3-Soluciones Fracciones Algebraicas

IES Juan Garca Valdemora TEMA 3: POLINOMIOS Y FRACCIONES ALGEBRAICAS
Departamento de Matemticas 4 ESO Matemticas B

1
SOLUCIONES FRACCIONES ALGEBRAICAS

1. Escribe tres fracciones algebraicas equivalentes a:
a)
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
60 6
6

60 6
6

20 2
2

10
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
+
=
+
=
+
=
+

b)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2
6
6

6
6

2
2

1
x
x
x x x
x
= = =
c)
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
30 6
18 6

30 6
18 6

10 2
6 2

5
3
2
2
3 2
+
=
+
=
+
=
+

d)
( ) ( ) ( )
4
2
3
3
3
2
3
6
36 6

6
36 6

2
12 2

6
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

2. Averigua si los siguientes pares de fracciones algebraicas son equivalentes:
a)
3
2
+
x
x
y
x x
x x
3
2
2
2
+

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

6 6 3 2 2 3
6 6 2 3 3 2
2 3 2 2 3 2
2 3 2 2 3 2
= + = +
= + = +
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
S son equivalentes

b)
5
2
x
x
y
5
3
2
+
x
x x

( )
( ) ( )

5 5 5
5 5
2 3 4 2 2
4 3
+ = +
=
x x x x x x x
x x x x
No son equivalentes

c)
2
1
+
x
x
y
4
2 3
2
2
+ +
x
x x

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

4 4 4 6 2 2 3 2 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 1
2 3 2 2 3 2
2 3 2 3 2
+ = + + = + +
+ = + = +
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
S son equivalentes

d)
a
a a 4 5
2
+
y
a a
a a a
3
12 11 2
2
2 3
+
+

( ) ( )
( )

12 11 2 12 11 2
12 11 2 12 4 15 5 3 3 4 5
2 3 4 2 3
2 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 2
+ = +
+ = + + + = + +
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
S son equivalentes


2
4
8
3. Halla el valor de P(x) para que las fracciones sean equivalentes:
a)
x x
x P
x
x
2
) ( 1
2
=
+

2 ) ( 2 2 ) 2 )( 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
) (
2 2
(*)
2
= + = + =
+
=
+
= x x x P x x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x
x P
(*) Factorizamos ) 2 ( 2
2
= x x x x

b)
) (
4 4
3
4
2 3
x P
x x x
x
x +
=
+

3 3 ) ( ) 1 )( 3 (
) 4 (
) 1 )( 4 )( 3 (
) 4 (
) 4 4 )( 3 (
) (
2 3 2
2
(*)
2 3
+ = =
+
+
=
+
+
= x x x x P x x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x P
(*) Factorizamos 4 4
2 3
+ x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 4 } = } 4 , 2 , 1 {
4 1 4 1 +

4 0 4 +
0 1 0 1 y factor es ) 4 ( raz es 4 + x ) 1 ( ) 4 ( 4 3
2 2 3
+ = + x x x x x

c)
40 13
80 10 8
) (
10
2
2 3 2
+ +
+
=
x x
x x x
x P
x

) 5 ( ) (
) 10 )( 8 (
) 8 )( 5 )( 10 (
80 10 8
) 40 13 )( 10 (
) (
2
2
(*)
2 3
2 2
+ =
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
= x x P
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x P
2
+ + x x
) 8 )( 5 ( 40 13
8
5
2
3 13
2
160 169 13
0 40 13
2 2
+ + = + +
=
=
=

=

= = + + x x x x
x
x
x x x

(*) Factorizamos 80 10 8
2 3
+ x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 80 } = } 80 , 40 , 20 , 16 , 10 , 8 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1 {
80 10 8 1 +

80 0 8 +
0 0 1 0 1 y factor es ) 8 ( raz es 8 + x ) 10 ( ) 8 ( 80 10 8
2 2 3
+ = + x x x x x


