Adsl 2+ Va Ung Dung

n tt nghip i hc Cng ngh ADSL2+ v ng dng
GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn i SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

LI NI U

Ngy nay, thng tin di ng ang c nhng bc pht trin mi, mt k
nguyn ca Internet v cc loi hnh bng rng. Trc kia, khi m in thoi mi
ra i vi hnh thc nghe, gi v c chuyn mch nhn cng cho hng trm
cuc in thoi vi tn hiu tng t th n ngy nay tng i c th chuyn
mch t ng vi thng tin s cho hng trm ngn cuc gi, dch v s liu v i
khi c c dch v truyn hnh. Hn lc no ht, cm t bng rng c nhc
n nhiu ln, chc hn xung quanh cuc sng v chnh cuc sng ca chng ta
gi y tng bit n l ch vi mt chic in thoi nh trn tay cng c
kh nng s hu c nhiu loi hnh dch v nh gi in, truy cp Internet v c
truyn hnh. Hay ch mt chic my tnh xch tay ta c th i lm vic xa th
dch v Internet cng ph sng p ng tt vi tc truy cp cao, hay ch mt
ng dy in thoi ko n nh chng ta tha sc tn hng tt c cc loi
hnh bng rng nh va gi in va truy cp Internet tc cao v va xem c
nhng b phim HDTV vi nt tuyt vi. chnh l nhng ng dng ca
mng truy cp bng rng. Nhng mng bng rng hin nay bao gm mng truy
nhp bng rng khng dy v mng truy nhp bng rng c dy .
Mng truy nhp bng rng khng dy khng dy phi c k n chnh l
mng truy nhp bng v tinh, mng truy nhp ni vng phc v WLAN m in
hnh l Wifi dng cho cc ta nh cao tng nh cng s, cc c quan hnh chnh,
khu sn bay hng khng, khu trung c, k tc x, trng hc vi tc ln n
11Mbps trong vng bn knh 100m. Mng truy nhp khng dy bng rng din
rng WMAN m in hnh chnh l WiMAX vi tc cao ln n hng 70 Mbps,
bn knh ph sng 30 dm (khong 50 km), h tr c tm nhn thng v khng
thng. V mng truy nhp khng dy bng rng c nhn (WPAN) cung cp cho
cc h gia nh vi bn knh khong 10 m v h tr cho cc dch v Bluetooth.
Cn mng truy nhp bng rng c dy c bit n chnh l mng
quang ti nh, cm dn c, ta nh. FTTx ( x c coi l H h gia nh, C cm
dn c, B khu ta nh) v cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL. Trong hai

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn ii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

cng ngh ny cp quang tri ln vi c tnh k thut tt nh tc cao, bng
thng rng, khong cch truyn ln hng chc km, khng b nhiu bi sng in
t do cp quang lm t si thy tinh tn hiu truyn phn x ton phn dng l
sng nh sng ca n LED v n LASER.
Tuy cp quang l mt cng ngh tt hn cp kim loi rt nhiu v cc c
tnh nh tc khong cch, bng thng v nhiu t trng nhng do cp kim loi
c trin khai t rt lu trn ton b mng ngoi vi vi chi ph u t rt ln cho
nn khng th ngay mt lc m c th thay th ton cp ng bng cp quang
c. Hn th na, gi thnh truy nhp mng cp ng r hn cp quang v mng
cp quang c chi phi u t ln vi thit b yu chnh xc rt cao i hi phi
ch to vi cng ngh cao. Thm vo , cp kim loi cc nh nghin cu
nghin cu ra cng ngh thu bao s DSL mt ln na khng nh rng cp
ng hon ton c cc dch v bng thng rng vi tc cao. Do , cng
ngh ng dy thu bao s c coi l thi k qu ca mng truy nhp bng
rng c dy trc khi quang ha hon ton.
Trong khi cc mng truy nhp khc c u im v cng c nhc im
ring ty thuc vo tng iu kin thc t khi trin khai. Khi m mng cp quang
cha th thay th ton b cp kim loi th cng ngh ng dy thu bao s vn
c coi l mt s la chn ph hp vi gi thnh phi chng v hn hn l nn
tng sn c ca mng ny. Hin nay trn th gii cng c nhiu nc trin khai
cng ngh ng dy thu bao s v thu c nhiu thnh cng. Vit Nam,
cng ngh xDSL c th hn l cng ngh ADSL, HDSL v SDSL c trin
khai cung cp cc dch v bng rng cho khch hng vi tc bng thng nh
ADSL ln n 8 Mbps dnh cho ng xung. Tuy nhin, trong khi cng ngh
ny vn cn nhng hn ch nht nh v tc truyn dn nh mt s khch hng
ca cc doanh nghip ln. Cho nn vic m thm hng nghin cu hon thin
thm v tc cho cng ngh ADSL p ng c tnh hnh thc t l vn
ht sc cn thit. V cng ngh ADSL2+ ra i nhm khc phc v hon thin cc
tnh nng cho ADSL vi tc tng ln ng k so vi ADSL. ADSL2+cung cp
cc dch v ln n tc nh l 25 Mbps cho ng xung v cng ngh ny
c chun ho bi ITU. Nhm mc ch nghin cu cng ngh ADSL2+ v a

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn iii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

ra xut ng dng cng ngh ny cho mng vin thng Vit Nam, em chn
ti Cng ngh ADSL2+ v ng dng .
ti gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v mng truy nhp v cc phin bn ca xDSL
Chng 2: Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL
Chng 3: Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng tip theo
ADSL2/ADSL2+
Chng 4: Kh nng ng dng ADSL2+ti Vit Nam
Sau ba thng lm ti tt nghip vi tinh thn khn trng nghim tc v
c s hng dn tn tnh, tm huyt ca Thy V Trng Sn em hon thin
c n ca mnh ng thi hn. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian lm n vi thi
gian v kin thc cn c hn cho nn em n ca em cn nhng hn ch. Em
mong qu Thy C ng gp kin n ca em c hon thin hn. Em xin
chn thnh cm n!

TP. H Ch Minh, ngy 27 thng 5 nm 2012
Sinh Vin thc hin

Trn V Hng Qun


GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn iv SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

MC LC

LI NI U .................................................................................................... i
MC LC iv
MC LC HNH ............................................................................................. ix
MC LC BNG ............................................................................................ xi
THUT NG VIT TT ................................................................................ xii
Chng 1 Tng quan mng truy nhp ......................................................... 1
1.1 Gii thiu chng ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Mng truy nhp ........................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Khi qut mng truy nhp .................................................................. 1
1.2.2 Mng truy nhp di quan im ca ITU........................................... 3
1.2.3 Mng truy nhp ngy nay ................................................................... 5
1.2.4 Mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network) ............................ 7
1.3 Mng truy nhp khc .................................................................................... 8
1.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp trn cp ng .................................................... 9
1.3.1.1 Dng modem truyn ti......................................................... 10
1.3.1.2 Mng a dch s v tch hp ISDN ....................................... 11
1.3.1.3 Cable modem ........................................................................ 12
1.3.1.4 Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL .............................. 13
1.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp cp quang ....................................................... 14
1.3.3. Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng ........................................ 15
1.3.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn .............................................. 15
1.3.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy bng rng ........................... 16
1.4 Cc phin bn ca xDSL ............................................................................ 17

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn v SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

1.4.1. IDSL (ISDN Digital Subscriber Line) ............................................. 18
1.4.2. HDSL/HDSL2 (High data rate DSL) .............................................. 19
1.4.3 SDSL (Singer Digital Subscriber Line) ............................................ 19
1.4.4 ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+(Asymetric DSL) ...................................... 19
1.4.5 RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL) .......................................................... 20
1.4.6 CDSL (Customer DSL) .................................................................... 20
1.4.7 VDSL/VDSL2 (Very high data rate DSL)........................................ 20
1.5 u v nhc im ca cng ngh xDSL ..................................................... 21
1.6 Kt lun ...................................................................................................... 22
Chng 2: Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL ................ 23
2.1. Gii thiu chng ...................................................................................... 23
2.2. Tng quan ADSL....................................................................................... 23
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL ...................................................................... 23
2.2.2. Cc thnh phn trong mng ADSL.................................................. 23
2.2.2.1. Mch vng thu bao s ........................................................ 23
2.2.2.2. Gi phi dy MDF (Main Distribution Frame) ..................... 25
2.2.2.3. B chia tn splitter ............................................................... 25
2.2.2.4. Modem ADSL ..................................................................... 26
2.3 Mng ADSL ....................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Pha khch hng ............................................................................... 29
2.3.2 Pha nh mng ................................................................................. 29
2.3.2.1. B ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s DSLAM ..... 30
2.3.2.2 B tp hp truy cp BAS ..................................................... 34
2.4 M hnh tham chiu ADSL ................................................................ 35
2.4.2 M hnh tham chiu ATU R .......................................................... 36
2.4.3 M hnh tham chiu ATU - C ...38
2.5 Cc phng php iu ch trong ADSL ...................................................... 41

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn vi SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

2.5.1 iu ch bin cu phng QAM ................................................. 42
2.5.2 iu ch pha bin khng sng mang CAP................................... 45
2.5.3 iu ch a tn ri rc DMT............................................................ 46
2.6 K thut ghp knh trong ADSL ................................................................. 48
2.7 K thut truyn dn trong ADSL ................................................................ 51
2.8 Cu trc khung v siu khung ..................................................................... 52
2.9 Hiu nng ADSL ........................................................................................ 57
2.10 Sa li trong ADSL .................................................................................. 57
2.11 Nhiu trong ADSL .................................................................................... 58
2.12 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 59
ADSL2/ADSL2+ .............................................................................................. 78
3.1 Gii thiu chng ....................................................................................... 78
3.2 Cng ngh ADSL2 .................................................................................... 61
3.2.1 M hnh tham chiu .......................................................................... 61
3.2.1.1 M hnh tham chiu ATU ..................................................... 61
3.2.2.2 Tnh nng lin quan n PMS TC ...................................... 68
3.2.2.3. Tnh nng lin quan n PMD (lp truyn thng vt l)....... 70
3.3. Cng ngh ADSL2+.................................................................................. 79
3.3.1 Khi qut ADSL2+.......................................................................... 79
3.3.2 So snh ADSL2+v ADSL ............................................................. 80
3.3.3 So snh ADSL2+v ADSL ............................................................. 85
3.4 Kt lun87
Chng 4: Kh nng ng dng ca ADSL2+ ti Vit Nam ........................... 88
4.1 Gii thiu chng ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh xDSL trn th giiError! Bookmark not defined.

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn vii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

4.3 Tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh ADSL2+ ................................................... 92
4.4 Tnh hnh ng dng cng ngh xDSL ti Vit Nam .................................... 92
4.5 Cu trc mng dch v xDSL ca Tng cng ty Bu Chnh ........................ 94
4.6 Cc dch v cung cp xDSL hin ti .......................................................... 96
4.7 nh gi nhu cu s dng ADSL2+............................................................ 97
4.8 Kh nng tng thch ca ADSL vi mng vin thng Vit Nam .............. 98
4.9 ng dng ca ADSL2+ .............................................................................. 98
4.9.1 Trin khai cc dch v yu cu tc cao ........................................ 98
4.9.2 Truy nhp Internet tc cao ........................................................... 98
4.9.3 Truyn hnh theo yu cu ............................................................... 100
4.9.4 Truyn s liu ................................................................................ 102
4.9.5 Hi ngh truyn hnh ...................................................................... 103
4.9.6 Truyn hnh v pht thanh .............................................................. 104
4.9.7 Hc tp t xa .................................................................................. 104
4.9.8 Chi Game tng tc trn mng ..................................................... 105
4.9.9 Cha bnh t xa ............................................................................. 105
4.9.11 Mua hng qua mng ..................................................................... 106

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn viii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

4.10 Kt lun ..107
KT LUN ..108
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 112


GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn ix SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

MC LC HNH
Hnh 1.1: Kt ni mng truy nhp vi cc thc th mng khc. .......................... 4
Hnh 1.2: Mng th h sau NGN ........................................................................ 7
Hnh 2.1: Mch vng thu bao ......................................................................... 24
Hnh 2.2: B chia tn Splitter ........................................................................... 26
Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mng ADSL ....................................................................... 28
Hnh 2.4: Modem ADSL ................................................................................... 29
Hnh 2.5: S DSLAM trong mng ADSL ..................................................... 30
Hnh 2.6: M hnh tham chiu ATU.................................................................. 35
Hnh 2.7: M hnh tham chiu ATU - R ............................................................ 38
Hnh 2.8: M hnh tham chiu chun ATU - C trong truyn dn STM .............. 40
Hnh 2.9: Cc chm sao m ha theo QAM nhiu mc .................................... 43
Hnh 2.10: S iu ch QAM ....................................................................... 44
Hnh 2.11: S gii iu ch 16QAM ............................................................ 44
Hnh 2.12: S so snh iu ch ca QAM/CAP ........................................... 45
Hnh 2.13 s iu ch v gii iu ch ca CAP ......................................... 46
Hnh 2.14: Di tn ca DMT............................................................................ 46
Hnh 2.15: S iu DMT ch n gin ........................................................ 47
Hnh 2.16: Tc ng ca nhiu n DMT ......................................................... 48
Hnh 2.17: Truyn dn theo tn s FDM .......................................................... 51
Hnh 2.18: Truyn dn trit ting vng ECH .................................................... 52
Hnh 2.19: Cu trc a khung .......................................................................... 53
Hnh 2.20: Cu trc khung d liu ng nhanh.............................................. 54

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn x SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

Hnh 2.21: Cu trc khung nghip v ............................................................... 54
Hnh 2.22: To khung ng xen ..................................................................... 55
Hnh 2.23: Cu trc khung ng b ................................................................. 55
Hnh 2.24: Nhiu trong ADSL .......................................................................... 58
Hnh 3.1: M hnh chc nng ATU .................................................................. 62
Hnh 3.2: M hnh tham chiu khch hng ....................................................... 63
Hnh 3.3: M hnh tham chiu giao thc qun l .............................................. 63
Hnh 3.4: CVoDSL s dng knh bng tn lp vt l truyn Cc ng thoi
TDM
Hnh 3.5: CvoDSL khng ng gi s liu thoi nh ATM v IP ...................... 65
Hnh 3.6: Ghp nhiu ng dy thoi tng tc ...................................... 67
Hnh 3.7: Chc nng ca IMA pha pht v thu ............................................... 67
Hnh 3.8: S khi chc nng PMS TC pht .............................................. 68
Hnh 3.9: Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai khung mang mt ng ................ 69
Hnh 3.10: nh hng ca i dy bn nhau trong cng mt cp .................... 72
Hnh 3.11: Cc ch cng sut L0, L2, L3..................................................... 73
Hnh 3.12: Biu minh ha qu trnh vo L2 ................................................. 75
Hnh 3.13: biu minh ha th tc ra L2 ....................................................... 77
Hnh 3.14: Bng tn ca ADSL2+.................................................................... 80
Hnh 3.15: Biu din tc ADSL2 ................................................................. 81
Hnh 3.16: Trnh nhiu ca ADSL2+ ............................................................... 82
Hnh 3.17: Ghp t tc cao hn ............................................................ 83
Hnh 3.18: M hnh ghp cc lung ADSL2+ .................................................. 84
Hnh 3.19: Ngn xp trong vic to khung ADSL2+ ......................................... 85
Hnh 3.20: Khong cch v tc t c ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL ........... 86

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xi SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

Hnh 4.1: Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao bng rng trn th gii ...................... 88
Hnh 4.2: 10 Quc gia c s thu bao bng rng ln nht th gii ................... 90
Hnh 4.3: Thu bao bng rng pht trin mi qu 2/2010 ................................. 90
Xu hng cng ngh ........................................................................................ 90
Hnh 4.4:Cc xu hng cng ngh nm 2010 ................................................... 91
Hnh 4.5: Th phn thu bao bng rng tnh theo cng ngh ............................ 92
Hnh 4.6: Cu trc mng cung cp dch v xDSL ca VNPT ............................ 95
Hnh 4.7: Truyn hnh theo yu cu................................................................ 101
Hnh 4.8: Hi ngh truyn hnh....................................................................... 103
Hnh 4.9: Truyn hnh v pht thanh .............................................................. 104
Hnh 4.10: Hc t xa ...................................................................................... 105
Hnh 4.11: Khm cha bnh t xa .................................................................. 106


GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xi SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

MC LC BNG

Bng 2.1 Tc knh mang ............................................................................. 48
Bng 2.2 Gii hn trn ca tc ti tin .......................................................... 49
Bng 2.3 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti ............... 49
Bng 2.4 Cc knh h tr cho lung 2Mbps ..................................................... 50
Bng 2.5 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti (E1) ........ 50
Bng 2.6: Vng m mc nh cho cc vng truyn ti (T1) ............................ 56
Bng 2.7 Vng mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (E1) ........................................ 56
Bng 2.8: Tc ti a ADSL ......................................................................... 57
Bng 4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao Internet ti Vit Nam........................... 99
Bng 4.2 Bng gi dch v trong m hnh cung cp dch v ........................... 101
Bng 4.3 Bng tng hp kt qu m hnh dch v .......................................... 102


GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

THUT NG VIT TT

16-QAM 16-Phase Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
pha 16 mc.
1G The first Generation Th h di ng th nht
2.5G The enhancement of GSM which
includes technologies such as GPRS
S nng cp ca GSM bao gm
cc cng ngh nh GPRS
2G The second Generation Th h di ng th hai
3G The third Generation Th h di ng th ba
3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership
Project
D n hng vn th h th ba
64-QAM 64-Phase Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
pha 64 mc
8PSK Octant Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha 8 mc
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter B chuyn i tng t-s
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s bt i
xng
AM Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System H thng in thoi di ng
cao cp
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa
K

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xiii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

ASP Application Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v ng dng
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn bt i xng
ATM-CS ATM Convergence Sublayer Lp con hi t ATM
BER Bit Error Rate T l li bit
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN ISDN bng rng
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying Kha dch pha nh phn
BS Base Station Trm gc
BTS Base Transceiver Station (base
station)
Trm thu pht gc (trm gc)
BWA Broadband Wireless Access Truy cp v tuyn bng rng
CDMA Code Division multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo m
CEPT Conference of European Posts and
Telecommunications.
Hi Ngh Bu chnh v vin
thng Chu u
CI Carrier to Interference ratio T s sng mang trn nhiu
CID Caller Identification Nhn dng ngi gi
CPE Customer Premises Thit b pha khch hng
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code M d chu k
D/A Digital to Analogue conversion Chuyn i s sang tng t
DAC Digital to Analogue Convertor B chuyn i s sang tng t
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
Giao thc cu hnh Host ng

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xiv SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

DPSK Digital Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha s
DSL Digital Subscriber Line ng dy s
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer
B ghp knh truy cp ng
dy thu bao s
DTE Data Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui d liu
E1 Wired digital transmission format
supporting 2.048 Mbit/s
nh dng truyn dn s c dy
h tr 2.048 Mbps
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global
Evolution
Tc d liu nng cao cho
tin trin ton cu
ETS European Telecommunications
Standard
Tiu chun vin thng Chu u
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
Vin tiu chun vin thng
Chu u
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo tn
s
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo tn
s
FEC Forward Error Correction Hiu chnh li trc
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
FH Frequency Hopping Nhy tn
FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kha dch tn
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi tng hp

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xv SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

GSM Global System for Mobile
communication
H thng ton cu cho thng
tin di ng
HDLC High level Data Link Control iu khin lin kt d liu cp
cao
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access
Truy cp gi ng xung tc
cao
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
Vin ca k s in v in t
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Mng s tch hp a dch v
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
ITU International Telecommunications
Union
y ban vin thng quc t
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
LOS Line of Sight Tm nhn thng
MAC Media Access Control iu khin truy cp mi trng
MAN Metropolitan Area Network Mng vng th
Mbit/s Megabit: a unit of data transmission
speed equal to one million bits per
second
n v ca tc truyn dn
d liu bng vi mt triu bit
trn giy
NGN Next Generation Network Mng th h mi
NLOS Non-Line-of-Sight Tm nhn khng thng

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xvi SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn
s trc giao
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing Access
a truy cp phn chia theo tn
s trc giao
OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre Trung tm vn hnh v bo
dng
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Dch v in thoi truyn thng
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Mng in thoi chuyn mch
cng cng
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin cu phng
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Kha dch pha cu phng
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
Router A device which forwards information
in a network on a connectionless
basis
Mt thit b nh hng thng
tin trong mng trn c s
khng kt ni
RT Remote Terminal u cui t xa
RX Receiver B thu
SAP Service Access Point im truy cp dch v
STM Synchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn dn ng b

GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn xvii SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

T1 Wired digital transmission format
supporting 1.544 Mbit/s
nh dng truyn dn s c dy
h tr 1.544 Mbps
TCP/IP Transfer Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol
Giao thc iu khin truyn
dn/ Giao thc Internet
TDD Time Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo thi
gian
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo thi
gian
TX Transmitter B pht
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
H thng vin thng di ng
ton cu
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Thoi qua giao thc Internet
WAN Wide Area Network Mng din rng
WAP Wireless Application Protocol Giao thc ng dng khng dy

WCDMA
Wide Band Code Division Multiple
Access
a truy cp phn chia theo m
bng rng
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability of
Microwave Access
Kh nng tng tc ton cu
cho truy cp vi ba
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mng ni ht khng dy


GVHD: T.S V Trng Sn 1 SVTH: Trn V Hng Qun

Chng 1 Tng quan mng truy nhp

1.1 Gii thiu chng.
Chng ny s ni v mng truy nhp, cng ngh truy nhp trn cp ng,
cng ngh truy cp trn cp quang, cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng.
c bit ch trng n cc phin bn xDSL.
1.2 Mng truy nhp.
1.2.1 Khi qut mng truy nhp
Ngay t khi ra i in thoi, mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN
(Public Switching Telecom Network) th s truy nhp ca cc thu bao hu nh l
s dng gi in trn ng dy cp song hnh (mt ng i v mt ng
v), lc ny vn truy nhp tnh t pha tng i n pha khch hng c coi l
mng ngoi vi s dng cp ng.
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut c bit l trong cng ngh thng tin,
cng ngh vi mch c nhng bc pht trin ln nm 1957 transistor ra i v n
nm 1960 bn vi mch in t u tin ra i nh du mt bc pht trin mi
chnh l thi k ca thng tin s. ng thi, nhu cu thng tin ngy cng ln, s
lng thu bao ngy cng gia tng ngi ta khng th ln lt ko tng i cp t
pha tng i n tng thu bao xa xi nh vy h phi xy dng mt h thng
ng dy rt tn km v kh nng tng nhiu xuyn m gia cc i cp song
hnh l rt ln. Do khi tn hiu i trn ng dy ca cp song hnh mt khong
cch chng mc no c coi l hai bn ca t in, vi tn s in thoi ang
dng cng c coi l suy hao ng k v suy hao t i cp song hnh ny cng
ln khi tn s v khong cch cng xa. ng lc , cng ngh vi mch v thng
tin s ra i, ngi ta mong mun c mt tng i s v n gin ha vic trin
khai mng ngoi vi mt phng php mi ra i chnh l k thut ghp knh
cho php ghp lung thng tin hon ton l s. Vi k thut ny lm cho cc tng
i ln lin kt vi tng i t xa ch qua mt vi i dy trung k cng c th


cung ng tc cho tng khch hng v chi ph cng chnh v th m gim
ng k.
Mng a dch s tch hp ISDN (Intergrated Sevices Digital network) cho
php tch hp tt c cc dch v trc , dch v lc ny l thoi v s liu cng
c tch hp trn cng trn mt tng i vi thng tin mang li l s. Tuy nhin,
khi i vo trin khai mng ny li gp phi chi ph cho tng i qu ln, c
c tn hiu v thng tin s n tn u cui ngi ta phi thay th v cu hnh
li ton b c phn mm ln phn cng t cc thit b tng i ln cc thit b pha
khch hng. Hn th na, tc ca tng i ny ch lung c bn l 2B+D (vi
B =64 Kbps v D =16 n 64 Kbps), tng ng vi tc 144 Kbps n
192Kbps cho d c nn d liu th tc cng ch khong 300 Kbps. Tc ny
hon ton khng ph hp vi tc bng rng khong 2 Mbps n 4 Mbps thm
ch cn ln n hng chc Mbps. Do , ISDN c kh nng s b thay th bi
mng bng rng khc.
Khi m tng i ISDN khng th p ng c nhu cu ln s dng bng
rng, lc ny ngi ta mi nghin cu cc cng ngh khc chnh l mng v
tuyn bng rng khng dy v mng truy nhp bng rng c dy. Mng truy nhp
v tuyn bng rng khng dy phi k n chnh l mng di ng 3G, Wifi,
WIMAX v mng truy nhp bng rng c dy in hnh l mng cp quang.
Mng thng tin v tuyn phi k n chnh l mng thng tin di ng
dng sng in t pht ra t ng ten mang theo thng tin n pha ngi s dng.
Mng ny (mng 2G) chnh l hin thc ha tng tch hp cc loi hnh dch v
trn cng mt mng m mt thi ISDN tng trin khai. Vi bn knh ph sng
rng khp cng vi vic tin ch khi ngi s dng va gi in va truyn v
nhn d liu trn cng mt chic in thoi. Thng tin di ng ngay t khi ra i
tri qua mt thi k pht trin nh th h di ng th nht 1G, th h di ng
th hai 2G, th h th ba 3G (hin nay th h th 3 ny ang c trin khai cng
vi hai th h trc) v h thng th h di ng tip theo ang c nghin cu
th h th t 4G.
Mt trong nhng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng khc phi k n
chnh l cng ngh truy nhp bng rng ton cu bng sng vi ba WIMAX


(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WIMAX ra i ci thin tc
cng nh chun ca Wifi t tc ln 11 Mbps vi khong cch mt vi trm
mt ln n tc ca WIMAX l 70 Mbps vi bn knh ph sng khong 30 dm
(khong 50 km i vi tm nhn thng LOS Light Of Sight). WIMAX s dng
phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA (Othycal
Frequency Division Multiplexor Access) v s dng ng ten phn tp a du vo
a du ra MIMO (Multi Input Multi Out) cho php truyn cc loi hnh dch v
bng rng t 1.25 MHz n 20 MHz v trnh c nhiu a ng vi truyn
sng tm nhn khng thng NLOS (None Light Of Sight) rt tt.
Mng truy nhp bng rng th hai phi k n chnh l mng truy nhp
bng rng s dng cp quang,vi u im cp quang l si phi kim s dng sng
nh sng phn x ton phn cho tn hiu i t ngun ti ch. u im ca cp
quang chnh l tc rt nhanh, bng thng rng, khng b nhiu bi cc ngun
in t trng do cp quang lm bng si thy tinh v truyn tn hiu vi khong
cch xa hng chc kilomet mi cn n trm lp. Tng nh cng ngh ny s sn
sng thay th cho cp ng vn c chi ph trin khai rng khp, rt kh c th
mt sm mt chiu r b ht c. Cp ng c u im r hn cp quang do
nhng thit b lm ra xy dng ln h thng cp quang ny i hi mt k thut
rt cao nn sn xut cn rt nhiu cng on chnh xc m bo k thut do
gi thnh rt t. Khi m cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) c nghin cu th nhng hoi nghi v bng thng, tc thp
ca cp ng vn khng truyn c tn hiu bng rng hon ton b tiu tan.
Cng ngh DSL chng minh c rng cp ng hon ton truyn c cc
loi hnh bng thng rng vi tc cao ln n hng chc Mbps. phc v tt
cho vn nghin cu v sau, mng truy nhp c xt chnh l ni v mng truy
nhp s dng cp ng vi cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL.
1.2.2 Mng truy nhp di quan im ca ITU
Khi nim:
Theo cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, mng truy nhp hin i c nh ngha
nh trn Hnh 1.1. Theo mng truy nhp l mt chui cc thc th truyn dn


gia SNI (Service Node Interface Giao din nt dch v) v UNI (User Network
Interface Giao din ngi s dng - mng). Mng truy nhp chu trch nhim
truyn ti cc dch v vin thng. Giao din iu khin v qun l mng l Q3.

