Cu hi 1.

1:Trnh by khi nim tng tc ngi my v phn bit tnh hu dng v tnh tin dng : Tr li : Khi nim: Backer & Buxton, 1987: Tp cc qu trnh, !i tho"i #$ cc h$nh %n&, qua ' con n&()i *+ ,-n& #$ t(.n& tc #/i m0 t1nh 234567386 1999: :$ m%t ;<nh #=c ;i>n quan ?n thi?t k?, nh &i #$ c$i @t h th!n& m0 t1nh t(.n& tc cho con n&()i *+ ,-n& #$ n&hi>n cAu cc hin t(Bn& ch1nh xC0 ra tr>n 'D EFG tr1, #ai trH cIa 836

Th]n& tin tb T% nh/ cCm nhn (Bc (a qua T% ;Kc ^ chu0^n ?n T% nh/ n&gn h"n Th)i &ian ;(u ;"i th]n& tin :B% nh/ thG &ic: 9hhm* ,B% nh/ th1nh &ic: 1ihhm* TD+ nh* ng.n h)n /b nh* lm 0i1c2 Th)i &ian tru0 cp: nhanh V7hhm*Y 8( h`n&: nhanh V9hhm*Y

,in #$ qu0?t Gnh cc h$nh %n& ti?p theo l 4] hnh porman ;$ ph(.n& tin hUu 1ch ^ hi^u t(.n& tc: .n &iCn, cth^ ph(Bc i^m: l 3hs xem xtt h th!n& theo quan i^m cIa n&()i ,rn&, ch(a chZ M ?n &iao ti?p #/i h th!n& qua t(.n& tc cu hi 1 #"

4Ki phLn t1ch (Bc &Bi M tr>n khun& t(.n& tc ;$ %c ;p tr>n tbn& nhim # 3hs khi th=c hin nhim #- c- th^ m/i xc Gnh (Bc c]n& c- phr hBp nhQt *w *+ ,-n& Cu hi 1.) : $it k% cc d&ng tng tc ' trnh by ()c (i*m c+, m-t ./&i tng tc v v d v0 vic 12 dng ./&i tng tc (3 Tr li : 1. C(c 3)ng t5ng t(c

Cu hi 1.* : Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh ch5 v0 gi,/ din 6789 " :$ *= k?t hBp cIa FB #$ N hKa yJin,o: :$ cc #rn& m$n hnh ho"t %n& nh( ;$ cc th$nh phon %c ;pD 4%t in,o c' th^ chAa cc #Rn TCn, hnh #w N hKa, c' th^ (Bc ,i chu0^n #$ tha0 Pi k1ch c, c'th^ TG che ;Qp ho@c che ;Qp cc in,o* khc ho@c c' th^ (Bc *gp x?p c"nh nhau tr0 Ti?nD Tr>n m%t in,o th()n& c' cc thanh cu%n V*cro;;TarY ^ ,i chu0^n n%i ,un& cIa in,o ;>n xu!n& #$ thanh ti>u d Vtit;eTarY mi>u tC t>n cIa in,o 6J6con*: 3c cc Cnh nh` Ti^u ,i\n cc !i t(Bn& tr>n &iao ,in, th]n& th()n& cc !i t(Bn& ;$ c+a *P ho@c h$nh %n&D 4J4enu:D c^ chKn cc tr0 chKn ho@c ho"t %n& tr>n m$n hnhD 3' nhidu ;o"i trnh .n nh( thanh trnh .n Vmenu TarY _ snh c+a *!, trnh .n n&U cCnh SJSointer: :$ m%t th$nh phon quan trKn& tron& y64S # n' ,rn& ^ Gnh #G #$ ;=a chKn D["n& cIa con tr` &gn #/i M n&h<a #$ h$nh %n& {u i^m: l T!t, ,\ hKc, ,\ nh/ l T1nh chI %n& cIa n&()i ,rn& cao, &iCm *ai *'t

KhC nRn& h"n ch?: 7jkJ9 chU *! cD + nh* 3i h)n 3c @c tr(n& cIa T% nh/ ,$i h"n: Trnh by chu trnh th'c hi(n nh gi ca ! hnh tng tc " #u$t b%i &or an Tr li :

3c ,"n& t(.n& tc phP Ti?n nhQt Tao &Nm : - 5+ ,-n& &iao ,in ,Hn& ;nh - 5+ ,-n& menu* V trnh .n Y

JFG tr1: khoa hKc m0 t1nh, tLm ;M nhn thAc, thi?t k? N hKa, tr1 tu nhLn t"o,nhLn t! con n&()i #$ ;ao %n&, xO h%i hKc,tLm ;M xO h%i tP chAcD JFai trH:t"o ra cc h th!n& cun& cQp cc chAc nRn& an to$n #$ tin ,-n&D EShLn Tit JT1nh hUu ,-n& VW*eXu;ne**Y: 4%t h th!n& &; hUu ,-n& Vu*eXu;Y n?u h th!n& ' &iZp n&()i *, ho$n th$nh cc nhim #-,4an& t1nh Gnh ;(Bn&, [\ o ;()n& th]n& qua chAc nRn& cIa h th!n& J T1nh tin ,-n& VW*aTi;it0Y: 4%t h th!n& &; tin ,-n& Vu*aT;eY n?u h th!n& ' &iZp n&()i *, ho$n th$nh cc nhim #- m%t cch ,\ ,$n& #$ thoCi mi,4an& t1nh Gnh t1nh,Kh' o ;()n&Dt1nh tin ,-n& th^ hin _ th1nh hiu quC,nRn& *uQt #$ th`a mOn 3Lu h`i 1D9:Trnh by m hnh b x l thng tin ca con ngi Tr li 7Nm a h th!n& con:

l 3Qu trZc tu0?n t1nh l Tru0 nhp chm: 1k1h * l 8( h`n&: chm l KhC nRn& kh]n& h"n ch? l Th]n& tin Ti^u ,i\n qua m"n& n&U n&h<a, Xrame, ho@c ;ut *Cn *uQt,D D D 8ai ki^u T% nh/ :T4:

-p&]n n&U t= nhi>n

- c!i tho"i tru0 #Qn #$ !i tho"i ki^u h`i k trC ;)i Chu trnh t5ng t(c c6 th' %7c - cidn Ti^u mxu #$ TCn& t1nh 8hn chia thnh giai %o)n ch9nh: &iai o"n xc Gnh m-c ti>u,&iai o"n - y64S th=c hin #$ &iai o"n nh &iD 3hu trnh th=c hin nh &i th=c hin - Tr` #$ nhQn V Soint #$ 3;ick Y ;on ;(Bt qua cc T(/c *au: - 5+ ,-n& kh]n& &ian a chidu

l m)i r"c Vnpi*oticY: T% nh/ tuon t= 7iai o"n xc Gnh m-c ti>u: cc *= kin Jp&()i ,rn& thi?t ;p m-c ti>u 7iai o"n th=c hin:&Nm a T(/c: l p&U n&h<a V5emanticY: T% nh/ c' J8nh th$nh cc M Gnh cQu trZc cIa cc *= kin, khi nim #$ ki^uD Th]n& tin tron& T% nh/ n&U Juc Gnh cc h$nh %n& t"i &iao ,in n&h<a ;Q0 tb T% nh/ r)i r"c JTh=c hin h$nh %n& Cu hi 1 !" Trnh by cc giai on tng tc ca ! hnh tng tc " #u$t b%i &or an : Tr li : 7Nm 7 &iai o"n: l Thi?t ;p m-c 1ch l 8nh th$nh chI M l c@c tC ,O0 h$nh %n& l Th=c hin h$nh %n& l 3Cm nhn tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& l ShLn t1ch tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& l cnh &i tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& #/i m-c 1ch 4u %i'm! 7iai o"n nh &i: &Nm a T(/c cu!i Jphn Ti?t tr"n& thi h th!n& J[i\n ,Gch, hi^u tr"n& thi h th!n& Jcnh &i tr"n& thi h th!n& #/i m-c ti>u Cu hi 1.:! Trnh by ;hung t5ng t(c <bo=3 0 +>al> 3un& cQp m] tC t(.n& tc h th!n& l n&()i ,rn& hin th=c h.n 8 th!n& &Nm v th$nh phon, mei th$nh phon *+ ,-n& n&]n n&U ri>n&: l 8 th!n& V3oreY l p&()i ,rn& VTa*kY l cou #$o l cou ra