3
4. Cunto debe valer a para que las fracciones algebraicas sean equivalentes?
a)
24 2 2
5
6 2
5
2
2
+
+
=
x x
ax x
x
x

20 20 5 ) 4 ( 5
) 3 ( 2
) 4 )( 3 ( 2 5
) 6 2 (
) 24 2 2 ( 5
5
2
(*)
2
2
= + = + =
+
=
+
= + a x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x
ax x
(*) Factorizamos ) 12 ( 2 24 2 2
2 2
+ = + x x x x
) 4 )( 3 ( 2 24 2 2
) 4 )( 3 ( 12
4
3
2
7 1
2
48 1 1
0 12
2
2 2
+ = +
+ = +
=
=
=

=
+
= = +
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x

(*) Factorizamos ) 3 ( 2 6 2 = x x

b)
10 7
35 2
2
2
2
+ +

=
+
x x
x x
x
a x

7 ) 7 (
) 5 )( 2 (
) 7 )( 5 )( 2 (
10 7
) 35 2 )( 2 (
2
2
= =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+
= a x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
a x
2
x x
) 7 )( 5 ( 35 2
5
7
2
12 2
2
140 4 2
0 35 2
2 2
+ =
=
=
=
=
+
= = x x x x
x
x
x x x

2
+ + x x
) 5 )( 2 ( 10 7
5
2
2
3 7
2
40 49 7
0 10 7
2 2
+ + = + +
=
=
=

=

= = + + x x x x
x
x
x x x

c)
6
16 10 8
2
2
+
+
=
+
x x
x x
a x
x

3 ) 3 (
) 2 )( 8 (
) 2 )( 3 )( 8 (
16 10
) 6 )( 8 (
2
2
= + =

+
=
+
+
= + a x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
a x
(*) Factorizamos 6
2
+ x x
) 2 )( 3 ( 6
3
2
2
5 1
2
24 1 1
0 6
2 2
+ = +
=
=
=

=
+
= = + x x x x
x
x
x x x

2
+ x x
) 2 )( 8 ( 16 10
2
8
2
6 10
2
64 10 10
0 16 10
2 2
= +
=
=
=
=

= = + x x x x
x
x
x x x


4
5. Simplifica las siguientes fracciones algebraicas
a)
( )
( ) y
y x
y
y x
y
y x
=

=
2
3 2
2 5
3 2 5
5 10
15 10

b)
( )
( ) x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+
=

+
=
+
1
2
1 6
2 6
6 6
12 6
2 2
2
3

c)
( )
( ) 2
1
2 2
1 2
4 2
2 2
2
2
2 3
2 3
+
=

+
=
+
a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a

d)
( )
( )
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
=

=
1
1
2 2
2 3
2 4
3 5

e)
( )
( ) 2
2
2 4
2 4
8 4
8 4
3
3
3 2 3
3 4
=

=
y
x
y y x
x y x
y x y x
y x y x

f)
( )
( ) 1
1
1 3
1 3
3 3
3 3
2
2
2 3
2 2
=

=
b
a
b b
a b
b b
b ab

g)
( ) ( ) 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
2
=
+
+
=
+
x x x
x
x
x

h)
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
4 4
4
2 2
2
+
=
+
=
+
x
x
x
x x
x x
x

i)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
a
a
a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
=
+
=

+
=

+
=
3 3
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
9
2
2

j)
( )
( ) x
x
x x
x x 2
2
2
2
2

k)
3
3
) 3 (
) 3 )( 3 (
9 6
9
2 2
2
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
a
a
a
a a
a a
a

l)
( ) ( )
( )
5
5
5
5 5
25 10
25
2 2
2
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
a
a
a
a a
a a
a

m)
( )
( ) y y y
y y
y y
y y 1
1
1
2 2 3
2
=

=


5
n)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 16 4 4
4 4
4 4
16
4 4
2
2 2
2
2 2
= + =
+
+
=
+
x x x
x x
x x
x
x x

