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: Hh . jdG j EG MEH J eh ,Uh dBG
BGdG gG a ,QHCG hC IY YLh ,QdGh dG dN G
c ,QdGh dGh dGh dGh dH Lh Y G bCa ,edH dG
dGh dH G bCa ,dG dG J dG GhdG GLCH gG
hCG J dH EG GQTEG J fc eh ,dG bGh H dGh
Hh ,dG dG jBG H e J e H HdGh ,JO d dG

eSEG hDdGh bhCG IQGRh EG eGh dG jH JCG CG jh

e dG g QGUE S j e H SCG e Y dG jdG dhH
OG YO e Vjh j Y FdG aj CG Cf Gh ,dG Ye
. dG Q G CG fGYO NBGh . cQG jYdG

. jG dG FM dEG UJ e Hh
Qe L ;" dG BGdG AdG YS " jjCG H dG dGh
Y J gh dG jBG Xda ,G J bO HJh ,GG Gg
Gg CG Qj gh IQTEG d c e ,S dCG c jh ;S dCc j
g H HdG K ,IG EG IQdG e dG FbH MCG dEG Mh BGdG
cG Sh NH ae e dN j CG e Hh ;jG eRCG
. GQTEG bd dG g ,YSh
FMh ,fBGdG jBG O H k fCeh k e k Y k HQ dG Gd
d ,dG gCG QSCG IjDG GQTEGh H ,VjdGh AjdGh dG Y
IQTEG EG BGdG dG J fHQ Ie eCG hDhdG G Gg H fCG
CG ,OG Y HdG dG EG dEG dG Uj dG AdG YS EG
j CG G Cf . Sh Y G U f Y HQ c hf e S dCG H
. S fEG Jd HG j CGh ,FQb H

dG e

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l
EG AdG e GLCG H c FjdG dG MS C e eC
m G c Uh
e YCG cc AfH cM CG Hh Space Aa S EGh VQCG
Physical forces FjdG idG cH dG k Fja G e j Uh gh
M dGh ,GLCG KCd f AfH GLCG H AdG
J G EG G jf c eCG IOY j EGh dG j dG GdG
: J b c GS MCG EG Mh HG dG
( : )

11

10

dGh
f L c G S dCG Y FY Uh
. UdG j gRa Uh Oj


:

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j eCG jJ e ( S dCG ) a ( j ) ae K cCJ

YS bCH fCG cDj ;GQk fEG ehb Sh Y G U dG b
dG dG GdG M j ( HQ Y ) dGh ,Uppermost speed
f a MGh j Ie J dHh ,dG J G HJ ah j EGh
jh ,GhdG Y dG HdG YdG d f S dCG J dG aG
je e j a YS bCH OdG eCG dP j CG FjdG MdG e
Y dGh ,AdG YH YS Y Gh FjdG idG Y SG
UdG jh ,VQCG M IQhO 12 dG cM Y e dG e dG

k a b eH aG Y dG dG e dG OYG bh
H aG e
fG YS eJh FSdG dG eh H " T f " jGh e
," c YdG " J Yh ;IFdG YH" YS f " aG f UCG
GdG AdG YS H Y jh IMGh GdG FjdG idG YSh
h ,Universal Constant of Motion cd dG HdH k Fja Jh
dG j ib YS H e HK b HdG dG J He

( S dCG ) S S ddG YdG H ( j ) j Sb Gh

Se c ) dG j ( QGe c ) dGh ae H j dG C
Wd G VQCG dGh ,aG G Gg Y SG jj a ( Mh
,aG EGh edG S e S dCG hj CG j Gh dG
ae Y jJ a YS YCH b EGh IOh j J dG aGh
. VQCG M cH CG ;dG cM Y G S e S dCG

13

12

Jh dG f Y dG gh

jdG YdG J
Zeilik and Smith, Introductory Astronomy and ) iNC f e b
Radial Speed

Astrophysics, 2nd edition., Saunders College Publishing - 1987,

( Philadelphia, p17

SG YdG k jCG J dG HdG YdGh

ce f k e f aJ dG dM h ,eeCG cG Y dG fC
GM) 0^8915725423 : IQhO H UCG G SdG YdG
Encyclopedia) 0^11 GM YdG dG f Ea Gdh ,(0^89
Sidereal day dG dH d dH VQCG dG jh ,(Britannica
dG dH d dH dG jh ,fK 86164^09966 dWh
. k ej 27^32166088 dWh
Tangential Velocity

Laros Astronomy, ) fK/c 1^023 GM d SdG YdG bh

ae b fK/c (1^023 GM) 1^022794272 dGh ,( p.142

YG aG h ,c e 2^152612269 : hG dG IQhO

h dG Y J dGh k bS G dG cM d
Gej gh Oe e Gk Qo Oj fC jdG d Gk j CG j
,X dG dh ( Jh dG e ) j gh ,dG gZ
j e ah dG cM J CG YS bCG jd dG j dHh
f IOG dH Qj VQCG bGGh ,aH G fc EGh jh
Cch e j dG QGe CG a YdG hCG dG Variation Ratio dG
Perfectly circular

IQGSG ec IFGO d He dG cM

dG dG QN bGe EG dG M VQCG e dG cM j h ,orbit

cG H Gdh ,dG KCJ e N
m Isolated System he f fCch
M d G SG j SdG dG e dG f OSGh d
. LQG KCdG Y he aW c HK dOe YdG
jQGG YdG Ellipse IQGSG bf QGe Y f CG Y h
Jh dG Y jOY gGMEG Jee ce EG Orbital Velocity
fdGh QGG Y dG c HK bh Angular Speed jq hGdG YdG