9D
3Ang l1nh :

T5ng

t(c

3@ng ph(Bc i^m: l Kh' ;p trnh l TCi cao l 4$n hnh N hKa l 3hm #/i p[ c' kinh n&him l ph'm cc mAc tron& menu Cu hi 1.+ : Trnh by v,i tr: c+, nhn tr;c h<c tr/ng tng tc ngi my " p&hi>n cAu #d cc @c t1nh #t ;M cIa t(.n& tc 5+ ,-n& tron& #ic Gnh n&h<a cc ti>u chun, cc chs ,xn ^ r$n& Tu%c cch thi?t k? cc kh1a c"nh cIa h th!n&D F1 ,-: 3ch *gp x?p cc i^u khi^n #$ hi^n thG: TP chAc #t ;M phr hBp l theo chAc nRn& l theo ki^u tuon t= l theo ton *! xuQt hin 4]i tr()n& xun& quanh: J 8 th!n& *w (Bc *+ ,-n& _ Lu

B% x+ ;M ti?p nhn: 8 th!n& ti?p nhn th]n& tin tb th? &i/i T>n n&o$i J B% x+ ;M #n %n&: cidu khi^n #n %n&, p An& tb con n&()i J B% x+ ;M nhn thAc: 5u0 ;un, ra qu0?t Gnh, k?t n!i hai h th!n& tr>n 4ei h th!n& con c' T% nh/ #$ T% x+ ;M ri>n&D Cu hi 1. ! Trnh by ch"c n#ng$ %&c %i'm ca c(c lo)i b nh* con ngi aD + nh* c,m nh-n B% nh/ cCm nhn: chAa cc k1ch th1ch nhn (Bc tb cc &ic quan nh( n&he, nhn, *) m' 4ei &ic quan c' T% nh/ cCm nhn ri>n& t"i ' cc k1ch th1ch (Bc mO h'a Th]n& tin tron& T% nh/ cCm nhn (Bc ;(u theo cch #i?t f

7iao ,in ,Hn& ;nh ;$ ki^u &iao ,in !i tho"i t(.n& tc ou ti>n (Bc *+ ,-n& tron& cc h th!n& m0 t1nh #$ hi nat n' #xn (Bc *+ ,-n& r%n& rOiD7iao ,in cun& cQp m%t ph(.n& tin ^ Ti^u ,i\n tr=c ti?p cc chs thG ?n m0 t1nh Tzn& cch *+ ,-n& cc ph1m chAc nRn& , cc k1 t= .n , cc ,Hn& ;nh rZt &Kn ho@c o0 ID Tron& m%t *! h th!n& &iao ,in ,Hn& ;nh ;$ cch ,u0 nhQt ^ trao Pi #/i h th!n& {u #$ nh(Bc i^m cIa &iao ,in ,Hn& ;nh {u i^m :

j 3ho phto tru0 cp tr=c ti?p >n chAc nRn& cIa h th!n& j :inh ho"t : ;nh th()n& c' nhidu ;=a chon #$ cc tham *! c' th^ tha0 Pi h$nh #i cIa n' #$ c' th^ (Bc p ,-n& #/i nhidu !i t(Bn& crn& m%t ;Zc jKh' hKc ph(Bc i^m

l 7on &qi #/i *= hi^u Ti?t cIa chZn& ta #d t(.n& tc n&()i ,rn& m0 t1nh l p&()i ,rn& hnh th$nh k? ho"ch h$nh %n& l K? ho"ch h$nh %n& (Bc th=c hin T_i m0 t1nh l Tron& qu trnh th=c hin, n&()i ,rn& quan *t k?t quC trC #d qua &iao Khun& t(.n& tc (Bc th^ hin nh( m%t c]n& c- hUu 1ch ^ nh &i t1nh hiu ,-n& cIa m%t h th!n& ho$n chsnh

jKh' *+ ,-n& j8a0 ;ei F1 ,- : 7iao ,in ,Hn& ;|nh tron& h idu h$nh [}5 , Wp6u~

J2i *w *+ ,-n& h th!n& Jp&()i *+ ,-n& *w n&Ni _ #G tr1 c! Gnh ha0 ,i chu0^n FQn d *Ac kh`e n&()i ,rn&: 4%t *! nhLn t! tron& m]i tr()n& #t ;M kh]n& chs Cnh h(_n& ?n *Ac kho #$ *= an to$n cIa n&()i *+ ,-n& m$ cHn tr=c ti?p Cnh h(_n& ?n chQt ;(Bn& t(.n& tc #$ hiu quC ;$m #ic cIa n&()i *+ ,-n&D 7Nm:FG tr1 #t ;M, phit %, nh *an&, Ti?n& Nn, Th)i &ian 5+ ,-n& m$u *gc: 5+ ,-n& theo qu0 (/c chun& #$ theo mon& mu!n cIa n&()i ,rn&D

l 4] tC phCn An& cIa con n&()i _ nhidu cQp % trbu t(Bn&,tb nhim #t/i cc h$nh %n& #t ;M l T"o ra t1nh t(.n& th1ch #/i chI th^ con n&()i cnh &i theo 9 h(/n&: phLn t1ch nhim #- #$ hnh ,un& phCn An& cIa n&()i ,rn& khi ho$n th$nh nhim #-D l c1ch V7oa;Y: ci m$ p[ mon& mu!n th=c hin, &Nm nhidu 1ch con phLn cQp l ShLn cQp: 4Ac % VTgt ou, k?t thZc, &iCi qu0?t #$ nhim #- c. *_YD [\ ,$n& xun& %t # c' nhidu cch ^ "t m-c 1ch l K thut: 4] hnh 7}45, 33T V;M thu0?t % phAc t"p nhn thAcY, phLn t1ch nhim #- phLn cQp V8ierachia; Ta*k 2na;0*i* l 8T2Y E 7oa;J}peratorJ4etho,*J5e;ection

l 49: chbn& n$o con tr` ch(a Zn& h$n& nhQn mqi t>n i ;>n, chbn& n$o con tr` ch(a Zn& #G tr1 nhQn mqi t>n *an& tri V ho@c phCiY 8ai n&u0>n tgc chKn m1 #$ m9: l m1: p?u #G tr1 con @t _ xa th ,rn& 41 l m9: p?u #G tr1 con @t _ &on th ,rn& 49 Cu hi 1.1J! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E m hnh ngn ngK +ac;u?LMaur Norm Bp Backu* pau* orm: ;ut ^ m] tC #Rn ph"m !i tho"i t>n :: Ti^u thAc ,Qu :: hi^u ;$ (Bc Gnh n&h<a 3hs ;i>n quan ?n cZ php, T` qua n&U n&h<a cIa n&]n n&UD l KM hiu k?t thZc #i?t Tzn& chU in hoa l KM hiu kh]n& k?t thZc #i?t Tzn& chU th()n& 5u0 ra: Bp (Bc *+ ,-n& kh r%n& rOi ^ @c tC cZ php cIa cc n&]n n&U ;p trnh D3hs Ti^u ,i\n h$nh %n& p[ m$ kh]n& d cp ?n cCm nhn cIa p[ #f *= p An& cIa h th!n& F1 ,-: chAc nRn& #w ()n& cIa m%t An& ,-n& N hKa 3' th^ #w nhidu o"n thn& Vpo;0;ineY n!i &iUa 9 i^m: chKn m%t i^m Tzn& cch nhQn chu%t tron& #rn& #w #$ chs ra i^m cu!i crn& Tzn& cch nhQn ktpD 3Z php: #w ()n& :: chKn ()n&chKn i^mchKn i^m cu!i chKn ()n& :: Gnh #G con tr`phQn ph1m .n chKn i^m :: chKn 1 i^mkchKn i^mchKn 1 i^m chKn 1 i^m :: Gnh #G con tr`phQn ph1m .n chKn i^m cu!i :: Gnh #G con tr` phQn ph1m ktp Gnh #G con tr` :: ren& ,i chu0^n Gnh #G con tr` Cu hi 1.1 ! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E Ou( trnh 8hn t9ch nhi1m 0@ 1D Khi nim ShLn t1ch nhim #-: u trnh phLn t1ch cch thAc n&()i ,rn& th=c hin c]n& #ic ^ "t (Bc m-c 1ch cIa