o)
( ) ( )
( ) 1
1
1 3
1 3
) 1 2 ( 3
1 3
3 6 3
3 3
2 2 2 3
2
=

=
+

=
+
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x

p)
3 ) 1 ( 3
) 1 (
3 3 3
2
2
2 2
2
2 3 4
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +

q)
( ) ( )
( ) 2
2
2
2 2
) 4 4 (
) 4 (
4 4
4
2 2
2
2 3
3
+
=
+
+
=
+ +

=
+ +
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x

6. Simplifica las siguientes fracciones algebraicas:
a)
( )
( ) ( ) 4 4 4
4
16
4
2
2
=
+
+
=
+
a
a
a a
a a
a
a a

b)
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
4 4
4
2 2
2
+
=
+
=
+
x
x
x
x x
x x
x

c)
( ) ( )
( ) a
a
a a
a a
a a
a 1
1
1 1 1
2
2
+
=

+
=

d)
( ) ( )
( ) 3
3
3
3 3
9 6
9
2 2
2
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
y
y
y
y y
y y
y

e)
( )
( ) y y y
y y
y y
y y 1
1
1
2 2 3
2
=

=

f)
( )
( ) 2
1
2 3
1 3
6 3
3 3
2
2
+
=
+

=
+
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

g)
( )
( )
5
3
5
5 3
25 10
15 3
2 2
2

=
+
b
b
b
b b
b b
b b

h)
( )
( ) ( ) 10 10 10
10
100
10
2
2
+
=
+

=
a
a
a a
a a
a
a a

i)
( )
( ) ( ) 6
6
6 6
6
36
36 12
2
2
2
+
=
+
+
x
x
x x
x
x
x x


6
1
j)
( ) ( )
( ) x
x
x x
x x
x x
x 4
4
4 4
4
16
2
2
2 2
3
4
+
=

+
=

k)
( )
( ) x x x
x
x x
x
3
2
2 3
2 2
6 3
4 2
2
=
+
+
=
+
+

l)
( )
( ) a a a
a a
a a
a a 5
1
1 5 5 5
2 2
2
2 4
3
=
+
+
=
+
+

m)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
1
1 3
1
1 3
1 2
3 3
2
2 2 2 2 3
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x x +
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +

n)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1 1 1
1
) 1 (
1
2
2
2
3
2 3
+
=
+

=

=
b
b
b b b
b b
b b
b b
b b
b b

o)
2
1
) 2 )( 3 )( 1 (
) 3 )( 1 (
6 11 6
3 4
(*)
2 3
2
=

=
+
+
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x

2
+ x x
) 3 )( 1 ( 3 4
1
3
2
2 4
2
12 16 4
0 3 4
2 2
= +
=
=
=
=

= = + x x x x
x
x
x x x

2 3
+ x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 6 } = } 6 , 3 , 2 , 1 {
6 11 6 1 +

6 5 1 +
0 6 5 1 + y factor es ) 1 ( raz es 1 x
grado 2 de polinomio
2 2 3
) 6 5 ( ) 1 ( 6 11 6 + = + x x x x x x

) 2 )( 3 ( 6 5
2
3
2
1 5
2
24 25 5
0 6 5
2 2
= +
=
=
=
=

= = + x x x x
x
x
x x x
Por tanto, ) 2 )( 3 )( 1 ( 6 11 6
2 3
= + x x x x x x

p)
1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
) 2 )( 1 (
2
2 3
2
2
+
=
+

=

+
b
b
b b
b b
b b
b b

2
+ b b
) 2 )( 1 ( 2 3
1
2
2
1 3
2
8 9 3
0 2 3
2 2
= +
=
=
=
=

= = + b b b b
b
b
b b b


7
2
3
(*) Factorizamos 2
2
b b
) 2 )( 1 ( 2
1
2
2
3 1
2
8 1 1
0 2
2 2
+ =
=
=
=
=
+
= = b b b b
b
b
b b b

q)
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
2
1 4 3
) 2 (
) 1 (
3
1
3
) 2 )( 2 (
) 1 (
3
1
) 2 ( 3
4
2 7 2 3
2
2
3
2 3
+
+ +
=
+
+ |
\
|
+
=
+
+ |
\
|
+
=