Hnh 1.1: Kt ni mng truy nhp vi cc thc th mng khc.
Thit b u cui ca khch hng c kt ni vi mng truy nhp qua UNI,
cn mng truy nhp kt ni vi nt dch v (SN Service Node) thng qua SNI.
V nguyn tc khng c gii hn no v loi v dung lng ca UNI hay SNI.
Mng truy nhp v nt dch v u c kt ni vi h thng TMN (Telecom
Management Network) qua giao din Q3.
gii quyt cc vn tn ti trong mng truy nhp truyn thng, mt
trong nhng gii php hp l l a thit b ghp knh v truyn dn vo mng
truy nhp.
Cc giao din ca mng truy nhp
Giao din nt dch v: L giao din mt ct dch v ca mng truy nhp.
Kt ni vi tng i SNI cung cp cho thu bao cc dch v c th. V d tng i
c th kt ni vi mng truy nhp qua giao din V5. Giao din V5 cung cp chun
chung kt ni thu bao s ti tng i s ni ht. Gii php ny c th mang li
hiu qu cao do cho php kt hp h thng truyn dn thu bao v tit kim card
thu bao tng i. Hn na phng thc kt ni ny cng thc y vic pht
trin cc dch v bng rng.
PSTN/ISDN
DDN

Mng truy
Nhp
SNI- Giao
din nt
dch v
Services
POTS
ISDN
V.24
V.25
UNI-Giao
din nt
ngi s
dng
Q3
Mng DV
Thu bao


Giao din ngi s dng - mng: y l giao din pha khch hng ca mng
truy nhp. UNI phi h tr nhiu dch v khc nhau, nh thoi tng t, ISDN
bng hp v bng rng v dch v leased line s hay tng t...
Giao din qun l: Thit b mng truy nhp phi cung cp giao din qun l
c th iu khin mt cch hiu qu ton b mng truy nhp. Giao din ny cn
phi ph hp vi giao thc Q3 c th truy nhp mng TMN trong tng lai v
hon ton tng thch vi cc h thng qun l mng m thit b do nhiu nh sn
xut cung cp. Hin nay phn nhiu cc nh cung cp thit b s dng giao din
qun l ca ring mnh thay v dng chun Q3.
1.2.3 Mng truy nhp ngy nay
Khi cng ngh ng dy thu bao s c trin khai th cng vi mng truy
nhp cp quang v cc mng truy nhp v tuyn khc mng cp ng tham gia vo
cung cp cc dch v bng thng rng.
Mng truy nhp cp ng bao gm cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s nh
cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ca mng a dch v s tch hp IDSL (ISDN
DSL), cng ngh DSL ti nh khch hng CDSL, cng ngh DSL mt i dy
SDSL, cng ngh DSL tc cao v th h hai HDSL/HDSL2, cng ngh DSL
thch ng tc RADSL, cng ngh DSL bt i xng /th h 2/th h th ba
ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+, cng ngh DSL tc rt cao/th h hai VDSL/VDSL2.
Trong cc cng ngh ny th cng ngh ADSL v VDSL l c nng cp nhiu
p ng nhu cu ca khch hng trong vic truy nhp cc dch v bng rng.
Cng ngh ADSL cho php cung cp tc ng xung cho khch hng ln n
8 Mbps v ngy cng c ci thin thm bi cng ngh mi nh cng ngh
ADSL2/ADSL2+. Cng ngh ADSL2 mang cc c tnh ging nh cc cng ngh
ADSL tuy nhin cng ngh ny c ci thin lm tng tc ln n 12 Mbps.
Cn cng ngh ADSL2+vi vic m rng thm bng tn gp i bng tn ca
ADSL/ADSL2 l 2.2 MHz v tc tng ln n 25 Mbps trong vng bn knh
1km. Cng ging nh cng ngh ADSL2, cng ngh ADSL2+c kh nng ghp
gia cc ng dy tng tc ln n 44 Mbps vi khong cch 1.5 km. Cng
ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ha hn p ng c cc nhu cu bng thng rng ln


n hn chc Megabit trn giy (Mbps) m trc ADSL khng th p ng
c. bn cnh , cng ngh ng dy thu bao s tc cao/cng ngh ng
dy thu bao s tc cao th h hai VDSL/VDSL2 cng cung cp mt tc
cng rt hp dn. VDSL cung cp tc ng xung l 52Mbps trong vng bn
knh 300 m v tc lung xung 1.5 Mbps vi chiu di cp l 3.6 km. Cng
ngh VDSL ny h tr c tc i xng vi tc cho c hai hng l 26 Mbps.
Tc ny thch hp cho kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng nh Internet
tc cao v truyn hnh theo yu cu. Cn cng ngh VDSL2 l phin bn mi
ca cng ngh ca VDSL cung cp tc ln n 250 Mbps dnh cho ng
xung ti ngun v 100 Mbps ti khong cch 500 m. Cng ngh ny s ha hn
trong mt vi nm ti cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng nh thoi, d liu,
truyn hnh i hi nt cao HDTV v Game ng tc.
Mng th hai c nhc ti trong mang truy nhp hin ti chnh l mng cp
quang in hnh chnh l mng cp quang ti h gia nh/cao c/khu dn c/t
phn phi/ti tng i FTT/H/C/B/Ca/Ex (Fiber To The/Home/). Cng ngh ny
s dng cp quang truyn a thng tin ln n hng trm megabit trn giy
(Mbps) thm ch ln n hng Gigabit trn giy (Gbps) vi bc sng dnh cho
ng ln 1260nm n 1330nm v cc bc sng dnh cho ng xung l
1480nm n 1580 nm. Cng ngh ny lun c coi l cng ngh truyn dn ca
tng lai vi tc v bng thng cha b gii hn bi mt dch v no.
Mng truy nhp v tuyn hin hnh phi k n cc mng thng tin di ng
th h hai 2G, mng di ng th h 3G. Mng di ng ny thuc mng din rng
khng dy WWAN. Trong , hai mng ny ang cng tn ti v cung cp cc
dch v cho khch hng vi tc mng 2G dnh cho s liu t 172 Kbps n
384Kbps. Cn mng di ng th h th ba cung cp dch v ln n 2 Mbps, tc
ny cn c ci thin bng cng ngh truy nhp gi tc cao HSPA (High
Speed Packet Access) tc t 5.8 Mbps n7.2Mbps.
Mt trong nhng mng v tuyn na chnh l cc mng ni b khng dy
WLAN, mng th khng dy WMAN, mng c nhn v tuyn WPAN v mng
vng v tuyn WRAN. Mng WLAN in hnh chnh l mng Wifi vi chun
IEEE 802.11a/b/g hot ng di tn 2.4GHz v 5GHz, cung cp tc t


11Mbps n 54 Mbps. Mng WMAN vi chun IEEE 802.16 m in hnh l
cng ngh tng tc ton cu bng sng vi ba WIMAX cung cp tc ln n
70Mbps khong cch ln n 10km n 50km i vi tm nhn thng v khng
thng. Cn mng khng dy c nhn WPAN chnh l mng dnh cho cng ngh
Bluetooth da theo chun IEEE 802.15 hot ng trong di tn 2.4Ghz v cung
cp tc ln n 70 Kbps trong vng 10m. Cui cng chnh l mng vng khng
dy WRAN da theo chun IEEE 802.20 hot ng di tn 3.5 GHz, ti u ha
truyn ti d liu trn nn IP vi tc ln n 15Mbps v h tr kh nng di
chuyn vi tc ln n 250km/h.
1.2.4 Mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network)
Trong tng lai mng th h sau hon ton da trn mng gi. V th vic
chuyn t mang vin thng hin ti sang mng th h mi phi tri qua nhiu giai
on. Mng PSTN hin ti vn ang hot ng tt v dch v thoi m n cung
cp vn cn tin cy nn mng ny c gi li chuyn mch knh cho thoi.
Do , NGN s bao gm chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi th hin nh
trong hnh v sau:
Hnh 1.2: Mng th h sau NGN



AAA: Accounting, Authentication, and Authorization
DNS: Domain Name Server
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
GE: Gigabit Ethernet
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
IP Sec: Internet Protocol Security
ISP: Internet Service Provider
LAN: Local Area Network
MAN: Metropolitan Access Network
MGC: Media Gateway Controller
MPLS: Multi Protocol Label Switching
RSVP: ReSerVation Protocol
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications Network
WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplex
Mng ny c nhng c im nh nn tng l mt h thng m, l mng
chuyn mch gi da trn giao thc thng nht v mng ny phi c kh nng
thch ng vi dung lng ngy cng tng ca mng. Giao thc IP thc t ch
thnh giao thc khng th thiu c trong mng a dch v. Hin nay, mng
NGN c kh nng kt ni nhiu cng ngh khc nhau c mng v tuyn v mng
hu tuyn. trong , mng v tuyn phi k n chnh l mng di ng (bao
gm c 1G, 2G 3G v 4G), mng ni b v tuyn WLAN, mng th v tuyn
WMAN. Cn mng hu tuyn bao gm cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
xDSL, cc mng cp quang nh FTTx.
1.3 Mng truy nhp khc
Hin nay, khi xt v mng truy nhp ni chung mng truy nhp lun c
chia thnh hai phng thc c bn theo kiu truyn dn l mng truy nhp hu
tuyn v mng truy nhp v tuyn. Mng truy nhp hu tuyn bao gm mng cp
ng v mng cp quang, cn mng li l mng truy nhp v tuyn nh mng in
thoi di ng v tuyn t bo, mang din rng khng dy WWAN (Wireless Wide


Access Network), mng th WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Access Network),
mng ni vng WLAN (Wireless Location Access Network). Nhng khi xt v
cc kha cnh khc trong mng truy nhp s pht trin ca cc dch v cung cp
cho khch hng, ngi ta li chia thnh mng bng hp v mng bng rng.
Mng bng hp c hiu l mng cung cp cc loi hnh dch v thoi v d
liu cho ngi s dng vi mt tc thp (hng trm Kbps). Cn mng bng
rng c hiu l mng cung cp c loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi cho ngi
s dng vi tc ln n hng Mbps thm ch cn ln n hng chc Mbps
chnh l cc dch v nh Internet tc cao, truyn hnh theo nhu cu cht lng
cao, truyn hnh trc tuyn, o to t xa c tc i hi tc v bng thng ln.
Nh vy, l mng truy nhp hu tuyn dng cp quang v cp ng cng tri qua
nhng thi k pht trin t bng hp cho ti bng rng ph hp vi nhu cu s
dng dch v ca khch hng.
1.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp trn cp ng
T khi Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi vo nm 1876 v
ngay sau tng thc hin bng s ra i ca mng in thoi chuyn
mch cng cng PSTN. Tn hiu tng t m thanh ngi pht ra qua in thoi
bin thnh tn hiu in chy trn ng dy cp ng n tng i PSTN. Ti y
tn hiu ny c ni thng chnh xc n thu bao b gi. Tri qua nhng thi k
pht trin t tng i chuyn mch bng nhn cng n chuyn mch c cho n
chuyn mch t ng c lp trnh sn, cp ng vn dng duy tr cc ng
truy nhp cho n ngy nay
Mng truy nhp c tnh t tng i ni ht n pha khch hng trong
cp ng c dng truyn cc dch v t nh cung cp n pha khch hng.
ng dy t tng i c a qua gi phi dy n tng t cp ri n hp cp
t tng ng dy thu bao mi c ni ti tng khch hng. Khi phi dy t
tng i n thu bao th phi tun theo lut mu 20 hoc 25 mu ca M thun
tin cho vic u ni v sa cha, bo dng. Mi mt thu bao tng ng c
cung cp mt i dy tnh t hp cp cho nn khi s lng thu bao gia tng
khng ngng th nh cung cp lun c nhng phng n d phng ng dy


thch hp. C th ni mng truy nhp tip cn thu bao (mng ngoi vi) chim mt
t trng ln cc thit b v ng dy so vi cc thnh phn khc trong mng vin
thng.
1.3.1.1 Dng modem truyn ti
Modem bng thoi c a vo cui thp k 50 truyn d liu qua mng
in thoi qua mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN .
Vi mch vng c tnh t pha khch hng s dng dch v Internet, khi
ngi s dng phi trang b mt modem kt ni Internet. Modem ny c
chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch chuyn tn hiu s ca my tnh thnh tn
hiu tng t nm trong bng tn thoi 0.3 KHz n 3.4KHz c a n tng
i chuyn mch sau tn hiu c truyn v pha thu bao. Ti y, modem
c chc nng gii iu ch lung tn hiu i n t tng t thnh tn hiu s ph
hp vi tn hiu ca my tnh. Tc ca tn hiu khi dng modem quay s trong
bng thoi rt nh t 16 Kbps n 56 Kbps cho d sau ny ci thin rt nhiu
song nhng modem ny cng chi cung cp tc hng trm Kbps.
Khi s dng modem quay s ny truy cp Internet gp phi mt s hn
ch nh pha u cui khch hng ch c s dng mt loi hnh dch v ti mt
thi im (dng thoi th thi s dng Internet v ngc li)
Th hai, s dng dch v ny chim mt thi gian ln trong qu trnh truy
nhp, lu lng ng l ra dnh cho tn hiu thoi th lu lng Internet li chim
mt phn dng k v khng chia s vi ngi khc trong sut qu trnh truy nhp,
dn n nh hng n nhiu kt ni ca cc cuc gi thng thng. Vi thi gian
chim lu lng ln trn mng in thoi nh vy th vic dng modem quay s
c gi thnh rt cao.
Cui cng, khi s dng modem quay s khin cho khch hng cm thy bt
tin v mi mt ln s dng Internet li phi tho ng in thoi ra v ngc li
khi s dng in thoi.


1.3.1.2 Mng a dch s v tch hp ISDN
Khi nhu cu s dng ca khch hng v kh nng kt ni ton cu ngy cng
gia tng v c s lng v cht lng th vic truyn s lu trong bng thoi ca
modem ny gp nhiu bt cp. S bt cp ca modem hot ng trong bng tn
thoi c th hin 3 kha cnh c bn chnh l tc thp, bt tin khi s
dng v gy hin tng qu ti trn mng. Chnh s qu ti ny ca mng ni
ln mt iu rng mng thoi truyn s liu cha r rng v nguyn tc x l.
Tn hiu s liu truyn trong bng tn thoi v hnh dung lm nh hng nng
n n chnh cht lng ca dch v thoi n thun. Phi chng nn c mt tng
i c kh nng tch hp cng mt lc c tn hiu thoi v s liu m qu trnh tn
ti ca s liu t nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu thoi. S ra i ca mng
tch hp a dch v s ISDN lm hi lng phn no nhu cu cp bch . Mng
ISDN h tr tc truyn s liu c bn l 2B+D (vi knh B =64 Kbps v knh
D =16 Kbps) tng ng vi tc 144 Kbps v tc s cp tng ng vi
30B (30 knh thoi thng thng) l 2 Mbps. Vi tc nh vy ln hn rt
nhiu so vi tc truyn bng modem trong bng thoi v tng thm kh nng
chuyn hng ca khch hng ti cc dch v s liu tt hn trc kia.
Tuy nhin, khi ISDN i vo trin khai gp phi mt s nhng nhc im
ln nh: Yu cu s ha n tn u cui v chi ph lp t kh cao.
Yu cu ca mng ISDN l phi s ha n tn u cui c ngha l lung tn
hiu mang thng tin s v ti giao din cc tng i lin kt vi nhau bng ng
trung k cng hon ton bng s. Nh vy, cc thit b mng ca khch hng vn
c giao tip vi mng trc kia mang tn hiu tng t s nhng ch cho
cc thit b s ca ISDN. S thay i ny l rt ln, n quyt nh n gi thnh
trin khai mng v gi thnh m khch hng phi tri tin cho s dng dch v
ny.
Mt khc, mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN cung cp dch v ph thuc vo
khong cch ng di, trong khi modem quay s l n nh cung cp dch v
ISP ni ht v tn thu bao hng thng. Chnh nhng nguyn nhn t nhiu
nh hng n nhu cu chnh ng s dng dch v ca khch hng.


1.3.1.3 Cable modem
Cable modem l thit b cho php truy xut thng tin tc cao t cc server
t xa nh Internet server hay truyn hnh theo nhu cu (Video on Demand) qua
mang truyn hnh cp ng trc. Trong nhng nm 1990 ca th k trc, ngi ta
pht trin kh nng truyn ti hai chiu ca tn hiu ng dy cp ng trc
truyn Interent tc cao. Mt modem pha khch hng c 2 rc cm, mt dnh
cho mng truyn hnh cp v mt dnh cho kt ni Internet tc cao ca my
tnh. Hu ht thit b ny l mt khi c lp vi my tnh hay ti vi.
Thut ng cable modem ny khc vi modem x l d liu trong bng thoi.
Modem trong bng thoi ch c mt chc nng chnh l iu ch v gii iu ch
chuyn i tn hiu dng s ca my tnh thnh tn hiu tng t nm trong bng
thoi chuyn mch ti pha tng i v thc hin ngc li. Cn cable modem
khng nhng c chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu my tnh v truyn
hnh s nh trong modem bng thoi m cable modem ny cn c thm cc chc
nng khc nh: Thit b mt m ha v gii mt m, nh tuyn, card giao tip
mng v HUB Ethernet. Chnh s khc bit ny khin cho cable modem c th
cung cp dch v bng rng dnh cho khch hng c nhu cu trao i Internet tc
cao v truyn hnh cp. Bng tn ca mt knh truyn hnh c di tn 6MHz v
d nh knh truyn hnh CNN, HBO, ESPN, StarSport chim di tn 6MHz.
tng t nh vy, bng tn dnh cho Internet cng ln n 6MHz cho tng chiu
hng ln v hng xung.
i vi ng hng xung, di tn c dng ln hn bng tn hng ln.
Bng tn ng xung ca lung d liu c iu ch v t vo knh 6MHz
trong di tn c cp l 50MHz n 75MHz. Phng php iu ch c s
dng l iu ch bin cu phng 64 mc - 64QAM t tc tng ln
27Mbps cho ton b ngi s dng. Thc cht tc ny c chia s cho nhiu
ngi, mi ngi ch c cung cp tc l t 1 Mbps n 3Mbps.
Cn i vi ng ln, di tn c cung cp t 5MHz n 42MHz v
rng mi knh cng ln n 6MHz. Tuy nhin, ng ln vi c th ca mng
ngoi vi c phi cp theo kiu r nhnh (hnh ch Y hoc hnh ch T) nn d


dng nh hng bi nhiu cng dn t khch hng qua mi chng n pha nh
cung cp dch v. Ngun nhiu y ch yu l nhiu xung tc ng trc tip
bin ca sng cao tn RF. S tc ng ny nh hng rt xu n bin vn
c bit n l rt gn nhau trong iu ch QAM nhiu mc. Do , ci thin
tt cht lng truyn tn hiu di tc ng ca nhiu, phng php QAM c
thay bng phng php diu ch kha dch pha cu phng QPSK. Phng php
QPSK c gi vi ci tn khc nh iu ch 4 pha mi pha cch nhau mt gc
kh ln l 90 . Vi khong cch pha cch nhau ln nn di tc ng ca nhiu
lm cho tn hiu b sai lch t/nhiu n pha th tn hiu ti pha thu cng vn khi
phc d dng. Do vy, QPSK c kh nng khng nhiu tt hn QAM nhng li c
tc thp hn QAM.
Nh vy, vic s dng cable modem kt hp vi truyn dn bng cp ng
trc s em li kh nng cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng. Phng php ny
cng c trin khai nhiu pha khch hng v thu c nhiu kt qu kh quan.
Tuy nhin, tc ca phng php ny vn phi ci thin th mi p ng ht
c kh nng truyn cc dch v khc tt hn.
1.3.1.4 Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL
S ra i cng ngh ng dy thu bao s gip cc nh khai thc mng
cp ng, khi m cp quang ang th hin u th vt tri thch thc tnh sng
cn ca mng truy nhp dung cp ng. S ra i ca cng ngh ng dy thu
bao s cho php cp ng hon ton c th truyn tn hiu bng thng rng vi cc
loi hnh dch v.
Cng ngh xDSL c hiu l cng ngh tn dng bng thng ca cp ng
truyn cc dch v nh thoi v s liu cao cung cp cho khch hng. C ngha
l ngoi bng tn ca tn hiu thoi ra th vic tn dng bng tn ca ln hn bng
tn ca tn hiu thoi c s dng truyn dch v Internet v truyn hnh m
khng nh hng n tn hiu trong thoi thng thng cng i trn mt i dy
cp xon. Khi cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ra i bng s nhn mnh n
kh nng truyn cc loi hnh dch v tc cao nh Internet v truyn hnh ca
cp ng. Mt s ngi khng khi ng ngng v trc cp ng vn ch c


bit n vi vic truyn cc tn hiu c tc thp nh vic dng modem trong
bng thoi ch cung cp ti a l 56 Kbps hay truyn s liu mng ISDN vi tc
tng ng vi hai knh thoi 2B cng ch ln n 128 Kbps. Khng t ngi
t ra cu hi rng lm cch no m cp ng c th truyn tc ln n hng
triu bit trn dy (Megabit trn giy - Mbps)? Cng ngh xDSL gii p rng
cn phi loi b gii hn ca bng tn thoi l 0 KHz n 3.4 KHz c mt gii
tn ln hn bng tn thoi th lc tc tn hiu s tng ln r rt. Ging nh
n y cu tr li mi c tha ng bi v gia tc bng thng v tc s
liu hon ton c s tng ng vi nhau, bng thng cng ln th tc cng
cao. Do vy, vic cp ng truyn cc dch v bng rng ln n hng Megabit
trn giy l hon ton c th thc hin c.
1.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp cp quang
Ngay t khi ra di cp si quang bc l nhiu u im vt tri ln l
tc ln bng thng rng, khong cch ln c th truyn dch v ln n hng
chc kilomet mi phi dng ti trm lp, khng b nh hng nhiu do in t
trng do si quang c lm t si thy tinh dng sng nh sng truyn thng
tin bng phn x ton phn, cc thit b pha u pht nh LASER, LED v
diode quang thc APD, diode PIN, b u cheo OXC ngy cng c hon thin
v t c cc thng s k thut cao.
Mng cp quang c coi l mng ca tng lai bi v bng thng v tc
ca chng cho n nay c th truyn c tt c cc loi hnh bng thng rng tc
cao m vn cha b mt gii hn no ng tr ngi c hin ti ln tng lai.
Trong tng mng ny c thay th mng cp ng ht s mnh lch s ca
n, nhng hin nay th mng cp ng vn c coi l thi k qu v cha th
ngay cng mt lc thay th ton b v mng cp ng trin khai t rt lu, chi
ph rt ln nn nh khai thc mun thu hi li vn. Hn th, mng cp ng hin
ti vn c th p ng c cc loi hnh dch v bng rng hin thi. Do , cng
vi mng cp ng mng cp quang vn mt phn p ng khu quan trng trong
cc ng truyn chnh cho cc tuyn di hi dung lng ln, tc cao.