15

14

GhdG " : G AH e ( c ) G eCH Fb VQCGh JGH c dGh

,14-2/3 SH 2 " Fb G H VQCGh dG e fc
EGh IMGh Essential building matter SSCG AH IOe EG c dG La
Fg fc EGh Ib gRhJ IMGh IQe IOh YSh dTCG dG jJ
jG YdG IMhh ,( c ) MGdG G c g MGh eCH Lh AT c C
Gd fGMhh dG jeSh jd dG e JKh dG fd
fCG HCG EG RCG e fGh VQCG CGHCG hCG G LJ CG b e " : b
: dH jdG K a JdG dH EGh ;" j e Y S dCG C .. G
,4-2/90 eGG " dG e jch Y eH eCG j e Y S dCG C "
dG j C Gddh " : Ye J QedG ibh JCG b G eCG dG h
,6/13 An r Tn EGp " AT c Y QOdG e Gc Ob jb
. 1/2 Fj " Ob dG j C VQCG S L Jd "
g Lj M eCGh S dj M fC Aj Gg dG c "

idG YdG b J dHh ,c H 25^831347230 : IQhO 12000

dG f gh fK/c 299792^458 : ( j/QGe 12000 ae )
. ( 316 U OQcCG YSe ) AjdG k e
= BGdG idG jG fdG YdG
( hG b VQCG dG ) j /jb S dCG ae
fK 86164^09966/ c H 25^831347230 =
( AjdG k e dG f gh )

fK/ c 299792^458 =

: j " S dCc dG Y Gk MGh k ej " J CG jDj e MdG jQJ h

. 14-2/3 SH 2 " dG j A YS "
J ah Gdh ;jf j H dG j M c dG YS bCG gh
Jh H GhdG hJ a dG dG j dG c JCS " : dG
,14-2/3 SH 2 " a dG YGh VQCG h b UdG

17

16

eh Vj G Gg Y S eh QKCG J eC jh e j G

. 44-42/21 e ! " j Y g S
Y Y dG Uh GdG Ge Lh dGh dG J J h
Lh dGh dG BGdG Z Y AdG H j dG H Id dG
: J db GdG Ge





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dG dG j jb " . 3h2/5 fdJ 1 " j a d Vc k H

. 14/1 U " GL jSh jb
dGh
," SdG e " g dG BGdG H OJ dG
dOe jh he f ad Sc VQCG M dG cM j gh
OJh dG BGdG jdG Kh ,dGh UCG GLCG IMh jDJ HK
k ej dG Y Y dG b Gd ,S Y dG T aj bdG H
: YJC e
e eCGh BG G CG J dh d bC k jCG Ic Gk QeCG EG "
e H H f e j fC G L EG cTj a G hQ GP AL
" cjh NCj fC GP JBG QeCH cjh H j j

. 15-12/16 Mj
QU b g hAqdG aQ dG G dG b CGb eCG " : ed bh
e EG d bCG dd YCG Y gh Gg c dG b e jhGdG SCGQ

19

18

dG dG
Y hCG ddG j
Y EG Z YH AdG
1676
ehQ ShCG dG eY
Sb e jQdG hCG Id Roemer
NCJ eR Qa OLh Me jW Y
VQCG J eY G cc QbCG QX
Ole Christensen Roemer
(1644-1710)
M JQhO N e HCG G
MG ILCG ah NCdG Ieh VQCG QG cCG dG W ah ,dG
dh ,fK /c dCG 227 GM jdG SGh dG fc Y HdG dG
GM Hh ,Fg fc EGh IOh AdG YS CG Y hCG ddG J eCG
,NBG a Sb jW Y HQe f Y 1728 Y OGH M b f
Olas

21

20

YH FjdG idG YS Y k Fja jh ,HPG Le k jCG FG

T AV dP jh WehdG dG FG AG QYH AdG
Y hCG dG ICf Y AdG YS NH jdG VdGh , eh hCG
SCG G Va H J h k dM dG SdG J jf
YSh ,K d dG dS LCG hCG ( Tachyons fcdG ) AdG e
k YCG G hO VQCG L AdG
Ib gRhJ a GdG YS eCG ,b
. IOe J h
: Stephen Hawking chg S FjdG jh
UUQ YS Uh a ,NBG AT CG YS Y AdG YS J
J H ,NBG e AT EG dH EG cc YS CG hCG dG YS hCG bH
,2 Absolute Constant e HK b fEG ,NBG AT CG EG AdG YS
Sd jQH De 1983 Y e k dhO Gh GdG AdG YS bh
J Y dG h ,3 fdG ec ( dCG 300 GM ) 299792^458 : g
MUG Z a GMh GSG T EGh ,iNCG Sb GMh CH dG

dG h ,G NGO Y SdG dG e EG bdG SdG CGJ h

EG bdG H QdG GSG eh bO cCG J SdG eSG jdG
GM SG OL H Gk NCGh ,dG e b AGLCG Rhj CG CG M
edH k dhO G jJ jQH SdG De 1983 Y eCG hb KK
YS b Y AH ( fK 0^000000003335640952 ) AdG d RdG
: gh GdG AdG
fK/c ( dCG 300 GM ) 299792^458

IMGh SSCG jQe d e jh HGdG jT MGh AH k Fja dGh

LY H J Forces ibh GGh dG OMh GQdG g J
IMGh EG LJ OGG dh idG c CG KEG dG AjdG hh ,c
,AdG c SSCG g dH AdG c Y cG iS Ud j
idG Yd YCG G b CG g dG SdG ac gjDJ dG dGh
dG TCG c YS f g GdG AdG YSh ,HK Vacuum GdG
eh jdGh jOGdG Leh AGG TCGh dG a TCG e

23

22

dG dG
( j ) aW MCG dG BGdG Sb OQh
jf GbH QGfEG S ( S dCG ) NBGh
YH Ob GH gCG gh VQCG QeOh dG

M VQCG IQhO eR Y d IMh fOCG g da VQCG gCG L a j

86164^09966 HK H Y k Sb da bdG T EGh ,dG eCG f
de bhT H IdG J H Sidereal Day dG dH jh fK
GM ) jgdG IOjdGh ,Synodic Day GbG dH Jh fK 86400
. f M cM AKCG dG M VQCG cM Y Lf ( FbO HQCG

;SG je ib


:

( : )

