Bibliography

"10 Reasons to Say No to Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods." Issues: Genetic
Engineering: Publications: 10 Reasons to Say No to Genetically Engineered
Crops and Foods Beyond Pesticides. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://www.beyondpesticides.org/gmos/reportsandpublications/gmofactsheet.php.

Price differences between non BT and BT corn

Bello, Walden. "Twenty-Six Countries Ban GMOs-Why Won't the US?" The Nation.
October 29, 2013. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.thenation.com/blog/176863/twenty-six-countries-ban-gmos-why-
wont-us.

This story/website talks about the countries that have banned genetically modified
foods. They are also talking about the US not banning them and how it sparks
controversies and protests.

"Biodiversity." : Threatened By Genetically Modified Plants? Accessed April 17, 2014.
http://www.gmo-
compass.org/eng/safety/environmental_safety/166.biodiversity_threatened_geneti
cally_modified_plants.html.

Lists possible problems GM crops face concerning biodiversity including
outcrossing to wild plants and susceptibility to diseases.

Chain. "The Good, Bad and Ugly about GMOs." Natural Revolution. March 2014.
Accessed April 26, 2014. http://naturalrevolution.org/gmo-resources/the-good-
bad-and-ugly-about-gmos/.

this site is about the positives and the negatives of GMOs

"The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods." Actionbioscience. Accessed April 28,
2014. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotechnology/sakko.html.

Gave me examples of different kinds of GM crops and how much they cost

"Economic Issues Surrounding Genetically Modified Foods." Infowars Economic Issues
Surrounding Genetically Modified Foods Comments. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.infowars.com/economic-issues-surrounding-genetically-modified-
foods/.

Gave me lots of overall cost stats.

"The Environmental Impact of GMOs." One Green Planet. Accessed April 15, 2014.
http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/the-environmental-impact-of-
gmos/.

Introduces effect of toxicity on non-target, organisms, buildup of resistance in
target organisms, and GM crops' effect on biodiversity. Source may be biased against
GMFs

European Food Safety Authority. "Approving the GM Potato: Conflicts of Interest,
Flawed Science and Fierce Lobbying." Corporate Europe Observatory. November
7, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://corporateeurope.org/efsa/2011/11/approving-gm-potato-conflicts-interest-
flawed-science-and-fierce-lobbying.

This website focuses on protesting over genetically modified potatoes. Europe has
now banned Genetically Modified food.

Farley, David. "GM FOOD." Are Science and Religion Always in Conflict with Each
Other. November 9, 2000. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://geeepeee09.wordpress.com/gm-food/.

This website has many things needed to know about GMFs. It has the definition
of a GMO and examples of foods that contain GMOs. Another thing this website offers is
advantages and disadvantages of the products that are genetically modified.

"Fields of Beaten Gold." The Economist. December 07, 2013. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21591176-greens-say-climate-change-
deniers-are-unscientific-and-dangerous-so-are-greens-who-oppose-gm.

Food and Chemical Toxicology

"Gene Transfer to Microorganisms." Gene Transfer to Microorganisms. Accessed April
17, 2014. http://www.gmo-
compass.org/eng/safety/environmental_safety/167.gene_transfer_microorganisms
.html.

Introduces types of possible gene transferring and steps to take to avoid.

"A Genetically Modified Crop Benefits a Non-modified Crop by Killing Pests,
University of Minnesota Study Finds." Discover. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://discover.umn.edu/news/food-agriculture/genetically-modified-crop-
benefits-non-modified-crop-killing-pests-university.

Specifics on BT corn

"Genetically Modified Crops and Developing Countries." Genetically Modified Crops
and Developing Countries. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/124/3/923.full.

New solutions on facing world Hunger with GMFs and how useful GMFs can be

"Genetically Modified Crops: 'Monster Food' or a Big Step to Feeding the World's
Hungry?" MinnPost. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.minnpost.com/politics-
policy/2008/05/genetically-modified-crops-monster-food-or-big-step-feeding-
worlds-hungry.

What governments think of GMFs

"Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?" Genetically Modified Foods:
Harmful or Helpful? Accessed April 26, 2014.
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php.

GM patents hardship for farmers

Gertsburg, Denisa. "6 Reasons To Avoid GMOs." GMO News and Analysis Food Safety
Politics GMO Journal RSS. 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://gmo-
journal.com/2010/09/27/6-reasons-to-avoid-gmos/.

this site is six problems with GMOs and there harm on the world.

