(Scientific Notations)

10
105 = 100,000; 103 = 1,00010-3 = 0.001; 10-5 = 0.00001
300,000 = 3105; 45,000 = 4.5104; 0.000062 = 6.210-5
(Metric prefixes) 10

k ( kilo) = 103= 1,000M ( mega) = 106= 1,000,000

1 = 1 km = 1,000 1 = 1 Mton = 1,000,000
(Astronomical Unit, AU)

1 AU 1.51011m

(Light year, ly)

3108m

1 ly 6.3104 AU 9.51015m

(Parsec, pc)
1 pc 3.3 ly

(Solar System)

1.3104 km

3.8105 km

1 AU 1.5108 km

80 AU

()

( 27 )

( 1 )

( 25 )

( 2.4108 )

(phases)

(
) (dwarf
planets)
(comets)
(asteroids)
"" (

10 ly 10 AU

(Proxima Centauri)
4.2 ly)
5

10 ly
21011
200-300 km/s
(Milky Way Galaxy)

(main-sequence
star) (white
dwarfs)
(giants)
(neutron stars)
(black holes)

2 Mpc

(Local Group)

100 Mpc
(Superclusters)

(Great Wall), 200 Mpc

(Voids)

10

10 ly

4
10 Mpc

(quasars)
2

(Celestial Sphere)

(pivots)
(
)

(apparent positions) (apparent

motions)

(self - rotation)

()
()

(Celestial poles)

(Polaris)
=>

(zenith)
(horizon)

L L (
)

(precession)

( 26,000 )

(Thuban ( Draconis))

12,000
(Vega) ()

(celestial equator)

(apparent sizes)
(apparent position)
= 3601= 60'1'= 60"
0.5 1
10

10
1 18 ()

(Coordinates) (Declination) (Right ascension)

(latitude) (longitude)

(Constellations)

88 (
(Telescopium))

(
)(
)

()

(
)
=>

(
)
=>

(Ecliptic)

13 ( (astrology) 12 )

(Sagittarius) (Aquarius)
()

(opposite)
(Gemini) (Sagittarius)
23.5

(Sirius)

( Canis Major)

(brightness)
(Magnitude scale)==>

(light intensity)()

(log scale) 2.512

2.512 2.5122.512
= 2.5125=100

-27
()

(apparent magnitude)

=> (intrinsic)
(apparent)()

(absolute magnitude)
9

()

(Planets)

(Zodiac)( 18)

(
)

=
1 1.9 29
()

10

( (evening
stars)) (
(morning stars))

()

()

23.5
)

()()
()()

11

23.5

(Vernal equinox)
(Summer solstice)

(Autumnal equinox)
(Winter solstice)

() (
)

12

(Sidereal period)
= 27.3
5

(ecliptic)

(Phase cycle)

()

()->->->->->->->
->
13

(New Moon)

(Waxing crescent)

(First quarter)

(Waxing gibbous)

(Full Moon)

(Waning gibbous)
(Third quarter)
(Waning crescent)

2
2

(Synodic period) () = 29.5

()

14

(Tides)
( 0.0003%)
()

b).
(
) ()

(high tides)(
)

15

()

() ()

(Spring tides)

(Neap tides)

0.001
22
16

(self-rotation period)
(orbital period)

(Tidal coupling)

(Eclipses)
() ()
(nodes)

5N N'
N N'

()

(Eclipse season)

(Lunar eclipses)

22

17

(Umbra) () =>

(Penumbra) =>
(Total eclipse)
(scattered)
=>

=>
=> =>
(Partial eclipse)
=>
(Penumbra eclipse)
=>

()

(Solar eclipses)

32
18

270 km( 13,000 km)

=>
=>
=>

(Annular eclipses)

(ring)

()

(
)

(Saros cycle) 18 111/3

()

19