EG dG hCG dG O Y FMEG dO gX Y OdG M UCGh

S dCG o dG GWCG QJ Y QGfEG M ch ,aQU jH
eCGh ,AdG YH Y G idG YS fk H dG dG ae Y
SdG j EGh dG j a dG BGdG K eh ( HQ Y ) dG
. ( dG J jJ ah ) g

jJ Gd dG M fGQhO AKCG f M VQCG QhJ

G IQhdG Ie Y bhT H IdG

25

24

eY fCG j OHCG e c YdG Oh Oe L j ae

. jLdH

GH EGh dG GWCG QJ e gCG gh VQCG QeH QGfEG S f h

;H bCG Y M o cCG Sb dG f OQh Gk H M

H IG OGG a .. LQdG J JQG k e fCj NCG " : gL b

( fC ) IOG Y CGG dG .. GhQCG Y fC FG bh .. iG H
bh ,5 " IOG Y Y hG hCG dG dH EG QG J EG Jjo ..
" : dG bh ,6 " gGe Hh QG J JQG d SG " : hdG
,8 " J G eCG e EG " (j) ..7 "AdG (e) EG VQCG e aG
fCG OGGh .. gGe Hh QG J JQG jd H dG " : SdCG bh
SEG HG Y ( Gg ) phQ .. fdG hdG " h ..9 " JQGh dG jZ
. 10 " k jCG SY HG Y jGhQ gh ,YLh gh S H Qeh

:
*
*

GM dG j a ,YS bCGh SG edG IMH k a OHCG SJo h

dG fc GPEa ,S 4^3 bCG jh FbO K dG Jh FV fK
dG ( N ) dG J YS bCG Y Gk J ( j S dCG )
JQhO Ie gh dG S g k a eR IMh cCGh ,eR IMh bC Gk OGJ

* * *

*


( - : )

*



*

J M IG aBd Uh OCc ( n r en ) G S L ( QG )h
FjdG aO e idG GQe CH cGh ,YCG c AfH idG
. Curved Universe G dG J WE
G jQdGh e sJh se LsYh YCG e cM QJ " : dG h
EG HEG Y J jGg SQ hdGh FGh ,4 " G dG LdGh
Sb QM gh ,OJh J fGMd k fH GS G EG AT c Oj CG

27

26

CGh dG BGdG U Y ddG jBG L ITe dG jBG Jh

: J j , Gk jf H eCG EG AL b Sh Y G U Gk dG

* :
*

*








( - : )

cd c HK hCG Yd YCG M OLh Y ddG cCJ jBG K GTHh

dG HdG dc J fCG dGh GdG AdG YS AjdG HJ
: dGh , Universal constant of motion cd

S S dCG ae Rhj j idG J e CG Y M o

aG AdG e T j dh ,S e 250 GM bh IG ce M
(15-10) 12^5 GM bh dG Y EG j UdG G dG W EG
dG GH k e ( N ) dG hJ fCG dGh ,11 S H
. dG YS bCG Y J ( j S dCG ) dG CG cDj
MGh fh aOe J HJ ah Fb CG QeCe AT c CG H S h
HK MGh jJ OLh j cCG H SdG f OQh dG fGMH j
,c QG dG cd YCG H j

:

( : )

jh MGh UCG AT c Ma ( QeCG ) j CG j sHn o G ( eCG )h

G fG EG IOdG K VQCG OGe g EG fGh ,Gk Qe k e dG
,jGH e k Fja dG b Ljh dG OGGh idG Mj YCc AfG
,OJh J fGMd k fH Z EG G EG dG IOH jf ( dEG ) Qjh

29

28

Gdh dG QN bGe EG jj dG M cM dh ,Compound

dG J h IQGSG ec IFGO dM Qhj dGh cS VQCG hj
. hG dG k Fja j QYG GHh ,YS J f IOG
gG dG j Ggh
LCG cM f e k Fja
j h ,O dG j dG C UGdG b k J Uh NGh
OGWH J HK Z f cH cd G dG Sb k VjQ
f J jGH e HK bdGh IO cG J M hG dG EG
;G cM

dG M cM C he f VQCG M dG cM j dGh
dG O dG cM j VQCG e UGdGh ,dG QN UGQ EG jj
UdG c aJ GHh ,YS J d Qe Z IQGSG ec IFGO
g c he f bY Uh L cH idG cM Sd eRdG
dG dG Y S H ddG SdG J c eCa ,cG fGb ac

Lh ibCG H G j CG UCG C hj e ah dG cM Y Jo e
dG j Hh ,dG

idG YS M CG cCa ,S dCG ae Rhj j jo e M CG Y

. aG J dG Rhj AdG YH Y G
e gh eQ Uh c eSEG jdG IG g dG n Sh
n
: J b ,IQhO 12 VQCG M dG cM Y
( : )

Gk Qe ( hJ ) Jh S dCG aG j dG G j GHh
d k jJ H hG jd LM H LCG cM d Gk cCJ Sd
CG k a Gh ,X gY dG dh Jh o n rn J fC
ce Gd dH cM Gdh VQCG M fGQhO AKCG dG M Qhj dG

31

30

VjdG fG J
c k J L CG YS Uh j
fCH UJ Gdh UdG f hCG UGdG
Relative f
b Absolute e fEa AdG YS H
,UGdG cM G hCG b fc e J HK
Y k cM Isolated System he f CG h
NBG M gMCG Qhj LQG GKCdG
CG Y dhe Ic dG G YS Uh
f hH dG HK fC Vector sn eo fCH KCJ
j Gdh IQhO c H Gd dH G HKh J
. Perfectly circular orbit IQGSG ec QGG

k a gh ,dG cM Y YJCGh Sh Y G U dG b j
dG cMh GLCG H e cCG H aeh fH jh GG bCG
cM J bdG eCJh ,VQCG Y ae SJ YS Ud fCG g
. ! he f SdG j hj e ah f

= FjdG dG YdG M
j/jb S dCG ae

( ICdG e bh CG hG dG )

33

M () jhGR d G e HdG GQhO dM h

EG cM H SSCG cM EG aVEG f j
QdG IOjR Jh ,HK H Y k Sb GdG
J dHh YS J f EG Acceleration
IQGSG bf G M QGe jh (V) Sh YS
UCG QGe Y J b gG Cch dG H Ellipse
f QGe Y jh ,jhGdG H hG dG
Eccentricity (e) IFGdG Y GfG H IQGSG
HdG YS J Gdh ,(2e) dG f f gh
ce b H hCG dG f OSH hG dG
. (LV ) IQhO H UCG G SdG YdG