(*) Factorizamos 2 7 2 3
2 3
x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 2 } = } 2 , 1 {
2 7 2 3

2 8 6 + + +
0 1 4 3 + + y factor es ) 2 ( raz es 2 x
2 2 3
) 1 4 3 ( ) 2 ( 2 7 2 3 + + = x x x x x x

) 1 (
3
1
3 1 4 3
1
3
1
6
2 4
6
12 16 4
0 1 4 3
2 2
+
|
\
|
+ = + +
=
=
=

=

= = + + x x x x
x
x
x x x
Por tanto, ) 1 (
3
1
) 2 ( 3 ) 1 (
3
1
3 ) 2 ( 6 11 6
2 3
+ |
\
|
+ = + |
\
|
+ = + x x x x x x x x x

(*) Factorizamos ) 2 )( 2 ( ) 4 ( 4
2 3
+ = = x x x x x x x

r)
3
5
) 3 )( 3 )( 1 (
) 5 )( 1 )( 3 (
9 9
15 13 3
2 3
2 3
+
+
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x

2 3
+ x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 15 } = } 15 , 5 , 3 , 1 {
15 13 3 1 + +

15 18 3 + + +
0 5 6 1 + + y factor es ) 3 ( raz es 3 x
2 2 3
) 5 6 ( ) 3 ( 15 13 3 + + = + x x x x x x

) 5 )( 1 ( 3 5 6
5
1
2
4 6
2
20 36 6
0 5 6
2 2
+ + = + +
=
=
=

=

= = + + x x x x
x
x
x x x
Por tanto, ) 5 )( 1 )( 3 ( 15 13 3
2 3
+ + = + x x x x x x


8
1
4
2
2 3
+ x x x

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 9 } = } 9 , 3 , 1 {
9 9 1 1 +

9 0 1 +
0 9 0 1 y factor es ) 1 ( raz es 1 + x
grado 2 de
polinomio
2 2 3
) 9 ( ) 1 ( 9 9 + = + x x x x x

) 3 )( 3 ( 9
notable
Identidad
2
+ = x x x
Por tanto, ) 3 )( 3 )( 1 ( 9 9
2 3
+ + = + x x x x x x

s)
2
2
) 2 (
) 2 )( 2 (
) 4 4 (
) 4 (
4 4
4
2 2
2
2 3
3
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x

(*) Factorizamos ) 2 )( 2 ( ) 4 ( 4
2 3
+ = = x x x x x x x

(*) Factorizamos
2 2 2 3
) 2 ( ) 4 4 ( 4 4 + = + + = + + x x x x x x x x

t)
16 8
8 2
) 4 (
) 2 )( 4 (
) 4 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 4 (
32 32 10
16 12
2
2
2 2
2
2 3
3
+
+
=
+
=

+
=
+
+
a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a a
a a

3
+ a a

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 16} = } 16 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1 {
16 12 0 1 +

16 16 4 +
0 4 4 1 + y factor es ) 4 ( raz es 4 + a
2 3
) 4 4 ( ) 4 ( 16 12 + + = + a a a a a

2
notable
Identidad
2
) 2 ( 4 4 = + a a a
Por tanto,
2 3
) 2 )( 4 ( 16 12 + = + a a a a

2 3
+ a a a

Posibles races enteras = {divisores de 32 } = } 32 , 16 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1 {
32 32 10 1 +

32 16 2 + +
0 16 8 1 + y factor es ) 2 ( raz es 2 a
2 2 3
) 16 8 ( ) 2 ( 32 32 10 + = + + a a a a a a

2
notable
Identidad
2
) 4 ( 16 8 = + a a a
Por tanto,
2 2 3
) 4 )( 2 ( 32 32 10 = + + a a a a a

9
7. Efecta las siguientes operaciones:
a)
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x 1
1 9
1 1 9
3
1 1
1 3
9
3
1
3 3
9
2 2 2
2
+
=

