabawatlipi ay natatangi. Teoryang Feminismo-Markismo v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ilantadangibatibangparaanngkababaihansapagtugonsasuliraningkanyangkinakaharap. Isanghalimbawanito ay angpagkilalasaprostitusyonbilangtuwirangtugonsasuliraningdinaranassahalipnaitoykasamaan at suliraninnglipunan. Teoryang Dekonstraksyon v Anglayuninngpanitikan ay ipakitaangibatibangaspektonabumubuosatao at mundo. Pinaniniwalaankasingilangmgapilosopo at manunulatnawalangiisangpananawang nag-udyoksa mayakdanasumulatkundiangpinaghalu-halongpananawnaangnaisiparating ay angkabuuanngpagtao at mundo.