mnhD ShLn t1ch tp trun& #$o cc h$nh %n& cIa: l p&()i ,rn& Vaction*Y l c!i t(Bn& m$ n&()i ,rn& tc %n& #$o VoTect*Y l 8i^u Ti?t m$ n&()i ,rn& con c' Vkno;e,&eY 9D Fai trH Ta*k 2na;0*i*: ;$ qu trnh tm hi^u l 3ch thAc con n&()i hi^u c]n& #ic ha0 ci 1ch con th=c hin l 3c !i t(Bn& m$ n&()i ,rn& *w thao tc tr>n ' l phUn& tri thAc m$ n&()i ,rn& con c' ^ th=c thi nhim #- nhzm "t (Bc m-c 1ch mon& mu!n EF1 ,- #d phLn t1ch nhim #- 8Zt T-i : 4-c 1ch: 8Zt T-i tron& nh$ 3c c]n& #ic con ;$m: l :Q0 m0 hZt T-i l :gp cc ph- trn& con thi?t l Th=c hin hZt T-i 4%t *! cc idu kin: l Khi h%p rc O o0: tho T` rc #$ ;gp ;"i l Khi hZt xon&: tho cc ph- trn& #$ cQt m0 Tri thAc con c': l 5+ ,-n& m0 hZt T-i nh( th? n$o l Fic tho ;gp cc chi ti?t ra *ao l Trnh t= hZt _ cc phHn& nh( th? n$o aD Thut n&U

8$nh %n& V2ctionY l :$ m%t nhim #- m$ TCn thLn n' kh]n& Tao h$m #ic &iCi qu0?t #Qn d ha0 ;$ m%t th$nh phon cIa cQu trZc idu khi^n Cu hi 1.1, : Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh ch5 v0 Au trnh phn tch nhim v phn cBp CTD Tr li : ShLn t1ch nhim #- phLn cQp ;i>n quan ?n #ic xc Gnh cc m-c ti>u m$ n&()i *+ ,-n& mon& mu!n "t (Bc, phLn rO cc m-c ti>u th$nh cc nhim #-, phLn rO cc nhim #- th$nh cc nhim #- con #$ qu trnh phLn rO (Bc ;@p ;"i #/i cc nhim #con cho ?n khi k?t quC phLn rO ;$ cc h$nh %n&D 4ei m%t nhim #- n?u Tao &Nm nhidu nhim #- con ;u]n c' m%t k? ho"ch i kfmD K?t ho"ch n$0 xc Gnh cch m$ cc nhim #- con (Bc th=c hin, th]n& th()n& n' ;i>n quan ?n #ic m] tC cc kh1a c"nh *au: 3ch m$ cc nhim #con (Bc k?t hBp Trnh t= cc nhim #(Bc th=c hin 3c nhim #- c' idu kin ho@c cc nhim #- tr0 chKn 3c cch t!i (u tron& th=c hin cc nhim #8o"t %n& ;@p cIa cc nhim #-D

Cu hi 1 1=" Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh>ch5 v0 m? hnh h3, ngi d@ng c@c tC 0>u cou: V4] hnh n&()i ,rn& Y l p&()i ,rn& ;$ ai l 4-c 1ch cIa hK ;$ & l phim #- n$o hK mu!n ho$n th$nh Thi?t k? &iao ti?p n&()i ,rn& J m0 t1nh th()n& (Bc m] tC Tzn& t$i ;iu: #Rn TCn, tranh, *. N, nhzm &iCm thi^u 0>u couk c. h%i cho c$i @tD l 4] hnh hnh thAc l 4] hnh phi hnh thAc: tri?t ;M thi?t k? #/i cc th$nh phon nh( !i t(Bn&, h$nh %n& m] tC chi ti?t #d n&U n&h<a cc chAc nRn&D 3un& cQp ou #$o cho h th!n& quCn ;M cc &iao ti?p n&()i ,rn& J W645, trao Pi #/i cc nh'm khcD phzm m] tC cc kh1a c"nh khc nhau cIa n&()i ,rn&: hi^u Ti?t, chZ M #$ x+ ;M 3c ,"n& chun&: nRn& ;=c #$ hiu *uQt 3c m] hnh: l ShLn t1ch h th!n& m_ V}pen 50*tem Ta*k 2na;0*i*J }5T2Y l ShLn t1ch k nRn& #$ nhim #n&()i ,rn& VW*er 5ki;;* an, Ta*k 2na;0i*Y l 4] hnh h th!n& phon mdm V5oXt 50*tem metho,o;o&0Y l 4] hnh a cch nhn Vmu;ti#ieY l 4] hnh ,= on: 7}45, Kn5Tm}Kn Cu hi 1.11! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E m hnh FGHI 4-c ti>u cIa m] hnh:

7oa;: m-c 1ch m$ n&()i ,rn& mu!n th=c hinD l Tr"n& thi mon& mu!n, Tao &Nm nhidu 1ch con Vm-c ti>u c. *_YD l 3c m-c 1ch (Bc phLn cQp t"o n>n m%t cL0 m$ cc ; ;$ cc thao tc nhzm "t (Bc m-c ti>u c. *_ 'D }perator: cc thao tc c. TCn cIa p[ nh(: nhQn ph1m, r> chu%t, *u0 n&h<,D ,nhzm tha0 Pi tr"n& thi Vtr"n& thi tLm ;M cIa p[ ha0 tr"n& thi m]i tr()n&YD l 4%t thao tc (Bc nh &i qua cc ton h"n& #$o, ra #$ th)i &ian con thi?t ^ th=c hinD l Thao tc c' th^ ;$ c. ch? tLm ;M ha0 @c thr cIa m]i tr()n&D 4etho,: m] tC cch thAc ^ "t m-c 1chD l phLn rO m-c 1ch th$nh cc m-c 1ch conkthao tc con, ;(u tron& T% nh/ n&gn h"n ,(/i ,"n& chuei c' idu kinD l p' kh]n& phCi ;$ k? hoach h$nh %n& ^ ho$n th$nh nhim #- m$ ;$ k?t quC cIa kinh n&him (Bc t1ch ;uD 5e;ection: ;=a chKn cc ph(.n& thAc: p?u idu kin th chKn ph(.n& thAc 4 F1 ,-: ,Gch chu0^n con tr` tron& m%t h *o"n thCo #Rn TCn p&()i ,rn& c' th^ ,rn& chu%t ha0 T$n ph1mD 7iC *+ c' 9 ph(.n& thAc 41 #$ 49D 49 ,rn& khi khoCn& cch ;/n #$ th()n& ,rn& chu%t, n&(Bc ;"i khi khoCn& cch nh` ,rn& 41 #/i T$n ph1mD l 41: [i chu%t ?n #G tr1 1ch rNi chKn

4%t *! ;(u M khi #i?t m] tC phLn t1ch nhim #- theo phLn cQp: 4%t 8T2 Tgt ou #/i m%t m-c ti>u V7oa;Y 4-c ti>u ;u]n (Bc nh *! thA t= h 5! thA t= m%t nhim #con (Bc Tgt ou #/i *! thA t= cIa nhim #cha c%n& #/i *! thA t= cIa nhim #con 4ei m%t nhim #n?u c' th^ (Bc phLn rO cc

4-c 1ch V7oa;Y l Tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& m$ n&()i ,rn& mu!n ho$n th$nh l 4%t 1ch c' th^ (Bc th=c hin T_i m%t *! c]n& c-, ph(.n& php, tc nhLn, k thut, thi?t TG c' th^ ;$m tha0 Pi tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& l F1 ,-: m-c 1ch ;$ #i?t th( th c' th^ ,rn& cc ph(.n& tin nh( TZt, &iQ0, m0 *o"n thCo #Rn TCn, #D# phim #- VTa*kY l :$ ci n&()i ,rn& con ;$m ^ th=c hin m-c 1ch d ra

nhim #con ;u]n phCi c' m%t k?t ho"ch i kfm 5! thA t= cIa k? ho"ch ;u]n trrn& #/i *! thA t= cIa nhim #- i kfmD