1.3.3. Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng
1.3.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
Thng tin di ng hin nay ang c nhng bc pht trin khng ngng t h
thng di ng 1G, 2G, sau ln 3G v tin ti s ln n th h di ng th t
4G. Tri qua mt thi gian di pht trin vi c s h tng rng khp trn ton th
gii, cung cp cc loi hnh dch v a phng tin khc nhau, m bo c
phn ln th phn ca mnh so vi cc mng vin thng khc. n nay lng thu
bao di ng c tnh n nm 2010 l gn 5/7 t ngi, chim gn 80% dn s
trn th gii s dng di ng. Nhng t nhng thnh qu nh ngy hm nay,
h thng thng tin di ng khng ngng pht huy th nghim nhng cng ngh
mi.
u tin l h thng di ng th nht 1G, s dng phng php a truy nhp
phn chia theo tn s FDMA. Mi knh c cung cp mt bng tn c nh v
c bo v bi cc knh bn cnh mt khong bo v trnh nhiu knh ln
cn. Nh vy, dung lng s dng cho mng l rt kh thay i v phc v cho
mt s lng nh thu bao tham gia. Mt trong nhng h thng thng tin di ng
u tin trn th gii phi k n l h thng dch v in thoi di ng tin tin
AMPS (Avanced Mobile Phone Services), h thng thng tin truy cp tng th
TACS (Total Access Comunication System) v h thng di ng Bc u NMT
(Nordic Mobile Telephone).
Tip l h thng thng tin di ng th hai 2G ra i, s dng phng php
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access),
thng tin s dng hon ton l s. h thng 2G ny xut hin khi nim t bo
do mt trm BTS ph sng v cc t bo ny c nhn rng ra ton b din tch
thng tin cn ph sng. Chnh yu t ny to cho nn tng pht trin mng di
ng ngy nay. H thng thng tin di ng 2G GSM hot ng khong bng tn
900 MHz (GSM 900), 1.8 GHz (GSM 1800) hoc 1.9 GHz (GSM 1900). Tc
truyn s liu ca GSM l 9.6 Kbps.
Do nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi s dng v s pht trin mnh dch v
Internet v cc dch v khc i hi thng tin di ng GSM phi c tc cao
hn, do nhiu gii php nng cp h thng GSM. C hai gii php nng cp


l nng cp dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS v cc tc c nng cp cho
GSM-EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution). GPRS da trn c s ca
GSM sn c, n h tr vic chuyn mch cc dch v gi cho vic truyn s liu
vi tc t n 172 Kbps. Vic a ra GPRS trong mng di ng cho php ci
thin GSM sn c nh s dng c hai loi chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi,
s dng ti nguyn v tuyn tt hn v a ra kiu tnh cc cho dung lng.
Tip n l h thng EDGE cng l mt gii php tip theo nng cp tc
bit truyn s liu cho GPRS. H thng ny c coi l 2.75G c th cho php
truyn s liu tc cao ln n 384 Kbps vi 8 khe thi gian, thch hp vi vic
truyn thng a phng tin vi phng php iu ch 8PSK, hiu qu cho vic
truy nhp tc cao. EDGE l mt phng thc nng cp hp dn i vi cc
mng GSM v n ch yu cu mt phn mm nng cp trm gc.
H thng di ng th ba l 3G UMTS, ra i vi kiu truy nhp phn chia
theo m bng rng WCDMA (Wide Code Division Multiplexing Access). Mt
bng tn c rng l 5MHz tng ng vi rng ca tt c cc knh cho tt c
ngi s dng. Ngi s dng ch phn bit ln nhau thng qua mt m gi ngu
nhin hay gi tp m PN, di t m PN khong 32 n 64 k t, cho nn n cho
php mt s lng ln thu bao c th tham gia dch v.
H thng di ng 3G UMTS c phn li tng t nh h thng GSM cho
nn d dng nng cp t 2G GSM ln. Ch c im khc l: 2G GSM c phn
bn ngoi mng li c trm thu pht gc BTS th 3G UMTS c node B, thm
mt dim khc na l h thng 3G UMTS s dng phng php phn chia theo
m nn ti mt t bo hay ton b t bo s dng duy nht mt di tn s v vy
m khng c hin tng nhiu ng knh nh GSM 2G. GSM 2G vic chia
ton b bng tn cho mt nhm t bo (mu s dng) cho nn khi thit k t bo
th ti mt t bo bt k tn s s dng bao gi cng khc tn s ca 6 t bo ln
cn. Tc d liu ca 3G UMTS t n 2 Mbps thch hp truyn tn hiu a
phng tin.
1.3.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy bng rng
Mt trong nhng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c k n l mng truy
nhp ni b khng dy WLAN, Wifi, WIMAX v mng di ng


WLAN ( Wireless Location Access Network): L mng truy nhp da theo
chun 802.11b/a/g m cng ngh in hnh chnh l Wifi, Wifi ra i cung cp
truyn s liu truy cp Internet ca khch hng ti nhng khu dn c, khu vn
phng cng ty, trng hc, k tc x, qun coffee vi tc ln 11 Mbps trong
vng ph sng c bn knh khong 100 m. Tuy nhin, khong cch ny c th ci
thin khi u pht tng cng sut pht ln n gn 1000 fit (khong 300 m).
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access): Cng ngh
WIMAX ra i nh hng ln bi cng ngh Wifi l dng sng v tuyn
truyn thng tin truy cp cc loi hnh dch v, nhng WIMAX c nhng c tnh
hon thin hn so vi Wifi bi khong cch truyn. WIMAX theo chun IEEE
802.16 h tr tc s liu ln n 70 Mbps trong vng bn knh ph sng ln ti
30 dm (khong 50 km), h tr tm nhn thng v tm nh khng thng bng k
thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM v s dng phng php
truy nhp OFDMA. Bng tn ca WIMAX c th thay i trong khong 1.25MHz
n 20 MHz cho php h tr cc loi hnh bng rng theo nhu cu ca khch
hng.
1.4 Cc phin bn ca xDSL
Mng truy cp cp ng thng c bit n l phng thc truyn dn ch
yu v n nh t trc n nay. Khi m cc dch v thoi v phi thoi c tch
hp cng chy trn ng dy thu bao s t u cui ca u cui khch hng
n tng i ISDN. Lc ny, ISDN c coi l mt tng i chun mc tch hp
lun c tng i truyn in thoi v mng s liu. Vic truyn dn s liu bng
modem trong bng tn thoi vn c bit n vi tnh bt tin, tc chm, gi
cc t v rt ng lo ngi v thi gian chim lu lng ca ngi s dng
Internet c thay th bi mt tng i c th truyn c d liu cao hn
nhiu. Khi , tc v bng thng ca cp ng b gii hn bi tng i ISDN l
2B+D tng ng l 144 n 192 Kbps, ngi ta ngh rng chnh tc ny l
gii hn v tc ca cp ng v cho rng cp ng ch truyn c loi hnh
dch v bng tn thp nh thoi, d liu tc thp (hng trm Kbps).


Trong khi , mng truy nhp cp quang v mng truy nhp v tuyn khc ra
i v trin khai vi nhiu tnh nng vt tri. Khng t kin cho rng phi thay
th ton b cp quang bng cp ng trc cho mng truy nhp hu tuyn p
ng c nhu cu s dng cc loi hnh dch v tc cao bng rng m ngi ta
cho rng cp ng khng th thc hin c.
Trc khi thay th ton b cp ng bng cp quang, ngi ta mi t hi v
i nghin cu xem tc cng nh bng thng ca cp ng thc cht ra sao.
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ra i khng nh rng cp ng hon ton
c th p ng c nhu cu ca dch v bng rng.
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subcriber Line) l cng ngh
tn dng bng thng ca cp ng truyn cc tn hiu thoi v phi thoi. Vi
vic tn dng di bng tn ln hn bng tn thoi truyn s liu tc cao m
vn khng nh hng n tn hiu trong bng tn thoi. Cng ngh DSL bao gm
cc phin bn khc nhau nh:
1.4.1. IDSL (ISDN Digital Subscriber Line)
IDSL l cng ngh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s dng cho mng truy
nhp tch hp v a dch v s ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network). Vi
ng dy thu bao s ko t mch vng n khch hng u l tn hiu s vi tc
256 Kbps. Yu cu ca ng dy dng cho mng ISDN v cc thit b l phi
c u cui ca ngi s dng hon ton l s.
Vi cng ngh dng cho ISDN s dng knh truyn dn vi tc l 2B+D
trong knh B l knh lu lng vi tc 64 Kbps v knh D l knh bo hiu
vi tc l 16 Kbps hoc 64Kbps cho nn 2B+D c tc dao ng t 144Kbps
hoc 192 Kbps.
Khi ISDN ra i v c xu hng pht trin lu di, ngi ta tng tc ca
ISDN bng cch nn tin hiu t tc khong 300 Kbps. Tuy nhin, nhng
phng php ny u khng th tng tc ln n hng Mbps c th p ng
tc cho cc loi hnh bng rng i hi thi gian thc nh truyn hnh trc
tuyn, hi ngh truyn hnh, game online. Do , hu nh cc dch v bng rng
ca mng ny l khng th p ng yu cu t pha khch hng.


1.4.2. HDSL/HDSL2 (High data rate DSL)
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s tc cao HDSL (High data rate DSL) s
dng 2 i dy truyn song cng cung cp cc dch v tng ng vi lung T1
(1.544 Mbps) v truyn trn 2 hoc 3 i dy cung cp dch v cho lung E1
(2.048 Mbps). Vi kiu truyn song cng cho hai hng ny thch hp cho cc
ng dng nh truyn hnh hi ngh, hc t xa, t vn khm cha bnh ti nh,
chi game tng tc. Cn cng ngh ng dy thu bao s tc cao th h hai
HDSL2 cng c tc bit v mch vng ging nh HDSL ch khc l vi HDSL2
s dng mt i dy thay v hai i dy. Tuy nhin, cng ngh HDSL2 ny c k
thut m ha cao hn, iu ch phc tp hn (s dng phng php iu ch bin
v pha khng sng mang CAP) v kh nng la chn tn s pht, thu chng
li nhiu xuyn m.
1.4.3 SDSL (Singer Digital Subscriber Line)
Cng ngh DSL mt i dy (Single pair DSL) truyn i xng tc
784Kbps trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s
dng m hai bit nh phn thnh mt bit t phn 2B1Q . Cng ngh ny cha c cc
tiu chun thng nht nn khng c ph bin cho cc dch v tc cao. SDSL
ch c ng dng trong vic truy cp trang Web, ti nhng tp d liu v thoi
ng thi vi tc 128 Kbps vi khong cch nh hn 6,7 km v tc ti a l
1024 Kbps trong khong 3,5 km.
1.4.4 ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ (Asymetric DSL)
Cng ngh ng dy thu s bt i xng ADSL cung cp tc truyn
dn khng i xng ln ti 8 Mbps lung xung v t 16 Kbps n 640 Kbps
lung ln vi khong cch truyn dn 5 Km v gim i khi tc ln cao. u
im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php khch hng s dng ng thi mt ng dy
in thoi cho c hai dch v thoi v s liu. Do , n p ng c cc nhu cu
truy cp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn v video theo yu cu ca
khch hng. Cng ngh ADSL2 l mt phin bn mi ca ADSL cng hot ng
chung mt bng tn t 0MHz n 1.1 MHz nhng n ci thin ng k v mt


iu ch v m ha cung cp tc 12 Mbps cho ng xung. Cn cng ngh
ADSL2+m rng bng tn cho chiu xung ln n 2.2 MHz, vi tc ci thin
ng k so vi hai cng ngh trc ln ti 25 Mbps. Tc ny cn tng ln
n 44 Mbps khi thc hin vic ghp cc i dy pha u pht truyn cc
dch v s li tc cao.
1.4.5 RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL)
Thng thng khi thit b c lp t th mt s tiu chun ti thiu cho cc
iu kin phi c p ng cho php thit b hot ng vi tc nh trc.
RADSL l phin bn ca ADSL m cc modem c th kim tra ng truyn
khi khi ng v p ng lc hot ng theo tc nhanh nht m ng truyn
c th cung cp. RADSL cn c gi l ADSL c tc bin i. Cng ngh
RADSL cung cp ty chn cho php my thu, pht bt u bng cch tng dn tc
ng dy n tc ti a c th t c m vn tin cy trn mt ng dy
c th. Trong khi cc c tnh ny ban u c thit k n gin ha vic lp
t dch v th n cng gip cc nh cung cp dch v mt ty chn gim bt mc
dch v khi cht lng vng thu bao gim.
1.4.6 CDSL (Customer DSL)
Mc d c quan h tng i cht ch vi ADSL v RADSL, CDSL vn c
nhng im khc bit tng thch vi cc i tng phc v ca n. CDSL c
phn khim tn hn v mt tc v khong cch so vi ADSL/RADSL, nhng
ngc li n cng c nhng u im nht nh. Vi CDSL khng cn lo lng v
cc thit b u xa nh b phn tch (spliter) nh khch hng. Chc nng ca b
phn tch l cho php cc dch v v cc kiu thit b khc ang tn ti, chng
hn nh my fax, tip tc hot ng nh trc y.
1.4.5 VDSL/VDSL2 (Very high data rate DSL)
Cng ngh ng dy thue bao s tc cao VDSL (Very high data rate
DSL) l cng ngh ph hp cho kin trc mng truy nhp s dng cp quang ti
cm dn c. VDSL truyn tc d d liu cao qua cc ng dy ng xon i,
khong cch ngn. Tc lung xung ti a t ti 52 Mbps trong chiu di


300m. Vi tc lung xung thp th chiu di cp t 3.6 Km. Tc lung ln
trong ch khng i xng l 1.6Mbps n 2.3 Mbps.VDSL cn h tr c vic
truyn dn i xng vi tc ln n 26 Mbps. Cn VDSL2 l cng ngh mi
nht trong h xDSL, n cung cp tc 250 Mbps ti ngun, tc 100 Mbps ti
khong cch 500m v tc 50 Mbps ti khong cch 1 Km. Sau , vi c ly
1.6 Km th tc ca n nh l ADSL2+. VDSL2 c thit k cung cp kt
ni cho cc dch v thoi, d liu, truyn hnh c nt cao HDTV v game tng
tc.
1.5 u v nhc im ca cng ngh xDSL
u im:
u im ln ca cng ngh xDSL khi ra i chnh l kh nng truyn ti
c nhiu ng dng khc nhau m trc y cha thc hin c, ng thi li
tn dng c mng in thoi sn c v rng khp. Mt cng ngh mi ra i
c coi l hiu qu khi tn dng c cc ti nguyn, v c s h tng sn c.
Trong iu kin thun li, u t cho mng xDSL khng ln i vi nh khai
thc.
Nhc im:
Tuy nhin, cng ngh xDSL cng c mt s hn ch nh: yu cu cht lng
ca cp truyn dn tn hiu DSL cao hn nhiu so vi yu cu ca cp truyn dn
thoi. iu ny l do DSL truyn thng tin c bng tn ln vi tc cao nn nu
ch c mt nhiu nh th lng thng tin b nh hng cng rt ln, hn rt nhiu
lng thng tin thoi c tc chm. Hn na, theo p tuyn tn s ca ng
dy ng th tn hiu tn s cao c mc suy hao ln hn tn hiu tn s thp nn
khong cch truyn ti ca tn hiu DSL khng c xa. Ngoi ra, cn rt nhiu
yu t nh hng n cht lng ng truyn DSL nh: nhiu xuyn m gn u
cui, xa u cui, tn hiu xm nhp, phn x tn hiu trn dy nhnh.


1.6 Kt lun
Chng ny i tm hiu v qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy nhp t mng
truyn thng n mng hin ti v mng th h sau. Trong c mng truy nhp
x dng cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL v cc phin bn ca mng ny.
Mng truy nhp ti qua mt thi gian di pht trin, vi nhiu hnh thc truy
nhp phong ph nh truy nhp hu tuyn bng cp ng, truy nhp bng cp
quang v truy nhp bng mi trng v tuyn.mng truy nhp qua mi trng v
tuyn in hnh nh mng thng tin di ng, mng ni b v tuyn WLAN, mng
th v tuyn WMAN m in hnh l cng ngh tng tc ton cu bng sng
vi ba WIMAX.
Trong cc mng trn mng truy nhp cp ng ra di t rt sm vi quy m
trin khai rng, chi ph u t ln v chim mt t trng ln trong mng vin
thng. Trong khi , mng ny ch bit n vi kh nng truyn tc trn i
cp ng vi tc thp bng thng hp th mng truy nhp bng cp quang ni
ln vi nhiu u im nh tc ln, bng thng rng, khng b nhiu bi cc
ngun t trng. Chnh nhng u im khin cho mng cp ng phi tm
cho mnh mt k thut mi c th truyn c cc loi hnh dch v bng rng
m trc cp ng khng th truyn c th mi khng b mng cp quang
thay th hon ton. Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ra i l mt phng n la
chn cui cng nh cung cp gi li mng mng cp ng tip tc ng hnh
cng vi mng cp quang v v tuyn khc. Cp ng khng nhng truyn c
cc loi hnh bng rng m mng ny cng c rt nhiu phin bn ph hp vi
tng ng dng ca khch hng.



Chng 2: Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL

2.1. Gii Thiu Chng.
Chng ny ni v cc vn sau: Tng quan ADSL, gii thiu chung v
ADSL, mng ADSL, m hnh tham chiu ADSL, cc phng php iu ch
trong ADSL, k thut ghp knh, truyn dn trong ADSL, cu trc khung siu
khung, hiu nng ADSL, sa li v nhiu trong ADSL.
2.2. Tng qut v ADSL.
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung v ADSL
Do nhu cu thc t khi ngi s dng truy cp Internet lun lun mong mun
ch gi mt yu cu ngn gn n nh mng ri nhn c rt nhiu p ng
c gi n. Ngha l ngi s dng mun tc ng xung nhanh hn rt
nhiu tc ng ln, xut pht t nhu cu thc t cng ngh ng dy thu
bao s bt i xng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line) ra i. Cng
ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ADSL l mt cng ngh ng dy thu
bao s sinh ra tn dng bng thng ca cp ng truyn ng thi tn hiu thoi
v phi thoi trn cng mt ng dy vi tc ng xung t pha mng ti
khch hng ln hn tc ng ln.
Tc ng xung ca ADSL t 1.5 Mbps n 6 Mbps, c khi cc i ln
n 8 Mbps. Cn tc ng ln nh hn tc ng xung rt nhiu t 16
n 640 Kbps.
Vi tc nh vy th mch vng thu bao t pha tng i n nh thu bao
c gii hn nh sau:
Tc 1.5 Mbps n 2Mbps khong cch mch vng thu bao n bn knh.
2.2.2. Cc thnh phn trong mng ADSL
2.2.2.1. Mch vng thu bao s
Ngay t khi in thoi ra i, i dy cp song hnh c dng truyn tn
hiu thoi t tng i ti khch hng. Tuy nhin, khi s dng ngi ta thy tn


hiu trn ng dy chy khng tt v chng gy xuyn nhiu cho nhau hay cn
gi l nhiu xuyn m.

Hnh 2.1: Mch vng thu bao
Nm 1881 Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra i dy xon l i
dy dn gm hai dy ring bit cch in v c xon li vi nhau. Vi kiu
xon nh vy th nng lng in t trng trn mi phn t nh ca dy b trit
tiu (tc l hai pha i trn mi hng ngc nhau v b trit tiu khi nhiu qua
nhau) cho nn i dy cp xon ny trnh c nhiu xuyn m gia hai si dy
rt tt v cho tn hiu tt hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu truyn trn cp song hnh.
Mch vng c hiu l i dy in thoi xon ni t tng i trung tm
CO (Centre Office) ti khch hng. Thut ng ny xut pht t dng in chy t
mch vng t CO trn mt dy v chy ngc li trn mt dy khc. C s ca
mch vng chnh l nhng i dy cp xon thit k dng truyn cc dch v t
nh cung cp dch v nh in thoi ph thng POTS. Cc dch v phi thoi trn
DSL.
Mch vng thng truyn ti lu lng nh hn cc u dy trung k rt
nhiu. Tuy nhin, do n l ng dy tip cn n tng thu bao nn s lng
mch vng tng theo nhu cu s dng ca cc thu bao, do t trng mch vng
ny ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc ng dy trung k.
Mch vng s DLC (Digital Loop Carrier) c gii thiu nm 1972 M
nh mt thit b ghp knh in t t giao din vng phc v SAI ghp 96
Centre
Office

Thit
B
MDF
T
/hp
cp
Pha
khch
hng
SAI
B cp
DLC


ng dy vo mt lung T1 ni t CO, DLC thay th cho mt lng ln cp
ng bng mt b ghp vng phc v.
2.2.2.2. Gi phi dy MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
Cc tng i ln c th phc v trn 100.000 ng dy in thoi, tt c cc
ng dy ny u c ni ti gi phi dy MDF t tng i. Cc cp dng
cho mng thu bao, cp trung k lin i. tng i trung tm, cp t h thng
chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn MDF, mt khung u cho dy, ni cc dy
nhy ti thit b CO ti cp ngoi MDF. Gi MDF cho php bt k ng dy
thu bao no ti bt k cng no ca thu bao CO.
Cp i ra tng i thng c t trong ng cp di t cha khong
10.000 i y trong mt si cp gi l cp gc. Sau , cc cp chnh ny s
c a n cc t cp, hp cp ri t ko n tng thu bao.
2.2.2.3. B chia tn splitter
Khi s dng modem bng thoi truyn tc Internet vi rng bng
tn nm trong di 0.3 KHz n 3.4 KHz th khng cn s dng b splitter v bng
tn m Internet s dng li chnh l bng tn thoi. Khi tng i ISDN ra i c
tnh nng l tch hp c hai loi hnh dch v thoi v d liu i chung mt thit b
s dng u cui ISDL v lm c iu ny u phi c mt b splitter
ghp cc lung tn hiu ny thng nht vi i trn mt ng n tng i. B
splitter cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng cng khng ngoi l, khi
ny c trang b c pha pht v pha thu, c chc nng tch/ghp lung tn
hiu thoi bng tn 0.3 KHz n 3.4 KHz v bng tn cao hn thoi 25 KHz n
1.1 MHz t pha thu bao ti tng i.
Xt v pha khch hng truyn ti tng i, th b splitter ng vai tr hp
nht hai lung tn hiu c hai di tn khc nhau. Mt di tn thp dnh cho thoi,
tc yu cu thi gian thc v di tn ln hn thoi l Internet v truyn hnh
cng truyn i trn mt mch vng thu bao n tng i. Pha tng i lm theo
hng ngc li, b splitter s lc hai di tn m lung tn hiu trn ng dy
thu bao i ti bng tn thp v c i qua chnh l lung tn hiu thoi v t


s c i theo ng thoi chuyn n PSTN x l. Bng tn cao s c
i qua ri x l sau chuyn qua cc nh cung cp dch v.

Hnh 2.2: B chia tn Splitter
2.2.2.4. Modem ADSL
Chc nng chnh ca b modem ADSL l:
Modem ADSL u c c hai pha ca m hnh mng ADSL, nu so snh
chung v m hnh mng dng modem quay s truy cp Internet thng qua
mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN v dng cng ngh ADSL t c
hai pha khch hng v nh cung cp dch v, xt cho cng ch khc nhau phn
modem v mch vng thu bao.
Modem s dng quay s ch c mt chc nng chnh l bin i tn
hiu s ca mng my tnh thnh tn hiu tng t nm trong bng tn thoi,
truyn n tng i in thoi kt ni mng Internet vi tc thp. Cn i
vi cng ngh ADSL, modem ny ch c chc nng to khung truyn cc loi hnh
dch v nh Internet sau iu ch gi khung tn hiu i vi tc danh

Splitter
Tn hiu tn s
thp POTS
Tn hiu
ADSL
+POT
Lc thng
cao
Lc thng
Thp
Tn hiu tn s
Cao
ADSL
ADSL
Upstream

4 54 100 130 1100 KHz
ISDN
POTS
ADSL Downstream


nh truyn i. Cc phng php iu ch trong modem ADSL phc tp hn v
em li hiu qu truyn dn cho knh truyn hn. Phng php iu ch trong
Modem ADSL c s dng l iu ch a tn ri rc DMT, iu ch bin cu
phng QAM v iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang CAP. i vi phng
php iu ch DMT tn hiu c chia thnh cc bng tn nh tng ng vi 256
knh con, mi knh con li c iu ch bng QAM. iu ch QAM c hiu
l dng tn hiu s tc ng ln pha v bin ca sng mang l cho hnh dng
ca sng mang thay i theo hnh dng ca tn hiu. Vi vic iu ch ny th ti
mt chu k sng hnh sine cho php truyn c cc bit tn hiu gi l cc k t.
Cng nhiu mc iu ch th s bt trong k t cng tng ln khin rng
knh s gim, tuy nhin nhiu s d dng tc ng bi vic iu ch nhiu mc
ny.
Cn i vi iu ch theo kiu modem quay s ch yu dng phng php
iu ch hai bit nh phn u vo thnh mt trng thi bn mc u ra 2B1Q sau
dng m ng truyn AMI truyn tn hiu trn ng dy. Vi phng
php iu ch ny cho tc truyn thp hn nhiu so vi cc phng php iu
ch ca modem ADSL.
2.3 Mng ADSL
Mng ADSL ng phng din khi ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu
bao s DSLAM c chia thnh ba phn c bn chnh l pha khch hng,
im truy nhp mng v nh cung cp dch v mng nh Internet hay truyn hnh
theo yu cu v dch v qung co.
Ti pha khch hng s dng modem ADSL v b lc tn s Splitter,
trong hnh v b lc ny c tch hp trn c modem ADSL, tuy nhin trong
mt s trng hp khc b ny c t pha trc modem ADSL tch tn
hiu ca bng tn thp v bng tn cao ti t tng i. Cc modem ny lun
c ba cng, mt cng kt ni vi Splitter thu tn hiu cao tn, cn hai cng
cn li c s dng cho dch v Internet v ni vi ti vi nhn tn hiu
truyn hnh theo yu cu. Modem ADSL c chc nng x l cc lung tn
hiu my tnh v truyn hnh dng s sau ng vo khung ADSL ri iu


ch thnh tn hiu tng t mang thng tin s ghp vi tn hiu thoi a ln
mch vng thu bao truyn i.

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc mng ADSL
Ti pha nt truy nhp mng, khi DSLAM c nhim v ghp knh, tc l n
chuyn ton b lung thng tin trong cc khung ADSL sng khung IP hoc t
bo ATM chuyn qua mng. Hin nay, lung tn hiu trn thng c s dng
l giao thc iu khin truyn dn/giao thc Internet TCP/IP.
Ngoi chc nng ghp knh DSLAM cn c thm chc nng nh tuyn cho
khung IP v chuyn mch cho t bo ATM. Cho nn, c th kt lun rng DSLAM
khng phi khi ghp knh th ng m chng cn chc nng nh tuyn/chuyn
mch.
Cn pha nh cung cp dch v mng nh Internet v truyn hnh dch v h
sn sng cung cp cc dch v ny vi tc cao khi khch hng c nhu cu. Mi
phng php x l ngc li so vi t pha DSLAM chuyn n. V d nh khi
pha nh mng nhn c yu cu t khch hng l mun nghe in thoi, truy
cp Internet, xem truyn hnh thng tin lc ny c DSLAM tp chung li ri

Customer 1

Centre Office

Customer n

Internet
Access
Server
Work
at
Home
Server
Video
On Demand
Server
Info &
Advertise
Server
Access Node

ADSL 1
M
U
X
ADSL 1
ADSL n
TCP/IP
ATM
Switch
ADSL n
New
Service

POST

New
Service

POST

PSTN
PSTN
Splitter


chuyn qua mng da trn cc giao thc IP hoc ATM. Sau nh mng s gi
p ng li cho khch hng ln lt qua DSLAM, ri tn hiu t DSLAM s c
chuyn thnh khung ADSL c m ha thnh tn hiu tng t mang thng tin
s ghp vi tn hiu thoi truyn v cho khch hng. Tuy nhin, lung tn hiu ny
c tc ln hn rt nhiu so vi lung tn hiu t khch hng truyn ti.
2.3.1 Pha khch hng
Thit b u cui khch hng bao gm cc thit b nh modem ADSL, b
Splitter dng tch cc lung tn hiu thoi thng thng v tn hiu s liu.
Thit b ADSL hot ng bng cch vn hnh cng lc nhiu modem, trong
mi modem s dng phn bng thng ring c th.
Thit b ADSL s dng rt nhiu modem ring l hot ng song song
khai thc bng thng ti a v cung cp mt tc rt cao.