HK dG Y k Sb HdG cM
hG dG IQhO H EG

gG J dG Y k Sb HdG YS
M G e aVEG cM f

35

34

hG dG HdG YS IQhO H UCG G YdG ce b

jh G M YS J f EG dG M Hd aVEG cG J
G J jhGR H hG QGe fG fCch IQGSG bf QGe

37

36

gj c cS VQCG e UJo dM dG cMh

c EGh dG M j GdG EG dH fCch gCG
dG dh ,Sh Z YS bh IQGSG ec QGe
Uj Gdh dG M jhGR VQCG M IQhO c j
HK Z Sh YS CGh IQGSG bf fCH QGe
e k a IOUG cM CG UGh ,J f e Jh
cMh VQCG M cM M Gd dH g VQCG
J Mh e M Qhj HJ Cch ,dG M
cM S QYH d SdG YdG e HdG dG
c YdG ce b H dG M VQCG e
. HK H Y k Sb UCG G
hG dG dG YS IQhO H UCG G YdG ce b

39

38

jR je dG FjdG j
) Elske Smith S dEGh ( e f eL )
bdG QGG Y f CG Y " : ( La eL
EG Orbital Velocity jQGG YdG IQGSG
Jh dG Y jOY gGMEG ;Jee ce
f c HK bh Angular Speed SG YdH
Radial speed jdH Jh dG G fdGh ,QGG
PEG V SdG YdGh , 12" iNC f e b Jh
f aVEG f e (LV ) HdG dG M
YdG b J Gdh ,jdG YdG Y
Isolated two-bodies system he f
SdG dG e 13(2e V) dG f OSH
G ce b H hCG HdG dG a
. 14( LV ) IQhO H UCG
Michael Zeilik

41

40

FjdG dG YdG M

j/jb S dCG a`e

fK 86164^09966/c H 25^83134723

fK/c ( dCG 300 GM ) 299792^458

: AjdG AdG YS b f gh

fK/c ( dCG 300 GM ) 299792^458

j/S ) : f M ec IQhO dG M d IQhO c H d dH VQCG Jh

86164^09966 dGh YS 24 GbG dG Gdh ,1 - ( j/S ) = ( GbG
: VQCG M IQhO dG M VQCG e IQhO c d dH dG jh ,k dM fK
k ej 29^5305881 GbG dG Gdh ,1-( T/S ) = ( GbG T/S )
365^25636 = k dM dG dG CG Gh ,k dM k ej 27^32166088 dG dGh
= : VQCG M IQhO c H d dH j dG jhGdG M Gdh ,k ej
YdG ce fh ,( LQO 27 GM ) 26^92847817 = 360 ( S/ T)
dG fh ,0^8915725423 = ( L ) ec IQhO H UCG G d SdG
SdG YdG b CG k a Gh ,0^1084274577 = ( L -1 ) = 2e YdG
( fK/c 1^023 GM ) 1^022794272 dGh ,15 fK/c 1^023 GM d
ac YS Y IG GdG AdG Yd 1983 Y e ahG FjdG dG k e
= S dCG dG j dG IOG dG aG ;BGdG VG bdG ah idG
c (0^8915725423 : L) (121000) (86400 27^32166088 1^022794272)
: PEG ,G bdG c H 25^83134723 =

43

42

dG e dG
dG J GdG AdG YS J
eCGh ,e OL H EG bdG gG
SdG k Y eG jdG dG
fK/c dCG 300 a dG
,dG QGe b d k a jdG j Hh
k jdG LQO hJ ZQh
EG Le e b
BGdG VG bdG KG J NBG
bdG e jG EG KG J aJh ,dG
d eG bdG ah dG QGe J
. IQGSG bdG

YS Uh j
c J L CG
f hCG UGdG
UJ Gdh UdG
Relative f fCH
fEa AdG YS H
b Absolute e
fc e J HK
,UGdG cM G hCG b
he f CG h
Isolated System

45

44
UCG QG f

Sidereal Year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds =
365.25636 days).

Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43

minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds

= 27.32166088 days): (sidereals year/synodic
month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month).

Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds:

(sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal

year/sidereal day).

The Deviation angle of the earthmoon system in relation to vacuum

(due to motion around sun every sidereal

month) : 26.92847817 [ = 360T/Y],
Cosine : 0.891572542289913397, 2e =
1- cosine = 0.108427457710086603, e =
0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055).

= (3.1415926535898).

cCG QG f

dG EG

ae HCG

ae bCG

IQGSEG bdG dG QG VjdG UdG

Eccentricity (deviation form the circle) e = ae/a; Variation ratio of

velocity (V) or distance (R): 2e; Moon's near distance (perigee) P=
a (1-e); Moon's far distance (apogee) A = a(1+e); Semi-major axis
of the lunar orbit a = (A+P)/2 = 2R/ {1+(1-e2)0.5}; Semi-minor axis
b = {a2- (ae)2}0.5; Mean distance R = (a+b)/2; orbit length L = 2R
=V x Revolution period T'; Mean velocity V= 2R/T'; angle =360
(T'/Y'), where Y' is the revolution period of the earth.