4"n& ,Gch chu0^n tr"n& thi O (Bc *+ ,-n& tb rQt */m ^ m] tC !i tho"i V19hY [rn& 9 !i t(Bn& ^ m] tC: l 8nh trHn: m] tC tC 1 tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& l 4qi t>n: m] tC ,Gch chu0^n tr"n& thi J h$nh %n& ha0 *= kinD l 4qi t>n, #Hn& trHn c' th^ c' nhOnD E5Tp: *= kinD phOn cIa mqi t>n th()n& t(.n& !i n@n& # cc *= kin Hi h`i con chi ti?t E 5Tp: tr"n& thi: phOn tron& cc ()n& trHn th th()n& 1t th]n& tin # tr"n& thi th()n& kh' @t t>n nh(n& ;"i ,\ hi^n thG E5Tp th()n& kh phAc t"p F1 ,-: 4"n& ,Gch chu0^n tr"n& thi Ti^u ,i\n c]n& c- #w 7iao ,in ki^u th=c .n, &Nm 9 ;=a chKn: #w #Hn& trHn #$ #w ()n& thn& Tr"n& thi: hnh trHn 5= kin, h$nh %n&: mqi t>n Cu hi 1.1S! Trnh by 8h5ng 8h(8 bi'u 3iPn Ou( trnh hi tho)i 3*i 3)ng 0#n b,n c(Bc *+ ,-n& *on& *on& #/i kM php N hKa 3c kM php #Rn TCn ti>u Ti^u

l 8 th!n& ;ut *Cn xuQt c' th^ ;$ h(/n& *= kin ho@c h(/n& tr"n& thi ho@c cC hai {u i^m: T!t ^ Ti^u ,i\n t(.n& tranh ph(Bc i^m: Kh]n& th1ch hBp cho tuon t= ha0 tr"n& thi F1 ,- #d ;ut *Cn xuQt:

E u0 trnh &iao ti?p tuon t= 35S u trnh t(.n& tranh (Bc ,rn& nh( 1 cch thAc ^ tP chAc cQu trZc tron& cIa &iao ti?pD l F1 ,-: khi ;=a chKn, p[ c' th^ ,rn& chu%t ha0 ,rn& ph1m n'n& mei ;=a chKn m%t qu trnhD u trnh chu%t .n &iCn ;$ Bi p[ chKn 1 m-c tr>n menu #$ ti?p *au ;$ 1 *= kin tron& ph- thu%c #$o *= ;=a chKnD u trnh T$n ph1m idu khi^n T_i ph1m 2;t #$ ti?p *au cqn& ;$ 1 *= kin tron& D 35S (Bc *+ ,-n& #:

cnh &i theo kinh n&him ;$ ki^m tra xem h t(.n& tc c' tuLn thI theo cc n&u0>n ;M, ;ut thi?t k? ha0 kh]n&D 3c kh1a c"nh con ki^m tra theo pie;*en: l KhC nRn& nhn thQ0 (Bc cc tr"n& thi cIa h th!n& l 5= t(.n& Nn& &iUa h th!n& #$ th? &i/i th=c l 5= ki^m *ot n&()i ,rn& #$ *= t= ,o l T1nh nhQt qun #$ cc ti>u chun l ShHn& n&ba ;ei l 7iZp n&()i ,rn& nhn Ti?t, chn on #$ kh]i ph-c khi xC0 ra ;ei l phn Ti?t tha0 # nh/ ;"i

Cu hi 1 1#" Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh>ch5 v0 m? hnh th/&i Ec!i tho"i c!i thoaG n&(Bc #/i %c tho"i, ' ;$ *= trao Pi &iUa 9 T>n Tron& thi?t k? t(.n& tc n&()iJm0, khi nim !i tho"i tham chi?u ?n cQu trZc #$ n&U n&h<a cIa trao Pi &iUa n&()i ,rn& #$ h t(.n& tcD c!i tho"i kh &i!n& #/i ;)i tho"i cIa 1 #_ ,i\n, # th? n' c' th^ c' kh nhidu ;=a chKnD E c!i tho"i n&()i ,rn& c' cQu trZc c!i tho"i #/i 4T th()n& c' cQu trZc #$ TG r$n& Tu%cD 3c th$nh #i>n c' th^ trC ;)i nhUn& cLu O xc Gnh tr(/cD Tu0 nhi>n cqn& c' th^ ph- thu%c cc tnh hu!n& khc nhau, kh]n& ;()n& tr(/cD E KM php Ti^u ,i\n !i tho"i KM php !i tho"i: kM php *+ ,-n& ^ m] tC !i tho"i 4%t *! cc k *( m0 t1nh kh quen thu%c #/i m%t *! kM phpD pp:T #/i cc cQu trZc kh]n& I ^ m] tC !i tho"i D3on tch ri>n& chAc nRn& &iao ti?p #$ chAc nRn& t1nh ton cIa 8TTD 3' th^ tha0 Pi ki^u &iao ,in #$ thi?t k? h%i tho"i tr(/c k hi ;p trnh E KM php !i tho"i ShLn ;o"i kM php !i tho"i: l :(u N V,ia&rammaticY: ,\ ,$n& ;<nh h%i l FRn TCn Vtextua;Y: ,\ ,$n& cho #ic phLn t1ch hnh thAc c!i tho"i ;i>n k?t #/i: l p&U n&h<a cIa h th!n&: ci m$ n' th=c hin l Bi^u ,i\n cIa h th!n&: ,n& # nh( th? n$o Cu hi 1.1:! Trnh by 8h5ng 8h(8 bi'u 3iPn Ou( trnh hi tho)i 3*i 3)ng %Q thD ? 3@ng m)ng 3Dch chuy'n tr)ng th(i 0 09 3@ minh hRa.

5= kin n&()i ,rn&: Bgt ou #/i chU hoa: 5e;J;ine 5= kin tron&: Bgt ou #/i chU th()n&D [rn& tron& !i tho"i ^ ;(u #?t cIa tr"n& thi !i tho"iD F1 ,- re*t ;$ tr"n& thi *au khi i^m ou ti>n (Bc chKn cp An& cIa h th!n&: th()n& nzm tron& c@p D c' ;$ hiu An& nhn thQ0 ho@c n&he thQ0 cIa h th!n&D 4%t ;ut (Bc p ,-n& n?u: l 4Ki *= kin tron& phon idn kin cIa n' hin ,in tron& T% nh/ l F$ mKi t(.n& tc cIa n&()i ,rn& (Bc th=c hin n&a0 ;p tAc T_i *= kin n$0 l F1 ,-: 5= kin n&()i ,rn& nhQn chu%t (Bc TP *un& #$o T% nh/ #$ p An& cIa h th!n& ;$ ()n& (Bc #w V,ra ;ineY Khi m%t ;ut (Bc p ,-n&: l 4Ki *= kin tron& idu kin (Bc ;o"i kh`i T% nh/ h th!n& l 3c *= kin tron& phon h$nh %n& *w (Bc TP *un& #$o T% nh/ l F1 ,-: Khi n&()i ,rn& chKn 5e;J;ine tb menu, T% nh/ cIa h th!n& *w chAa 5e;J;ineD Khi ;ut thA nhQt (Bc p ,-n&, 5e;J;ine TG ;o"i T` kh`i h th!n& #$ tha0 th? #$o ' ;$ Xirt* cD u0 trnh &iao ti?p tuon t= #$ "i *! qu0 trnh :ut *Cn xuQt th kh]n& phr hBp #/i m] tC tuon t=, tr"n& thi Fic x+ ;M t(.n& tranh j tuon t= @t ra tron& nhidu T$i ton: tru0dn th]n&, idu khi^n t(.n& tranh c"i *! qu0 trnh VSroce** 2;&eTraY ;$ m%t kM php hnh thAc (Bc pht tri^n cho cc qu trnh nh( th? 35S V3ommunicatin& 5equentia; Sroce**Y: ;$ m%t ;/p con (Bc pht tri^n cho @c tC !i tho"i cC tuon t= ;xn t(.n& tranh