Hnh 2.4: Modem ADSL
2.3.2 Pha nh mng
Pha nh mng cng bao gm cc modem ADSL; b lc tn s Splitter thnh
hai phn l bng tn thp dnh cho thoi v bng tn cao dnh cho s liu; b
ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s DSLAM v b tp trung lu lng
User for ADSL
1 10 100 1100 KHz
Centre office
ADSL i
Splitter
ADSL i
PSTN
POST


thu bao BAS. Trong , cng nh b lc pha khch hng, b Splitter pha
nh cung cp dch v cng c ba giao tip l mt giao tip ni ti pha cc giao
din mng li (ATM TCP/IP), mt ng r xung tng i thoi chuyn
mch, cn mt giao tip vi mch vng thu bao s DSL.
Modem ADSL pha nt truy nhp cng c chc nng ging nh modem
pha khc hng, tuy nhin i vi cng ngh ADSL tc ng xung ln hn
rt nhiu tc ng ln cho nn vic to thnh khung ADSL modem ny s
khc so vi modem pha ngi s dng. C th hn, ng xung pha nh mng
h tr knh truyn n hng AS0, AS1, AS2 vi tc ln n 6 Mbps. Knh
ng xung ny phi bt buc truyn knh AS0 cn ty chn vi cc knh AS1,
AS2. Ngc li vi hng xung, hng ln t pha khch hng ch h tr knh
truyn song cng (c hng ln v hng xung) LS0, LS1, LS2 vi tc t 16
n 640Kbps thp hn nhiu so vi ng xung.
2.3.2.1. B ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s DSLAM

Hnh 2.5: S DSLAM trong mng ADSL
Gi s ti pha u cui khch hng c nhiu ngi mun s dng modem
ADSL gi in, truy cp Internet hoc truyn hnh. Tn hiu s ny c ng
khung ADSL c tc t 16Kbps n 640Kbps, sau c iu ch bng m a
tn ri rc DMT hay iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang CAP hay iu ch


bin cu phng QAM thnh tn hiu tng thch vi sng mang ca dng
sng ca tn hiu ri ghp li vi tn hiu thoi bi b splitter thnh mt lung
thng nht chy trn mch vng thu bao s n tng i. Vi lung d liu ny
khi n tng i c b lc splitter tch thnh hai lung chnh: Mt lung bng
tn thp i qua b lc thng thp LPF (Low Pass Filter) ri a n tng i in
thoi chuyn mch. Cn lung tn hiu cao c a qua b lc thng cao HPF
(High Pass Filter) ri a vo b DSLAM t pha tng i, sau lung d
liu s c a n b tp trung lu lng BAS (BRAS) cng mt lc gi yu
cu n nh cung cp dch v ISP.
Nh vy, b ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s DSLAM c nhim
v ht sc quan trng trong vic trung chuyn tt c lu lng t cc yu cu t
cc khch hng xa ti nh cung cp dch v v ng thi n cng thc hin vic
phn phi tng p ng dch v ca nh khai thc dch v ti tng yu cu ca
khch hng ng ni, ng thi im.
Cc modem ADSL khi gi yu cu n nh mng nht thit phi n
DSLAM , cn vi DSLAM n c th phc v tt c cc modem xDSL m c th
nh HDSL, CDSL, RADSL, SHDSL.
DSLAM ni bt ln nhng chc nng chnh nh tp chung lu lng t
cc thu bao hay phn phi lu lng dch v t pha nh mng n khch hng
DSLAM l b ghp knh linh ng, khng ch c chc nng ghp knh m
DSLAM cn c chc nng to khung IP v nh tuyn hoc to ra cc t bo ATM
v chuyn mch cc t bo ny.
Chc nng tp chung v phn phi lu lng ti t nh cung cp dch v ca
cc modem ADSL c th hin r nh DLAM c th cung cp cc modul ADSL
v to ra cc phng php iu ch nh QAM, DMT, CAP. Lu lng t khch
hng c bng tn t 25KHz n 1.1MHz sau khi c i qua (lc) phn HPF
s i vo DSLAM. Tn hiu s c ng b thu c chnh c chnh xc
khung ADSL, sau s c gii iu ch tng ng vi tng phng php iu
ch u pht phng php ny c x l chnh mch ca ADSL c tch
hp trong DSLAM. Sau , lung tn hiu sau khi c gii iu ch vi cc yu
cu s dng dch v khc nhau s c ng thnh cc khung IP nu nh mng


hi t trn nn TCP/IP hoc ng thnh cc t bo 53 bytes ca ATM nh tuyn
ri a n b tp chung BAS (BRAS) lm gim cc lin kt logic tng hiu
sut truyn ti ri mi t b ny theo ng nh tuyn hoc chuyn mch ti nh
cung cp dch v.
Khi nn mng giao thc iu khin truyn ti /giao thc Internet TCP/IP th
DSLAM s chuyn t khung ADSL sang khung IP. Khung IP ny bao gm phn
header (chim 20/24 bytes nu khng/c bytes option) v d liu mang thng tin
ca khch hng vi trng header cha nhiu byte chuyn dng to thnh tnh
tin cy. Khi xy ra cc hin tng khng th truyn thng tin ti ch th cc
khung IP ny s truyn giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet ICMP bo li v
yu cu pht li. Do giao thc TCP/IP l giao thc khng kt ni ngha l qu
trnh thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cuc ni dch v l khng y , qu trnh
ng i ca tn hiu t ni pht n ni thu l cha c sn. i c n ch
trong qu trnh thit lp cuc ni th s nh tuyn ny l khng c bit trc,
ng i trn mng hon ton ph thuc vo ng i ca cc Router lin kt vi
nhau. Thng thng s nh tuyn ny c hai dng chnh l nh tuyn tnh v
nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn tnh c cc nh sn sut thit b nh sn chi thit
b Router. Cn nh tuyn ng l cc ng i trn mng s c to ra t cc
Router ln cn (hc a ch Router ln cn). Tuy tng cu hnh mng ln hay nh
m khung IP ny d dng phn on thnh cc khung IP nh hn v chng c
gn cc ch s tun t u thu da vo m sp xp lung d liu cho ng.
Cn khi giao thc trn mng ng trc da trn chuyn mch cc t bo
ATM (kiu truyn ti khng ng b) th lung ny s c chuyn t khung
ADSL sang khung (t bo) ATM, t bo ny bao gm 53 bytes trong c 5 bytes
header v 48 bytes dnh cho ti tin. Phn header cha cc bit v ch s nhn dng
knh o VCI, ch s nhn dng ng o VPI, trng iu khin lung vi t bo
pha giao din ngi s dng UNI v trng nhn dng loi ti tin PTI cho
bit khung ny ang truyn loi hnh dch v thoi hay phi thoi. ATM l giao
thc c truyn theo hng kt ni ngha l qu trnh truyn dch v c din ra
theo ng ba bc thit lp, duy tr v gii phng ng ni. Qu trnh thit lp
c ni n chnh l s c sn ng i ti nh cung cp dch v thng qua cc


knh o v ng o trc khi truyn thng tin. Cc gi tr nh ch s nhn dng
knh o VCI v ch s nhn dng ng o VPI cha cc bit cho php thit lp
c rt nhiu ng i t ni pht ti ni nhn. Khi qua cc nt chuyn mch v
cc im chung chuyn th ch s ng o l thay i cn ch s knh o l khng
thay i trnh hin tng tr do s lng knh o l nhiu hn ng o. Khi
truyn thng tin dm bo tin cy cho cc gi tin khi b li, khc vi Router
s gi bn tin ICMP li cho Router ngun thng bo truyn chm li x l
sau li gi bn tin v bo cho ngun tng tc nh bnh thng, cn ATM
do tc cc t bo truyn rt nhanh nn khi xy ra hin tng tc nghn chng
hy cc t bo khng u tin, s u tin ca cc t bo ny s c trng iu
khin lung chung GFC pha giao din gia mng v ngi s dng (UNI) dng
c 1.
Ngoi cc tnh nng chnh ca DSLAM l tp chung lu lng n t cc
modem ADSL ca khch hng, h tr cc phng php iu ch CAP/DMT khi
DSLAM cha c cc modem ADSL v c b chia tn Splitter, ghp knh khng
th ng do DSLAM lm nh vy chuyn t khung ADSL sang khung IP hoc t
bo ATM v hn th na DSLAM cn cha c chc nng nh tuyn th DSLAM
cn c cc chc nng ph nh:
H tr c ch qun l cht lng qua nn IP
DSLAM pha cung cp cc chc nng an ton cho d liu nh b iu khin
truy nhp mi trng MAC (Media Access Control), b lc a ch IP chng li
nhng tc ng khng mong mun s gi danh ca ngi ngoi truy nhp bt hp
php vo ngun d liu c bo mt m chung quy li chnh l l hng bo
mt ca an ninh mng. Cung cp ng hm dnh ring cho khch hng l cc c
nhn hay cc doanh nghip cn bo mt cao, vi thng tin bo mt hu nh l
tuyt i v kim tra thm quyn ca khch hng truy nhp t xa RADIUS
(Remote Access Dial User Service).
Thm vo DSLAM cn h tr tnh nng Netflow Expport ti Netflow
Packet Collectors (o lng lu lng thu bao)
V cui cng DSLAM phi cha y cc chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS, n c chc nng nh tuyn IP DSLAM y v nh vy n c th kt


thc mt kt ni, n cn c chc nng nh mt thit b PE hng ti MPLS,
vic ny cho php thit lp mng ring o MPLS.
2.3.2.2 B tp hp truy cp BAS (BRASBroadband Remote Access Server)
Trc khi lu lng t DSLAM chuyn n nh khai thc dch v n phi
qua mt b tp chung lu lng BAS. Thit b ny c nhim v tp chung cc kt
ni ring l thnh mt ng kt ni chung ri t truyn n nh mng gim
thiu cc kt ni logic trn mng. B ny tp chung cc kt ni PVC n t cc
DSLAM ri tp chung thnh mt v kt ni ng o truyn qua mng ng
trc v n nh cung cp Internet/truyn hnh. Cn c vo lin kt m pha nh
cung cp s cung cp cho khch hng cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau nh Internet
tc cao, truyn hnh theo yu cu. Kt ni mng ring o VPN ti cc cng ty
ngn hng i hi tnh bo mt thng tin, hay cung cp dch v quay s t xa dnh
cho nhn i cng tc xa. Chnh vic tp chung kt ni o vo trong mt dim
duy nht, iu ny ng ngha vi vic tp hp tt c cc giao thc kt ni im
im PPP vo mt thi im sau mi p ln trn mng. V nguyn l mi mt
thu bao dng mt kt ni PPP, tuy nhin s lng kt ni PPP l khng gii hn
trn mi kt ni DSL, cho php nhiu khch hng khc nhau trong cng mt vn
phng chia s cng mt ng DSL ra ngoi mng Internet.
PPP c thc hin xc thc v kt thc ti BAS v BAS c th thc hin
vic xc thc, cp php cho mt thu bao thng qua ti khon ca thu bao c
to ra v lu li ti RADIUS Server t trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Sau
khi xc thc t kt qu th BAS s thit lp mt kt ni nh hng t nh khch
hng ti nh cung cp dch v. Cc BAS ny tp hp cc RADIUS t ti chung
tm iu hnh nh mng qun l cc khch hng DSL truy cp vo Internet.
Thit b BAS c th l mt thit b nh tuyn a chc nng hoc mt thit b
mang chuyn dng cho bng rng. Cc thit b ny t trn cc DSLAM ngy ti
cc POP cung cp dch v hay c th t ti khu vc trung tm vng kt ni n
cc DSLAM.
Kt ni gia DSLAM v BAS (BRAS) thng thng l ATM hay mt lung
STM 1 (STM 4) v nn ATM v ngy nay c th dung kt ni bng rng FE
hay GE.


2.4 M hnh tham chiu ADSL
2.4.1 M hnh tham chiu ADSL

Hnh 2.6: M hnh tham chiu ATU
Khi ATU - R/C chnh l b thu php ADSL ti pha khch hng v ti pha
trung tm tng i. Trong m hnh tham chiu trn cc khi hot ng trong trng
thi cc cuc ni dch v c phn tch nh sau:
Ti pha khch hng c nhu cu ng thi s dng thng tin thoi v phi
thoi (Internet v truyn hnh). Ti y tn hiu c truyn di dng sng hnh
sine vi tc ln n 64 Kbps v khng tri qua qu trnh x l thm. Tn hiu
ny c ghp vi tn hiu thit b my tnh truy cp Internet v tn hiu truyn
hnh vi thng tin s. Trc khi ghp vi tn hiu thoi, thng tin s c x l ti
thit b ATU R (ADSL Transceiver Unit Remote/thit b thu pht ADSL pha
khch hng) vi vic ng khung tn hiu s t c tc hng ln l
16Kbps n 640 Kbps sau dng phng php iu ch a tn ri rc DMT
hoc iu ch bin cu phng QAM to thnh tn hiu tng t mang
thng tin s. C hai tn hiu ny c ghp vi nhau ti b Splitter ri cng c
a n nt truy nhp ca tng i thng qua ng dy thu bao s (hay cn gi


l mch vng thu bao). Trc khi vo node truy nhp lung tn hiu c tch
thnh hai phn chnh bng b lc Splitter pha tng i. Mt phn bng tn thp
ca tn hiu thoi qua b lc thng thp LPF (Low Pass Filter) ri qua ng thoi
v pha tng i thoi PSTN/ISDN (Public Swiching Telephone Network/mng
tch hp a dch v s) kt ni cuc thoi vi thu bao b gi.
Phn cn li mang tn s cao c i qua b lc thng cao HPF (High Pass
Filter) a lung tn hiu tng t mang thng tin s dch v Internet v truyn
hnh. Ti y, lung tn hiu ny c gii iu ch v x l bng cch phn loi
dch v, to khung tng thch t khung ADSL sang khung t bo ATM 53 bytes
hoc cc khung IP ph hp nh tuyn/chuyn mch a n cc nh cung cp
dch v Internet cng nh l dch v truyn hnh.
Sau khi tn hiu t pha khch hng n nh cung cp dch v thoi v phi
thoi c x l, ngay lp tc lung tn hiu t tng i cng phn hi p ng li
nhng yu cu ca khch hng.
Tn hiu tr li mang thng tin t mng Internet v truyn hnh li c ng
trong khung ATM/IP a v nt truy nhp mng AN (Access Node), y tn
hiu ny c phn loi chuyn t khung ATM/IP sang khung ADSL ri li tin
hnh iu ch bng phng php DMT/QAM. Sau tn hiu li c ghp vi
tn hiu thoi t pha tng i qua b Splitter , t lung tn hiu chuyn v cho
khch hng.
Tn hiu pha tng i ti b Splitter pha khch hng lc tn hiu thoi v phi
thoi ra, mt phn tn hiu thoi kt ni cho cuc thoi cn phn tn hiu cn li
cung cp cho my tnh v ti vi.
hiu thm chc nng ca tng khi ATU R v c ATU C ta xt thm
cc trng hp m hnh tham chiu ca tng modem ti c hai pha khch hng v
ngi s dng.
2.4.2 M hnh tham chiu ATU R
Pha khch hng c nhu cu s dng cc dch v Internet tc cao hoc
truyn hnh theo nhu cu. Tn hiu ny mang trn mt knh song cng bt buc
phi truyn LS0. Knh LS0 ny phi truyn tn hiu trn knh iu khin gi l
knh C (Channel Control). Knh C mang thng tin bo hiu chn cc knh cc


dch v v thit lp cuc gi. Ngoi ra, h thng cn h tr hai knh song cng ty
chn l LS1 hot ng tc 160 Kbps v LS2 hot ng tc 384 Kbps
hoc 576 Kbps. Sau cc knh LS0, LS1, LS2 c a vo khi iu khin
ghp knh hoc ng b (MUX/Syn Control). Ti khi ny, ty thuc vo yu cu
ca khch hng s dng cc loi dch v cn thi gian thc nh thoi, video hay
thi gian khng thc c th chp nhn tr do truyn dn nh gi tin s liu
Internet m u vo chia thnh hai lung tn hiu khc nhau. Mt ng dnh cho
lung tn hiu u tin thi gian thc c chuyn n khung to ng nhanh.
Cn mt ng khng u tin cho thi gian thc c chuyn n khung to
ng xen. Khi cc ti trng thng tin trong khung ADSL c truyn trn knh
LS0 hoc LS1/LS2 th tn hiu khung ny s c kim tra li d vng ri a
sang khi m sa li trc FEC (Forward Error Code) kt hp vi vic xen d liu
trnh cc ngun nhiu tp chung su vo mt phn ca tn hiu. Lung d liu
ca hai ng mt dnh cho ng nhanh, mt dnh cho ng xen s c a
n khi Tone ordering, ri t khi ny tn hiu c a n khi Constellation
encoder and gain scaling. khi ny, tn hiu s c iu ch bi phng php
bin cu phng QAM thnh cc k t QAM lin tip, sau k hiu QAM ny
c nhm li tng nhm (t 1n31 nhm) chuyn thnh dng phc v dng
php bin i Fourier ngc ti khi IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform)
a thnh dng thc. Ti dy, chnh l vic to ra phng php iu ch a tn
ri rc DMT vi 64 knh con c iu ch bi cc k t QAM . Tn hiu t
dng ny c chuyn thnh song song sang ni tip ri a ln knh truyn
(mch vng thu bao) ti pha tng i.


Hnh 2.7: M hnh tham chiu ATU - R
Ti pha nh cung cp dch v, khi ATU-C khi pht v pha khch hng
cng x l tng t nh khi ATU-R pha khch hng. bit r chc nng
ca khi ATU-C trong vic x l lung tn hiu ny nh th no ta xt m hnh
tham chiu khi ATU-C pha nh cung cp dch v.
2.4.3 M hnh tham chiu ATU C
Tng t nh nguyn l lm vic ca khi ATU-R pha khch hng, khi nhn
c thng tin cn s dng dch v ca khch hng c gi n, pha nh cung
cp dch v p ng nhu cu bng cch chuyn tn hiu ny t dng khung
IP/ATM sang khung ADSL ti khi ATU-C. Ton b ngun tn hiu ti ATU-C s
c x l thng qua m hnh tham chiu chi tit nh sau:


Lung tnh hiu t pha khch hng s c ng thnh khung n hng
ADSL bt buc phi c knh AS0. Ngoi ra, cn c cc knh ph tr nh AS1,
AS2, LS0, LS1, LS2 ty chn tng ng vi nhu cu ca tng dch v m cc
knh ny c ch nh tham gia truyn ti.
i vi cc knh AS0, AS1, AS2 c vn chuyn da trn 4 loi vn
chuyn nh trnh by trn. Lung d liu ny s c a n khi iu
khin ghp knh hoc ng b phn thnh hai ng. Mt ng dnh cho
ng nhanh dnh cho nhng dch v thi gian thc nh thoi thng thng,
truyn hnh theo yu cu cn m bo lung tn hiu khng c tr (yu cu thi
gian thc rt cao). Cn mt ng dnh cho ng tn hiu xen khng yu cu
kht khe thi gian thc nh ng xen, ng ny ch yu dnh cho tn hiu
Internet v cc dch v gi cc th in t. Sau lung d liu s c a sa
li ti cc khi CRC (sa li bng m d vng) v khi sa li trc FEC kt hp
vi vic ghp xen byte trnh nhiu tp chung su ti mt phn ca tn hiu. Ti
khi FEC ny tn hiu cng c chn cc bit trng khng mang tin m bo
thng tin lun ng khi xy ra li bit. Sau tn hiu s a qua khi Tone
ordering ri t khi ny li c chuyn qua khi Constellation encoder and gain
scaling. Ti y, lung tn hiu c iu ch bi phng php bin cu
phng QAM thnh cc k t QAM lin tip. Sau , cc k t QAM ny uoc
nhm thnh tng nhm (gm 255 nhm) ri chuyn thnh dng phc v dng
php bin i Fourier ri rc ngc khi IDFT a v dng thc. Khi IDFT
ny chnh l to ra tn hiu c iu ch bng phng php a tn ri rc DMT
tng ng vi 255 knh con c iu ch bi cc k t QAM tng tc cho
ADSL. Tn hiu ny c chuyn t song song sang ni tip truyn trn ng
dy ti pha khch hng.
Giao tip ADSL c th thc hin nhiu hn vic h tr bit 2 chiu cho khch
hng d y ch l mc t chn. Cng nh hu ht cc phng tin chuyn vn
khc ADSL l mt trong nhng phng thc truyn vn theo khung (frame
transport). Dng bit trong khung ADSL c th chia thnh 7 knh truyn ti cng
mt lc. Cc knh truyn ti c chia thnh 2 loi knh n cng v song cng.
Bn knh n cng bao gm knh theo chiu xung (Downstream) c k hiu l


AS0, AS1, AS2, AS3. Cn ba knh truyn ti sng cng dnh cho truyn c hai
hng nh ng ln (Upstream) v ng xung c k hiu l LS0, LS1, LS2.

Hnh 2.8: M hnh tham chiu chun ATU - C trong truyn dn STM
H thng ADSL chuyn vn STM h tr truyn knh n cng AS0 cho
chiu hng xung (Downstream) ATU-C v knh truyn song cng LS0 dnh
cho hng ln (Upstream) ATU-R.
Chuyn vn cho ADSL c nh s t 1 n 4, h thng phi bt buc h
tr vn chuyn loi 1 v 4 cn vn chuyn loi 2,3 th ty chn. Bt k knh truyn
ti no cng c thn lp trnh truyn ti tc bit l bi s ca 32 Kbps. ADSL


thit lp bn knh truyn ti n cng cho chiu xung c tc l 4832 Kbps =
1536 Kbps. Cc tc c th l 3072 Kbps, 4608 Kbps v 6244 Kbps tng ng
vi s bytes trong khung ADSL l 96 bytes, 144 bytes v 192 bytes.
ngha ca tc 32 Kbps c ly lm bi s
Khi iu ch theo m a tn ri rc th bng tn ca tn hiu 0 n 1.1 MHz
c chia thnh 256 knh, vi mi knh c rng tng ng l 4 KHz. Trong
, mi mt knh nh ny c iu ch bng phng php QAM vi 1 k t
(Symbol) cha cc bit l t 1 n 15 bit/k t/Hz. Nh vy, ti a ca tc bit
ny l 4 Hz 15bit = 60 Kbps, thng thng ngi ta hay chn s bit trong mt k
t l 8 bit c tc 4 KHz8 =32 Kbps.
Cc knh truyn t song cng c th truyn ti mt knh iu khin (control
channel). ADSL khng hn ch cc knh truyn ti, khng hn ch tc ti
acho cc knh truyn ti m ch gii hn ph thuc v dung lng ca ton b
kt ni ADSL
Cc knh ADSL phi h tr ti thiu l knh AS0, hin nay cu trc khung
ADSL vn l c nh.
2.5 Cc phng php iu ch trong ADSL
Cc k thut iu ch lun l rt quan trng trong s hnh thnh cc cng
ngh mi. Cc cng ngh mi ra i thay th cho cc cng ngh khc chnh l
thay i phng php iu ch. Cng ngh mi gn lin vi phng php iu ch
mi, trc kia khi m tng i in thoi ln u tin ra i thng tin lin lc ch
yu l in thoi v tn hiu thng l tng t nn c phng php iu ch
tng t in hnh nh iu ch bin (hay cn gi l iu bin) AM
(Amplitude Modulation), iu ch tn s (iu tn) FM (Frequency Modulation)
v iu ch pha (iu pha) PM (Phase Modulation). Sau ny, khi nhu cu trao i
thng tin cng ln c bit l nhu cu s dng Internet vi tn hiu dng ch yu
chnh l s, lc ny phng php iu ch s ra i in hnh nh iu ch kha
dch bin ASK (Amplitude Shift Key), iu ch kha dch tn FSK (Frequency
Shift Key), iu ch kha dch pha PSK (Phase Shift Key) v phng php iu
ch kt hp c bin v pha c gi l phng php iu ch bin cu


phng QAM (Quard Amplitude Modulation). Cng ngh ADSL ra i khng
nh rng cp ng hon ton c th truyn c tn hiu bng rng cng s dng
thm mt phng php iu ch mi chnh l phng php iu ch a tn ri
rc DMT, bn cnh ADSL cng s dng cc phng php iu ch s sn c
nh iu ch bin cu phng QAM v iu ch bin v pha khng sng
mang CAP.
2.5.1 iu ch bin cu phng QAM
iu ch bin cu phng QAM (Quard Amplitude Modulation) c
hiu l dng bin v pha ca tn hiu tc ng lm cho bin v pha ca sng
mang thay i theo tn hiu u vo.
Trong thng tin s iu ch bin cu phng QAM c kt hp ho ha
t hai phng php iu ch s chnh l phng php iu ch kha dch bin
ASK (Amplitude Shift Key) v kha dch pha PSK (Phase Shift Key). Gi s
nh phng php iu ch 4QAM cho ta mt trng thi bin v pha, 8QAM
cho hai trng thi bin v 4 trng thi pha, 16QAM cho bao trng hp l
trng hp 3 trng thi bin v 12 trng thi pha, trng hp th 2 l 4 trng
thi bin v 8 trng thi pha, cui cng l 2 trng thi bin 8 trng thi pha.
Trong iu ch 16QAM th trng hp 3 trng thi bin v 12 trng thi pha
thng hay c s dng nht.
Khi s dng phng php bin cu phng QAM h thng tit kim c
lng bng thng ng k. Trc kia, tc cn phi truyn l R (tc bit
thng tnh bng n v Kbps/Mbps) nhng sau khi iu ch vi M mc th bng
thng ca knh truyn c tnh theo cng thc D =R/log
(1). Cng thc (1)

cho ta thy rng s mc cng tng ln th rng knh (D) cng tng tuy nhin
khi s mc tng ln th khong cch gia cc mc bin thay i theo xu hng
l gn nhau hn (nh trn hnh 2.9 ). Trn hnh v 2.9 ta thy vi s mc iu ch
l M =4, M =8, M =16 th cc mc im trn hnh v l rt gn nhau, m cc
im ny cng gn nhau th cng d b tc ng lm thay i v dn n hiu
nhm khi b nh hng bi nhiu ti u thu. Cho nn cn i gia vic tng
li trong knh truyn v nhiu tc ng l hng thng tin th nh cung cp dch v


c phi cn nhc tnh thit hn v kinh t vi cht lng dch v. Phng php
iu ch QAM hot ng u thu v u pht vi 16 mc hot ng ba trng
thi bin v 8 trng thi pha c xt nh sau nh sau:

Hnh 2.9: Cc chm sao m ha theo QAM nhiu mc
Ti pha pht, lung tn hiu c a v b bin i t ni tip sang song
song c tch thnh hai nhnh chnh (nhnh trn gi l nhnh I v nhnh di
gi l nhnh Q), mi nhnh I/Q cha hai ng ri a n b iu ch bin
xung 4PAM (Pluse Amplitute Modulation) chuyn t 2 sang bn trng thi bin
mang cc mc in p l 1, 3V. Sau mi nhnh mi c nhn vi tn
hiu sng mang tr thnh 4 trng thi bin v 12 trng thi pha tng ng vi
16 mc tn hiu. Sau khi tn hiu ny c kt hp vi tn hiu tng. Ri t
lng tn hiu c truyn i trn ng dy n du thu.

4QAM
16QAM
3 bin , 12pha
16QAM
4 bin , 8pha
16QAM
2 bin , 8pha
8QAM


Hnh 2.10: S iu ch QAM
Ti pha thu tn hiu s lm ngc li vi u pht, tn hiu c truyn t
ni tip sang song song sau c nhn vi tn hiu sng mang ri a qua b
lc chuyn t 4 mc sang 2 mc bin ri tng hp thnh tn hiu ban u.

Hnh 2.11: S gii iu ch 16QAM

S
S

P

4PAM
4PAM
/2
16QAM ra Tn hiu
vo
()
()
()
()
sint
Nhnh I
Nhnh Q


2.5.2 iu ch pha bin khng sng mang CAP
iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang CAP c hiu l dng tn hiu
tin tc tc ng ln bin ca sng mang lm cho thng tn hiu thng tin c pha
v bin thay i theo sng mang.

Hnh 2.12: S so snh iu ch ca QAM/CAP
Phng php iu ch khng sng mang nyda trn phng php iu ch
bin cu phng QAM. V th phng php CAP hot ng tng t nh
phng php iu ch QAM. CAP s dng c iu ch bin ln pha v tn hiu
ca CAP l s ch khng phi l tng t. Tuy nhin, khi s dng phng php
ny tn hiu khng dng sng mang nn d dng b suy hao tn ng truyn hn
th na ti u thu rt kh xc nh gc pha ban u do kh khn trong ng
b.
iu ch CAP khng s dng kt hp trc ti trc giao bng kt hp sin v
cosin. Vic iu ch c thc hin bng cch s dng b lc thng di hai na
dng d liu. Cc bt cng mt lc m ho vo mt k hiu (symbol) v qua b
lc, kt qu ng pha v lch pha s biu din bng n v symbol. Tn hiu c
tng hp li i qua b chuyn i A/D, b lc v n phn x l trc khi n b
gii m. B lc pha u thu v b phn x l l mt phn ca b cn bng, iu
chnh.