"Global Economic Benefits of GM Crops Reach Almost 0 Billion." Global Economic
Benefits of GM Crops Reach Almost 0 Billion. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/page/35/.

Lots of legal stats on GMF rules and regulations

"GM Crops: Costs and Benefits: Africa." GM Crops: Costs and Benefits: Africa.
Accessed April 28, 2014. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sec006group5/africa.

Gave me some historical economic solutions

"GMO MYTHS AND TRUTHS REPORT." 5.9. MYTH: GM Crops Bring Economic
Benefits to Farmers. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://earthopensource.org/index.php/5-gm-crops-impacts-on-the-farm-and-
environment/5-9-myth-gm-crops-bring-economic-benefits-to-farmers.

farmers income

"GMOs and the Environment." X9602e07. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9602e/x9602e07.htm.

Lists possible harmful effects of GM crops on the environment, including
increased resistance to pesticide with weeds and outcrossing of GM crops to wild plants.
Also included useful analysis of Monarch Butterfly study on BT-covered leaves.

Harmon, Amy, and Andrew Pollack. "Battle Brewing Over Labeling of Genetically
Modified Food." The New York Times. May 24, 2012. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/science/dispute-over-labeling-of-
genetically-modified-food.html?_r=2.

This is a very good news story from an incredible and trustworthy source. This
article is about the disputes over labeling genetically modified food in grocery stores. It
shows in a video a woman who actually goes to the store and puts her own homemade
labels on products that she knows contain GMFs.

Henry, Michele, and The Toronto Star. "The Threats From Genetically Modified Foods."
Mother Earth News. May 22, 2013. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/genetically-
modified-foods-zm0z12amzmat.aspx#axzz2zd5veUaQ.

This is a description on a protest against Monsanto, one of the mass producers of
GMFs. It is a thorough website for conflicts because it is people actually taking to the
street to protest Monsanto and GMFs/GMOs.

Herrera-Estrella, Luis, and Ariel Alvarez-Morales. "REFERENCES." National Center for
Biotechnology Information. April 15, 2001. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083872/.

Gave me more legal stuff

"Insects, Spiders, and Other Animals." The Effects of GM Plants on Insects, Spiders and
Other Animals. Accessed April 17, 2014. http://www.gmo-
compass.org/eng/safety/environmental_safety/169.effects_gm_plants_insects_spi
ders_animals.html.

Describes BT toxin used in GM crops to kill pests and the advantages of using it.
Also adresses and dismisses Monarch Butterfly study.

IRT. "Tips for Avoiding GMOs." Tips for Avoiding GMOs. Accessed April 29, 2014.
http://www.nongmoshoppingguide.com/tips-for-avoiding-gmos.html.

this site is about how to avoid GMFs.

Kuzma, Jennifer, and Rachel Haase. "Genetically Engineered Foods." Genetically
Engineered Foods. October 2012. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.foodpolicy.umn.edu/policy-summaries-and-analyses/genetically-
engineered-foods/.

The University of Minnesota has a big impact on the creation of GMFs/GMOs.
This website and story shows the safety of Genetically modified foods. Safety is one of
the large concerns that are sparking conflict.

Lendman, Stephen. "Potential Health Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods." Global
Research. February 22, 2008. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://www.globalresearch.ca/potential-health-hazards-of-genetically-engineered-
foods/8148.

this article is about the potential heath hazards of GMOs and what happens to the
body when we eat GM foods.

Mather, Robin. "The Threats From Genetically Modified Foods." Mother Earth News.
Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-
livestock/genetically-modified-foods-zm0z12amzmat.aspx#axzz2zd5veUaQ.

This website goes over the threats that GMFs pose. It also skims over impacts as
well.

Miller, Mona. "Updated Issue Brief on U.S.-EU Trade Dispute over Genetically Modified
Crops Released by Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology - The Pew
Charitable Trusts." Updated Issue Brief on U.S.-EU Trade Dispute over
Genetically Modified Crops Released by Pew Initiative on Food and
Biotechnology - The Pew Charitable Trusts. December 16, 2005. Accessed April
28, 2014. http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=20036.

This website is on a trade dispute between the US and the European Union.
Europe doesn't want GMFs but the US wants to keep trading with them, knowing our
food is GM.

Mount, Rachle. "Genetically Modified Foods Affect Health and Body." Oprah.com. May
2012. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.oprah.com/health/Genetically-
Modified-Foods-Affect-Health-and-Body.

this site is about the effects of GMFs on the human body.