l tranh

@c tC cho cC tuon t= #$ t(.n&

l ,\ hi^u [oJcirc;e ;$ ho$n to$n tuon t=D Khi 8T th=c hin [oJcirc;e, tr(/c ti>n con p[ nhQn ph1m chu%t, ti?p *au ;$ 1 *= kin tron& *et centre ^ xc Gnh #G tr1 con tr`D Ti?p theo nhn 1 ;on nhQn chu%t rNi #w #$ k?t thZc T_i 5kipD [oJ;ine cqn& ;$ tuon t=D [Qu ^ chs qu trnh tuon t=, ci xC0 ra &iUa 9 qua trnhD [Qu J chs ,rn& *au 1 *= kinD : chs ra *= ;=a chKn nh( ,Hn& 1: p[ c' th^ chKn cir;e ha0 chKn ;ineD l T1nh ;inh ho"t #$ hiu quC *+ ,-n& l T1nh thm m #$ t1nh t!i &iCn l TrB &iZp #$ t$i ;iu Eu0 trnh nh &i :p k? ho"ch: m] tC cc c]n& #ic chu0>n &ia nh &i con ;$m cnh &i: l cc chu0>n &ia th=c hin %c ;p, *+ ,-n& cc heuri*tic ^ xem xtt &iao ,in, @c tC ho@c phc thCo m$n hnh j :on 1: xem xtt ;uNn& t(.n& tc #$ ph"m #i cIa h th!n& j:on 9: xem xtt cc phon t+ &iao ,in c- th^ tron& n&U cCnh tPn& th^ ^ nhn ,"n& cc #Qn d tidm t$n& #d t1nh tin ,-n&D l Khi pht hin #Qn d phCi &hi ;"i c$n& chi ti?t c$n& t!tD TPn& k?t: thCo ;un cc #Qn d pht hin ra, xc Gnh thA t= (u ti>n #$ d xuQt &iCi php Cu hi 1.JY! Trnh by 0ai trA ca 0i1c lZa chRn 8h5ng 8h(8 %(nh gi( cnh &i &iai o"n n$o tron& qu trnh pht tri^n h th!n&: cnh &i thi?t k? ha0 nh &i c$i @t h th!n& Ki^u nh &i: t"i hHn& th1 n&him ha0 t"i m]i tr()n& ;$m #ic th=c 4-c ti>u nh &i ;$ nh &i m] hnh n&()i,rn& Vkhch quanY ha0 nh &i cc ;=a chKn thi?t k? VchI quanY

l FRn ph"m l :ut *Cn xuQt l 35S V3ommunicatin& 5equentia; Sroce**Y aD FRn ph"m VTextua; &rammar*Y FRn ph"m hnh thAc (Bc ,rn& phP Ti?n nh( m%t kM php #Rn ph"m, #1 ,Bp {u i^m: a ,"n& h.n *o #/i Ti^u thAc ch1nh qu0 ha0 5Tp ph(Bc i^m: Kh]n& c' Ti^u ,i\n t(.n& tranh TD :ut *Cn xuQt: Sro,uction ru;e* :$ m%t chuei cc ;nh kh]n& c' trt t=: iX con,ition then action l 3c idu kin ,=a tr>n tr"n& thi ho@c *= kin an& treo

Cu hi 1.1T! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E m hnh t5ng t(c UVW 4] hnh S6n: ,i\n tC cc @c t1nh t(.n& tc tPn& qut he trB t1nh ,rn& (Bc 8%p en t!i thi^u cIa h t(.n& tc Tp trun& #$o cc kh1a c"nh t(.n& tc quan *t (Bc tb T>n n&o$i S: cou #$o tb n&()i ,rn& S *eq 3 D [O0 cc ;nh: nhQn ph1m, ,i chu0^nknhQn chu%t K?t n!i: nh x" &iUa ,O0 cc ;nh #$ hiu An& ,o h th!n& trC #d 6 : SJn cp An& cIa h th!n& Vhiu An&Y n &Nm 9 th$nh phon: J [: 8in thG nhQt th)i tr>n m$n hnh J m: K?t quC cu!i crn& Vra m0 in ho@c Xi;eY

Cu hi 1.1X! Trnh by c(c giai %o)n ca Ou( trnh %(nh gi( th>o ;inh nghi1m

 Bin php: Gnh t1nh ha0 Gnh ;(Bn& 4Ac % th]n& tin: cao ha0 thQp T$i n&u0>n *+ ,-n&: th)i &ian, *! n&()i tham &ia, thi?t TG, khC nRn& chu0>n m]n

j 7iai o"n 9: phn ,"n& #$ m] tC cc chI th^ Tao &Nm cc #Qn d c nhLn #$ #ai trH tron& tP chAcD j 7iai o"n a: phn ,"n& #$ m] tC cc nh'm ;$m #ic j 7iai o"n v: phn ,"n& #$ m] tC cc c@p !i t(Bn& J nhim #-

uc Gnh ou #$o cIa cc nhim #VT>n n&o$i h th!n&Y Thi?t ;p m]i tr()n& T>n n&o$i

c@c tr(n& T_i *= hBp tc: n&()i *+ ,-n& tham &ia #$o nh'm thi?t k? #$ c' th^ 'n& &'p _ mKi &iai o"n cIa qu trnh thi?t k?D

4] tC qu trnh Ti?n !i tb ou #$o th$nh ou ra ShLn t1ch h th!n& xO h%i: #ai trH, @c t1nh, chQt ;(Bn& ShLn t1ch h th!n& k thut: cq #$ m/i, hiu quC ;$m #ic c@c tC 0>u cou #d mAc % hiu nRn& th`a mOn c@c tC 0>u cou #d chAc nRn&, t1nh ,rn& (Bc, t1nh chQp nhn (Bc cho h th!n& k thut m/i Cu hi J.[! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E m hnh h1 th\ng mEm /]1CTY2 JTP chAc nh( ;$ m%t h th!n& m$ k thut #$ con n&()i ;$ cc th$nh phonD J4] hnh ,o 3heck;an, #$ 5cho;e* d xuQt nRm 1991 #$ na*on pht tri^n nRm 1999 E3c T(/c ch1nh cIa m] hnh 554: J7iai o"n thA nhQt cIa m] hnh 554 ;$ nh Ti?t T$i ton #$ kh_i t"o T(/c phLn t1chD JB(/c ti?p theo, ta chu0^n tb th? &i/i th=c *an& h th!n& Tzn& cch c! &gn& kh_i t"o m%t Gnh n&h<a &!c cho h th!n& J554 ;$ m%t cch ti?p cn mdm ,o, he trB #ic xem xtt m%t cch chi ti?t n&U cCnh cIa qu trnh thi?t k?DTu0 nhi>n n' con c' th=c t? ^ *+ ,-n& hiu quCDp' kh]n& chs .n &iCn ;$ cun& cQp cLu trC ;)i Zn& ha0 *ai#ic *+ ,-n& c' k?t quC n?u nh( n' trB &iZp cc nh$ thi?t k? h th!n& nhidu h.nD Cu hi J.]! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E m hnh %a c(ch nhn :$ m%t cch ti?p cn tP hBp nhidu cch ti?p cn tron& 1 &iai o"n, c' ph(.n& php ki^m traD l ST4: 4] hnh cc nhim #ch1nh l 4: 4] hnh chAc nRn& Ec@c i^m cIa thi?t k? hBp tc l n4: 4] hnh th=c th^ Vm] hnh khi nimY l m5: cc #ai trH l ST: cc nhim #- cIa n&()i ,rn& l 3Tm: >u cou cc nhim #- cIa m0 Ti?p cn a cch nhn nhQn m"nh #$o thA t= ho"t %n& kh]n& th1ch hBp 3Ci ti?n m]i tr()n& ;$m #ic #$ nhim #- th]n& qua #ic &i/i thiu thi?t k?D J :$m cho thi?t k? #$ nh &i man& t1nhh(/n& n&U cCnh ho@c c]n& #ic h.n ;$ h(/n& h th!n&D