+
=
+

b)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 5
4 2
3 2
) 2 ( 2
3 2 2
2 3 2
3
2
2 2
3 2
9 6
4 4
4
6 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
=

+
=
+
+
=
+

=
+
+ +
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x

c)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
3 3
3 3
3
3 3
:
3
3
9
:
3
2
2
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+

x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x

d)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
25
25 10
25
5
25 5
5 5
25
5 5
5
5
25
25
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x

e)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3 1
1 3 3
3
1
1
3 3
3
9
3
3 3
2 2
3 4
2 3
2
+ =

+
=

+
=
x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x

f)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
1 2
2 2 1 1
2 2
1
:
2
1 1
4
1 2
:
4 4
1
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2
2
2
2

+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x

g)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 4
1 2
2 4
2 1 2
2
4
:
2
1 2
2
4
:
2
1 2
2
2
2 2 3 2
=
+
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

h)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 4
1
12
3
1 1 12
1 1 3
1 1
1
1 12
1 3
1
1 2
12 12
3 3
2
2 2
2
2
= =
+
+
=
+

+
=
+
a a
a a
a a
a
a
a
a
a a
a
a

i)
Operamos
polinomios los
os Factorizam
2
2
2
2
) 7 )( 3 (
) 5 )( 2 (
:
) 3 )( 8 (
) 3 )( 2 (
21 4
10 3
:
24 11
6 5
=
+
+
+ +

=

+
+ +
+
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

40 13
21 10
40 8 5
21 3 7
) 5 )( 8 (
) 7 )( 3 (
) 5 )( 2 )( 3 )( 8 (
) 7 )( 3 )( 3 )( 2 (
2
2
2
2
operamos
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+ +

=
+ + +
+
=
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
mos simplifica

j) =
+ + +
+ +
=
+
+
+ +
+
=
+

+ +
+
) 8 )( 5 )( 4 )( 2 (
) 1 ( ) 4 )( 5 (
) 1 (
) 8 )( 5 (
:
) 4 )( 2 (
) 4 )( 5 ( 40 3
:
8 6
20
2
Operamos
2
polinomios los
os Factorizam
2 3
2
2
2
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

64 40 2
4 3
64 8 48 6 8
4 4
) 8 )( 8 6 (
) 1 )( 4 (
) 8 )( 4 )( 2 (
) 1 ( ) 4 (
2 3
2 3 4
2 2 3
2 3 3 4
2
2 3
Operamos
2

=
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
x x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
mos simplifica


10
k) =
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 )( 3 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 3 )( 1 (
1
4 4
8 12 6
3 2
3
2 2
3
polinomios los
os Factorizam
2
2
2 3
2
b b b
b b b
b b
b
b
b b
b
b b
b b b
b b

2
3
) 1 )( 2 (
3
2

+
=
+
+
b b
b
b b
b

l)
2
3
) 2 ( ) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 ( ) 3 ( 3
) 3 )( 3 (
) 2 ( ) 3 (
:
3
) 3 ( 3
9
18 21 8
:
3
9 3
2
2 2
polinomios los
os Factorizam
2
2 3
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x

8. Opera y simplifica:
a)
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) 1
9
1 1
4 4 5 5
1 1
1 4 1 5
1
4
1
5
2
2 2 2
=
+

=
+
+
=
+ x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x

b)
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) 4
1
2 2
2 5 6 3
2 2
2 5 1 2 3
2 2
2 5
2
3
4
2 5
2
3
2 2

=
+
+ +
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+
+
+
+
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x

c)
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
=
+
) 3 ( 2 2
2 2 3 3
3 2
2
) 2 ( 2
3
6
2
4
3
2 2
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x

( )( ) 12 4 3
9 7 2
) 3 )( 4 (
9 7 2
) 3 )( 2 )( 2 (
9 7 2
) 3 ( 2 2
4 2 9 3
2 3
2
2
2 2 2
+