47

46

K dG BGdG bdG J e IG FdG gh

Hc S dEGh jR je gYG dG dG
jdG dG OYH dG AjdGh dG M
IFGdG Y Gfd

cCG QG d c 384405 dGh ( 0^055 GM )

Y ee OCG GSHh
LdG Y FdG fc Me
: dG

: dG dG Y gh

0^054213728855043015 = (e) IFGdG Y GfG b

( 0^055 GM )

c 363263 = d ae bCG

c 384546^3752 = cCG QG fh

c 405547 = ae HCGh

= ( jcG H aG ) VQCG Y dG H Seh

c 384263^6095

16

. dG bdG d GMG e Gk je j KdG Ggh

c 363698^6823 = ae bCGh
c 405394^0681 = ae HCGh

49

48

The s peed o f
l ig ht in va c u u m c is

jG a
: c HG b
( S dCG QGe c j ) Y SY HG LQ CS "
dCG N QGe c j a ) : SY HG d a

the s a m e fo r a l l
fo rc es inc l u ding
l ig ht a nd a l l o ther
electromagnetic
w a ves ,. . . . . . .
e.g.
radio

and

TV,

a ( Kd dCS EG ) LdG d a ,? ( S

may

be

also

infrared,
the

gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the

YC
o G G Hc G gcP
n ej g ) : SY HG

physical universe and it can't be reached by any

,( H

Y S GPEG c fCG G H S Yh ,j e G c j CG a
G EG j c .. ( k T BGdG f fEG ) : b BGdG e jBG J
QKBG a ,( G Y jGhdG g Ea dG GJG ) : b he Yh ,BGdG e
dG dG Y L Y d dG FCG Y cT eh dG
Gdh Y M a k YTh d dP e j J e eCa ,H d Y

and

ultraviolet,

e.g.

matter

due

needed.

Speed of light

ultraviolet,

to

infrared,

radio and TV, and may be also the gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed

for the forces in the physical

universe and it can't be reached
by any m a t t e r
the

infinite

needed.

due

to

energy

the

infinite

energy

51

50

: gGMEG J SdCG b CG EG HdG H bh ,LG e eh QJ

cCG J d P Y j h e OGG H dG jBG db e Gg "
bCGh .. j e d Na jj H gh Gk L gd dh GbCG g
VG Y We ( Y G VQ ) SY HG QJh ,18 " HG e jBG EG
j a ae e HH dG Y UCG dP eh H c J Sb
: dH eCG S a eY dG jh dG EG
" j S dCG Ie j S Yd "

QNG gh jG e YL Y hGh dG cP " : WdG b

. 19 " dG
h ,20" Rhj dG Se M c " : CG ( QGe c ) C HK SdGh
: J db eh ,GhdG cDJ Sdc GhdG j e ( c )
( : )

( : )

GSh Y a GJ fC Iae h dG GbCG gZh ADg Y jhQ

H d Y Y dG j c fEa MCG c Y LGdG g Ggh ,L Y
: J dd j Y S a dG j da
( : )

,( Qf e H edG j CG a Y Y S e ) .. jG AL np h
e k T j Sh Y G U dG c e ) : db Y G VQ FY Yh
,.. ( dG Y jL jEG Y Jo jBG EG BGdG
J e eh AdG j e eh H J G KCSG e BGdG e Ea
:b SY HG dH U c L MCG Qjo e eh Jd e dG
MCG Qj Jh ec e dG aJ Lh LhCG HQCG Y dG )
. 17 ( G EG j Jh AdG j Jh dH
j e OL H k jM aJ dG FjdGh dG eG hHh
e a ,jG HcCG Y M jH ae Y G SdG J a

53

52

CG Mh AdH ( hj ) FdGh IMh c HG CGbh ,22 "dG H

b
. . .

bdG CGbh
c SdG n Yn fC YCG AdG CG Mh AdH
Gk jJ jdG cDj VGYEG ah ,23 " gh fCG hJ : b fCa
gh ,J dG H G Jh ,QGfEH GHc fCc jHG
" J " : j fC gjJ j L cM Y FdG Sd J
. 24" hJ "h " hQJ " hCG " o n rn " h

( : )

" : QTY HG bh ," PdGh HdG GhO g OGG (h) " : cdG b
YS EG " : WdG bh ," fdG jCG Ie " : dG bh ," aG H
dG g jdG g IG n sdG (h) " : 21M HCG bh ," dG AfG
..jdG
:


( : )

QGe j " : Ob b ,25" eCG S QGe " : g SY HG Y SdGh

aG QGe c j " : WdG bh ,26" S dCG dG dP e
bh ," S dCG a dG ae QGe j " : SdCG bh ,27" S dCG
bh ," eR g dGh " : RGdG bh ," S dCG Ie aG C " : dG
Y db e dh ," MGh j S dCG Ie j ( gh ) " : dG
Ie j S Yd " : dH dG Y UCG ae e iU EG a

( : )

..jdG QdG e Gk T Y KG Y IQY dG Y dG " : RGdG bh

e dG (h) .. dG Y YSEGh gGHEG eR e HK jT dP ch

55

54

.. G .. H OGj eCG dh " ,33" YT jO eCG c jJ eCG Ga

eCG H OGG dh H QeCG H OGG a . . : J b c
. 34" ec g dG
hCG Y Sh Y G U dG GdCS dG gCG CG M H GY Y (h)
. 35" ( Z AT j h G c ) : a .. eCG Gg
eCG Ga .. dG Gg N gOGe c ( eCG Gg hCG Y dCd L ) dbh

. 36" gOGe Ggh eCH G fc dG QeCG gh .. OLe VM EG IQTEG

dH Gh .. Gk eCG H QeCG a G Y H j QOG dCG (h) "
Y a EGh .. c .. H np No fCG H OGa G c fCG G b GPEa c
,37" eCH fc G CG OGa G eCG fCG G Y b GPEG dch .. H dG
TG hj dG GHh " ,38" gQLh FCGh eCG S b Ggh "
. 39" eCG dCe

. " j S dCG
YS Y bh e Y .. YdG g J EGh " : bdG Gk e SdCG b
CG h " : bh .. 28" jb AT c Y Jh fS G CG Yh AGVCG cM
( Ea ) .. dG AV J N e f YdG e .. J G j CG fe
e " : dG e CG M bh ,29" FbO K Ie VQCG EG d gAV
. 30" AdG YS IT e cCG H S Fe VQCG EG Qf j
: J db ( eCG ) dh

eCG " : SdCG b ,d Gk ( c ) H QeCe dG C AT c j

: J HG bh ,31" fG IOGG ATCG ( CG ) .. IOGQEG EG OGG EG LGQ
G a QG SH G j CG BGdG H f dG dG d h "
. 32 Gk eCG H QeCG j Gdh . . . dd k N
. . : J dc dG eCGh