3ch ti?p cn cIa thi?t k? hBp tc man& t1nh ;@p: thi?t k? c' th^ (Bc nh &i #$ chsnh *+a ;"i _ mei &iai o"nD Cu hi -.5: Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh>ch5 v0 m? hnh nhKn thLc Tr li : 4] hnh m%t *! kh1a c"nh hi^u Ti?t, tri thAc, M Gnh #$ cch x+ ;M cIa n&()i *+ ,-n&D 3c k< thut khc nhau th c' cch Ti^u ,i\n khc nhau 3' 9 cch phLn ;o"i cc m] hnh n'i tr>nD ShLn ;o"i theo cch mi>u tC cc @c i^m #d khC nRn& #$ hiu quC th=c hin cIa n&()i *+ ,-n&: 4] hnh khC nRn&: :$ cc m] hnh ,= To cc k?t quC hBp ; cIa h$nh #i nh(n& th()n& kh]n& quan tLm ?n xem ;iu rzn& chZn& th=c *= c' th^ th=c hin T_i n&()i *+ ,-n& ha0 kh]n&D 4] hnh hiu quC th=c hin: p&(Bc ;"i #/i m] hnh khC nRn&, cc m] hnh hiu quC th=c hin kh]n& chs mi>u tC nhUn& k?t quC h$nh #i con thi?t m$ cHn th=c *= mi>u tC nhUn& & n&()i *+ ,-n& con phCi Ti?t #$ cch hK p ,-n& ki?n thAc ' #$o #ic th=c thi cc nhim #- th=c *=D ShLn ;o"i theo khC nRn& hi^u Ti?t #d n&()i *+ ,-n& J4] hnh phLn cQp cQu trZc m-c 1ch #$ nhim #- cIa n&()i *+ ,-n& J3c m] hnh #Rn ph"m #$ n&]n n&U J3c m] hnh #t ;M #$ thi?t TG Cu hi J.S! Trnh by hi'u biBt ca anhCchD 0E thiBt ;B h78 t(c Thi?t k? theo n&U cCnh c]n& #ic, xem n&()i *+ ,-n& kh]n& chs nh( ;$ m%t !i t(Bn& th1 n&him m$ cHn nh( m%t th$nh #i>n cIa nh'm thi?t k?D phzm m-c 1ch cCi ti?n cc 0>u cou h th!n& th]n& qua m%t qu0 trnh thi?t k? man& t1nh ;@p tron& ' n&()i *+ ,-n& tham &ia m%t cch t1ch c=c #$o qu0 trnh thi?t k?D 3hQt #Qn ;xn nhau nhzm m-c 1ch cho cc T>n tham &ia c' th^ hi^u h.n #d n&U cCnh thi?t k? tb quan i^m cIa mei th$nh #i>nD T"o ra m%t ndn tCn& chun& &iUa n&()i *+ ,-n& #$ n&()ithi?t k? #$ thi?t ;p c. *_ cho thi?t k?D l Senci; an, paper exerci*e* VuL0 ,=n& phc thCoY: Shc thCo cc nhim #- i^n hnh cIa h th!n&: chs r *= khc nhau &iUa cc 0>u cou cIa n&()i *+ ,-n& #$ thi?t k? th=c t?D 3un& cQp m%t k< thut .n &iCn #$ 1t t!n ktm cho #ic nh &i cc m] hnh Tan ouD Cu hi -.*: Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh>ch5 v0phn tch thi4t k4 th/&i 3c cch thAc m$ !i tho"i c' th^ (Bc phLn t1ch nhzm pht hin t1nh tin ,-n& tidm nRn& Tzn& cch xem xtt cc n&u0>n ;M thi?t k? &iao ,in Tr(/c ti>n tp trun& #$o h$nh %n& cIa p[, ti?p theo ;$ tr"n& thi cIa !i tho"iD 3u!i crn& ;$ xem xtt cch Ti^u ,i\n #$ tb #=n&D Eu0 trnh thi?t k? hBp tc 5+ ,-n& m%t *! ph(.n& php ^ &iZp cho #ictrao Pi th]n& tin &iUa n&()i *+ ,-n& #$ n&()i thi?t k? l Brain*tormin& VSh(.n& php tr1 tu nh'mY: 4Ki th$nh #i>n tham &ia thi?t k? du (a ra M t(_n& 4Ki th]n& tin du (Bc &hi ;"i trun& th=c, kh]n& chsnh *+a 3hKn ;Kc M t(_n& Tzn& nhidu k thut khc nhauD l 5tor0Toar,in& VSh(.n& php xL0 ,=n& TCn& tnh ti?tY p&()i ,rn& ;$ tQt cC nhUn& n&()i c' qu0dn ;Bikn&h<a #- ;i>n quan 5+ ,-n& hK ^ m] tC cc ho"t %n& cIa n&()i ,rn& #$ nh &i cc tc %n& cIa thi?t k? l york*hop* Vh%i thCoY:

Cu hi -.1:Trnh by cc gi,i (/&n c+, m? hnh thi4t k4 h thEng .By ngi d@ng .m trung tm E Thi?t k? ;Q0 n&()i ,rn& ;$m trun& tLm VW*erJcentere, ,e*i&nY c@t V0>u cou cIaY n&()i ,rn& #$o trun& tLm cIa qu trnh thi?t k? #$ pht tri^n Ti?n h$nh th+ n&him #$ nh &i #/i n&()i ,rn& Thi?t k? m%t cch t(.n& tc u0 trnh thi?t k? ;$ qu0 trnh ;@p c@c tC 0>u cou: V4] hnh n&()i ,rn& l p&()i ,rn& ;$ ai l 4-c 1ch cIa hK ;$ & l phim #- n$o hK mu!n ho$n th$nh ShLn t1ch nhim #-: V ShLn cQp m-c ti>u #$ nhim #- 7}45, 4] hnh n&]n n&U, ShLn t1ch c]n& #ic: phLn chia c]n& #ic, *. N quan hY l c@c tr(n& h'a cc T(/c m$ n&()i ,rn& con th=c hin l uL0 ,=n& kGch TCn !i #/i #ic *+ ,-n& hin t"i l c(a qu0?t Gnh he trB !i t(Bn& n&()i ,rn& #$ ;o"i nhim # Thi?t k? ,=a tr>n cc phLn t1ch n$0 V 4] hnh tho"i, 4] hnh t(.n& tc, ShLn t1ch tr"n& thi k *= kinY cnh &i l Th+ n&him &iao ,in l cnh &i tr(/c khi c$i @t Cu hi -.-:Trnh by hi*u bi4t c+, ,nh ch5 v0 m? hnh FGT8>CFGTH8 J4] hnh n$0 &iZp %i thi?t k? hi^u #$ &hi ;"i nhUn& 0>u cou n&()i ,rn&D J5+ ,-n& nhUn& m] hnh #d Ti^u N nhim #- crn& #/i nhUn& m] tC chi ti?tD JW5T4 (Bc Ti?n Pi th$nh 3W5T}4 cho nhUn& tP chAc nh` h.nD Ju trnh &iai o"n

j 7iai o"n i: phn ,"n& nhu cou cIa nhUn& chI th^: 3c T(/c 9Jv (Bc m] tC cC _ kh1a c"nh h th!n& hin t"i #$ h th!n& d xuQt, nhu cou cIa chI th^ (Bc xc Gnh ,=a tr>n *= khc Tit &iUa hai h th!n&D j 7iai o"n : 3In& c! #$ ki^m tra cc 0>u cou cIa chI th^D E3' v nh'm chI th^ (Bc phLn Tit nh( *au: J ph'm thA nhQt ;$ nhUn& n&()i *+ ,-n& h th!n& Jph'm thA hai ;$ nhUn& n&()i kh]n& tr=c ti?p *+ ,-n& h th!n& nh(n& hK ;"i nhn th]n& tin ou ra tb h th!n& ho@c cun& cQp th]n& tin ou #$o cho h th!n& V#1 ,-, n&()i nhn To co (Bc t"o ra T_i h th!n&Y Jph'm thA a ;$ nhUn& n&()i kh]n& nzm tron& 9 nh'm tr>n nh(n& hK chGu Cnh h(_n& T_i *= th$nh c]n& ha0 thQt T"i cIa h th!n& V#1 ,-, m%t &im !c cqn& ;$ n&()i @t h$n& T_i ;Bi nhun T_i # *= tRn& ha0 &iCm ;Bi nhun cIa hK ph- thu%c #$o *= th$nh c]n& cIa h th!n&Y J ph'm thA t(: ;$ nhUn& n&()i tham &ia thi?t k?, pht tri^n #$ TCo tr h th!n& Cu hi I J" Trnh by hi.u bi/t ca anh ch0 1" hnh 23T4 3ch thAc ;$m #ic #/i n&()i ,rn& tron& qu trnh thi?t k?: thi?t k? th$nh #i>n #$ thi?t k? xO h%iD l Thi?t k? th$nh #i>n: n&()i ,rn& tham &ia #$o cc c]n& o"n phLn t1ch 0>u cou, ;p k? ho"ch l Thi?t k? xO h%i: tp trun& pht tri^n o0 I #$ nhQt qun h th!n& phim #- ch1nh: xc Gnh l >u cou c]n& #ic: nhim #- cho tbn& nh'm, ou #$o nhim #-, m]i tr()n& T>n n&o$i l 8 th!n& th=c thi c]n& #ic: h th!n& xO h%i, h th!n& k thut l 3c @c t1nh khc: mAc % th`a mOn #d hiu nRn&, chAc nRn&, t1nh ,rn& (Bc, t1nh chQp nhn (Bc E 8 T(/c th=c hin theo }5T2 !