=
+

=
+ +

=
+ +

=
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x

d)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
=
+
+
=
+
3 3
11 3 2 3 2
3 3
11
3
2
3
2
9
11
3
2
3
2
2
x x
x x
x x x x x x x

( )( ) 9
1
3 3
11 6 2 6 2
2
=
+
+ +
=
x x x
x x

e)
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
( )( ) 1
2
1 1
2
2 2 2
+
=
+
+ +
=
x
x x
x x
x x x

f)
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) 4 4
3
2
1 4
2
1 2 2
2
1
2
2
4 4
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
+ +
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x

g)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+
+ =
+
+
+
1 4
1 3 3 2 4 4 1 1 5
4
3
1
3 2
1
1
4
5
4
3 3 2
1
1
4
5
2
x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x

( ) x x
x x
x x
x x x x x
4 4
17 2 3
1 4
3 3 12 8 4 5 5
2
2 2
+
+
=
+
+ + +
=


11
h)
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+
=
+
+
3 3
3 1 8 1 3 3
3
1
3 3
8 1
3
1
9 3
8 1
2
2
2 2
x x
x x x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x

( )
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2
2 2 3
2
2 2
9 3
3 10 14 3
3 3
3 8 9 6 3
3 3
3 8 3 2 3
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=

i)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
3 6
3 2 ) 8 ( 2 1 3
3
1
3 3
8
3 2
1
3
1
9 3
8
6 2
1
2
2 2
2 2
x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x

( )
2 3
2 3
2
2 2 3
18 6
6 2 13 3
3 6
6 2 16 3 3
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
+
+
=
+
+
=

j)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
=
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
1 12
3 3 3 6 2 2
1 4
3
1 2
3
1 6
2
4 4
3
2 2
3
6 6
2
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
( ) 12 12
13 7
1 12
3 9 18 6 4 2
+

=
+
+
=
x
x
x
x x x

k)
( )
( )( )
( )
=
+
=
+
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
1
4
1 1
3
1
2
1 2
4
1
3
1 2
2
x
x x
x x x x x x
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 12 5
1 1
4 8 4 3 3 2 4 2
1 1
1 2 4 1 3 1 2 2
1 1
1 4 1 1 3 1 2
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ +
=
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x

9. Opera y simplifica:
a)
( )( )
( ) ( )
= |
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
+ + +
= |
\
|
+
+ +
|
|
\
|
+
+ +
= |
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+
+
2
2 2
:
2
2 2
2
2
:
2
2 1
2
1 :
2
1
2 2 2
a
a
a a
a a a a
a
a a
a a
a a a
a
a
a
a
a
a

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) a a
a
a a
a
a a a
a a
a
a
a a
a
2 2
2 3
2 2
2 3
2 2 2
2 2 3
2
2 2
:
2
2 3
2
+
+
=
+
+
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
=

b)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=
+ +
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
3
1
:
3 3
5
2
1 1
1
2
3
1
:
9
5
2
1
1
2
2
2
y y y
y
y
y y
y y y
y
y
y
y

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
=
3 2
2 5 3 1 2
3
5
2
1 2
3 3
3 5
2 1
1 1 2
y y
y y y y
y
y
y
y
y y
y y
y y
y y

( )
( )( ) ( )( ) 6
6 6 7
3 2
10 5 6 2 6 2
3 2
10 5 3 3 2
2
2 2 2 2 2

+
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ + +
=
y y
y y
y y
y y y y y
y y
y y y y y


12
c)
( ) ( )( )
( )
=
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
|
\
|
2
2
2 2
3
2
1
2
2
4
3
2
1
2
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
=
+
+
=
+
|
|
\
|
+
+ +
=
+
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
2
2
2 2
5
2
2
2 2
3 2
2
2
2 2
3 1 2 1 x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x x
x x

( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x
4 2
10 2
4 2
2 10
2 2
2 10
2 2
5
2 2 2
2 5
2
2 3
2
2 3 2
+ +
=
+
=
=
+
+
=

d)
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
=
+
+
=
+
=
+

2 2
2 2 1
2
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
4
1
2
1
2 2 2
2
2
x x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )( ) 2
1 2
2 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
2 5 2
2 2
4 4 2
2 2
4 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
+
+
=
+
|
\
|

=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x

( )

=
=
+
=
=

= = +
2
4
3 5
2
1
4
3 5
4
3 5
4
9 5
4
16 25 5
0 2 5 2
2
x x x

e) =
+
\
|
=
+
\
|
\
|
+
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3
2
) 1 )( 1 (
1
3
2
) 1 )( 1 (
1
5
1
6 3
2
1
1
5
1
6
2

x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x
2
6
2
6 ) 1 ( 3
2
) 1 ( 3
) 1 ( 2
) 1 )( 1 (
2 3 2

=
+
=
+
=
+
=

f) =
+ +
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
=
+ +
|
|
\
|
) 4 2 )( 2 (
4 2
:
) 1 (
1
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
8
4 2
:
1
1
2
2 2
2 3
2
2
2
3
3
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x

2
) 2 (
1
: 1
) 2 (
1
:
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 2 (
1
:
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2 2
2
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
\
|
x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x

g)
( )( ) ( )( )
=
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
+
|
\
| +
|
\
| +
=
\
|
\
|
+
1 1
1
2 3
4
1 1
1
2
2 2 2
3
1 3
1
1
2
2 1
3
1 1
2
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
=
+

=
+

=
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
1 1 3
3 2 2
1 1 3
3 1 2
1 1 3
3 1 1 2
1 1
1
3
2
1 1
1
6
4
2 2
2
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
3 3
2 3 2
) 1 ( 3
2 3 2
3
2
2
2

=

h)
( ) ( )
( )( )
=
(
\
|
+
+
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
(
\
|
+

|
\
|

+
|
\
|
+
+
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1 1
1
1 1
:
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
:
1
1
1
1
2 2


13
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
+ + +
=
(
\
|
+
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
+ + +
=
) 1 )( 1 (
2
:
1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
2
:
1 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x 2
2
4
1 1 2
1 1 4
1 1
2
:
1 1
4
2 2
2
= =
+
+
=
+ +
=

i) =
|
|
\
| +
= |
\
|
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
1 1
1
:
1
1

1
1

1
1

2
2 2 2 2 2
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
( ) x x x x x x x = = + =
2 2 2 2

j)
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
=
+
+ + + +
+
+
=
+
+ + +
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 1
1 1 2

1 1
1 1 2

1 1
1 1 1

1 1
1 1 1

1 1
1
1
1

1 1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
( ) 1 1 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

10. Demuestra las siguientes identidades:
a)
x x x
x
x
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
= |
\
|
|
\
|
+
+

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
2
1
1
=
+
+
=
+
+
= |
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
= |
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
+
+

b) 5 2
2
1
3
1
:
2
3
3
2
= |
\
|
\
|
x
x x x
x
x
x

( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
=
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|

=
|
\
|
\
|
2 3
3 2
:
2 3
3 2
2
1
3
1
:
2
3
3
2
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
=

=
|
|
\
|

+
|
|
\
|

+ +
=
2 3
1
:
2 3
5 2
2 3
3 2
:
2 3
9 6 4 4
2 2
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
( )( )( )
( )( )
5 2
2 3
2 3 5 2
=

= x
x x
x x x

c) 1
2
1 2
:
2 3
1
2
2
2
2
=

+ +
+
a a
a a
a a
a


14

1
) 1 )( 2 )( 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 )( 1 (
) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 (
:
) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
2
1 2
:
2 3
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
+
+
=
+
+

+
=

+ +
+
a a a
a a a
a a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a

3-Soluciones Fracciones Algebraicas

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3-Soluciones Fracciones Algebraicas

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IES Juan Garca Valdemora TEMA 3: POLINOMIOS Y FRACCIONES ALGEBRAICAS

Departamento de Matemticas 4 ESO Matemticas B

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