Non-GMO Project. "GMO Facts." The NonGMO Project RSS. 2013. Accessed April 27,
2014. http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/.

This organization is one against GMFs. It shows a perspective from an
organization who is an organic and safe way of doing things. This website has facts,
definitions, and much more.

"Out-crossing and Gene Flow." Genetically Modified Plants: Out-crossing and Gene
Flow. Accessed April 17, 2014. http://www.gmo-
compass.org/eng/safety/environmental_safety/170.genetically_modified_plants_o
ut_crossing_gene_flow.html.

Adresses the dangers of outcrossing GM crops and outlines when outcrossing
occurs.

Phillips, Theresa. "Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and
Recombinant DNA Technology." Nature.com. 2008. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-
transgenic-crops-and-732.

This website has many good things. It has a table of example organisms, then
what happens when they are genetically modified. It also shows risks, consequences,
concerns, and many more.

"Pocket K No. 1: Q and A About Genetically Modified Crops." Q and A About
Genetically Modified Crops. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/1/.

Where GM crops are being manufactured

"Pocket K No. 4: GM Crops and the Environment." GM Crops and the Environment.
Accessed April 17, 2014. http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/.

Listed benefits of GM crops on the environment and addresses concerns on non-
target organisms and weed and pest resistance.

"The Post-GMO Economy - Modern Farmer." Modern Farmer. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://modernfarmer.com/2013/12/post-gmo-economy/.

A chart on cost of BT corn fields vs non BT corn fields and the history of GM
seeds

Robertson, Tom. "MPR: White Earth Members Seek Ban on Genetically Modified Wild
Rice." MPR: White Earth Members Seek Ban on Genetically Modified Wild Rice.
March 8, 2005. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2005/03/08_robertsont_wildrice/.

Wild rice is sacred to Native Americans, the genetical modification on it is not a
good effect on the rice nor the people. This story is on the controversy of the White Earth
Indian Reservation over the wild rice being genetically modified.

Robins, John. "Institute for Responsible Technology." - 10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs.
2006. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/10-
Reasons-to-Avoid-GMOs.

this site gives ten reasons to avoid GMOs due to there harm on people.

Shelby, Ginger. "How GMO Foods Damage Human DNA | Ecopedia." Ecopedia. 2013.
Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.ecopedia.com/health/how-gmo-damage-
human-dna/.

this site is about GMFs and there damage to the human body.

Smith, Jeffery. "Spilling the Beans: Unintended GMO Health Risks." Spilling the Beans:
Unintended GMO Health Risks. March 2008. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_11361.cfm.

this article is about the effects of GMOs, and what they can do to the environment
and the human body.

"The Solution - Ecological Farming." Greenpeace International. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/agriculture/solution-
ecological-farming/.

Ecological Farming

The University of Minnesota. "Genetically Engineered Foods." - Food Policy Research
Center. August 2013. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.foodpolicy.umn.edu/policy-summaries-and-analyses/genetically-
engineered-foods/.

this site is about the history of GMFs.

US News. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2009/10/28/the-hidden-cost-of-
genetically-modified-foods.

How bugs and weeds adapt to GMFs

Victor, David G. "Trade, Science, and Genetically Modified Foods." Council on Foreign
Relations. March 13, 2001. Accessed April 28, 2014.
http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/trade-science-genetically-modified-
foods/p8689.

This article shows an overview of GMOs/GMFs. It also has questions that are
answered in a paragraph form.

Visser, Nick. "GMO Foods: Key Points In The Genetically Modified Debate." The
Huffington Post. August 02, 2013. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/02/gmo-foods_n_3693246.html.

This website is a summary of a debate. The debate was over genetically modified
foods. It gave many people the chance to say their opinions on what we should do with
GMFs. This story is good because it doesn't give the whole debate, it just gives the
important and noticeable details.

Whitman, Debra. "Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?" Genetically
Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? April 2000. Accessed April 29, 2014.
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php.

this site is about what happens to the body when people eat GMFs.

Wirth, David A. "Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School." Site. August 14,
2013. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp/602/.

This article is very short, but gives off enough information. It focuses on trade
laws mostly, but hovers over other disputes.

Woolsey, GL. "GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically Modified Foods - GMO
Inside." GMO Inside. March 10, 2013. Accessed April 27, 2014.
http://gmoinside.org/gmo-timeline-a-history-genetically-modified-foods/.

A historic timeline of Genetically modified food. It helped with the historical
context and the historical solutions.