Hnh 2.13 s iu ch v gii iu ch ca CAP
2.5.3 iu ch a tn ri rc DMT
Modem ADSL s dng k thut iu ch DMT truyn d liu vi tc
bit nhanh v n nh cao. DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang (Multi
Carier Modulation) vi vic chia tn s (bng tn) tn hiu ng vo thnh 256 knh
nh, vi mi 4 KHz v gi l Bins hay Tones. Trong mi knh (Tones) iu chws
mt cch ring bit dng t 0 n 15 bit/symbol/Hz, v vy cho php iu ti a
60 Kbps trong mt knh.
Hnh 2.14: Di tn ca DMT



Lung bit ti s c tch thnh nhiu lung song song x l mt cch
ring bit. Mi mt lung bit song song ny c iu ch ging nh phng
php QAM vi tn s sng mang khc nhau ri a n tng hp ti mt u ra
tng ng.

Hnh 2.15: S iu DMT ch n gin
DMT cho php tn hiu chng nhiu trn ng dy tt bng cch s dng
ph suy hao v nhiu nh. DMT thc hin kim tra cht lng ng dy ri
tng ng vi di tn khng b nhiu thch hp truyn mi bit trn knh .
Knh c S/N ln truyn c nhiu bt hn cc knh c S/N nh. i vi
knh tt (S/N ln) DMT thc hin tng s im trong chm im.


Hnh 2.16: Tc ng ca nhiu n DMT
2.6 K thut ghp knh trong ADSL
Chui bit trong cc khung ADSL c th chia ti a thnh 7 knh ti tin ti
cng mt thi im. Cc knh ny c chia thnh 2 lp chnh: n hng v
song hng. Ch rng, cc knh ti tin ny l cc knh logic v chui bit t tt
c cc knh c truyn ng thi trn ng truyn ADSL m khng phi s
dng bng tn ring. Bt k knh ti no cng c th c lp trnh mang tc
l bi s ca tc 32 Kbps (Bng 2.1). i vi nhng tc khng phi l bi
s ca 32 Kbps th phi s dng n cc bit ph trong phn mo u ca khung
ADSL.
Bng 2.1 Tc knh mang
Knh mang H s nhn ti a Tc cao nht h tr (Kbps)
AS0 192 6144
AS1 144 4608
AS2 96 3072
AS3 48 1536
LS0 20 640
LS1 20 640
LS2 20 640


a.Truyn ti n hng t trm trung tm ti khch hng:
ADSL cho php to ti a bn knh ti tin t trm trung tm ti khch hng.
Bn knh ti tin ny ch c nhin v mang chui bit ti khch hng v c k
hiu t AS0 ti AS3. Cc knh ny thit lp trn c s bi s ca knh tc
1.536 Mbps truyn tc c bn T1 (Bng 2.2).
Bng 2.2 Gii hn trn ca tc ti tin
Knh con Tc knh con Gi tr ca nhng
AS0 n
0
x 1,536 Mbps n
0
=0,1,2,3 hoc 4
AS1 n
1
x 1,536 Mbps n
1
=0,1,2 hoc 3
AS2 n
2
x 1,536 Mbps n
2
=0,1 hoc 2
AS3 n
3
x 1,536 Mbps n
3
=0 hoc 1
S knh con ln nht c th hot ng ti bt c thi im no v s lng
ti a knh ti tin c th truyn ng thi trong h thng ADSL tu thuc vo lp
truyn ti. Din n ADSL a ra 4 lp truyn ti (Bng 2.3) c nh s t 1
n. Trong bng ny lp 1 v lp 4 l bt buc cn lp 2 v lp 3 l tu chn.
Bng 2.3 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti
Lp truyn ti 1 2 3 4
Knh ti n hng
Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) 6,114 4,608 3,072 1,536
Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 1,356 1,356 1,356 1,356
3,072 3,072 3,072
4,608 4,608
6,114
S lng knh ln nht 4
(AS0,AS1,
AS2,AS3)
3
(AS0,AS1
,AS2)
2
(AS0,AS1)
1
(AS0)
Knh ti song hng
Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) 640 608 608 608
Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 576
384 384 384
160 160 160 160
C(64) C(64) C(64) C(64)
S lng knh ln nht 3
(LS0,LS1,
LS2)
2
(LS0,LS1)
hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0,LS1)
hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0,LS2)


ADSL cng xy dng cu trc 2 Mbps truyn tc c bn E1 tuy nhin
ch c 3 knh ti: AS0, AS, AS2 (Bng 2.4) h tr s dng lung 2 Mbps.
Bng 2.4 Cc knh h tr cho lung 2Mbps
Knh con Tc knh con Gi tr ca nhn
AS0 n
0
x 2,408 Mbps n
0
=0,1,2 hoc 3
AS1 n
1
x 2,408 Mbps n
1
=0,1 hoc 2
AS2 n
2
x 2,408 Mbps n
2
=0 hoc 1
Vi cu trc 2Mbps, lp truyn ti c nh s t 2M-1 n 2M-3 (Bng
2.5). Chc nng ca tt c cc lp u tu chn.
Bng 2.5 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti (E1)
Lp truyn ti 2M-1 2M-2 2M-3
Knh ti n hng
Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) 6,114 4,608 2,048
Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 2,048 2,048 2,048
4,096 4,096
6,114
S lng knh ln nht 3
(AS0,AS1,AS2)
2
(AS0,AS1)
1
(AS0)
Knh ti song hng
Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) 640 608 176
Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 576
384 384
160 160 160
C(64) C(64) C(64)
S lng knh ln nht 3
(LS0,LS1,LS2)
2
(LS0,LS1) hay
(LS0,LS2)
2
(LS0,LS1)
hay
(LS0,LS2)



b. Truyn ti song hng:
C ba knh truyn ti song hng c th truyn trn giao din ADSL. Mt
trong s l knh iu khin bt buc (gi l knh C). Knh C mang cc bn tin
bo hiu cho vic la chn dch v v thit lp cuc gi. Tt c bo hiu t ngi
s dng-mng cho cc knh ti n hng ti khch hng c ti t y. Tuy
nhin, knh C cng c th c s dng mang bo hiu cho knh song hng
nu c yu cu.
Bn cch knh C, h thng ADSL c th mang hai knh ti song hng tu
chn LS1 hot ng tc 160 Kbps v LS2 hot ng tc 384 Kbps hoc
576 Kbps. Cc phng n la chn knh mang i vi cc knh song hng c
trnh by trong cc Bng 2.3 v Bng 2.5 trn.
2.7 K thut truyn dn trong ADSL
Hu ht cc dch v DSL i hi truyn hai chiu (song cng), cc modem
DSL s dng cc phng php song cng tch bit tn hiu trn cc hng
ngc nhau. Thng thng c 4 hnh thc song cng khc nhau nh song cng 4
dy, trit ting vng, song cng phn chia theo thi gian v song cng phn chia
theo tn s. Trong , phng thc song cng trit ting vng v phn chia theo
tn s s dng trong trong modem ADSL.
a. Phn chia theo tn s FDM

Hnh 2.17: Truyn dn theo tn s FDM



Dy tn c chia thnh hai phn ng ln v ng xung khc nhau.
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM) ln lt truyn theo cc hng khc nhau
trong cc di tn khng trng nhau. Nu s dng cng khong bng thng th
FDM loi b c nhiu u gn NEXT. Trong ADSL th FDM cho php dng
ring bng thng 138KHz u tin cho ng truyn hng ln. ng dng bng
tn thp, ng xung dng bng tn cao v rng hn ng ln.
b. Phng php trit ting vng
S dng mt knh duy nht cho c thu v pht, nn cn mt b kh ting
vng pha thu trh nhng sng phn x khng mong mun. Mt h thng
ADSL s dng k thut trit ting vng ECH (Echo Cancellation), ni dy tn s
pht c t trong tn s thu. Tuy nhin, Echo kh trnh khi xuyn nhiu v khi
thc hin cn pha x l phc tp hn. Trit ting vng l dng ph bit nht ca
ghp knh trong DSL hin i.

Hnh 2.18: Truyn dn trit ting vng ECH
2.8 Cu trc khung v siu khung
Mt siu khung (a khung) d liu dng xung c truyn trong 17ms. Mi
siu khung bao gm 68 khung d liu v 1 khung ng b. Mi mt khung gm
hai phn l phn d liu nhanh v phn s liu xen.
Phn d liu nhanh (fast data): Dng cho cc d liu cn s nhanh nhy nh
truyn hnh, m thanh


Phn d liu xen (interleaved data): D liu c bo v tt nhng c tr
ln hn. Mi khung truyn ht trong 250 s (1/4000).
Mi mt a khung thc hin cc chc nng nh sau:
Khung 0: Truyn ti thng tin CRC cc byte ng b nhanh
Khung 1, 34, 35: Truyn ti cc bt ch th ib indicator
Tuy nhin khng c kch thc c nh cho mt khung ADSL, v tc
ng dy c th thay i theo p ng phn lp vn chuyn c ci t thit b
v cn b thay i theo iu kin tc ng ca mi trng, ng thi vi tnh cht
bt i xng ca n. Nhng thi gian truyn mi khung 250 s v a khung 17ms
lun lun l c nh

Hnh 2.19: Cu trc a khung
S liu nhanh c chn vo trong ng dn u tin ca khung. Byte u
tin gi l fast byte v mang chc nng CRC v mt s bit ch th cn thit. Cc
byte d liu t b m lin tc c chn tip sau fast byte. Cc byte cho mi
knh mang theo yu cu nh (Hnh 2.20 v Hnh 2.21). Nu knh mang no khng
dng th s khng c d liu chn vo tng ng. Nu nh khng c d liu no
Byte d liu Byte d liu xen
Fast
byte
Cc byte
FEC
Khung 0 Khung 1 Khung 2

Khung 34 Khung 35

Khung
ng b
Khung 67 Khung 66
B m d liu nhanh B m d liu
xen
Ib8-15
Trong
byte
Khng dng
hoc d liu
mc bit
Ib16-23
Trong byte
Ib=(bit ch th)
Ib0-7
Trong
byte
crc 0-7 trong
byte nhanh
v ng b
B mkhung d liu (68/69x250s)
1 byte
R
F

Siu khung (17 ms)

Cc byte N
F

Khung d liu u vo m ho chmim(C)
Cc byte N
F

u ra FEC (imC) hoc khung d liu u
vo m ho chmim (imC)
K
F

byt
khung d liu ghp,


c gi i, th khung ch cha fast byte. Phn b m d liu nhanh kt thc
bng cc byte cha thng tin ng b (AEX v LEX) v m sa li FEC.
Mi siu khung ADSL dnh 8 bit cho CRC (crc0-crc7), 24 bit ch th (ib0-
ib23) dnh cho chc nng OAM. Fast byte ca khung 0 c dng cho cc bit
CRC, ca khung 1, 34, 35 dng bit ch th ib, cc khung cn li ti bit cu hnh
(EOC) v bit iu khin ng b (SC) cho vic xc nh cu trc knh ti v ng
b.

Hnh 2.20: Cu trc khung d liu ng nhanh

Hnh 2.21: Cu trc khung nghip v
Phn s liu xen c chn vo sau khung s liu nhanh. u tin n c
tp hp theo khun dng ging nh khung s liu nhanh. Byte ng b trong
khung 0 mang cc bit kim tra CRC. Trong cc khung khc t 1 n 67, byte ng
Byte ng
b
AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3 L0 LS1 LS2 AEX LEX
Cc byte K
F
Ghp khung d liu im(A)
Byte
1
Byte B
F

(AS0)
Byte B
F

(AS0)
Byte B
F

(AS1)
Byte B
F

(AS2)
Byte B
F

(AS3)
Byte B
F

(LS1)
Byte B
F

(LS2)
Byte
A
F

Byte
L
F

Cc byte
FEC
u ra FEC (im B) hoc khung d liu u vo m
ho chm im (im C)
Ib23 Ib22 Ib21 Ib20 Ib19 Ib18 Ib17 Ib16
Crc7 Crc6 Crc5 Crc4 Crc3 Crc2 Crc1 Crc0
Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7
aoc7 Aoc6 Aoc5 Aoc4 Aoc3 Aoc2 Aoc1 Aoc0 aoc7 Aoc6 Aoc5 Aoc4 Aoc3 Aoc2 Aoc1 Aoc0
Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc7 Eoc Eoc6 Eoc7
Crc Crc6 Crc5 Crc4 Crc3 Crc2 Crc1 Crc0
mbs lbs
Frames
223
3667
Frames
0,1

Frames
34,35

mbs lbs
ib7 ib67 ib5 ib4 ib3 ib2 ib1 ib0
Eoc13 Eoc12 Eoc11 Eoc10 Eoc9 Eoc8 Eoc7 1
sc7 sc6 sc5 sc4 sc3 sc2 sc1 0 sc7 sc6 sc5 sc4 sc3 sc2 sc1 0
Eoc6 Eoc5 Eoc4 Eoc3 Eoc2 Eoc1 r1 0
Crc7 Crc6 Crc5 Crc4 Crc3 Crc2 Crc1 Crc0
Frames
223
3667
Frames
0,1

Frames
34,35

mbs lbs


b s mang thng tin iu khin SC cho cc knh mang thng tin knh iu khin
mo u ADSL2 (AOC) (Hnh 2.22 v Hnh 2.23).

Hnh 2.22: To khung ng xen

Hnh 2.23: Cu trc khung ng b
Phn t to nn siu khung l cc khung ADSL. Cu trc s byte mc nh
trong khung ADSL c trnh by trong Bng 2.6. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr mc nh
c th thay i cho ph hp vi ca ng dy v do khi nhu cu ca khch
hng khi tham gia s dng dch v.
Byte ng
b
AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3 L0 LS1 LS2 AEX LEX
Cc byte K
I
Ghp khung d liu im(A)
Byte 1 Byte B
I

(AS0)
Byte B
I

(AS0)
Byte B
I

(AS1)
Byte B
I

(AS2)
Byte B
I

(AS3)
Byte B
I

(LS1)
Byte B
I

(LS2)
Byte
A
I

Byte
L
I

Ghp
khung
Ghp
khung
Cc byte K
I
Cc byte K
I
Ghp
khung
Cc byte FEC
Cc byte K
1
Cc byte R
1
Khung d liu
u ra FEC #
Khung d liu
u ra FEC #1
Khung d liu
u ra FEC #

Cc byte N
I
Cc byte N
I
Cc byte N
I
Synch
Contr
ol

Sc7 Sc7 Sc7 Sc7 Sc7 Sc7 Sc7
crc7 Crc6 Crc5 Crc7 Crc3 Crc2 Crc1 Crc0
Nu tn hiu c ch th
chn vo hng i
Nu tn hiu khng c ch
th chn vo hng i

Frame
116
Synch
Control

aoc

Sc5
Aoc7 Aoc6 Aoc5 Aoc4 Aoc3 Aoc2 Aoc1 Aoc0
Sc7 Sc6 Sc4 Sc3 Sc2 Sc1 Sc0
crc7 Crc6 Crc5 Crc7 Crc3 Crc2 Crc1 Crc0


Bng 2.6: Vng m mc nh cho cc vng truyn ti (T1)
Tn
hiu
Phn m nh tuyn d liu Phn m d liu nhanh
Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4 Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4
AS0 96 96 48 0 0 0 0 0
AS1 96 48 48 0 0 0 0 0
AS2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AS3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LS0 2 2 2 255 0 0 0 0
LS1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5
LS2 0 0 0 0 12 12 12 0

Trn y nu ra nhng nt chnh ca cu trc khung v siu khung ca
ADSL. Nh trn Bng 2.6, cu trc mc nh cho lp truyn ti th nht l 96 byte
AS0 v AS1 cho mi khung ADSL. V c 8 bit trong mt byte v 4000 khung
ADSL c truyn i trong mt giy nn tc bit trn AS0 v AS1 l
3,072Mbps.
Tng t nh trn, cc dch v tc da trn chun 2,048 Mbps cng c
quy nh kch c mc nh ca vng m cho lp truyn ti 2M (Bng 2.7)
Bng 2.7 Vng mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (E1)
Tn hiu
Phn m nh tuyn d liu xen Phn m d liu nhanh
Lp 2M-1 Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3 Lp 2M-1Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3
AS0 64 64 64 0 0 0
AS1 64 64 0 0 0 0
AS2 64 0 0 0 0 0
LS0 2 2 255 0 0 0
LS1 0 0 0 5 0 5
LS2 0 0 0 12 12 0


Cc knh AS0, AS1 v AS2 gi 64 byte trong mi khung trn lp truyn ti
2M-1. Nh vy s c ba knh ti tin t trm trung tm xung thu bao hot ng
tc 2,048 Mbps.
2.9 Hiu nng ADSL
H thng ADSL ny cung cp mt bng thng khng i xng ti nh thu
bao. chiu download (ti nh thu bao), bng thng ca n c th ti 7 Mbps
trong khi hng upload ti a khong 640 Kbps. Nhn chung, tc d liu ti
a ca ADSL ph thuc vo khong cch, kch thc dy v nhiu.
Bng 2.8: Tc ti a ADSL

2.10 Sa li trong ADSL
tng BER hay tng hiu nng ca h thng, tc l tng dung lng ti tc
bit cho trc, sa li trc (FEC) c p dng. ANSI xc nh r vic s
dng m ho Reed Solomon kt hp vi chn. Cng c th la chn vic s
dng m ho Trelis nhng c th lm gim BER hay SNR.
Ngi ta thc hin phn bit d liu nhy cm i vi tr, cho cc ng dng
nh hi ngh truyn hnh hay cc phin TCP/IP, d liu khng nhy cm i vi
tr v d nh Video theo yu cu (VOD). D liu nhy cm vi tr khng c
chn v c truyn trong khong thi gian nh hn 2 ms (mt chiu). D liu
khng nhy cm vi tr c chn n c th chng li tt hn nhiu tc ng.
Tiu chun ANSI cho php truyn dn ng thi d liu nhy v khng nhy i
vi tr.
Khong cch Loi cp (AWG) Tc download
(Mbps)
Tc upload
(Mbps)
18.000 FEC 24 1.7 176
13.500 FEC 26 1.7 176
12.000 FEC 24 6.8 640


2.11 Nhiu trong ADSL
Nhng ng dy in thoi DSL l cp xon c b li thnh nhng cp
ln. Dy cp xon v c bn c s dng ti gin s giao thoa ca nhng tn
hiu t cp ny sang cp khc gy ra bi s bc x hoc s ghp bng in dung.
Tuy nhin, s ghp i gia cc tn hiu gim nhiu ch c th t ti mt gii
hn nht nh. Nu vt qu gii hn ny, nhiu tng cng trn tng dy s khin
cho cht lng thng tin trn b suy hao ng k. V nh vy, nu truyn tn
hiu mt cch cn i trn nhiu i dy trong mt cp, tc v chiu di ca
tuyn s b gii hn trong mt khong hp.
S d nh vy l do nhiu trn ng dy thu bao s, m ph bin nht l 2
loi nhiu xuyn m thng thy trong DSL: NEXT xuyn m u gn v FEXT
xuyn m u xa.
Xuyn m u gn NEXT l loi xuyn m xy ra t cc tn hiu i theo
hng ngc li trn i dy xon hoc l t b pht i ti b thu u cui gn.
Xuyn m u xa FEXT c t tn hiu i theo cng mt hng trn 2 i dy
xon hoc t b pht ti b thu u xa.

Hnh 2.24: Nhiu trong ADSL
Ngoi NEXT v FEXT, ADSL cn chu nh hng ca cc loi nhiu khc,
v d nh nhiu v tuyn, nhiu xung, can nhiu gia cc loi DSL vi nhau hoc
t can nhiu.



2.12 Kt lun
Chng ny i su vo tm hiu cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i
xng ADSL. Chnh nhng nhu cu quen thuc ca ngi s dng khin cho tnh
bt i xng trong vic truyn s liu tc cao nh ng xung ln hn ng
ln gp nhiu ln. chng ny, trnh by cc k thut in hnh ni ln s
khc bit ca tc truyn cp ng trong cng ngh ADSL ln n hng
Megabit trn giy ln hn tc ca cc thit b khng s dng cng ngh ng
dy thu bao s. Cc k thut chnh l phng php iu ch v phng php
ghp knh. Trong , vi phng php iu ch a tn ri rc DMT, phng php
iu ch bin cu phng QAM cho tc tn hiu rt cao m ch vi di tn
t 25KHz n 1100KHz. Hn th, cng ngh ny cn c thm k thut truyn dn
theo FDM v theo phng php trit ting vng ECH cho tn dng tt bng tn
ng ln v ng xung ci thin thm c tc . Bn cnh , cc m
hnh mng, m hnh tham chiu ca pha khch hng cng nh pha nh khai thc
dch v, cc cu trc khung d liu n cng v song cng c trnh by
khi qut c tng quan hot ng cng ngh ADSL.



ADSL2/ADSL2+
3.1 Gii thiu chng.
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL ra i xa b hoi nghi v bng
thng rng tc thp ca cp ng vn mt thi gn lin vi tc bng
thng ca tng i ISDN (Intergrate Services Digital Network) l 2B + D tng
ng vi tc 144 n 192Kbps. Cng ngh DSL mt ln na khng nh rng
cp ng hon ton c th truyn c cc loi hnh dch v bng thng rng vi
tc ln hn rt nhiu tc m trc kia tng i ISDN gii hn cho cp
ng. Khi cng ngh DSL ra i trong hon cnh mng ngoi v s dng cp
quang ang c nhng bc pht trin. Kh nng cnh tranh v thay th mng cp
ng hon ton c th xy ra. Tuy nhin, mng cp ng vn th hin nhng u
im ca mnh in hnh nh cng ngh ADSL hot ng di tn 0 n 1.1MHz
vi tc cung cp cho khch hng l 1.5 n 8Mbps v tc ng ln t ph
khch hng l 16 n 640Kbps (tc ny c th gim cho nhng thu bao xa
tng i). ADSL i vo trin khai cc loi hnh dch v nh truyn ng thi tn
hiu thoi, Internet tc cao, truyn hnh vi cc knh SD c tc khong 2
n 3 Mbps, truyn hnh hi ngh, hc t xa, bn hng qua mng, cha bnh t xa.
Trn thc t, nhu thng thc cc loi hnh dch v phi thoi nh truyn hnh c
nt cao HD vi tc vt ngng m ADSL c kh nng cung cp. Do ,
cng ngh ADSL c cc nh nghin cu khng ngng ci thin dn n s
ra di cc cng ngh tip theo nh ADSL2 v ADSL2+. Cng ngh ADSL2 ra i
da theo chun G.992.3, G.992.4 cung cp tc ln n 12Mbps dnh cho
ng xung v khong cch mch vng thu bao tnh t tng i ti nh khch
hng tng thm so vi ADSL l 600 feet (khong 180m). Cn cng ngh ADSL2+
hot ng di tn 0 n 2.2MHz ln gp i di tn 0 n 1.1MHz m
ADSL/ADSL2 m cng ngh ny ang s dng. Cc cng ngh ADSL th h sau
khng ngng c ci thin cung cp cc dch v ph hp vi nhu cu ca
khch hng, bit cc cng ngh ny hot ng nh th no ta i xt tng c
tnh k thut ca tng cng ngh.


3.2 Cng ngh ADSL2
Cng ngh ADSL2 c trin khai cung cp cc loi hnh dch v
thoi, phi thoi p ng phn no nhu cu t pha khch hng. Tuy nhin,
nhng loi hnh dch v tuyn hnh cht lng cao ngy mt gia tng khin tc
hin ti kh c th p ng ht c. Vic nng cng ngh ADSL ci thin v
mt tc c cc nh nghin cu tin hnh v cho ra i chun mi ca
ADSL2 l G.992.3, G.992.4. Cng ngh ADSL2 c coi l th h th 2 ca
ADSL, ADSL2 vn s dng di tn 0 n 1.1MHz ging nh ADSL nhng tc
ng xung tng ln ng k 12Mbps. Vi tc ny cc loi hnh dch v i
hi tc cao hn tc ADSL th ADSL2 cung cp mt cch y v a dng
hn. Chnh s ci tin v mt tc gip cho ADSL2 c thm nhiu c tnh
mi hn ADSL thu nhiu nhu cu s dng ngy cng tng ca khch hng,
m bo kin ton hn hn cng ngh DSL ni chung v ADSL ni ring trong
tng lai.
3.2.1 M hnh tham chiu
3.2.1.1 M hnh tham chiu ATU
Cc chc nng c bn ca lp truyn thng vt l PMD (Physical Media
Dependent) bao gm to v khi phc nh thi k hiu, m ha v gii m, iu
ch v gii iu ch, trit ting vng, cn bng ng dy, khi to tuyn, ghp v
tch tiu lp vt l. Ngoi ra, lp PMD c th to v thu bn tin iu khin
ca lp truyn thng vt l c th hi t truyn dn PMS TC (Physical Media
Specific Transmission Convergence).
Lp PMS TC thc hin cc chc nng to khung v ng b khung, hiu
chnh li hng pht, pht hin li, cc chc nng, cc chc nng m ha ngu
nhin v gii m ngu nhin. Ngoi ra, lp PMS TC cn cung cp knh tiu
mang bn tin iu khin c to ra trong lp giao thc truyn ti c th hi t
truyn dn TPSTC (Transmission Protocol SpecificTransmission Convergence),
PMS TC hoc PMD cng nh bn tin c c to ra ti giao din qun l.
Lp PMS TC c kt ni vi TPS TC qua giao din v trong ATU
C v ATU R tng ng. Lp TPS TC l c th ng dng v bao gm cc


thch ng ca giao din khch hng v tn hiu iu khin vi giao din s liu
ng b (cn ng b) ca TPS TC. Ngoi ra, lp TPS TC cng c th to
hoc thu cc bn tin iu khin qua knh tiu ca lp PMS TC.
Lp TPS TC lin lc vi cc khi giao din qua giao din r v c. Ty
thuc vo ng dng c th m lp TPS TC c th yu cu h tr mt hoc
nhiu knh s liu ngi s dng v cc giao din kt hp.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh chc nng ATU
Lp giao din qun l c th hi t truyn dn MPS TC (Management
Protocol Specific Transmission Convergence ) cung cp cc th tc qu l ATU.
Chc nng MPS TC lin lc vi cc chc nng lp cao hn trong lp qun l
c m t trong ITU T G.997.1 . Thng tin qu l c trao i gia cc chc
nng MPS TC thng qua knh tiu ADSL. PMS TC ghp knh tiu
ADSL vi lung s liu TPS TC truyn trn ng DSL. Thng tin qun l
ch th nhng s c, li v thng tin gim sat hiu nng c lin quan. Ngoi ra n
n cn nh ngha mt s th tc iu khin qu l cho vc s dng bi cc chc
nng lp cao hn, c bit l cho mc ch kim tra. Cc giao din , , r v c
ch l cc im phn chia v mt logic, khng c ngha v mt vt l.