57

56

jdGh dG EGh G hCG jup dG . . H j h

( : )

: J dc

.. Rh QG Y ATCG e AT c ( j ) " : OdG HCG b

dc
. 46" ( : )

,47" Ae h U Y dh edG Le ( fS fC ) " : QHdG b

IdG VQCG IQhO e Tf H QJ EG g EG eda " : b S bh
jdG e OGG (h) " : M HCG bh ,48" G J G M d OLh h
. " Fbh " : cdG bh ,50" M CG " : SdCG bh ,49" dG

*
: J db h

( - : )

iS ff LdG gOL k fBG Qj dG QedG Yd eCG f e fh

: J db G

EG QeCG AfG OGG H G e OGG d " : RGdG b ( dEG ) e h

: J dc OGe
. 40"

: ( dG Y ) gGHEG c " : cdG bh

b c j ,42" fdG eCG j M dPh " .. 41" HQ eCG M EG CG
. ,43" YdG b EG eCG Hj " : hdG
: J db f c e BGdG h " : Y HG b
: :

:
. 44" dG e AH c Ggh

d je jd e J H F e ( LdG Ggh ) " : SdCG bh

,45" deCG dG dj M

59

58

IOG QdGh G TCH X EGh eCG CG EG IQTEG a " : SdCG b

,55" AGS NBGh dhCG

QTY HG bh ,56" QKBG O EGh MGh eCG ( fC ) " : OdG HCG bh

EGh GhdGh " : J HG bh ,57" IMGh GdGh G QJ ( b j ) " :
jH H UCG .. ( dG IT e G G gh ) o c fch jW
fh .. jPCG GPEG k N G jc " : dG bh ,58" M
m EG M
m e
Ce dG j AdG e eCG jJh " : gL bh ," NB T
m e
Gd G jJ ( d ) .. eCG OH J UdG g Ea dG Gg
LQ ( eh ) .. cdGh adG M EG QdGh WdG M hCG dM e
dG e J fCG c adG EG adG e FS dG Gg CG .. G EG eCG
,59" dG EG
IQOU c dG idGh H IMGh IO EG UCG OLh ( j )

( : )

, H hCG eh dGh

n n " : Qe HG bh ," AT Y j UCG dG " : SQa HG b

dG e VdG " : SdCG b AdG eH dG Lh H h ,51" An Vn CGn
dH j dG ( AV ) e dH da " : RGdG bh ,52" YS H
GMCG SCG c " : M HCG bh ," YdG jZ dPh k jS H CG
,53" SdG j e YCH J a .. cP dG g dY OGGh
,jG Lo b h
( dG c ) aVEG N H UCG Y a WCG ( dH ) AHh
: cdG b ,LQN SCG CG ( bCG g hCG ) GQSG Sa G a
. 54" dG jZ c g H dG b e Gg dh "

61

60

e ch MGh UCG ggL EG idG jJh IMGh UCG Ib Y dH

,60" IMGh UCG IOe Y QOU a OLdG e f j hCG j

IOG fJ eh GOLG d UCG g IMGh IOe UCG c dG Ga
SSCG IOG YJh U c a ,AdGh IQGGh WGh AHdGh
. bh gG NGh IMGh IOG GJ h ..
,61" JQbh fGMh Y Gdd IMGh IOe e dG G N ( bh )
Wo .. k Y G IQd geh EG g EG eCG PEG" : VCGh
.n Yn cG g FdG L LCG e J dG GQdG W

dG dG CG WG Y j cc HCG CG e j FdG dG CG
J " fdG AdG " hCG fOCG cGdG Y M gh ,FV j Y H jj

: J dH OGQCG " : cdG b ;jG

. 65" fdG AS Hh VQCG H dG aG

f H fd h .. cM H .. d X k W dG AG Gg

GGh .. QdG Ggh " ,63" cM EG c dG Gg a " ,62" Th GMh

,64" SdG LCGh
: J G b f GH dCG ;Gk PNCe AJCGh
( : )

dG dh ,a eR IMh bCG fCG e j ae Y d ( j ) QNGh

63

62

:


( : )

( GLCd ) aVEG Y VY ( wco ) d jdG " : SdG b

UN a ( dGh dc jhdG GLCG ) e MGh c Gh

. 66" fdG AdG h VQCG H e ae .. S dCG " : CG SdCG bh

e k jCG j dh HK bd G SG j ( hJ ) dGh
dG eh VQCG cM Y ddG j a Gdh ,d HG Z dG
. hj e H HGdG dG cMh dG M
cS gGf f IFGO Z IFGO ( PEG ) VQCG " : gL b
. 67" CGJ IFGO dh
e dGh Y f dG VQCG g T GQS L eh "

dG jf dG LdG eGdG bQCG L : J

. 68" dG Y eh Y Qhjh H
a BGd d Z d dG M VQCG GQhO " : PEG
. 69" FO e d H
NBG ce Y .. ce dG CG Y dO a " : SdCG b
. 71" cM HGd " : CGh ,70" Y VQCG J c

65

64

dGh UCG GLCG IMh jDJ bY

hG dG YdG CG k VjQ G e
GPEGh ,dG HK Isolated two-bodies system
VQCG M dG YS j " hJ " dG c
dP a cd dG HdG Sd he f
GQhO Ia Hh H hCG YS H HK bY j fCG
f CG a ,hG dG f M VQCG
M Y d dG de Y VG bdG J
? HQG VdG dTEG

( c = 12000 V' T'/t' ) : g SSCG bdGh

dG dG t' , dG dG T' ,dG YS V' ,AdG YS c M

( V'T'/t' = 24.98270483) : dc ZU h

hG dG YdG CG k VjQ G e
Isolated two-bodies system
j " hJ " dG c GPEGh ,dG HK
Sd he f VQCG M dG YS
bY j fCG dP a cd dG HdG
VQCG GQhO Ia Hh H hCG YS H HK
f CG a ,hG dG f M
Y d dG de Y VG bdG J
? HQG VdG dTEG M