j 7iai o"n 1: 4i>u tC T!i cCnh tP chAc

:it k> cc nhim #- ch1nh

aD T1nh chQt cIa h$nh %n& co0 I: comp;etene** l 3c cun& TG thi?u: mi**e, arc* l 3c tr()n& hBp TQt khC khn&: unXore*een circum*tance* uc Gnh: ,etermini*m

Ki^u tb #=n& l [anh tb chs #ic th=c hin cc ;nh Vcomman, J #erT nounY l c%n& tb chs cc thao tc #/i chu%t Vmou*e Ta*e, J noun #erTY 8in thG Cu hi I M"

cidu % chAc nRn& cIa cc #rn& khc nhau TP chAc #$ &im *t cc 0>u cou nhim #-D

Cu hi -.11: Trnh by v,i tr: c+, (nh gi tr/ng thi4t k4 tng tc' phn tch u nhSc (i*m c+, cc phng php (nh gi thZc t4 v (nh gi tr/ng ph:ng th nghim dai trA ca %(nh gi( trong thiBt ;B t5ng t(c:cnh &i Cm TCo a nhim #- ch1nh l Khn& Gnh t1nh m_ r%n& cIa cc chAc nRn& j 8 th!n& phCi c' khC nRn& p An& cc nhim #- @t ra m%t cch ,\ ,$n&

l phidu cun& cho m%t h$nh %n& l 3un& cQp qu0?t Gnh An& ,-n& l 3hZ M: ;ut *Cn xuQt l Thot nhidu mAc ;Nn& nhau phQt qun l 3rn& h$nh %n&, crn& hiu quC l Th^ thAc #$ t1nh quan *t (Bc TD T1nh chQt cIa tr"n& thi T1nh "t t/i (Bc l phn (Bc mKi thA tb TQt k #G tr1 n$o l [\ ,$n& T1nh thun n&hGch l 3' th^ nhn (Bc tr"n& thi tr(/c l p?u kh]n&: Wn,o 3c tr"n& thi n&u0 hi^m l 3c tr"n& thi kh]n& mu!n xC0 ra F1 ,-: Tr"n& thi n&u0 hi^m cIa T% x+ ;M #Rn TCn 3' 9 ch? % #$ thot l 1 l 9 ,un&Y l n*c J tha0 Pi ch? % J thot V#$ t= %n& &hi n%i 4%t phLn t1ch nhim #- chAa ,anh *ch nhim #- #$ &n chZn& th$nh cc th$nh phon 3Qu trZc nhim #- tb .n &iCn ?n phAc t"p 3c thao tc n&uoiX ,un& c' th^ nh &i Tzn& ph(.n& php &iCi t1chD H hnh Iim8l>x Gn> C,m gi(c/%_u 0o2! khC nRn& ti?p nhn cc th]n& tin m/i tb cc &ic quan ^ phLn t1ch #$ ;(u trU cc th]n& tin ' #$ ;i>n h #/i cc th]n& tin hin c' ^(8 "ng/%_u ra2! khC nRn& ;=a chKn, tP chAcD Gnh th)i #$ th=c hin cc p An& th1ch hBpD + nh* lm 0i1c ng.n h)n! Thu nhn, ;(u trU #$ x+ ;M cc kM Ac con cho cc h$nh %n& cIa nhim #-D TG &i/i h"n #d ,un& ;(Bn& #$ th)i &ianD + nh* 3i h)n! :(u trU Nn& th)i cc *= kin ch1nh #$ cc Ti^u t(Bn& t(.n& An&D t TG &i/i h"n h.n #d ,un& ;(Bn& #$ th)i &ian BG &i/i h"n #d chQt ;(Bn& th]n& tin ou #$o #$ khC nRn& triu &Ki th]n& tin raD C(c ch"c n#ng thZc thi! 3hu0^n th]n& tin &iUa cc #rn& TP chAc cc chuei ho"t %n& trao Pi th]n& tin 4%t *! cc m] hnh nhn thAc #$ thi?t k? cun& cQp m%t ph(.n& tin ^ tP hBp cho @c tC thi?t k? #$ nh &i tron& crn& m%t khun& t(.n& tcD p' ;$ k thut nh &i Hi h`i: c@c tC chAc nRn& cIa h th]n& phon c' ;i>n quan 6nh gi 78 9:ng ! hnh l g; trnh by ! hnh 3i <l=# 2n= ^(nh gi( ? 3@ng m hnh! C(c ;h9a c)nh c_n %(nh gi(! [rn& ^ nh &i thi?t k? #ic nh &i (Bc ,i\n ra n&a0 tron& qu trnh thi?t k?D Shon ;/n nh &i kh]n& con c' *= c' m@t cIa n&()i ,rn&D Tu0 nhi>n n' ph- thu%c #$o n&()i nh &i, cc chu0>n &iaD p&()i ;$m nhim #- thi?t k? Thi?t k? ou #$o hBp ;M cho n&()i ,un& 8e trB cc p An& cIa n&()i ,rn& #$ cho phtp chZn& (Bc th=c hin ,\ ,$n&D :(Bn& th]n& tin ;(u trU kh]n& nhidu 3un& cQp th]n& tin th1ch hBp cho #ic ;(u trU ,$i h"n, hiu quC: c' mxu phr hBp t"i nhUn& th)i i^m phr hBp ^ n&()i ,rn& ,\ hKc h`iD 8e trB #rn& cc chAc nRn& th=c thi: Cm TCo rzn& cc nhim #- ,o h th!n& 0>u cou kh]n& qu phAc t"p ^ c' th^ ;$m chI #$ ,u0 trD `C(c lo)i %(nh gi( Jcnh &i n&()i ,rn& Jcnh &i thi?t k? Cu hi -.1>: G/ 1nh m? hnh thi4t k4 h thEng .By ngi d@ng .m trung tm vNi m? hnh thi4t k4 truy0n thEng O,tPrQ,.. 4] hnh yarterXa;; O (Bc *+ ,-n& r%n& rOi tron& pht tri^n h th!n&D ph(Bc ;$ : i^m ch1nh cIa m] hnh n$0 J W Au, kh, c&nh c bXn c+, h thEng (,ng (Sc thi4t k4' nhQt ;$ cc h th!n& t(.n& tc, ' ;$ h th!n& phCi ;$ m%t c]n& c- he trB n&()i *+ ,-n& ho$n th$nh cc nhim #- nhQt Gnh m%t cch ,\ ,$n& #$ thun tinD J TKp trung v/ cc kh, c&nh kY thuKt c+, h thEng #$ 1t tp trun& #$o 0>u cou, *_ th1ch #$ nhu cou cIa n&()i *+ ,-n& h th!n& #$ m] hnh ki^u nh( yaterXa;; chs phCn nh quan idm cIa cc nh$ thi?t k? tha0 # n&()i *+ ,-n& th=c *=J !i t(Bn& n>n (Bc (a #$o trun& tLm cIa qu trnh thi?t k? #1 ch1nh hK m/i ;$ n&()i qu0?t Gnh *= th$nh c]n& cIa m%t h th!n&D

jcnh &i khC nRn& *+ ,-n& cIa h th!n& *o #/i nhu cou cIa n&()i ,rn& l Khn& Gnh t1nh hiu quC tron& &iao ti?p !i #/i n&()i ,rn& jco ?m *= Cnh h(_n& cIa h th!n& !i #/i n&()i ,rn& jT1nh ,\ hKc, ,\ ,rn&, ,\ nh/, #D#D l uc Gnh m%t *! #Qn d @c Tit nC0 *inh tron& qu trnh *+ ,-n& EUhn lo)i ShLn chia theo idu kin m]i tr()n& n.i ti?n h$nh nh &i l cnh &i tron& phHn& th1 n&him l cnh &i th=c Ga ShLn chia theo th)i &ian, #Hn& )i cIa qu trnh thi?t k? l cnh &i thi?t k? l cnh &i c$i @t Uhn t9ch u nh7c %i'm Ecnh &i tron& phHn& th1 n&him [i\n ra tron& phHn& th1 n&him [rn& tron& qu trnh thi?t k? p&()i nh &i mu!n th=c hin m%t *! khn& Gnh m$ kh]n& con ?n n&()i ,rn& p&()i ,rn& cqn& c' th^ tham &ia #$o qu trnh nh &i n?u mu!n