3.2.1.2 M hnh tham chiu khch hng.
Hnh 3.2: M hnh tham chiu khch hng
3.2.1.3 M hnh tham chiu qun l
Hnh 3.3: M hnh tham chiu giao thc qun l
3.2 Mt s tnh nng mi ca cng ngh ADSL2
3.2.1 Tnh nng lin quan n ng dng
1. H tr ng dng ch hon ton s :
Khi cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL ra i cho php h tr cc dch v
phi thoi (Internet v truyn hnh) mang thng tin hon ton s, thng tin ny
c iu ch vi tn hiu sng mang thch hp vi tn hiu trn ng dy d
dng ghp vi tn hiu thoi truyn cng mt lc. ADSL2 cn a ra mt ch
ty chn cho php truyn s liu trn bng tn ca s liu thoi do s liu


ca ng ln tng thm 256Kbps. Nh c s ci thin thm v ch cho ng
ln m n gip cho nh kinh doanh s dng cc dch v mt cc d dng hn
trong s la chn ca mnh.
Trn s , pha ngi s dng c truy nhp dch v trn mt tham chiu
l khi ATU-R (khi truyn dn ADSL pha khch hng) thng qua im tham
chiu S/T. Sau lung d liu ca khch hng c x l ti y v c truyn
n tng i trn ng dy thu bao s DSL. Lung d liu s c a n
ATU-C (khi truyn dn ADSL pha tng i) ri a qua mng truy nhp bng
rng thng qua giao din V.
2. H tr ng dng thoi trn bng tn ADSL
Ngay t khi in thoi ra i vic truyn tn hiu trn mng vin thng gia
s trao i thng tin, ni chuyn vi nhau ca hai thu bao l rt c bn trong tt
c cc tng i. Tri qua hn 100 nm pht trin vi cc cng ngh khc nhau,
cch s l khc nhau nhng vic truyn dn tn hiu thoi lun yu cu thi gian
thc mc rt cao. Tuy nhin, xt v phng din k thut cng nh s pht
trin ca cc cng ngh chuyn mch m mi thi ngi ta c th s l cc tn
hiu thoi khc nhau. Thng thng c ba phng thc c bn x l truyn a
lu lng thoi chnh l phng php phn knh theo thi gian TDM (Time
Division Multiplexing), phng phng php tuyn thoi qua khung IP (Internet
Protocol) v phng php truyn tn thiu thoi trn t bo 53 bytes ca ch
truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode).
Khi cng ngh vi mch pht trin, ko theo l s ra i ca thng tin s dn
n k thut ghp knh vi mt lung thng tin s s dng nh mt phng php
hiu qu cng lc c th truyn tin tc vi lu lng ln tit kim c cc dy
dn hn rt nhiu so vi trc kia. Lc ny tn hiu thoi chuyn thnh s nh
phng php ly mu ca Shanon, nh k thut ghp knh iin hnh nh phng
php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM thc hin, bng vic truyn tn hiu
ca mi mt ngi trn mt khe thi gian nht nh v c lp li sau mt chu
k. di ca mi mt khung TDM quyt nh n s ngi c th thc hin nhn
c dch v v tnh tr ca lung thng tin trn khung tc l s ngi s dng


cng nhu khung cng ln v thi gian ca mt chu k khung di dn n nhiu
dch v m bo thi gian thc khng th thc hin tt. trnh tr ca
thng tin cho thi gian thc th di mi khung TDM ngi ta quy nh l
125s. Khi s dng k thut ghp knh nh vy th tn hiu thoi l tn hiu s ri
rc tuy nhin vi thi gian nhanh truyn mi mt khung l 1/8000s th ngi s
dng c cm gic thng tin l lin tc.

Hnh 3.4: CVoDSL s dng knh bng tn lp vt l truyn Cc
ng thoi TDM
Hnh 3.5: CvoDSL khng ng gi s liu thoi nh ATM v IP
Trong qu trnh m thoi thng tin c lu thng theo hai chiu (ngi s
dng c th ni hoc nghe t ngi kia v ngc li) vi c tnh ca mt cuc
ni chuyn ngi ny ni th ngi kia nghe v ngc li lm cho lu lng thc
cht ca mt cuc in thoi gia hai ngi ch chim gn 40% trn tng s 100%
lu lng c cp, nh vy xt v mt ti nguyn l ht lng ph. Ngi ta cho


rng trong hn 60% lu lng thoi khng s dng c th truyn nhng thng
tin khc trn tit kim knh c cp v chnh l tin chuyn mch gi
ra i. Mt trong nhng phng php truyn thoi bng gi tin trn giao thc
mng Intetnet chnh l VoIP (Voice Internet Protocol). Tn hiu thoi c
ng gi ri truyn a theo nhu cu ca cuc gi v thng tin truyn trn knh
c s dng mt cch ti a. Tuy nhin, khi tin hnh truyn thoi trn khung IP
m bo thi gian thc cho tn hiu thoi v m bo tin cy cho cc gi tin
cng dn n cht lng thoi trn b gim ng k.
Phng php th ba l truyn tn hiu thoi qua t bo 53 bytes ATM. Tn
hiu thoi, s liu c ng trn cng mt khung. Lung tn hiu c ng vo
khung theo kiu ny c dng theo phng php ghp knh thng k ngha l
lung tn hiu nhe thoi, s liu, video ca ngi s dng c c chng lu
lng to thnh mt lung hon chnh ri sp xp vo khung ATM. Tuy nhin,
ATM khung t bo khc nhau tng ng vi giao din mng NNI v nt giao din
ngi s dng UNI, khi thng tin b nghn do t bo ATM truyn vi tc
nhanh nn mt s t bo khng u tin s b hy phi truyn li nn nh hng
nhiu n vic truyn thng tin. y cng chnh l nhc im chnh trong cu
trc khung ca t bo ATM khi ng thi s dng hai knh trong qu trnh truyn.
Cng ngh ADSL2 s dng phng php ghp knh th nht TDM truyn
tn hiu thoi (CVoDSL). CVoDSL l duy nht cho gii php truyn thoi trn
ng dy thu bao s song song vi tn hiu s liu v video. Phng php ny
n gin trong cc k thut x l v hiu qu v mt chi ph cho php cc thu
bao th h sau c chc nng thoi.
CVoDSL s dng knh 64 Kbps ca bng tn DSL truyn cc lung PCM
DS0 (lung ny tng ng vi tc b 64 Kbps) ti kt cui y xa hoc trm
thng tm, ging nh POTS chun. Sau thit b truy nhp pht cc lung DS0
thoi trc tip ti chuyn mch knh PCM. Phng php ny khng cn ng gi
lu lng thoi trn ng dy in thoi vo cc giao thc cao hn nh ATM v
IP. Nhiu ng thoi c th hot ng ng thi phc thuc vo rng bng
tn ng ln



3. H tr chc nng ghp ngc ATM (IMA Inverse Multiplexing ATM)
Mt trong nhng im khc bit ln nht ca ADSL2 so vi ADSL chnh l
kh nng ghp lung d liu m tc ADSL2 tng t 2 i dy cho tc
20Mbps, 3 i dy cho tc 30Mbps, 4 i dy cho tc 40Mbps. Do vy cc
nh khai thc dch v s liu nh truyn hnh i hi tc ln n 15Mbps.
thc hin vic ghp cc lung t cc i dy khac nhau, u pht tin hnh ghp
ngc lung ATM. Chun IMA c xc nh mt lp con mi c gi l lp
con ghp ngc ATM n nm gia lp ATM v lp vt l PHY.
Hnh 3.6: Ghp nhiu ng dy thoi tng tc

Hnh 3.7: Chc nng ca IMA pha pht v thu
Pha pht lung tn hiu tng ng vi tc cao l 30 Mbps (gi s ghp 3
lung t 3 i dy cp ng) s c chuyn n lp con ghp ngc IMA, sau
t lp ny lung tn hiu s tin hnh phn phi vi tng lp vt l tng ng vi


s i dy c ghp ri truyn trn ng dy n pha thu. Ti pha thu cc t
bo t cc lp vt l s c a n lp con ghp ngc thu c lung ATM
c tc nh ban u. Tuy nhin khi truyn lung tn hiu trn ng dy c
phm cht xu thng xy ra hin tng tr, li bit lm nh hng n cc lung
cn li cc dy khc trong cng mt si ln dn n thng tin b suy gim cht
lng. hn ch c nhng trng hp khng mong mun trn nh ng b
khi cc bit n tr, sa li khi thng tin b li do phm cht ca dy, hay nhng
trng hp g b t bo trng khng mang tin, gi bn tin yu cu pht li khi t
bo Atm khng thu theo ch s tun t thng tin, IMA cn s h tr ca cc
khi trong modem ADSL2 thc hin cc cng vic trn em li thng tin c
cht lng tt.
3.2.2.2 Tnh nng lin quan n PMS TC
1. Vic phn khung linh hot hn h tr 4 khung mang, 4 ng
Hnh 3.8: S khi chc nng PMS TC pht
S liu c truyn khc nhau c th c tp hp vo cc cu trc khc
nhau khi chng truyn qua chc nng PMS-TC pht. Nhm cu trc ny c gi
l cu trc khung.


Cu trc khung ATU vi trng hp hai khung mang truyn trn mt ng
(N
BC
=2, N
LP
=1, T
P
=1) c minh ho trn Hnh 3.22. Hnh ny ch ra cu trc
khung v cc nhm s liu ti thi im bt u th tc PMS-TC ti cc im
tham chiu A, B v C ca cc ng #0 v ti thi im kt thc th tc PMS-TC.

Hnh 3.9: Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai khung mang mt ng
2. Gim tiu khung
Khng ging nh ADSL2 gim tiu khung bng cch lp trnh thay i
tc t 4 32Kbps. Trong mi mt khung ADSL lun c 1byte phn mo u
c nh tng ng vi tc 32Kbps (8/250s = 32Kbps). Khi tc ca tiu
khung c th lp trnh thay i c, n tng thm phn thng tin pha sau mi
khung dn n vic cung cp thng tin c tng ln ng k. V d nh th h
ADSL th nht tc truyn trn ng dy thoi ln n 128Kbps m trong khi
tc dnh cho tiu ln n 32Kbps, chim tc trong ton b khung
Frame
Bearer#1
(B octets)
Frame
Bearer#0
(B octets)
MDF
#0
MDF
#0

MDF#
(M
0
-1)
FEC
(R
0
octets
))
Sync Frame Bearer#0
Octets (B00 octets)
Sync Frame Bearer#0
Octets (B01octets)
(Interleaved FEC Data Frame)
Data
Frame
#(i-
Data
Frame
#(i+
Data
Frame
#i
L
0
bits L
0
bits L
0
bits
Data Frame
in
PMD.Bits.co
nfirm
Refrence Point C
Interleaved FEC Data Frame
M
0
X(B
00
+B
01
+1)+R
0
octets
Data from
Frame.beare(0).confirmand
B
00
+B
01
octets
Refrence Point B
FEC Data Frame
M
0
X(B
00
+B
01
+1
)+R
0
octets
Refrence Point A
FEC Data Frame
B
00
+B
01
+1 octets


truyn nn hiu qu truyn tin gim i ng k so vi cng ngh ADSL2 c tiu
4Kbps.
3.2.2.3. Tnh nng lin quan n PMD (lp truyn thng vt l)
1. Chn on
Trong h thng thng tin vin thng ni chung th vic m bo tin cy
cho h thng hot ng lun ng gp mt vai tr ht sc quan trng. S tin cy
ny ni ln nng lc ca mng trong khi phc v cc dch v cho khch hng. Xt
v tng quan c th thy r s tn ti ca mng vin thng thnh ba phn chnh
nh pha tng i, mi trng truyn v pha khch hng.
pha tng i theo tiu chun mi hin nay c th cng mt lc chuyn
mch c c hai loi l chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vi tc cao,
dung lng ln m bo tnh chin lc trong tng li khi s khch hng truy
nhp mng ngy cng tng ln. Chnh nhng thit b chuyn mch ny l rt quan
trng trong vic duy tr s kt ni n hng ngn ngi s dng. Tht l khng th
lng ht c hu qu khi cc thit b ny hng hc, gy gin on thng tin
trong mt thi gian m khng c thit b khc thay th. Do , m bo thng
tin lun c thng sut khi c s c cc thit b chuyn mch lun c 2 bn mch
ging nhau, mt ang hot ng v mt dng d phng. Khi bn mch chnh
gp s c th th h thng ngay lp tc chuyn sang hot ng ch d phng
ch bn mch chnh khc phc xong h thng li t ng chuyn sang hot ng
nh ch bnh thng.
Cn pha mi trng truyn ca mng vin thng lun tn ti di hai
phng thc truyn dn l v tuyn v hu tuyn. Trong , mi trng v tuyn
s dng sng in t lan truyn trong mi trng v tuyn s dng sng in t
lan truyn trong mi trng v tuyn truyn tin, mi trng truyn ny nh
hng kh nhiu n sng in t. Mt s mng nh mng nh mng thng tin
3G, mng khng dy WLAN, WIMAX, m bo thng tin trong sut (khng b
li). Khi truyn di nh hng ca thi tit, h thng lun c phn sa li, o t
s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR, phng thc truyn hu tuyn in hnh nh mng cp
quang, mng cp ng.


Vi cng ngh ADSL2 th vic chun on ng mt vai tr ht sc quan
trng, khi m nhng ng dy cp ng ti mt s ni c phm cht km thng
gy ra hin tng suy gim tn hiu, gy li bit, gy tr, thm ch c tnh hung
xu gy gin on thng tin. Vi nhng nguyn nhn nh vy, h thng lun phi
trang b cc thit b o lng v nhng chng trnh chun on t ng pht
hin, nh v chnh xc nhng li xut hin trn ng dy. Cng ngh ny phi
tng cng phng php chun on bng cch o tp m ng dy ti hai u
dy ri gi v trung tm c phng n gii quyt.
Ngoi ra, ADSL2 bao gm kh nng gim st tn hiu trong thi gian thc.
kh nng ny cung cp v cht lng ng dy v iu kin tp m ti hai u
dy. Thng tin ny x l bi phn mm v sau s dng thng tin ny gim st
cht lng ADSL2, trnh xy ra cc li trong tng lai. Thm vo , thng tin
ny cng c th o c tc cung cp cho khch hng c lun c m bo
khng.
Cn pha khch hng cn phi chn cc thit b tng thch vi cc phn
mm ng dng cho h thng hot ng c hiu qu nht.
2. Thch ng tc
Cc ng dy in thoi c bn vi nhau trong b cp nhiu i cha 25
hoc nhiu hn cc i dy xon. Kt qu l tn hiu in t mt i gy ra t
trng trn cc i gn k trong b cp Hnh 3.10. Hin tng ny c gi l
xuyn m v c th cn tr c tnh tc s liu ADSL. Kt qu l nhng thay
i ca cc mc xuyn m c th lm t kt ni trong ADSL. Xuyn m ch l
mt nguyn nhn gy t kt ni trn h thng ADSL. Cc nguyn nhn khc c
th l do nhiu sng v tuyn AM, nhng thay i v nhit v nc trong b cp.
ADSL2 gi quyt vn ny bng cch thch ng lin tc tc s liu theo
thi gian thc. Ci tin ny, c gi l thch ng tc lin tc (SRA), cho php
h thng ADSL2 thay i tc ca kt ni trong khi cung cp dch v m khng
lm ngt dch v hoc gy li bit. ADSL2 pht hin ra nhng thay i trong iu
kin knh (v d, mt trm v tuyn AM ni ht ngng pht vo bui ti) v thch
ng tc s liu vi iu kin mi trong sut vi ngi s dng.


SRA da trn c s tch lp iu ch v lp to khung trong h thng
ADSL2. Vic tch ny cho php lp iu ch thay i cc tham s tc s liu
truyn dn m khng thay i cc tham s trong lp to khung bi v vic thay i
cc tham s trong lp to khung lm cho modem mt ng b khung, iu ny gy
ra cc li bit khng th hiu chnh c hoc phi khi ng li h thng. SRA s
dng cc th tc cu hnh li trc tuyn phc tp (OLR) ca h thng ADSL2
thay i nhanh tc s liu ca kt ni. Giao thc c s dng cho SRA nh
sau:

Hnh 3.10: nh hng ca i dy bn nhau trong cng mt cp
My thu gim st SNR ca knh v quyt nh thay i tc s liu cn
thit b li nhng thay i trong iu kin knh.
My thu gi mt bn tin ti my pht bt u thay i tc s liu. Bn
tin ny cha tt c nhng tham s truyn dn cn thit pht ti tc s liu
mi. Nhng tham s ny cha s bit c iu ch v cng sut pht trn mi
knh.
My pht gi mt tn hiu c ng b c s dng nh mt nghi nhn ch
th chnh xc thi im s dng tc s liu mi v cc tham s truyn dn mi.
Tn hiu c ng b c pht hin bi my thu v c my thu v my
pht cng chuyn nhanh v trong sut sang tc s liu mi.
3. Ci thin cng sut pht
Cc b thu pht ADSL th h th nht hot ng ch cng sut ln nht
sut ngy m ngay c khi khng c s dng. Vi nhiu triu modem ADSL


c trin khai th c th tit kim ng k nng lng in nu cc modem nm
trong ch d phng/ng ging nh my tnh. Vi ch ny cng tit kim
cng sut cho cc b thu pht ADSL ang hot ng trong cc khi u xa v cc
t sng mang mang mch vng s (DLC) c yu cu rt kht khe v to nhit.
p ng vn ny, chun ADSL2 a ra ch qun l cng sut gip
gim cng sut tiu th trong khi vn duy tr chc nng lun lun kt ni ca
ADSL cho ngi s dng. Nhng ch ny bao gm: ch cng sut L2 v
ch cng sut L3.
Ch cng sut L2 cho php tit kim ng k cng sut ti khi thu pht
ADSL trm trung tm (ATU-C) bng cch vo v ra ch cng sut thp mt
cch nhanh chng da trn lu lng Internet chy trn kt ni ADSL (Hnh
3.11). Ch cng sut L2 l mt trong nhng ci tin quan trng nht ca chun
ADSL2. Khi ti xung cc file d liu ln th ADSL2 hot ng ch cng
sut ln nht (c gi l ch cng sut L0) cc i tc ti xung. Khi
lu lng Internet gim, v d nh khi ngi s dng ang c mt trang vn bn
di, th cc h thng ADSL2 c th chuyn sang ch cng sut thp L2, trong
ch ny tc s liu gim ng k v gim cng sut tiu th.
Hnh 3.11: Cc ch cng sut L0, L2, L3
Trong khi ang chy L2, h thng ADSL2 c th ngay lp tc chuyn sang
ch cng sut L0 v tng tc s liu cc i ngay khi ngi s dng bt u
ti xung mt file. C ch vo/ra L2 v vic thch ng tc s liu c thc hin


m khng lm ngt dch v hoc gy ra li bit, do l trong sut i vi ngi s
dng.
Ch ny cho php tit kim cng sut ti c ATU-C v b thu pht ADSL
xa (ATU-R) bng cch vo ch ng khi kt ni khng c s dng trong
khong thi gian di. Ch cng sut L3 l ch ng trong lu lng khng
c truyn trn kt ni ADSL khi ngi s dng khng trc tuyn. Khi ngi s
dng trng thi trc tuyn th cc b thu pht ADSL yu cu khong 3 giy
khi to li v vo ch kt ni trng thi sn sng.
Th tc vo, ra L2
Mt trong cc tnh nng quan trng ca vic chuyn i trng thi gia L2 v
L0 l chng khng gy ra li hoc ngt dch v. C c diu ny l v ADSL2 s
dng phng php phn khung mi lin quan n vic tch ghp lp truyn thng
vt l (PMD) ADSL ra khi lp truyn thng vt l c th-hi t truyn dn
(PMS-TC). Tnh nng ny lin quan n tham s S l tham s ch th s khung
PMD trong mt khung PMS-TC. Trong cc chun ADSL trc, tham s ny l
mt s nguyn c nh. Tuy nhin, trong chun ADSL2 tham s ny c php
ly cc gi tr khng nguyn. Bng cch ny lp PMD iu chnh tc s liu
trn kt ni m khng nh hng n cc lp cao hn.
Khi vo L2, lp PMD gim s liu v gim cng sut pht tit kim nng
lng. Vic chuyn t L0 sang L2 c iu khin bi b thu pht ADSL2 ti
trm trung tm (ATU-C) Hnh 3.12
B thu pht ADSL2 xc nh yu cu lu lng da trn s t bo ATM
c pht trn kt ni ADSL. C rt nhiu thut ton c s dng thc hin
cng vic ny. V d, ATU-C c th m s t bo ATM ri c pht trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (V d 10 giy) v da trn nhng t bo c xc
nh trc quyt nh thi im vo L2.
Cc bc vo L2 nh sau:
1. ATU-C xc nh thy rng cc yu cu v tc s liu gim ng k
v mong mun tit kim cng sut L2.


2. ATU-C gi bn tin (yu cu vo L2) cho b thu pht ADSL2 ti u xa
(ATU-R). Cc bn tin ny cha cc yu cu v tc s liu cc i v cc tiu
trong L2 v cc gi tr ct gim cng sut cc i v cc tiu theo n v dB.

Hnh 3.12: Biu minh ha qu trnh vo L2
3. ATU-R tr li bng cch gi bn tin (ng vo L2) ti ATU-C. Bn tin
ny cha cc tham s L2 bao gm cc bn tin mi v bt/ li/sp xp li, gi tr
ct gim cng sut L2 v gi tr ct gim cng sut c s dng cho k hiu ra
khi L2 k tip.
Vo L2
gim tc
s liu v
gim cng
sut pht.
Lu tr cc
thng s
L0
Vo L2
gim tc
s liu v
gim cng
sut pht.
Lu tr cc
thng s
L0 v khi
ng b
K
hiu
Sync
Xc nh
rng yu
cu tc
s liu
gim
Gi bn tin
ti ATU-R
yu cu
vo L2
Nhn bn
tin ng
vo L2 v
gi k hiu
SyncFlag
vo L2
Gii m
bn tin yu
cu vo L2
t ATU-
Chuyn
tip v tr
Pht hin
k hiu
SyncFlag
v chuyn
cc thng
s truyn
Yu
cu
vo
ng

ATU-
ATU-


4. ATU-C vo L2 bng cch gi k hiu ng b (k hiu syncflag). Trn k
hiu bin i a tn ri rc DMT u tin sau khi pht k kiu syncflag, h thng
bt u pht li tc s liu L2 mi v mc cng sut pht L2 mi. iu ny c
thc hin bng cch s dng cc bng bt/ li/sp xp li L2 v gi tr ct gim
cng sut L2. Trong L2, ATU-C lu cc tham s truyn dn L0 s dng khi thot
ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0.
5. ATU-R vo L2 sau khi tch k hiu syncflag trn k hiu DMT u tin.
Sau khi nhn k hiu syncflag, h thng bt u nhn li tc s liu L2 mi v
mc cng sut pht l2 mi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc bng
bt/ li/sp xp li L2 v gi tr ct gim cng sut L2. Trong L2, ATU-R lu
cc tham s truyn dn L0 s dng khi thot ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0.
Ch rng, vic lu cc tham s truyn dn cc tham s L0 bao gm cc
bng bt L0, bng li L0 v bng sp xp li L0 yu cu thm b nh trn b
thu pht L2. thng thng, b thu pht L2 vi 256 sng mang phi thm b nh
768byte lu cc tham s truyn dn L0. Ngoi ra, b thu v b pht phi c
thit k sao cho b pht c th chuyn sang cc tham s truyn dn mi ngay khi
tch chui u ra L2.
Khi ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0, lp PMD tng tc s liu v mc cng
sut pht ti mc L0 trc. Vic chuyn t L2 v L0 c iu khin bi ATU-C
hoc ATU-R (Hnh 3.13)
ATU-R c th bt u thot ra L2 v vo L0 thc hin cc chc nng x
l tn hiu ca b thu (v d, cu hnh li trc tuyn hoc trao i bt). B thu pht
ATU-C c th bt u chuyn t L2 sang L0 khi yu cu tc s liu tng vt
qu kh nng L2. Cng nh trng hp vo L2, cc thut ton c s dng
xc nh yu cu lu lng da trn s t bo ATM ri c pht trn mt kt ni
ADSL. Cc bc cho vic thot ra khi L2 nh sau:
1. A) ATU-C xc nh thy rng cc yu cu v tc s liu tng ng
k v yu cu quay tr li L0.
B) ATU-R xc nh yu cu quay tr li L0 thc hin cc thut ton x l
tn hiu v gi bn tin yu cu vo L0 ti ATU-C.


2. ATU-C vo L0 bng cch pht mt chui u ra L2. Trn k hiu DMT
u tin sau khi pht chui u ra L2, cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong
b thu pht c s dng cho vic truyn dn.
3. ATU-R tch chui u ra L2 v vo L0. Trn k hiu DMT u tin sau
khi tch chui u ra L2, cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong b thu pht
c s dng thu.

Hnh 3.13: biu minh ha th tc ra L2
Vic ATU-R tch chui u ra L2 v chuyn sang tham s truyn dn L0 lu
trong b thu pht gy nhiu kh khn cho b thu pht ADSL. Do chui u ra L2
c th c gi ti v tr ca bt k k hiu DMT thng thng no nn ATU-R
phi tch chui u ra L2 trong khi vn thu v gii iu ch cc k hiu DMT
thng thng trong trng thi hot ng n nh. Do , b tch chui u ra L2
s hot ng mt cch hiu qu song song vi cc chc nng gii iu ch thng
thng v khi tch chui u ra L2, ATU-C phi thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Tch k hiu DMT chui u ra L2 v khng chuyn ti lp PMS-TC do
chng khng mang thng tin thc.
Xc nh
thy c
yu cu
thot khi
L2 bi v
c yu cu
Gi mt
chui thot
khi L2 ti
AUT-R
ATU-R
Chui ra
khi L2
Vo L0 v
lu cc
thng s
L0
Xc nh
thy c
yu cu
thot khi
L2 thc
hin cc
Yu cu
vo L0
Pht hin
chui thot
ra khi L2
Vo L0 v
lu cc
thng s
ATU-C
O
R


2. Bt u s dng cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong b thu pht
trn k hiu DMT u tin sau k hiu u ra L2 cui cng. iu ny c ngha
rng vi nhng b xung xc nh c th yu cu cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0
th hai lu trong phn cng c th chuyn nhanh bi v khng thi gian
ti cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 hin thi vi cc gi tr tham s truyn dn
L0 c lu tr.
Vic tch chui u ra L2 c th c thc hin bng cch s dng nhiu
thut ton tch. Mt thut ton kh ph c lin quan n vic tch cung phn t a
tone. Do chui u ra L2 s dng mu bit c xc nh trc iu ch tt c
m tn a sng mang s dng kho dch pha cu phng (QPSK) nn b tch
cung phn t c th c s dng tch mt cch hiu qu chui u ra L2.
B tch cung phn t m s tone trong k hiu DMT thu c, k hiu ny
c mt im chm sao nm cng cung phn t nh k hiu chui u ra. V d, s
dng N tone th b tch gc c th quyt nh tch chui u ra nu T tone c
chm sao nm cng cung phn t nh chui k hiu u ra.
Vic la chn s tone (N) v ngng (T) l mt cn bng gia kh nng mt
v kh nng tch sai. Nu N ln v T gn vi gi tr N th kh nng tch sai l
thp. Nhng kh nng mt li cao bi v nu N-T tone ca k hiu chui u ra
u tin b thu li (ngha l cung phn t sai) th b tch s mt chui u ra.
Mt khc, nu N ln v T nh hn rt nhiu so vi N kh nng mt thp bi
v d N-T tone ca k hiu chui u ra u tin c b thu li (ngha l cung phn
t sai) th b tch vn tch c chui u ra. Tuy nhin, kh nng tch sai li cao,
nu mt k hiu DMT s liu thc s c T tone vi im chm sao nm cng
cung phn t vi k hiu u ra th b tch s quyt nh tch.
Ch cng sut L3
Ch cng sut L3 c s dng khi ngi dng khng trc tuyn hoc
khng c lu lng c truyn trn kt ni ADSL2. Trong L3 c th cung cp
ngun hoc khng v do trng thi L3 tit kim ngun cc i. Tuy nhin,
khng nh ch cng sut L2, khi trong L3 kt ni ADSL2 cn qua qu trnh
khi to trc khi kt ni c thit lp li.