( c = 12000 V T/t) : g SSCG bdGh

dG dG t' , dG dG T' ,dG YS V' ,AdG YS c M

( V'T'/t' = 24.98270483) : dc ZU h

67

66

e VQCG e dG Cf b Gg Yh ,(LQO 90 = ) d k S VQCG

L dG IjdG JUN j Gg dh ,dG W Y f JCf

. Twin Planet CGdG cdH j

dhCG VQCG b f

W Y fCG j Ga U = R' hG dG dG H j eYh

(T' = t') Jh dhCG VQCG
fK/c 24^98270483 = f M VQCG GQhO YS J Gdh
dhCG VQCG b f b EG R k dM dG H e j Mh
c 41664^7263 = r
e CG fK 10478^73711 = f M dhCG VQCG IQhO eR j dHh
. dBG H ICdG fc GPEG k a VG dG f gh YS 2^5 Qj
R dG a Gdh (2e) YdG J f f g (r/R) dGh

: SdG Yh ,HK r dG C jQdG W Y bh CG dG f J

(r/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. = 1)

: dG M Y' VQCG IQhO eR ae dG e SdG Yh

(Y' = T' 360/ = 4t')

,(U = cos. ) IQhO H UCG G dG YS ce J Gdh

dG M cG Y LdG YdG ce iS dG YS e M j h
Y k jOY M dG YS G j Gdh aW Y dG ICf j

69

68

(1000 kg. /meter3 ) AG ac e Ie 50 GH bCG gh

(1.3 kg. /meter3 ) dG S Y AGdG ac e Ie 15 GH cCGh

cG dG H VGaG Gdh ,Nebula S S Jh

Y V GM e JGP IG S J Y dGh VQCd Dynamics
dG H IOjdG g ( 300934.1569 km.) dGh ,VQCG Ib
YJ e IG S d S H 8^4 dG Gdh ICdG e
e QdH SdH k a eG dG f k e gh S/S 3^6 :
. 74 S Y cGY Vhh 1969 Y 11 dHCG MQ
c OOJ hCG bJ H IQe Ga J EG h HCG d PEG dGh
GMCG Qb dc M jCG Qb Vdch ,Me jCG S fc d
,jCG HQCG dG EG G AH eh ,IOdG b dG e ej VQC G

: J db dG f gh

1 ( j/S ) = ( GbG j/S ) : bdG eh

YS 4 GM bh ,dhCG VQCd GbG dG W J M
. iNCG dSCG JEH k LdL VG dG f gh (fK 13971,64948)

: dc ZU (c = 12000 2 R'/t' ) SSCG bdGh

(R' = 3.976120966 t' )

dG Wh dG H c GPEa ,HK bY dG H Je dG H CG CG
k dM k a e Ggh ,OjORG dGh OHG dG CG H a bCG ICdG Y
. IO bQ b J hG dG bdG dh
: k dM M c OYGh ICdG Y VQCG b f ah
(5.97361024 kg.)
: KdG GLCd CG G ac ae
/c 19^7170496 :(3M/4 r3)

71

70

a (R' = r) dG QGe d SfG (U = R') SdG Y dG Hh

: YS J f Jh ,R = 2r H Se
(r/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. = 0.5)
VQCG KCJ Y LdGh IQhO H UCG G YS ce CG j Ggh
Cf b j GHh ,(cos. = 0.5) dG Y LdG cG K
LQO 60 = jcG jhGdG Y VQCGh dG H GJG f

( : )

CG b S H 8^4 GM EG LJ VQCd k cM G ICdG fc GPEa

Y eY S H 0^25 GM e G cCG j CGH dG dH J
k
jCG S dG j
jCG HQCG VQCG J c GPEGh ;AdG eJ
. S H (15-10) 12^5 GM : BG ahG dG H dG Y a

YS UCG G ce Jh dG EG YS J H YJ eh
(fK/c 6^245676208) VQCG e hdG

S UCG M edG hJh S H 0^25 e cG b dG c GPEGh

J ;S H 8^4 Gk T 12^368 dG QdHh k ej 365^24219 dG
: J dd YCG a Gk T 12 dG cG Y dG

hdG YS SJ ;fe MGh L e k cM ICdG IMh VGaHh

(V1/V2= r1/r2, V13/V23= M1/M2) gQbCG fCG hCG dG e

( : )

: BG ahG dG H dG Y CG k VjQ cCj jCG dG fh

a Gdh

S H (15-10) 12^5 GM

73

72

/c 19^7170496= 35.97361024/{43.1415926535898(41664726.3)3} =VQCGac

( 1.991030 kg)

k dM dG c

( 7.351022 kg)

dG ch
b J

/c 19^7170496 = 31.991030/{43.1415926535898(2888290327)3} = dG ac

/c 19^7170496 = 37.351022/{43.1415926535898(9618756.561)3} = dG ac

Y HK g g d ;L CG b f r ,dG M ,hdG YS V M
. BG f HK g CG GhdG
Y AGS ) ahG fb H IMGh b G bO e cCdh
: ( dG hCG dG Y hCG VQCG
1.3603834210-19 km.3/kg./sec.2
fCH (1983-1902) Paul Dirac GjO H FjdG bJ e e J gh
: k dM dG V GM fC VG cCG

( 432.963991 km./sec)

dG e hdG YS

( 2888290.327 km)

gb fh

( 1.441882483 km. /sec)

dG e hdG YSh

( 9618.756561 km)

b fh

VQCG ad k e K dG hCG dG ac J G bO e cCdh

ahG fb H dG ICf Y G dG HPG HK b J h

(V = 2MG/r)

75

74

dG c Od dH de f gh ,UCG c b e %16^7 GM
. G dG GP VQCH fQe c d f d RdG
hG dG dG cM QYH ICdG IMh Va e dc dG h
f QYH dG Y VQCG H C ;JGP IG J e dG Vd H
k
ah f M dG IQhO Ie e HK bY H S Ak GHG he
cM
(432.963991 km. /sec.) FGHG Yd HdG dG
k jJ k dM d FGSG IQhdG Ieh
dG CG gGh ,ej 25 Y b
jo dGh k dM VQCd SdG dG k e k ej 25^12694896
149597870 km. : dG IMdG SH SdG
jCG c FM L Jh LCGh idG cM H bdG Mh iJ ch
VdG GcQd dCJh hj c OG H WN fY gC Ie dSQ fCch
. dG Y Se Y U c

