βιολογία Α γυμνασίου

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&PM:< 87E5@N8L>78: JGDC> MLJPRMDC B>C HTD LA?EHCEGC H?M ?ABCD>EF?P
CLS J>E_?VJGX, SL[X JGDC> ?> F>NA??ABCD>EF?G L?M LA?NCV?PD CERIDJ>JX.
A7E5QP9<W78: EMF_OVV?MD EHTD LWUT H?M CGFCH?X EJ LJAGLH[ET
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%? NMNV?K?A>NS EMDJABOQJHC> FJ H? CDCLDJMEH>NS, H? ?MA?L?>TH>NS NC> H?
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1. 3575J 5 >UW5J 9?J 8;8Q;5OJ @95; <;T>AQ5 :87 QAJ Q>8DE895Q57PL987;
(3(0FH2H
)H?D ODRA[L? ?> RAJLH>NIX ?MEGJX HTX HA?KWX CL?AA?K`DHC> CLS H? VJLHS IDHJA?.
8J HTD NMNV?K?AGC H?M CGFCH?X KHOD?MD EJ SVC HC NPHHCAC H?M E`FCH?X. NJG,
?A>EFIDJX CLS CMHIX, SL[X T BVMNSQT, Y>CEL`DHC> NC> JVJMRJA`D?DHC> JDIABJ>C NC>
Y>?UJGY>? H?M ODRACNC (NMHHCA>NW CDCLD?W). 1>C DC BGDJ> CMHS, ÂJ>OQJHC> ?UMBSD?.
.> CLC>HWEJ>X H?M ?ABCD>EF?P EJ JDIABJ>C JGDC> EMDJ^JGX. 1>C H?D VSB? CMHS T
JGE?Y?X ?UMBSD?M EHC NPHHCAC, CVVO NC> T CL?FONAMDET Y>?UJ>YG?M H?M ODRACNC
LAILJ> DC JGDC> EMDJ^JGX. 2MHW T EMDJ^WX Y>CNGDTET H?M ?UMBSD?M NC> H?M Y>?UJ>YG?M
H?M ODRACNC (H[D CDCLDJMEH>N`D CJAG[D) CLS NC> LA?X H?MX LDJPF?DJX BGDJHC> FJ H?
CGFC.
. CHF?EKC>A>NSX CIACX KHODJ> EH?MX LDJPF?DJX Y>CFIE?M N?>V?HWH[D, E[VWD[D NC>
CD?>BFOH[D (CJA?KSA?X ?YSX) FJ HT VJ>H?MABGC HTX CDCLD?WX. ' CDCLD?W
LJA>VCF_ODJ> HTD J>ELD?W, NCHO HTD ?L?GC J>EIA^JHC> EH?MX LDJPF?DJX CIACX
LV?PE>?X EJ ?UMBSD?, NC> HTD JNLD?W, NCHO HTD ?L?GC JUIA^JHC> CLS H?MX LDJPF?DJX
CIACX LV?PE>?X EJ Y>?UJGY>? H?M ODRACNC.

2. 3578 U>D8;8 QP>7W8EK<;P7 95 8;8Q;PM@97:U @V@9?E8 95M 8;T>CQ5M;
(3(0FH2H
%C SABCDC H?M CDCLDJMEH>N?P EMEHWFCH?X JGDC> T FPHT, ? KOAMBBCX, ? VOAMBBCX, T
HAC^JGC, H? _A?B^>NS YIDYA? NC> ?> LDJPF?DJX. 2MHO EMD>EH?PD HTD CJA?KSA? ?YS.

3. 3578 ? Q5>PL8 95M 8R>8 @95 8;8Q;PM@97:U @V@9?E8 95M 8;T>CQ5M;
(3(0FH2H
. CIACX J>EIA^JHC> EHT A>D>NW N?>VSHTHC, T ?L?GC NCVPLHJHC> CLS _VJDD?BSD?.
' JL>BV[HHGYC NCHJ_CGDJ> NC> JFL?YGQJ> HTD JGE?Y? HTX HA?KWX EH?D VOAMBBC. bOH[
CLS HTD JL>BV[HHGYC _AGENJHC> T BV[HHGYC, EHC ONAC HTX ?L?GCX MLOA^?MD ?>
K[DTH>NIX ^?AYIX.
. CIACX LJADO EH?D KOAMBBC NC> EHT EMDI^J>C EH?D VOAMBBC.
2LS H?D VOAMBBC LJADO EHTD HAC^JGC NC> FJHO EH?MX _ASB^?MX, L?M ?YTB?PD EH?MX
LDJPF?DJX.
)H? JE[HJA>NS H[D LDJMFSD[D NORJ _ASB^?X Y>CNVCYGQJHC> Y>CY?^>NO EJ
F>NASHJA?MX CB[B?PX, E^TFCHGQ?DHCX HJV>NO H? _A?B^>NS YIDYA?, EHC ONAC H?M
?L?G?M E^TFCHGQ?DHC> F>NA?G CJA?KSA?> EON?>, ?> NMgJVGYJX.