Vic chuyn t L0 sang L3 c iu khin bi ATU-C hoc ATU-R. Cc
bc vo L3 nh sau:
1. ATU yu cu chuyn sang L3 (ATU yu cu) gi bn tin yu cu vo
L3 ti ATU u bn kia.
2. ATU u bn kia tr li bng cch gi bn tin ng vo L3 ti ATU
yu cu.
3. Cc ATU vo th tc ngng tm thi v ngng pht.
Vic chuyn t L3 sang L0 c iu khin bi ATU-R hoc ATU-C. ATU
khi u vic chuyn ch cng sut bng cch s dng hoc th tc khi to
thng thng hoc th tc khi to ngn. Th tc khi to thng thng mt
khong t 10 ti 15 giy trong khi th tc khi to ngn ch mt khong t 2 ti 3
giy. Th tc khi to ngn da vo vic lu tr v s dng li cc tham s truyn
dn t khi to thng thng trc gim thi gian iu khin.
3.3. Cng ngh ADSL2+
3.3.1 Khi qut ADSL2+
Khi m nhu cu ca khch hng l khng ngng tng cao vi cc loi hnh
dch v s liu, vi cng ngh ADSL2 p ng c phn no cc dch v
Internet tc cao, truyn hnh theo yu cu, truyn hnh s tc cao, hi ngh
truyn hnh, hc tp t xa, game tng tc cha bnh t xa vi tc ln n hn
chc Mbps (cc dch v ny i hi tc rt cao t 3 18Mbps). Tuy nhin, vi
tc nh vy ADSL2 vn cn b hn ch trong mt s loi hnh dch v truyn
hnh c tc cao nh truyn hnh theo yu cu c nt cao MPEG2 HD () i
hi tc t 15 18Mbps th lc ny cng ngh ADSL2 khng th p ng c.
tuy nhin, cc nh nghin cu cho ra i cng ngh ADSL th h ba gi l
cng ngh ADSL2+ v c ITU chun ha bi G.992.5 nm 2003. Cng ngh
ADSL2+cho php cung cp cc dch v ng xung ln n 25Mbps v ng
xung l 1.2 Mbps. Hn th na, cng ngh ADSL2+cn cho thy mt iu kh
nng truyn bng thng rng rt tt vi bng tn m cng ngh ADSL2+s dng
(0 2.2MHz) gp i bng tn ca cng ngh ADSL v ADSL2 hin thi l 0
1.1MHz . Tuy nhin, khi m truyn vi tc ln nh vy ADSL2+li ch truyn


vi khong cch mch vng ngn hn so vi ADSL2 v ch nh hn 3Kfit (gn
1Km). ADSL2+ra i vi tnh nng mi so vi cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL nh m
rng bng tn, ghp lung d liu cho tc s liu c cao hn v mt s
cc c tnh mi khc.
3.3.2 So snh ADSL2+ v ADSL
Cng ngh ADSL2+ c nghin cu da trn nn tng ADSL/ADSL2 cho
nn ngoi c tnh truyn trn cp ng ti tng i, h tr lung s liu hon ton
l s, truyn tt c cc loi hnh dch v nh thoi, Internet, truyn hnh theo yu
cu. ADSL2+h tr cc tnh nng mi p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca
khch hng nh m rng bng tn t 0 n 1.1MHz ln bng tn 0 n 2.2MHz,
ghp nhiu ng dy cho tc truyn tng ln ng k v mt s tnh nng
mi khc nhm p ng nhng nhu cu cp thit cho khch hng m trc
cng ngh ADSL/ADSL2 phn no p ng c.
1. M rng bng tn
Bng tn ca ADSL2+ c cung cp l 0 n 2.2MHz cao hn bng tn ca
ADSL v ADSL2 vn ang s dng l 0 n 1.1MHz. Vi bng tn m rng nh
vy lm cho cng ngh ny cung cp tc cho khch hng s dng cc loi
hnh dch v cht lng cao hn 15Mbps.
Hnh 3.14: Bng tn ca ADSL2+
Nh vy, bng tn trc y dnh cho ADSL c chi cho thoi l 0 n
4KHz, s liu ng ln l 25 n 140KHz, ng xung l 250 n 1100KHz th
gi y bng tn dnh cho dch v s liu tc cao t 250 n 2200KHz.


rng bng tn lun c mi quan h cht ch vi tc truyn dn ca s
liu, khi bng tn c tng ln th tc ca lung tn hiu cng tng ln. Bng
tn ca ADSL2+ c rng ln gp i rng bng tn ADSL/ADSL2 v tc
ca ADSL2+ln gp i tc ca ADSL2 v ln gp 3 tc ca ADSL.
Nhng khong cch mch vng li ngn hn nhiu so vi ADSL/ADSL2, t
c tc 25Mbps th nh cung cp ch cung cp cho khch hng vi bn knh
nh hn 4Kfit (khong 1.2 Km). cn vi khong cch ln hn 8 Kfit th ADSL2+
li c tc ging nh ADSL2

Hnh 3.15: Biu din tc ADSL2
Ngoi vic tng tc truyn s liu p ng cho khch hng cc dichj v
cht lng cao i hi tc ln th ADSL2+hu nh p ng c ton b cc
loi hnh dch v . Vi bng tn rng hn ADSL2+ cho ra i mt gii php
chng nhiu hiu qu, vi cng ngh ADSL2 s dng cc bng tn 0 n 1.1MHz
trong 0 n 4KHz dnh cho thoi, 25KHz n 140KHz dnh cho ng ln v
250KHz n 1100 KHz dnh cho s liu ng xung nh vy vi khng cch l
4 n 25KHz v 140KHz n 250KHz cng l gii php chng nhiu xuyn m
gia cc knh tn s vi nhau tuy nhin vi khong cch bo v khng ln cho
nn mt lng nh xuyn m vn xy ra. Nhiu xuyn m l nhiu gia cc tn
hiu trn cng mt i dy hay tn hiu ca oi dy khc, khi xy ra hin tng
xuyn m nng lng chy trn dy suy hao mt lng ng k c bit l tn s
cao th nhiu xuyn m cng ln. Nhiu xuyn m gm hai loi nhiu xuyn m


u gn NEXT (Near End Crosstalk) v nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far End
Crosstalk).
Nhiu xuyn m u gn x ra khi b thu DSL b nhiu tn hiu t DSL khc
trn cng u cp nhiu ny rt trm trng nu nh tn hiu hai hng c cng tn
s.
Cn nhiu xuyn m u xa xy ra khi b thu DSL b nhiu t tn hiu DSL
khc t pha cp u xa v cng ging nh nhiu xuyn m u gn nhiu u xa
cng b nh hng bi tn s ln.
Hnh 3.16: Trnh nhiu ca ADSL2+
Vi bng tn rng hn, ADSL2+ khc phc hin tng nhiu xuyn m tt
hn ADSL/ADSL2 do di tn ca ADSL2+l 0 n 2.2MHz s dng bng tn 0
4KHz truyn cho thoi cn s dng tn s 1.1MHz n 2.2MHz truyn s
liu tc cao, nh vy tng khong cch gy xuyn nhiu gia bng tn thoi v
bng tn s liu, iu ny rt quan trng khi ADSL2+thc hin cung cp thoi, s
liu trn cng mt ng dy.
2. Ghp dt s liu cao hn
Mng ngoi vi s dng cp kim loi c trin khai t lu, thit b mng
sn c rng khp ni trn th gii vi ng dy lun c kim tra cht lng
m bo truyn dn tt ti tng khch hng. c nhiu ng dy km cht
lng c thay th hon ton bng ng dy mi, tuy nhin trong mi trng
truyn lun lun c nhng ng dy km cht lng khng nh mong mun.


Chnh nhng ng dy c phm cht km ny v hnh dung li nh hng n
tc truyn dn (tn hiu b suy hao dn n tr truyn) gy tc ng n cht
lng tn hiu dn n cht lng tn hiu cung cp cho khch hng mt phn no
b nh hng ng k. khc phc hin tng cht lng ng dy km
cht lng cng vi n nh ca ng dy c phm cht tt lun duy tr c
tc truy nhp cho php v m bo c cc lung d liu cao. ADSL2+cn
cho a ra thm mt c tnh k thut mi l kh nng ghp nhiu ng dy
in thoi t tc cao. Bng vic ghp gia cc ng dy in thoi pha
nh cung cp dch v dng cc i dy cng s dng chung mt mc ch l
truyn chung mt lung d liu ti khch hng. ADSL2+cung cp mt tc s
liu rt cao ln n 44Mbps nhng trn ng dy tnh t tng i n khch hng
vi bn knh nh hn 5Kfit (khong 1.5 Km). Vi vic ghp ny em li kh
nng cung cp cc dch v ging nh ADSL2 cn 12Mbps v 8 Mbps cho ADSL
trong mt khong cch ln hn nhiu. Trn nhiu ng dy din thoi ADSL2+
c kh nng cung cp cc dch v s liu ging nh ADSL l 8Mbps vi khong
cch kh xa 12Kfit (khong 3.6 Km).

Hnh 3.17: Ghp t tc cao hn
Trong qu trnh ghp i dy vi nhau lm tng tc s liu cn mt s
c im nh sau:


Vic ghp phi t h tr kh nng t gii phng v khi phc cc i dy m
khng cn s iu khin ca con ngi tc l h thng hon ton c thc hin
trn phn mm.
Vic ghp h tr tc s liu khc nhau gia cc i dy. iu ny rt quan
trng trong cc i dy c nhng cht lng khc nhau nhng vn c th vn p
ng cht lng tt v m bo.
Cc cng trn card ng dy ADSL2+ c ghp mt cch ngu nhin
ngha l vic ghp c thc hin bng bt c cng no to tnh linh hot cho pha
nh cung cp.
Cc chun ghp ATM c th s dng bt k lp vy l no cho nn ngoi
ADSL2+n cn c th s dng cho cc DSL khc.
Cui cng, cch ghp cc i dy ny c th h tr ti a cho 32 i dy.
Qu trnh ghp cc ng dy th hin nh trn m hnh ng tham chiu
chc nng ca ADSL2+ c th hin nh trn hnh v:

Hnh 3.18: M hnh ghp cc lung ADSL2+
Pha u pht tin hnh ghp hai i dy li tng tc truyn s liu. B
pht tin hnh nhiu i dy c cc khung ATM (nhn hai i dy) t mt lung
tng hp ATM t lp ATM. Khi chc nng ghp ATM phn phi cc t bo sao
cho lung s ny m bo tc ghp mc cao ph hp vi nhu cu dch v, s
lng t bo ATM s dng truyn tn hiu ny c la chn cho ph hp v
ti mi t bo u c gn ch s tun t. Cn c vo ch s tun t ny m u
thu d dng khi phc li ng s lng cc khung ATM s dng cung cp
cho khch hng.


Ti pha thu tn hiu ny t cc t bo DSL c tch ra theo ng ch s
tun t ca khung ATM. Sau , cc t bo con ny c a ti lp ATM
ghp thnh mt lung tng hp c tc cao cung cp cho khch hng.
Qu trnh m t ngn xp cho vic ghp cc tc ca cc si ADSL+c
trnh by trn nh hnh 3.19.
Hnh 3.19: Ngn xp trong vic to khung ADSL2+
3.3.3 Mt s tnh nng mi khc ca ADSL2+.
ADSL2+ v ADSL c cng im chung l s dng i dy ng truyn
ng thi tn hiu thoi v s liu tc cao gia kt cui mng (ATU-C) v kt
cui khch hng (ATU-R). Tuy nhin bng tn ca ADSL2+khc so vi bng tn
ADSL. Trong khi ADSL s dng bng tn t 0 n 1,1Mhz th ADSL2+s dng
bng tn 0 n 2,2Mhz. Cng ging nh ADSL, ADSL2+ dnh bng tn c s
truyn thoi, bng tn thp truyn s liu ng ln, bng tn cao truyn s
liu ng xung. Tuy nhin, bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2+gp i bng tn
ng xung ca ADSL.
Ngoi ci tin v mt bng tn v mt s ci tin khc cng ging nh
ADSL2, ADSL2+cn c mt s ci tin so vi ADSL nh sau:
H tr ng dng ch hon ton s.
H tr ng dng thoi trn bng tn ADSL.
Vic phn khung linh hot, h tr nhiu khung mang nhiu ng.


Gim tiu khung.
Chun on.
Thch ng tc .
H tr khi to nhanh.
Ci thin v mt cng sut
Nh nhng ci tin c bit ny m ADSL2+ t c tc s liu cao hn
c ng ln v ng xung so vi ADSL. Tc s liu ng ln ca
ADSL2+gp i so vi ADSL v nh nhng ci tin khc nn ADSL2+ci thin
ng k tc s liu ng xung so vi ADSL. C th, tc ng xung
cc i ca ADSL2+ l trn 25Mbps trong khi tc ng xung cc i ca
ADSL ch l 8Mbps. Nh vy tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL2+gp ba
ln tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL.

Hnh 3.20: Khong cch v tc t c ca ADSL2+ so vi
ADSL
Nh ci thin v tc m ADSL2+c kh nng trin khai cc dch v bng
rng m vi cng ngh ADSL khng th h tr. Khi trin khai cng ngh
ADSL2+mang li cho c khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. Khch hng c
li l s dng cc dch tin tin v tc cao nh truyn hnh theo yu cu. V
pha nh cung cp dch v tng li nhun t vic trin khai cc dch v tin tin
tc cao.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
4
5
4
0
3
5
3
0
2
5
2
0

ADSL2+

LOOP LENGTH (KFT)
D
A
T
A

R
A
T
E

(
M
B
P
S
)



3.4 Kt lun
Tm li, chng ny i su vo nghin cu cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
th h tip theo ADSL2/ADSL2+. Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+khng nhng
mang cc c tnh sn c nh ca ADSL m ADSL2/ADSL2+cn c nhng ci
tin ng k nng cp thm c bit l mt tc . p ng ngy cng hon
thin thm cc dch v cht lng cao i hi tc ln hn rt nhiu so vi
phin bn trc . Trong , cng ngh ADSL2 ci thin thm so vi ADSL
cc kha cnh nh tng c li, tng khong cch, ghp cc ng dy t tc
cao hn v hiu qu trong vic ci thin cng sut ca thit b. Cn ADSL2+li
ci thin thm so vi ADSL2 v mt tc v bng thng. So vi ADSL2/ADSL
bng thng v tc ca ADSL2+ u hn hai ln. Tc ln n 25 Mbps v
bng thng t 0 KHz n 2.2 MHz. Cc tnh nng mi ca cng ngh ny cng
c nh gi qua kh nng m rng bng tn, ghp t tc cao hn v cc
tnh nng mi khc.



Chng 4: Kh nng ng dng ca ADSL2+ ti Vit Nam
4.1 Gii thiu chng.
chng ny s ni v cc vn sau: tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh xDSL
trn th gii, tnh hnh ng dng cng ngh xDSL Vit Nam, cu trc mang dch
v xDSL ca Tng cng ty Bu Chnh, cc dch v cung cp xDSL hin ti, nh
gi nhu cu s dng ADSL2+, kh nng tng thch ca ADSL vi mng vin
thng Vit Nam, cc ng dng ca ADSL2+.
4.2 Tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh xDSL trn th gii
Bng rng tng trng mnh.
Theo bo co ti ht qu 2/2010 c 497.77 triu thu bao bng rng trn
ton cu, tng 11.99% so vi nm 2009 (444.47 triu) v 2.63% vi qu 1/2010
(485.02 triu). S thu bao pht trin mi trong tng qu trong hnh 4.1. Tuy s
lng thu bao bng rng tip tc tng nhng s thu bao pht trin mi hin nay
gim so vi mc nh hi qu 1/2009 (ch ring qu ny pht trin mi c
hn 20 triu thu bao). Theo , qu 2/2010 s thu bao bng rng pht trin mi
l 12.75 triu, gim 15% so vi qu 1.

Hnh 4.1: Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao bng rng trn th gii
Trong thng 12 qua, cc nh khai thc trn ton cu pht trin thm c
53.3 triu thu bao bng rng mi chim 10.7% tng s thu bao trong qu 2/2010.


Mc thm nhp bng thng rng trn th gii tnh theo h gia nh l 31.6% tng
3.4 so vi mc 28.2% nm 2009.
Mi quc gia ng u v bng rng
K t khi vt qua M hi qu 2/2008, Trung quc lun duy tr v tr s 1
ca mnh trong thi vic s dng cng ngh bng rng. Trung quc (bao gm c
Hng Kng v Ma Cao) ng u trong bng xp hng top 10 quc gia bng
thng rng vi hn 120.6 triu thu bao, tng 4.7% so vi qu 1/2010(115.12 triu
thu bao). M hin c 85.75 triu thu bao, gia tng gn 1% so vi qu trc
(84.9 triu). Nh vy, ring Trung Quc v M chim hn 41% tng s thu
bao bng rng ton cu trn ton th gii.
S cch bit gia s thu bao ti Trung Quc v M ng c xu hng ngy
cng ln do s pht trin mnh m ca vin thng Trung Quc trong mt vi nm
gn y. Trong qu 2, mc chnh lch l 34.85 triu, tng 15.7% so vi qu 1/2010
(30.12 triu).
Nh phn tch v hin trng cung cp dch v DSL ca Vit Nam v nhu
cu s dng dch v tc cao v kh nng ng dng u vit ca
ADSL2/ADSL2+tc cung cp c th t ti 24Mbps cho thy vic trin khai
cc cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+vo mng li l rt cn thit v hiu qu v
ADSL2/ADSL2+s gii quyt c cc vn hin ti (c bit l v tc ) ca
mng cung cp dch v xDSL ang gp kh khn, p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao
ca khch hng.



Hnh 4.2: 10 Quc gia c s thu bao bng rng ln nht th gii

Trong bng xp hng cc quc gia ng du v pht trin thu bao mi trong
qu 2/2010. Trung Quc mt ln na li tip tc dn u vi 5.47 triu thu bao
pht trin mi.y l quc gia trn th gii pht trin c hn mt triu thu bao
mi trong qu 2, vt xa cc quc gia cn li trong bng xp hng.

Hnh 4.3: Thu bao bng rng pht trin mi qu 2/2010
Xu hng cng ngh
(Hnh di) minh ha mc tng trng thu bao theo cc cng ngh ch yu
c s dng hin nay. Theo , c ba cng ngh (DSL, Modem cable v FTTx)
u tng trng. Tuy nhin, DSL l cng ngh chim u th nht, vi hn 320
triu thu bao (chim 64% tng s thu bao bng rng). Tip theo l Modem cable
vi 99.9 triu thu bao (20%) v FTTx l 65.76 triu thu bao (13.2%).


Hnh 4.4:Cc xu hng cng ngh nm 2010
Trung Quc l th trng DSL ln nht trn th gii vi trn 95 triu thu
bao chim 29.7% tng s thu bao DSL trn th gii. ng th hai l M vi hn
31 triu thu bao, chim 9.6%. Sau l n c (23 triu), tip theo l Php (18
triu), Anh (gn 15 triu) v (13.4 triu).
Vi 46.1 triu thu bao modem cp. M ng u th gii v th phn thu
bao bng rng s dng Modem cable, chim 46,1% tng s Modem cable trn th
gii. Tip theo l Canada vi hn 5.7 triu (5.7%). Hn Quc th ba vi 5.1 triu
v sau l Nht Bn vi 4.22 triu.
Tnh theo khu vc th Bc M hin ang dn u v modem bng cp. Tip
, l Ty u vi 18.17% (18.16 triu). Cc nc trong khu vc ny c th phn
modem cp ln nht l Anh (3.95 triu), c (2.97 triu) v H Lan (2.46 triu).
Chu l khu vc c th phn FTTx ln nht trn th gii, trong khu vc
Chu Thi Bnh Dng, Nam v ng chim trn 83% th trng FTTx
ton cu (65.76 triu thu bao). Trung quc l th trng FTTx ln nht th gii
vi 25.14 triu thu bao. Tip theo l Nht Bn 18.4 triu thu bao, ng th 3
l Hn Quc vi 8.8 triu thu bao. Khng ch th trng Modem cp ln nht th
gii, th trng DSL ng th hai th gii, M cn li l th trng FTTx ln th
t trn th gii vi 6.070 triu thu bao.



Hnh 4.5: Th phn thu bao bng rng tnh theo cng ngh

4.3 Tnh hnh trin khai cng ngh ADSL2+ ca mt s nh cung cp thit b
trn th gii
Hin nay, trn th gii cng ngh ADSL2+ c trin khai vi cc nh
cung cp thit b nh: Nh cung cp thit b Siemens, nh cung cp thit b
Alcatel, nh cung cp thit b Korea Telecom, nh cung cp thit b Huawei v
nh cung cp thit b NEC. Nhn chung cc nh cung cp dch v ny u a ra
cc c tnh v ADSL2+nhau sau:
Tiu chun ha: ITU-T G.992.5
C kh nng tng thch cc th h trc nh ADSL, ADSL2.
Cc chc nng: T ng nhn dng phng thc ADSL (ADSL,ADSL2,
ADSL2+), tc s liu ca thu bao th h th ba vi hng xung t 32 Kbps
n 25 Mbps v hng ln t 32 Kbps ti 1.024 Mbps, di bng tn s m rng
ti 2.208 MHz vi 512 tone.
4.4 Tnh hnh ng dng cng ngh xDSL ti Vit Nam
Vit Nam, trong nhng nm gn y trin khai cng ngh xDSL vi hai
dch v ca hai cng ngh ADSL v SHDSL, vi ba nh cung cp ln l VNPT,


FPT v Viettel. Tuy nhin, tc truyn s liu m nh khai thc cam kt cung
cp cho khch hng vn cn tng i thp. mt s l do c bn l hn ch mt
cng ngh. Nh c nhng ci tin c bit so vi nhng th h ADSL trc, cng
ngh ADSL2+c th p ng c tc cao bng thng rng v n c th h tr
cc tc ng xung ln n 24 Mbps v tc ng xung l 1.2 Mbps. Do
, tm hiu nh gi, trin khai cng ngh ADSL2+trong mng p ng nhu
cu dch v cho khch hng l mt vn tt yu.
Cng ngh xDSL c trin khai t Vit Nam vi khi u l cng ngh
ADSL ca VNPT vi tn gi l mega VNN. Cc dch v xDSL c trin khai
ngay sau vi hai dch v chnh Vit Nam l ADSL v mt s lng nh
SHDSL. Mi cng ngh ny c u v nhc im khc nhau nhng nhn chung
chng c nhng l do la chn nh:
Cc cng ngh ny c chun ha bi lin minh vin thng quc t ITU vi
nhiu chun c ban hnh nh G.992.1, G.992.2 cho ADSL v SHDSL; G.922.3,
G.992.5 cho ADSL2 v ADSL2+.
Cng ngh ny c th nghim v ng dng thnh cng ca cc nc
trn th gii bc u thu c nhiu kt qu ht sc kh thi.
Cng ngh ny ph hp vi bng tn ca Vit Nam, ph hp vi tnh cp
thit ca mng ngoi vi trong thi k qu ln cp quang.
Hin nay, c ba nh khai thc ln ti Vit Nam nh VNPT, FPT, Viettel
trong nm nhng nm gn y con s m cc nh cung cp cho khch hng trong
nc cng tht n tng. Nm 2009, VNPT cung cp hn 2.4 triu thu bao
ADSL, ng th hai l Viettel vi 530.000 thu bao v th ba l FPT vi 440.000
thu bao. Nm 2010, s thu bao ca VNPT tng nh thm 800.000 thu bao, FPT
vi 500.000 thu bao v Viettel hu nh khng tng trng so vi 2009. Cn sang
n nm 2011 t l tng ca cc nh khai thc ny cng c nh gi l tng nh
nh VNPT tng 500.000 thu bao cho ln con s 2.6 triu thu bao.
Nh vy, tuy cho ti nay cc nh cung cp cc dch v thu bao bng rng
trong c dch v thu bao s vn tip tc tng trng cc dch v ny cho khch
hng . Tuy nhin, cng vi thi gian khi cp quang ang c nhng bc tin mi
cc nh cung cp dch v DSL ny vn phi tnh n phng n trin khai nhng


cng ngh nng cp ca ADSL p ng c cht lng dch v cng nh
nhau cu ca ngi s dng.
4.5 Cu trc mng dch v xDSL ca Tng cng ty Bu Chnh Vin Thng
Vit Nam
Cu trc mng cung cp dch v xDSL c thit k thuc lp truy nhp dch
v trong cu trc mng vin thng ca VNPT, c chc nng cung cp cc dch v
c th ca cng ngh xDSL. Tp chung lu lng dch v xDSl ca khch hng
truyn ln lp trn ca mng. Cu trc tng th mng cung cp dch v xDSL
ca VNPT gm c cc thit b nh hnh 4.6.
Thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng (BRAS): y chnh l thit b tp chung
kt ni v chung tm mng theo hng gim thiu kt ni. BRAS thc hin cc
chc nng kt ni t cc thit b tp chung lu lng DSLAM-HUB ri tp hp
chng li thnh mt hoc mt vi kt ni truyn i qua mng ng trc.
Thit b tp chung lu lng DSLAM-HUB: y l thit b thc hin chc
nng tp chung lu lng truy nhp t cc thit b ghp knh DSLAM truyn
ti ln BRAS v ngc li. Ngoi ra, DSLAM-HUB cn c chc nng ghp knh
truy nhp ging nh chc nng ca DSLAM. Do , ngoi chc nng chnh l tp
chung lu lng DSLAM-HUB cn c kh nng cung cp cc kt ni dch v ti
khch hng.