H hnh thiBt ;B h1 th\ng lay ngi ? 3@ng lm trung tm bCIc Khgc ph-c nh(Bc i^m c. TCn cIa cc m] hnh tru0dn th!n& nh( yaterXa;; Tzn& cch nLn& cao #ai trH cIa n&()i *+ ,-n& h th!n& : JRgi 12 dng (Sc th,m gi, v/ cc gi,i (/&n c+, Au trnh pht tri*n h thEng #$ cc phCn hNi tb n&()i *+ ,-n& (Bc ,rn& ^ cCi ti?n h th!n&

JRgi 12 dng th,m gi, rBt t v/ Auy trnh pht tri*n h thEng, hou nh( n&()i *+ ,-n& chs tham &ia #$o &iai o"n thu thp th]n& tin 0>u cou cho #ic pht tri^n h th!n&D JF (y . m-t m? hnh tuy4n tnh n%n thng m-t gi,i (/&n tr/ng Au trnh thi4t k4 (Sc b;t (Tu khi gi,i (/&n trNc (3 (U k4t thVc ,xn ?n #ic thi?u cc ho"t %n& ;Q0 phCn hNi #$ ,u0t ;"i cc &iai o"n tron& qu trnh pht tri^n h th!n&D

J kh]n& tha0 Pi ch? %

l ph(n& DDD n*c kh]n& t= %n& &hi ;"i n%i ,un& F1 ,-: 4] thAc tb #=n& cIa T% x+ ;M #Rn TCn Tr=c quan l ShLn Tit (Bc cc ch? % #$ tr"n& thi l KM php tho"i

JKhc #/i cc ph(.n& php thi?t k? h th!n& tru0dn th!n& nh( m] hnh yaterXa;; _ ' #ai trH n&()i *+ ,-n& h th!n& 1t (Bc chZ M, cch ti?p cn pht thi?t k? h th!n& ;Q0 n&()i *+ ,-n& ;$m trun& tLmVW35[Y ()t ngi 12 dng' mc (ch' nhu cTu v cc h/&t (-ng c+, h< v/ trung tm c+, Au trnh thi4t k4 ?u t! cRn TCn Cm TCo *= th$nh c]n& cIa cch ti?p cn pht tri^n h th!n& ;Q0 n&()i *+ ,-n& ;$m trun& tLm ;$ qu trnh .)p .&i cc gi,i (/&n c+, Au trnh thi4t k4 th,y v 12 d@ng m-t Au trnh tuy4n tinh nh( tron& cc m] hnh tru0dn th!n&D

cidu kin khch quan Thi?u n&U cCnh, idu kin kh]n& t= nhi>n, kh]n& c' tht 7iao ti?p kh]n& t= nhi>n 3on thi?t khi m]i tr()n& th=c Ga kh]n& cho phtpVtr"m #q tr-, n.i n&u0 hi^mY 4u!n pht hin m%t *! #Qn d, m%t *! thI t-c 1t ,rn& ho@c *o *nh cc thi?t k? khc nhau th L0 ;$ cch thAc t!t nhQt

Ecnh &i t"i che c(Bc ti?n h$nh #/i *= tham &ia cIa n&()i ,rn& [i\n ra tron& &iai o"n thi?t k? ha0 c$i @t c(Bc ,i\n ra tron& m]i tr()n& n&()i ,rn& nhzm nh &i h th!n& tron& ho"t %n& #$ tr"n& thi cIa n&()i ,rn& 3' nhidu 0?u t! TG Cnh h(_n&: ti?n& Nn, chu0^n %n&, n&()i qua ;"i, #D#D &L0 mQt tp trun& BCn chQt t= nhi>n, cho phtp quan *t (Bc *= t(.n& tc cIa h th!n& #$ n&()i ,rn&, ci m$ ta kh]n& quan *t (Bc _ tron& STp [o c' *= hin ,in cIa n&()i nh &i m$ n&()i ,rn& c' th^ mQt tp trun&, kh]n& t= nhi>n Cu hi J.1J! Ht ?n bay Ou\c tB %ang x>m xet 0i1c xy 3Zng mt h1 th\ng b(n 0e m*i lifn ;Bt c(c %)i l b(n 0e %' b(n 0e trZc tiB8 %Bn ;h(ch hng. ghy 8hn lo)i c(c nh6m ch th' trong h1 th\ng b(n 0e ny th>o m hnh bITHCCbITGH. J ph'm thA nhQt: nhLn #i>n "i ;M Tn #t, nhLn #i>n Tn #t Jph'm thA hai: cc khch h$n&, nhLn #i>n quCn ;M Jph'm thA Ta: cc !i thI c"nh tranh, cc c. quan h$n& kh]n& ,Ln ,-n&, nhUn& n&()i T"n ,u ;Gch cIa khch h$n&, cc cP ]n& Jph'm thA t(: nh'm thi?t k?, nhLn #i>n phHn& 6T Cu hi ! 1" Trnh by <hng <h< nh gi ca &=il7=n 1 cho 1? 9: 1" t@ng luAt trong <hng <h< ny. Tr li : t(_n& ch1nh cIa ph(.n& php ;$ nhidu n&()i nh &i %c ;p crn& ti?n h$nh tr>n m%t h th!n& ^ n>u ;>n t1nh ,rn& (BcD `1Y;h9a c)nh c_n ;i'm tra th>o Mi>l?>n! 1.ih, n#ng nhn thay %7c c(c tr)ng th(i ca h1 th\ng j :u]n ;u]n cho phtp n&()i *+ ,-n& thQ0 (Bc nhUn& & an& ,i\n ra tron& h th!n& Tzn& cch cun& cQp cc phCn hNi th1ch hBp _ nhUn& th)i i^m hBp ;MD

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6: ki^u chfn T8np 3hfn tb #$o cLu 6: ki^u tha0 th? T8np BQm in*ert 3hfn tb #$o cLuD K?t thZc Cu hi [.T! <nh chD %7c yfu c_u thiBt ;B mt trang =>b cho mt cng ty. Mgi ? 3@ng c6 th' tm 0 mua mt b,n nh)c chung cho %i1n tho)i 3i %ng ca hR. Fi,i th9ch ng.n gRn c(ch anhCchD ?v ;i'm tra %(nh gi( thiBt ;B ca anhCchD ;hi ngy bn giao ?.8 %Bn g_n. B:: Thi?t k? &iao ,in Tm #$ 4ua m%t TCn nh"c chu]n&D 81: 7iao ,in tm ki?m #$ mua nh"c ch1nh 89: 7iao ,in h(/n& ,xn ^ c' th^ ,o tr=c ti?p nh"c #d in tho"i ,i %n& 8a: 7iao ,in h(/n& ,xn chKn ,on &in ti?p qua S3 E7iao ,in ch1nh cun& cQp cho n&()i ,rn& 9 chAc nRn& : JTm ki?m T$i ht J4ua T$i ht an& n&he Ec@c tC theo 0>u cou cIa n&()i ,rn& : J>u cou tm ki?m T$i ht : B1: 7 t>n T$i ht #$o tron& thanh &hi chU tr>n &iao ,in tm ki?m B9: phQn nZt tm ki?m J5au khi h$nh %n& ti?n h$nh n&()i ,rn& *w hi^u phCn hNi cIa h th!n& nh( th? n$o jp&a0 *au khi th=c hin, h th!n& *w hin ra cc h(/n& ,xn chKn mua c- th^ tb ' n&()i ,rn& c' th^ thao tc #/i in tho"i ho@c m0 t1nh cIa mnhD jBCn nh"c chu]n& *w (Bc ,on #d m0 t1nh Ec@t cLu h`i :