4. 3578 U>D8;8 K5?T5V; @9?; PL@5Z5 :87 RS5Z5 95M 8R>8 @95MJ Q;PVE5;PJ;
(3(0FH2H
' JGE?Y?X NC> T IU?Y?X H?M CIAC CLS H?MX LDJPF?DJX BGDJHC> FJ HT _?WRJ>C
H?M Z78N><DE895J NC> H[D EP@5QWPV>7A; (LVJMA>N`D) EMC;. %? Y>OKACBFC JGDC>
IDCX R?V[HSX FMX L?M _AGENJHC> NOH[ CLS H?MX LDJPF?DJX NC> ^[AGQJ> HT R[ACN>NW
CLS HTD N?>V>CNW N?>VSHTHC.

5. 3AJ DL;P987 ? P7@Q;5O 8R>8 @95MJ Q;PVE5;PJ 95M 8;T>CQ5M;
(3(0FH2H
1>C DC LACBFCH?L?>TRJG T J>ELD?W, EMEHIVV?DHC> ?> FJE?LVJPA>?> FPJX NC> H?
Y>OKACBFC. 8J HT EMEH?VW H? Y>OKACBFC NCHJ_CGDJ> LA?X HC NOH[. fHE>, CMUODJHC>
"$%')*) ,*.0.1*2) 24 168:2)*.6
,2%)*.) <:.=$: 26
? SBN?X HTX R[ACN>NWX N?>VSHTHCX, LA?NCV`DHCX HTD JGE?Y? CHF?EKC>A>N?P CIAC
EH?MX LDJPF?DJX.

6. 3AJ DL;P987 ? P:Q;5O 8R>8 8QU 95MJ Q;PVE5;PJ 95M 8;T>CQ5M;
(3(0FH2H
.> FJE?LVJPA>?> FPJX NC> H? Y>OKACBFC ^CVCA`D?MD, FJ CL?HIVJEFC HTD JLCDCK?AO
HTX R[ACN>NWX N?>VSHTHCX EHTD CA^>NW HTX NCHOEHCET NC> JL?FID[X HT FJG[ET H?M
SBN?M HTX. fHE>, ?> LDJPF?DJX EMFL>IQ?DHC> NC> ? CIACX JU[RJGHC> EH? LJA>_OVV?D.

7. 35M DL;P987 ? 8;98WW8DO 9A; 8;8Q;PM@97:C; 8P>LA; :87 QAJ @95; <;T>AQ5;
(3(0FH2H
' CDHCVVCBW H[D CDCLDJMEH>N`D CJAG[D (?UMBSD?M, Y>?UJ>YG?M H?M ODRACNC) BGDJHC>
EH>X NMgJVGYJX H[D LDJMFSD[D. bORJ NMgJVGYC F?>OQJ> FJ IDC F>NAS EON?. %C
H?>^`FCHC HTX NMgJVGYCX LJA>_OVV?DHC> CLS IDC YGNHM? HA>^?J>Y`D CBBJG[D. '
CDHCVVCBW H[D CJAG[D FJHCUP H?M CIAC L?M _AGENJHC> EH? JE[HJA>NS HTX NMgJVGYCX
NC> H?M CGFCH?X L?M MLOA^J> EHC HA>^?J>YW CBBJGC BGDJHC> FJ Y>O^MET. '
EMBNIDHA[ET H?M ?UMBSD?M EH?D CIAC L?M _AGENJHC> EH? JE[HJA>NS H[D NMgJVGY[D
JGDC> FJBCVPHJAT CLS CMHWD H?M CGFCH?X. %? BJB?DSX CMHS CDCBNOQJ> ?UMBSD? CLS H>X
NMgJVGYJX DC J>EIA^JHC> EH? CGFC. 2DHGRJHC, Y>?UJGY>? H?M ODRACNC JUIA^JHC> CLS H?
CGFC LA?X H>X NMgJVGYJX. fHE>, T EPEHCET H?M J>ELDJSFJD?M CIAC Y>CKIAJ> CLS
JNJGDT H?M JNLDJSFJD?M.