Hnh 4.6: Cu trc mng cung cp dch v xDSL ca VNPT
Thit b ghp knh truy nhp DSLAM: L thit b ghp knh c chc nng
trc tip cung cp cc cng kt ni dch v ti khch hng. DSLAM l thit b tp
chung lu lng t cc thu bao ring l truyn ti cc thit b bn trong mng
xDSL (DSLAM-HUB, BRAS).
Thit b u cui khch hng CPE: Bao gm cc thit b thc hin chc nng
chuyn i d liu ngi s dng thnh tn hiu xDSL v ngc li. cc thit b
u cui khch hng bao gm cc modem xDSL, xDSL Router.
Hin ti, mng cung cp cc dch v xDSL ca VNPT ti cc Tnh, Thnh
thng gm cc thit b DSLAM c u ni ln mt hoc mt vi thit b
DSLAM-HUB, cn cc Tnh, Thnh dng chung BRAS.
BRAS

Router
xDSL

xDSL
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
HUB- DSLAM
DSLAM
IAM-E1
xDSL
Core NGN
STM-1

xDSL xDSL
Thit b
u cui
Thit b
u cui
HUB- DSLAM
DSLAM


4.6 Cc dch v cung cp xDSL hin ti
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ra i c nhng bc pht trin vi tnh
nng tn dng bng thng ca cp ng truyn cc loi hnh dch v nh thoi,
Internet v c truyn hnh. Tuy cng ngh ny mi ra i v c trin khai mt
thi gian ngn nhng vi li th ca mnh nh tn dng c c s h tng sn c
l mng cp ng vi chi ph lp t r hn nhiu so vi mng cp quang cho nn
bc u cng ngh ny thu c nhiu thnh cng ln. Mng xDSL khi trin
khai c s hng ng ln t pha khch hng do s tin li nhanh chng m
cng ngh ny em li. Trong , cc dch v m khch hng c nhu cu s dng
hn hn chnh l dch v Internet v dch v pht thanh truyn hnh.
Dch v Internet chc hn khng xa l vi mi chng ta, chnh l nhu cu
trao i thng tin chnh ng, thit thc v ht sc quan trng trong thi i ngy
nay. y cng chnh l dch v c s dng nhiu nht ca Vit Nam ni chung
v ca cng ngh ADSL ni ring trong thi k ton cu ha trong trao i thng
tin nh hin nay. Qua cng ngh xDSL, c l hn l cng ngh ADSL vi tc
cung cp cho dch v ny ti khch hng chnh l Internet tc cao ln n
8Mbps dnh cho ng xung v 16 n 640Kbps dnh cho hng ln. cng ngh
ny khin khch hng hi lng hn hn so vi kiu truy nhp Internet quay s nh
trc kia. Vi kiu truy nhp quay s tc b hn ch i nhiu l khi khch
hng vo nhiu trang web cng mt lc, hn th na gi thnh s dng khng h
r so vi ADSL. Hin nay, c nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet nh cng ty c
phn H Ni (H Ni telecom), viettel, cng ty c phn dch v Internet (OCI),
cng ty u t cng ngh (FPT), tng cng ty bu chnh VNPT. Trong , ch 3
nh cung cp dch v Internet c trin khai cung cp Internet xDSL tiu biu
nh VNPT, FPT v viettel. Tc cam kt cung cp cho khch hng l 2Mbps
(thp hn nhiu 8Mbps m cng ngh ADSL c th cung cp).
Dch v th hai m cng ngh ADSL cung cp l dch v truyn hnh v pht
thanh qua mng. Dch v truyn hnh vn c bit n vi kh nng chim hnh
bng thng ln v yu cu tc truyn file rt cao. Vi tc m ADSL hin c
ln n 8Mbps v bng tn s dng la 0MHz n 2.1MHz th ADSL c th m


nhn tt vai tr tn hiu truyn hnh i hi tc t 3Mbps n 4Mbps cho khch
hng. Dch v ADSL khi s dng th hp dn bi tnh tin ch, a dng m ADSL
mang li.vic pht thanh qua mng ti Vit Nam cng ang c tin hnh bi cc
cng ty u t v pht trin CNTH VN. Cc knh truyn hnh, knh pht thanh
qung b c cng ty cung cp qua mng IP in hnh nh truyn hnh qung b
l VTV3, VTV4 i truyn hnh Vit Nam, HTV7 (truyn hnh tp.HCM, HTV
(truyn hnh H Ni), cc knh VOV1, VOV3 ca i ting ni Vit Nam. Do
hin trang mng Internet ti khch hng ti Vit Nam cn thp nn gii php m
ha tn hi tc thp ca VTC ch vi 350Kbps nhn phc v ng o ngi s
dng, tc ny c th cha tha mn c ngi s dng, h mong nhu cu s
dng l rt cao.
Ngoi ra, cn c m s tnh nng nh hi ngh truyn hnh, thoi qua mng,
dch v truyn file, game qua mng, lm vic ti nh.
4.7 nh gi nhu cu s dng ADSL2+
Hin nay, nhu cu s dng thng tin ca khch hng ngy cng tng cao, cc
dch v bng rng nh Internet tc cao , truyn hnh theo yu cu i hi mt
tc ln. mng truy nhp cp ng s dng cng ngh ADSL i vo trin
khai v ngy cng p ng c cc loi hnh dch v cho khch hng. Tuy nhin
cc dch v ny ch phn no p ng c cc dch v di 8 Mbps, cng ngh
ny vn cn phi nng cp ngy cng hon thin p ng tt cc dch v truyn
hnh tc cao. Vi cng ngh k tha v pht huy trn nn ca cng ngh ADSL
hin ti, ADSL2+ha hn s em li y cc loi hnh dch v c nt cao
HDTV cho khch hng ln n tc 25 Mbps. Tc ny khng nhng b xung
thm cho cc dch v trc kia ADSL khng th p ng c m n cn khng
nh mng cp ng trc thi k mng cp quang cng ang pht trin. T khi
ADSL2+ c nghin cu v v ra i khin cho phn ng khch hng vng tin
hn v cc dch v m cp ng c kh nng cung cp, nhng dch v ny mt
chng mc no chc hn s em li s hi lng cho h. Chnh v vy m nhu
cu s dung ca khch hng ngy cng tng cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, TP.
H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Cn th v cc Tnh, Thnh khc.


4.8 Kh nng tng thch ca ADSL vi mng vin thng Vit Nam
Mng vin thng ngay t khi ra i cho n nay tri qua nhiu bc pht
trin. Vi cng ngh mi, n c nhiu kh nng p ng c nhu cu dch v
ngy cng tng ca khch hng. Cc cng ngh ra i trc ang hot ng lun
l nn tng cho cc cng ngh mi k tha v pht huy cho ra cc tnh nng
hot ng tt hn. Tnh k tha v pht huy lun l iu kin tn ti song hnh v
khng th thiu c trong mi cng ngh hin ti, qu kh v tng lai ca mng
vin thng. C rt nhiu cng ngh hin ti ang c vn hnh khai thc bc l
r cc phm cht in hnh nh mng di ng, mng khng dy bng rng.
Cng ngh ADSL2+cng khng ngoi nguyn l , vi vic nng cp
hon thin hn v cng ngh ADSL th cng ngh ADSL2+ mang y c tnh
vn c ca mng ADSL hin ti, tc l tnh thch nghi ca mng ADSL2+vi
mng ADSL.
4.9 ng dng ca ADSL2+
4.9.1 Trin khai cc dch v yu cu tc cao
S dng h tng mng cp ng hin ti, trin khai trn nn tng l mng
cung cp dch v xDSL c, ADSL2/ADSL2+l gii php t tn km nht
cung cp tt c cc ng dng i hi tc cao n mt th trng rng ln. Cng
ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+cho php trin khai hiu qu hng trm ng dng trong
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau i hi tc cao m cng ngh DSL hin ti khng p
ng c cng nh m bo h tr cc dch v hin ti vi cht lng tt hn.
Sau y l nhng ng dng tc cao tiu biu ca ADSL2/ADSL2+ nh: gio
dc v o to t xa, truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD), truyn s liu, truy nhp
Internet, tr chi trc tuyn, nghe nhc, hi ngh truyn hnh
4.9.2 Truy nhp Internet tc cao
y l ng dng chnh v c s dng rng ri nht ca xSDL ni chung v
ca ADSL ni ring. Vi h tr tc bt i xng hng ln (upload) t n
640Kbps v tc hng xung t ti 24Mbps, ADSL2/ADSL2+l cng ngh


l tng truy nhp Internet, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v
(download) bao gi cng rt ln hn nhiu so vi ti i (upload).
Bng 4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao Internet ti Vit Nam
n v
Tng s thu
bao quy i
thng
11/2004
Tng so vi
thng trc
(%)
Th phn
(%)
Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni
(HANOITELECOM)
3607 0.55 0.19
Cng ty vin thng qun
i(VIETEL)
179469 27.06 9.46
Cng ty c phn dch v Internet
(OCI)
25455 6.91 1.34
Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT Si
Gn (SPT)
109032 1.38 5.75
Cng ty NETNAM-Vin CNTT
(NETNAM)
113418 0.44 5.98
Cng ty pht trin u t cng ngh
(FPT)
518233 20.30 27.34
Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vinthng
(VNPT)
946261 8.14 49.92
Tng s 1895475 64.51 100

Th trng Internet Vit Nam c rt nhiu nh cung cp dch v internet ISP
nh: Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni (HANOITELECOM), Cng ty c phn
dch v pht trin u t cng ngh (FPT), Cng ty vin thng qun i
(VIETTEL), Cng ty c phn dch v Interrnet (OCI), Cng ty c phn dch v
BC-VT Si Gn (SPT), Cng ty NETNAM-Vin CNTT (NETNAM) v Tng
cng ty Bu chnh-Vin thng (VNPT). Trong , VNTP v FPT l hai nh cung
cp dch v ln nht, VNPT c khong 946.261 thu bao chim 50% th phn,
FPT c khong 518.233 thu bao chim 27% th phn tip theo l VIETTEL,
NETNAM, SPTCc nh cung cp cc dch v Internet trin khai vic s
dng cng ngh xDSL cho mc ch cung cp dch v ca mnh v t c
nhng kt qu kh quan v cht lng, tc cung cp cng nh tng trng v
thu bao s dng dch v xDSL.


Tuy nhin, theo s liu thng k trong tng s 1.895.475 thu bao Internet
ca Vit Nam xem (Bng 4.1) ch mi c gn 40.000 thu bao s dng dch v
xDSL chim cha n 3% cho thy dch v xDSL vn cn trong giai on ban
u v cn c nhiu tim nng pht trin.
4.9.3 Truyn hnh theo yu cu
VOD l cng ngh s dng phng php nn, s ho tn hiu m thanh, hnh
nh truyn i qua mng. Phng php ny i hi tc truyn cao tu theo
chun p dng (MPEG, MPEG2, JPEG, H261, H263). Cc nh cung cp dch
v truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD) c th cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu
cu (gi tt l knh truyn hnh) vi cc cht lng khc nhau tu theo bng thng
s dng cho knh truyn hnh ny.
Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDTV) thng yu cu tc truyn l 3-
4Mbps. Vi cc knh truyn hnh trung thc cao (HDTV) thng yu cu tc
truyn l 15-18Mbps (theo chun ca MPEG2). Nh vy vi dch v ADSL tc
ti a 8Mbps downlink chng ta ch c th cung cp ti a 2 knh SDTV v
khng th cung cp dch v HDTV. Khi trin khai cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+
chng ta c th cung cp c 3 knh SDTV cho mt ng ADSL2 v 8 knh
SDTV hoc mt knh HDTV vi mt ng ADSL2+. Nu s dng chun nn
cao hn th chng ta c kh nng cung cp nhiu ng HDTV hn na v d vi
MPEG4 hoc ITU-TH264 chng ta c th s dng ng ADSL2+ cung cp 2-
3 ng HDTV trong khi ADSL cng kh c th cung cp dch v HDTV vi
chun ny v tc yu cu cho mi knh HDTV-MPEG4 l 6-9Mbps. Kh nng
cung cp dch v cn tng ln rt nhiu khi chng ta s dng tnh u nng u vit
ca ADSL2/ADSL2+so vi ADSL l ghp cc i dy thoi ca ADSL2+ t
tc s liu cao hn.


Hnh 4.7: Truyn hnh theo yu cu
Vi kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh cht lng cao
ADSL2/ADSL2+m ra mt kh nng mi thu ht c khch hng ang c nhu
cu v em li nhng li nhun kinh t ln cho cc nh cung cp dch v. Chng
ta c th nh gi hiu qu u t ADSL2+ thng qua m hnh sau: mt nh cung
cp dch v ADSL trin khai cng ngh mi ADSL2+ phc v cho khch hng
c nhu cu s dng dch v VOD theo gi thit c cc loi khch hng c cc nhu
cu mt knh HDTV, loi khch hng c nhu cu s dng hai knh HDTV, loi
khch hng c nhu cu s dng ba knh HDTV. M hnh gi thit l cc khch
hng thuc phm vi bn knh 3km, chiu di cp ti thu bao trung bnh 1,5km.
Nh cung cp dch v cung cp cc dch v vi tc nh sau truy cp Internet
tc cao tc ti a 1Mbps truyn hnh SDTV tc 3.5Mbps, HDTV tc
15Mbps gi cung cp dch v nh sau:
Bng 4.2 Bng gi dch v trong m hnh cung cp dch v
Dch v Gi tin (USD)
Data+1 knh TV 79
Data+2 knh TV 89
Data+3 knh TV 99
Kt qu thu c nh sau, tng hp nhu cu dch v vi 1000 thu bao s
dng ADSL c 597 thu bao s dng dch v 1 knh TV, 421 thu bao c nhu cu
s dng 2 knh dch v TV, cha xut hin nhu cu cung cp dch v 3 knh TV


v nh cung cp khng th cung cp c kh nng ny vi cht lng m bo
trn mt ng ADSL. Trong , c 87 khch hng s dng dch v 1 knh TV,
210 khch hng s dng dch v 2 knh TV.
Khi trin khai dch v ADSL2+xut hin nhu cu s dng dch v 3 knh
TV (v lc ny kh nng cung cp c p ng) l 274 thu bao trn tng s
1000 thu bao.
Vi vic trin khai kh nng s dng nhiu i dy thoi cung cp dch v
ADLS2+th nhu cu s dng dch v tng ln rt ln 788 trong tng s 1000 thu
bao c nhu cu s dng dch v 1 knh TV, 579 thu bao c nhu cu s dng dch
v 2 knh TV, 500 thu bao c nhu cu s dng dch v 3 knh TV, s khch hng
thc t l 31 khch hng cho dch v 1 knh TV, 79 khch hng cho dch v 2
knh TV, 79 khch hng cho dch v 3 knh TV.
Qua m hnh phn tch trn cho thy vic trin khai cng ngh
ADSL2/ADSL2+c kh nng h tr tc truyn cao hn to iu kin cho
nhiu dch v mi ra i, h tr cc nh cung cp dch v nhiu loi hnh dch v
a dng trn mng, lm kch thch nhu cu ngi s dng hng ti cc dch v
mi cng nh m bo c cung cp dch v c ti khch hng vi cht lng
tt hn.
Bng 4.3 Bng tng hp kt qu m hnh dch v
Nhu cu dch v ADSL ADSL2+ ADSL2+ ghp
Si
Tng ADSL2 v
ADSL2+ ghp
Data+1 knh TV 579 579 788
Data+2 knh TV 421 421 579
Data+3 knh TV 0 274 500
Khch hng s
dng

Data+1 knh TV 87 87 31 118
Data+2 knh TV 210 210 79 289
Data+3 knh TV 0 96 79 175
Tng cng 279 393 190 582
4.9.4 Truyn s liu
Vi cc t chc, n v c nhu cu truyn s liu ln thng thng phi thu
cc ng truyn ring. Phng n ny i hi chi ph cao y l vn khng


phi t chc n v no cng c kh nng v mun s dng. Vi dch v
ADSL2/ADSL2+t chc, n v ny c th gim bt c chi ph ng k m tc
vn c bo.
4.9.5 Hi ngh truyn hnh
Hi ngh truyn hnh (HNTH) cho php nhiu ngi hoc nhm ngi cc
a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i trc tip nh ang trong cng mt
phng hp. Nhng li ch m HNTH mang li l: Tng hiu qu cng vic, vi
HNTH chng ta c th trc tip ni chuyn, bn bc cng vic ti bt c u,
bt c lc no mc d thc t ng cch xa nhau hng nghn km. y l mt gii
php hiu qu trong cng tc v kinh doanh.

Hnh 4.8: Hi ngh truyn hnh
Tit kim thi gian v chi ph do gim thiu vic i li cng nh cng tc t
chc hi hp. Vi cc c nhn th khng thy hiu qu nhng vi mt t chc c
thnh vin nm trong a rng th chng ta c th thy c rt r hiu qu v mt
thi gian, chi ph khi t chc khi t chc mt cuc hp thng thng c cc
thnh vin v ang khp ni vi t chc mt cuc hp thng qua HNTH.


4.9.6 Truyn hnh v pht thanh
Hnh 4.9: Truyn hnh v pht thanh
Cc tn hiu truyn hnh v ting t cc i pht thanh v truyn hnh c th
c truyn trc tip trn mng ADSL2/ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn hiu
video v audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng
c th va lt trn Internet va nghe nhc cht lng cao trn mng.
4.9.7 Hc tp t xa
Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ cho php cc trng hc kh nng truy cp
nhanh v tit kim. Internet l kho v tn v ngun thng tin v tri thc ca loi
ngi. Kt hp cc yu t ny nu c trang thit b hi ngh truyn hnh, mt
gio vin gii c th ging dy trc tuyn cho nhiu lp hc cc a im khc
nhau, c bit l cc lp hc vng su, vng xa ni thiu nhiu gio vin gii.
y l gii php rt hiu qu v mt chi ph cng nh con ngi.


Hnh 4.10: Hc t xa
4.9.8 Chi Game tng tc trn mng
Hin nay phong tro gii tr trn mng rt pht trin, nhng tr chi trc
tuyn vi s lng ln ngi tham gia i hi mng phi c kh nng cung cp
tc cao, bng thng ln nu nh khng mun hin tng nghn mng xy ra.
Chi game trn nn ADSL2/ADSL2+cho php nhiu ngi cng chi mt lc m
trnh c cc tnh hung xu do nghn mng.
4.9.9 Cha bnh t xa
y l mt ng dng m thng tin lu tr trong c s ca my ch c
th b kch hot thng qua trnh duyt trang web. ng dng trn m hnh
khch/ch (clinet/sevrver) ny cho php cc thng tin, cc chun on, danh
mc thuc trong toa thuc v cc s liu hnh nh (nh chp X quang) ca
bnh nhn c th c ly ra v quan st


Hnh 4.11: Khm cha bnh t xa
T , bc s s c cch iu tr tt hn cho bnh nhn. Bc s cng c th
thu c nhng s liu mi nht mt cch nhanh chng t cc bnh vin hoc
trung tm chm sc sc kho. Khi bc s iu tr trc tip ca bnh nhn hi
kin cc chuyn gia y t xa, cc hnh nh y khoa ca bnh nhn c th c
truyn ti cc chuyn gia ny s gp v t vn t chnh xc cao. Hoc
trong cc trng hp khn cp, bnh vin c th truy xut lch s bnh n ca
bnh nhn .
4.9.10 Lm vic ti nh
Dch v ny cho php nhn vin ngi ti nh lm vic bnh thng m khng
cn phi n vn phng, cng s. Khi ngi ti nh, ngi nhn vin s l ngi s
dng mng LAN o v c th truy cp n my ch ng dng v chia s file vi
cc ng nghip. H c th vo my ch fax trung tm ly v cc bn fax gi
cho h. Hoc trong khi c, gi email, h vn bng thng nhn v nhng tin
nhn li ni t cc voice mail server d dng.
4.9.11 Mua hng qua mng
ng dng ny bao gm hng lot cc sn phm c th bn trc tuyn. Cc
ng dng ny c th bao gm: Ca hng m nhc bn c th thng thc cc
chng trnh audio, cc video clip cht lng cao t cc a CD mi nht trc
khi quyt nh mua chng. cng c th l mt ca hng thi trang bn qun o
trc tuyn trn mng Internet. ng dng s dng cc clip thc t o xoay mu
vt 360. Khch hng c th nhn qun o pha trc, pha sau hoc bn hng.


Tnh tng tc gip khch hng hnh dung hnh dng trc khi mc th, lm h
hi lng v tt nhin tng doanh thu cho ngi bn. Ca hng phi video m
bn c th xem th cc video clip cht lng cao t bng ghi hnh, VDV v a
laser. My ch cha phim nh s qun l v xut phim theo yu cu ca khch
hng.
Trn y ch ra mt vi ng dng ca cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+. Cn
nhiu ng dng khc s dng cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ nh trn th trng ti
chnh, bt ng sn v ng dng chn la a dch v khc. Nh chng ta s thy,
s ra tng v bng thng c th lm ny sinh nhiu tng v ng dng mi.
Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+vi bng thng ln cho php thc hin v s dng
c cc cng ngh trn. Tim nng xut hin cc cng ngh mi l rt ln v
nhiu ng dng khc na vn cn cha c ngh n.
4.10 Kt lun
Tm li, chng ny trnh by v tnh hnh trin khai ca cng ngh ng
dy thu bao s DSL trn th gii cng nh ti Vit Nam v mt s nh cung cp
hin ti ang cung cp cc thit b phc v tt cho cng ngh ADSL2+. Bn cnh
, cng ngh ADSL2+cn cho thy kh nng tng thch vi mng ADSL hin
ti v d dng trin khai p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca hin ti.



KT LUN

Cng ngh ADSL2+phi tri qua mt qu trnh nng cp tng bc thch
ng vi tnh hnh phc tp ca mng ngoi vi hay mng truy nhp thu bao. Trong
, mng truy nhp cp ng s dng cng ngh tn dng tt bng tn trn thoi
truyn tc cao tin ln n cng ngh ADSL2+phi tri qua tng bc c
trnh by thng qua 4 chng nh sau:
Chng 1 trnh by khi qut v mng truy nhp hin ang cung cp cho
khch hng nh mng di ng, mng cp quang, mng v tuyn bng rng khng
dy WLAN, WMAX. Thm vo , mng cp ng c ci tin t tc bng
thng thp ln n c th truyn c tc cao thng qua cng ngh truy nhp
ng dy thu bao s. Cng ngh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s c nhiu
phin bn khc nhau, in hnh nh HDSL, ADSL, CDSL, RADSL, VDSL,
SHDSL. Cc phin bn ny mang li s a dng phong ph cho s la chn ca
khch hng trong qu trnh tham gia s dng dch v. Xut pht t thi quen s
dng dch v, khch hng mong mun ch gi mt yu cu ngn gn n tng i
m thng tin nhn c l rt nhiu nn ng xung ca ADSL lun ln hn rt
nhiu so vi ng ln.
Chng 2 i su vo phn tch v k thut s dng trong cng ngh ADSL,
chng t rng cp ng c th truyn c tc ln n hng Mbps, khc xa
so vi trc kia th cp ng ch truyn c tc vi trm Kbps. Bn cnh ,
cc m hnh v mng, m hnh tham chiu ca nh mng cng nh pha khch
hng v qu trnh to khung ca cng ngh ADSL khi qut ln tng quan v
cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin, khi i vo ng dng th tc truyn cng ch cung
cp cho khch hng b gim nhiu do ng dy khng tng thch cho nn nhiu
dch v yu cu tc ln hn nhiu th ADSL khng th cung cp c. Lc ny
ADSL c nng cp ln thnh cc phin bn tip theo nh l cng ngh
ADSL2/ADSL2+ ci thin ng k v tc cho ADSL.


Chng 3: Trnh by v cc cng ngh ADSL th h sau chnh l
ADSL2/ADSL2+. Ngoi nhng c tnh vn c ca ADSL ra i
ADSL2/ADSL2+, cn thm mt s tnh nng mi tng tc dng xung cho
khch hng. Cng ngh ADSL2 c thm c tnh mi nh gim tiu khung,
tng tc dng xung ln n 12Mbps, c kh nng ghp cc i dy pha pht
tng tc ln cao na v ci thin ng k v mt cng sut pht. Cn cng
ngh ADSL2+l th h nng cp mi nht ca ADSL2, cng ngh ny cho php
tc truyn ln n 25Mbps v tc ny cn c ci thin khi ghp cc i
dy li vi nhau thch ng vi cc loi dy dn cp ng nhiu thnh phn,
nhiu loi lun p ng tt dch v cho khch hng.
Chng 4 trnh by v cc ng dng ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
ni chung trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam v ni n kh nng tng thch ca
cng ngh ADSL2+vi mng hin ti. Cc ng dng cng c trnh by ni ln
nhu cu thit thc ca khch hng vi cc loi hnh bng rng, tc cao.
Tm li, cng ngh ADSL vi k thut ni tri ca mnh hon ton truyn
c cc tn hiu bng thng rng, tc cao di 8Mbps, ty vo khong cch
mch vng thu bao gia tng i v khch hng. Tuy nhin, khi m nhu cu ca
con ngi ngy cng gia tng, cc loi hnh bng rng tc cao i hi tc
truyn dn t 8Mbps n 15Mbps (nh 1 knh HDTV cn tc 15Mbps) th
ADSL khng th p ng c. Do , cng ngh ADSL cn c nng cp ln
ci thin tc hin c. Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+chnh l 2 phin bn mi
nht ra i hh tr tc cao hn nhiu so vi ADSL nhm p ng tt c cc
nhu cu v cc dch v i hi tc cao hn ADSL. Cng ngh ADSL2 l phin
bn th 2 ca ADSL, da theo chun G.902.4, cng ngh ny cng mang cc c
tnh sn c ca ADSL v cn thm cc c tnh mi nh ci thin v cng sut khi
khng c ti, tng chiu di ca mch vng thu bao ln 600feet (180m) v c th
ghp nhiu i dy pha pht li truyn tc cao hn trong iu kin ng
dy khng ng b dn n cht lng b suy gim. Cn cng ngh ADSL2+
cng mang cc c tnh ging nh ADSL/ADSL2 nhng cng ci thin thm so
vi 2 cng ngh trc nh bng tn 0MHz n 2.2MHz, gp i bng tn ca
ADSL/ADSL2 l t 0MHz n 1.1MHz, ghp t tc cao hn(tc ghp


c th h tr 44Mbps). cng ngh ADSL2+h tr tc ng xung l 25Mbps
v ng ln l 1.2Mbps
Trong tng lai, khi nhu cu dch v cht lng cao yu cu tc v
bng thng cao hn ADSL2+ hin c th nh cung cp s li tm hng nng
cp ADSL2+ln na. chnh l cng ngh ADSL2++hot ng di tn
0MHz n 3.7MHz, t tc ng xung l 46Mbps v tc ng ln l
1.2Mbps.



LI CM N

Li u tin cho em xin gi ti qu Thy C trong trng i hc Giao
Thng Vn Ti ni chung v qu Thy C trong B Mn in in t ni ring
dy bo em tn tnh trong sut 5 nm hc i hc ca mnh. Em cng gi li
cm n ti Thy V Trng Sn hng dn em tn tnh trong sut thi gian
lm ti ca mnh.
Xin gi ti li cm n chn thnh ti nhng ngi bn trong tp th lp K
Thut Vin Thng 51 gn b, gip nhau trong sut thi gian hc v trong
qung thi gian lm ti.
Cui cng, xin gi ti li cm n chn thnh ti gia nh, bn b gip ,
ng vin to iu kin em c hc tp trong trong sut thi gian qua. Mt
ln na xin chn thnh cm n!



TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu tham kho ting Vit:
1. Nghin cu cng ngh ADSL2+v kh nng ng dng ti Vit Nam, 2005.
2. V c Th, bo hiu v truyn dn s ca mch vng thu bao, 1997.
3. Tm hiu cng ngh ng dy thu bao s, Tng cng ty Bu Chnh Vin
Thng Vit Nam, 2011.
Ti liu tham kho trc tuyn:
4. www.ADSLForum.com
5. www.xDSL.com



NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN



NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT

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