(6.6710-20 km.3/kg./sec.2)
e H Y CG BGdG VG bdG d Ggh
jdG jGH UH fj

k ICdG a
dc VQCG M JQhO Ie e f M dG IQhO Ie ihJ e
dG H fCG UN ICdG e LdG H VQCd LGe MG j BG
dG M VQCG cM f Qj h ,VQCG f cCG QG G e Ovoid
bdG J eCJ dh ,IG J Y EG EGh Jb J Y dM dGh
hGdG dG K fH j k Lh EG d fCG j k VjQ dGh VQCG H
GQhO ce M cG b CG j gh ,Angular momentum conservation
R H c e HK V YSh M d c L C hG dG

fh ,(HK = R/t) : g VG bdGh ,(HK =MVR) GQhdG ce e

= VR = R/t ) : dc Y dG VQCH dG JG Y dG IMd
U f gh (HK =MVR) a HK hG dG dG ch ,( HK
b c e d fJ AKCG dG Ga cCJ eGSH h ,fdG

77

76

k dG QeH
dG BGdG gL dGh . . . dG j A YS Y a
, , d Ie BG g UH
JCS fCG .. jdG AfCG k HS db dG GbCG Ghcd "
Gg C .. ? Ye g jCG Fbh .. Fe b jCG NBG
Fb G H VQCGh dG e fc GhdG CG .. Y j
Y dG H fh a BG FdG VQCGh GhdG eCGh ..
Y j dh QdG SdG gh jdG j EG Qd X
dCGh S dCc dG Y Gk MGh k ej CG AMCG jCG MGdG AdG Gg
j dG c JCS dh .. Yh Y dG CWj MGh c S
h b UdG Jh H GhdG hJ a dG dG
CG j SfCG Cq G J c g CG a a dG YGh VQCG
j A YS dWh je iJh Se IS fCG GfJ
dh hJ b UdGh e GhdG J H dG dG
dd dG a j IjL k VQCGh IjL GhS f Yh H

? VdG a
, , , VdG J FdG eCJ

,dG f g a H X dG G dG c UCG GLCG IOe IMh

IMhh ,YJ EGh ee H e HGJh UCG k cM GLCG IMhh
SM dO dG IMhh ,IMGh bY GLCG e gMJh idG YS
. fdG fGMh Y
G dG H Qjh MdG CGe cDd dG BGdG AL bh ,T h
: J b ,Gh





( : )

QGfEG S J HdG dG CG dGh ,YEG S j cCdGh

79

78

JGH dG Jh Mh J G IOY J AfCG IYOh

h fO H Y GhLd GhLG g he fG PEG AMCG jCG

: dch fGMH hJh dLEGh

. (14-2/3 SH2) " S Y

,19/2 j ,20/3 WZ ,6/12 SfQc1) " MGh G "

An r Tn EGp ) " NBG dh G Mh " ,(32/12 be ,30/3 ehQ
EG NBG dEG d " ,(5/2 ShKJ1) " MGh dEG " ,(14/45
a e ch dG N dG dEG " ,(4/8 SfQc1) " Gk MGh
YCG) " Ye cg j VQCGh AdG Q g PEG Gg
dEG fCG " ,(12/48 An r Tn EGp ) " NBG fCGh hCG fCG " ,(24/17
VQCG SCG AdG Q j fCG " ,(3/17 Mj) "Mh G
J c ch J fCG dh J g jj Y g GhdGh
fGY) " J d Sh fCG fCG dh a
jJ AGOch
q
. (12-10/1
e jj Y G iLCG W M dG Y G H N b bh
Mh jOY YCG dh jdG EG dGh dG fGh Ge

: gh dG Y Se dG EG e S dCH dG bY UCGh
HCG EG RCG e fGh VQCG CGHCG hCG G LJ CG b e )
e jch Y eH eCG j e Y S dCG C .. G fCG
(4-2/90) eGG ( dG

bdG dh dG cM Y e dG e dG Y dG J bh
Z bY k jCG gh ,f cM Sd Qc ( hJ ) QhH j J
edG QYH dG b aVCG Qh ,( dG e jch ) IQdG gT HK
. d e gH hCG c S dCa G jeS EG dH k T j
Lh OM Qe GY e c CGh J G fGMh H PEG OGa
. Mh dRCG Y dG cCd eCH

81

80

gMCG YO h ,(24/5 Mj) " jHCG IM a SQCG dH

,17/19 e) " G gh MGh EG k U MCG d " : b U
a ec j h dPQ e " : bh ,(19/18 bd ,18/10 be
Mj) " NCG dG jjo g H J dG dG ,jjo e
. (48/12
: H Lh b Mh J G eC VN AT c CG dG cDJh
" a eCG " ,(1/1 jJ)" VQCGh GhdG G N An dG "
c a Hh GhdG n p Uo dG H " ,(5/148 eGe)
fCc IOLG Z ATCG Yj " ,(6/33 eGe) " gOL
eGe) " Qa eCG g a b ", (17/4 ehQ) " IOLe
Eq G GdG " ,(27/7 He2) " dG e G U " ,(9/33
An r Tn EGp ) " NBG dh G fCG C VQCG UbCG L j GNGh
. (21/45

NBG YR c dG Y G dh ( c ) jdG eCG g PEG AdG a

: fCG Y f e e UN
j c " : fCGh ,(12/6 bd) " IdG c dG b "
dEG d e fC " : b fCGh ,(16/5 bd) " jh QGdG
bCG G G " : bh ,(10/4 e) " J Mh jEGh J
Mj) " Se e YCG SQ h S e YCG Y d fEG d
SedG dG g Uh jCG e j " : p So eYh ,(16/13
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Zeilik and Smith, Introductory (16)

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Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2nd

ed., Saunders College Publishing 1987, Philadelphia,, Page53

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Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2nd
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.1987, Philadelphia, Page17

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89

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