8. 3AJ EP98NR>5;987 98 8;8Q;PM@97:< 8R>78 8QU 95MJ Q;PVE5;PJ @98 :V998>8
:87 8;9L@9>5N8;
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%? ?UMBSD? L?M J>EIA^JHC> EH? CGFC YJEFJPJHC> CLS HTD C>F?EKC>AGDT H[D JAMRA`D
C>F?EKC>AG[D. 8J HTD NMNV?K?AGC H?M CGFCH?X FJHCKIAJHC> EJ SV?MX H?MX >EH?PX.
NJG, H? ?UMBSD? J>EIA^JHC> EJ NORJ NPHHCA?, FJ Y>O^MET, NC> CU>?L?>JGHC> EHTD
NMHHCA>NW CDCLD?W. %? Y>?UJGY>? H?M ODRACNC L?M LCAOBJHC> NCHO HTD NMHHCA>NW
CDCLD?W CN?V?MRJG HTD CDHGEHA?KT L?AJGC.

X>C9?@? 1 @PW. 89 @=5W7:5V K7KWL5M

"$%')*) ,*.0.1*2) 24 168:2)*.6
,2%)*.) <:.=$: 27
X>C9?@? 2 @PW. 89 @=5W7:5V K7KWL5M

X>C9?@? 5 @PW. 90 @=5W7:5V K7KWL5M

9. 35757 Q8><D5;9PJ PQ?>P<B5M; 9?; WP795M>DL8 95M 8;8Q;PM@97:5V @M@9OE895J
:87 Q578 Q>5KWOE898 Q>5:8W5V;;
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FJHC_?VW EHT EPEHCET H?M CIAC FL?AJG DC JLTAJOEJ> H>X VJ>H?MABGJX H?M
CDRA`L>D?M ?ABCD>EF?P. ' EPEHCET H?M J>ELDJSFJD?M CIAC FL?AJG DC FJHC_VTRJG
JUC>HGCX HTX LCA?MEGCX CHF?EKC>A>N`D APL[D. .> CHF?EKC>A>N?G APL?> FL?AJG DC
JGDC> Y>OK?AJX ?MEGJX W NC> E[FCHGY>C. 2MHO J>EIA^?DHC> EH?D ?ABCD>EFS FCX NC>
JL>YA?PD CADTH>NO EHT VJ>H?MABGC HTX CDCLD?WX. 2L?HIVJEFC HTX CADTH>NWX CMHWX
YAOETX FL?AJG DC JGDC> Y>OK?AJX CERIDJ>JX, SL[X H? PENV@?E8 NC> T K>5D=L97Z8.
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B>C LCAOYJ>BFC, _VOLHJ> HC SABCDC H?M CDCLDJMEH>N?P EMEHWFCH?X NC> JL?FID[X
JLTAJOQJ> HT VJ>H?MABGC HTX CDCLD?WX. fDC L?E?EHS JFKOD>ETX :8>:L;5M 9A;
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1. iW57 57 5>D8;7@E5L :7;5V;987; iW57 57 5>D8;7@E5L R=5M; :87 ZM;89U9?98
EP98:L;?@?J :87 97 95MJ PSMQ?>P9PL ? ZM;89U9?98 8M9O;
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NGDTET YJD JGDC> JPN?V? DC LCACHTATRJG EHC KMHO, JGDC> SF[X ^CACNHTA>EH>NW
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YMDCHSHTHC HTX FJHCNGDTETX Y>JMN?VPDJ> H>X LA?ELORJ>JX H[D Q`[D B>C
CDCLCACB[BW, JUCEKOV>ET HA?KWX W CL?KMBW H[D J^RA`D.
YLOA^?MD [EHSE? NC> Q[>N?G ?ABCD>EF?G, SL[X T PYAC, ?> ?L?G?> Q?MD
LA?EN?VVTFID?> EH?D _MRS. .> ?ABCD>EF?G CMH?G FL?A?PD DC N>DTR?PD, CVVO YJD
FL?A?PD DC FJHCN>DTR?PD.

5.1. = *&<$(M' %"( %N.'*' *&08: 30.0%7&&"$08: 0$2".(*307:
1. .P Q575MJ 9>UQ5MJ EP98:7;5V;987 57 E5;5:V998>57 5>D8;7@E5L;
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.> F?D?NPHHCA?> ?ABCD>EF?G FJHCN>D?PDHC> FJ HT _?WRJ>C Y>OK?A[D FT^CD>EF`D:
gJMY?LSY>C (LA?E[A>DIX LA?JN_?VIX)
FCEHGB>C
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5.2. = *&<$(M' *&" G8&+
1. .P Q575 9>UQ5 @9?>LB5;987 98 NM9<;
(3(0FH2H
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JGDC> CLCACGHTHT T TV>CNW CNH>D?_?VGC, HC KPVVC H[D KMH`D RC LAILJ> DC JGDC>
JNHJRJ>FIDC EH? K[X H?M WV>?M. d>OK?AC HFWFCHC H?M KMH?P ML?EHTAGQ?MD HC KPVVC
NC> H>X VJ>H?MABGJX H?MX. . _VCEHSX HC EHTAGQJ> NC> T AGQC EMBNACHJG ?VSNVTA? H?
KMHS EH? IYCK?X. %? UPV[FC, JNHSX CLS HT FJHCK?AO H[D ?ME>`D, L?M WYT
BD[AGECFJ, JUMLTAJHJG NC> HT EHWA>UT H?M KMH?P. %C H?>^`FCHC H[D CB[B`D H?M
UMV`FCH?X JGDC> KH>CBFIDC CLS F>C ?MEGC ENVTAW NC> CY>O_A?^T. )HC YIDHAC ?>
CB[B?G H?M UMV`FCH?X JGDC> H? NPA>? EMEHCH>NS H?M UPV?M.

5.3. = *&<$(M' %"( ' %N.'*' *&08: ;-(%07: 0$2".(*307:
1. F7 =>P7<BP987 D78 9?; :L;?@? 9A; BA7:C; 5>D8;7@EC;;
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ENJVJHS NC> FMX.

2. 3578 98 PLZ? @:PWP9C;;
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)HC Q`C L?M Y>CRIH?MD ENJVJHS, CMHSX FL?AJG:
DC _AGENJHC> EH? JE[HJA>NS H?M ?ABCD>EF?P (P;Z5@:PWP9UJ) W
DC NCVPLHJ> JU[HJA>NO H?D ?ABCD>EFS (PSA@:PWP9UJ).

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,2%)*.) <:.=$: 30
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H?M E`FCH?X H[D Q`[D.
)HC CELSDYMVC ? JU[ENJVJHSX _?TRO JL>LVI?D EHT Y>CHWATET HTX MBACEGCX H?M
E`FCHSX H?MX. )J F>C NCHTB?AGC CEL?DYPV[D, HC CARASL?YC, ? JU[ENJVJHSX JGDC>
CARA[HSX, IHE> ÈHJ DC JL>HAIL?DHC> ?> N>DWEJ>X.

4. 3578 BC8 =8>8:9?>LB5;987 @8; @Q5;ZMWA9<;
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aVC HC EL?DYMV[HO, SL?M N> CD Q?MD (UTAO, CIAC W DJAS), Y>CRIH?MD @Q5;ZMW7:O
@9OW?, T ?L?GC JGDC> FIA?X H?M JDY?ENJVJH?P H?MX.

5. 357PJ Z78N5>5Q57O@P7J Q8>5M@7<BP7 5 @:PWP9UJ 9A; @Q5;ZMWA9C; :87 Q575J
Q8><D5;98J :8T5>LBP7 9?; E5>NO 95M;
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LJA>_OVV?D EH? ?L?G? Q?MD NC> FJHCN>D?PDHC>:
)H?D CIAC T FJHCNGDTET (LHWET) BGDJHC> FJ HT _?WRJ>C H[D FLA?EH>D`D ONA[D,
L?M JGDC> Y>CF?AK[FIDC EJ LHIAMBJX. %C KHJAO JGDC> JVCKA>O. %? E`FC H[D
EL?DYMV[H`D L?M LJH?PD I^J> CJA?YMDCF>NS E^WFC, L?M JUMLTAJHJG HTD LHWET.
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JMN?VGC NC> FL?A?PD DC HAI^?MD BAWB?AC. %C JALJHO, SL[X, B>C LCAOYJ>BFC, HC
KGY>C, FJHCN>D?PDHC> IAL?DHCX.

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2F?>_OYC gJMY?LSY>C
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