The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ

translator: etony C.F.AN <etony@tom.com>

Debian FAQ Authors

version 5.0.2, 2 June 2013

Debian GNU/Linux .


Copyright 1996-2003 by Software in the Public Interest
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
(Free Software Foundation), .

Contents
1

1.1

Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

OK, Debian . . . Linux?! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

Hurd? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

Debian GNU/Linux Linux ? Debian GNU/Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5

Debian GNU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Debian GNU/Linux

2.1

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4

, Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2

linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3

Debian Unix ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4

RedHat/Slackware/. . . Debian (.deb)? Debian RedHat

rpm ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.5

Debian a.out ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6

IDebian libc5 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.7

Debian libc5 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.8

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.9

foo libX11.so.6? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 libtermcap ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.11 AccelX? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.12 XFree2.1Motif ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Debian

4.1

Debian GNU/Linux ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3

Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CONTENTS

ii

4.4

Debian GNU/Linux ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5

ld: cannot find -lfoo ?Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.6

Debian Java ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.7

Debian , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.8

()? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.9

US ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.10 pine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5

Debian FTP

13

5.1

Debian FTP ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.2

dists ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.3

slink, potato, , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3.1

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.3.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.4

sid ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.5

stable ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.6

testing ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.6.1

frozen ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.7

unstable ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.8

dists/stable/main? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.9

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.10 pool ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.11 incoming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6

Debian

17

6.1

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.2

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.3

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.4

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.5

Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.6

Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, postrm ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.7

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.8

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.10 Pre-Depends ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.11 ( unknown, install, remove purge hold)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.12 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.13 source ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.14 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.15 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CONTENTS
7

Debian
7.1

iii
23

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.1

dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.1.2

dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.1.3

dpkg-deb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.1.4

apt-get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.1.5

dpkg-split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.2

Debian , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.3

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.4

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

27

8.1

libc5 Debian1.3.1() libc6 2.0()? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8.2

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.2.1

APT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

8.2.2

dpkg-ftp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.2.3

mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.2.4

dpkg-mountable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.3

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.4

.deb ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8.5

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Debian

31

9.1

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

9.2

Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

9.3

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

9.4

Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

9.5

, , ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

10 Debian GNU/Linux

33

10.1 (paper size)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.3 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.4 X11 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.5 linux , Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.6 Debian rc.local ; ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.7 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.9 Debian Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10.10Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CONTENTS

iv

11 Debian GNU/Linux

37

11.1 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.2 Debian Debian email. . . . . . . . . . 37
11.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.3 Debian GNU/Linux ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.4 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.5 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12 Debian

41

12.1 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.2 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.3 Debian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.3.1 SPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.3.2 (FSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
13 Debian GNU/Linux

43

13.1 Debian CD ?? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.2 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.3 Debian GNU/Linux Linux ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.4 Debian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
14 Debian

45

14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
15 FAQ

47

15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
15.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
15.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter 1

1.1

Debian GNU/Linux?

Debian GNU/Linux linux .

, Linux , . , .
. , . , .
, , , , .
Debian GNU/Linux , Unix . UNIX
GNU , Debian GNU/Linux GNU .
Debian GNU Debian (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#
guidelines). Free , . , ,
, , .
Debian Ian Murdock 1993 , GNU . , Debian
GNU .
Debian GNU/Linux :
: Debian 37400 . Debian . Debian
(http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist).
: . Debian GNU/Linux GNU .
Debian FTP 187 ( non-free contrib ).
: 990 Debian , FTP
.
Debian GNU/Linux Linux Debian GNU/Linux
Linux ? on page 43 .

1.2

OK, Debian . . . Linux

?!

, Linux UNIX . 386()PC ,

. Linux Linus Torvalds .
, Linux :
Liunx http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.
Unix , GNU .
Linux , , GNU FSF , POSIX(IEEE 1003.1) . Debian
Unix ? on page 5.
Linux Michael K. Johnson Linux Information Sheet (ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/
docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET) Meta-FAQ (ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ).

Chapter 1.

1.3

Hurd?

Hurd GNU Mach , GNU.

Debian GNU/Linux, Debian GNU/Hurd , ,
.
GNU/Hurd http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/ , Debian GNU/Hurd http://www.debian.
org/ports/hurd/.

1.4

Debian GNU/Linux Linux ? Debian

GNU/Linux?

:
The Debian package maintenance system: , , ,
. Linux; Debian . (
Debian on page 17)
Open development: Linux , , , Debian
Linux .
990 37400 , Debian GNU/Linux. Debian
, , .
Debian ? on page 41.
The Bug Tracking System: ,
. WWW e-mail . ? on page 38.
The Debian Policy: Debian Debian . .
Debian (http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian).

1.5

Debian GNU

Debian (http://www.gnu.org/) Richard Stallman (http://www.stallman.org/)

. FSF , Debian .
Debian FSF , , . FSF
Debian GNU/Linux, .
FSF Hurd (http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/) GNU . Debian
FSF , Debian GNU/Hurd (http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/).

1.6

Debian ?

Debian Deb-ee-en, , Debian Ian Murdock Debra .(

Ian (!), Ian ee-en.)

Chapter 2

Debian GNU/Linux
2.1

Debian ?

Debian GNU/Linux :
release 7.0, . stable , .
testing stable ; unetable , stable , unstable .
unstable , . Debian Ftp unstable , ,
- unstable !
dists ? on page 13 .

2.2

Debian ?

Debian (http://www.debian.org/mirror/list).
dists/stable/main disks-arch(arch i386, sparc, ,
). . current ().
README.txt .

2.3

Debian?

Linux ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) , (http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/) Debian

GNU/Linux.
: Debian , dselect . mountable apt ( dpkgmountable on page 28 APT on page 27).

2.4

, Debian ?

. CD , CD (http://cdimage.debian.org/).

2.5

, : Debian GNU/Linux , 1.44 MB ,

.
Debian , DOS , ext2 minix , mount .
:

Chapter 2. Debian GNU/Linux

MS-DOS : MSDOS , , MS-DOS 8.3

, VFAT .
: 1.4MB, , dpkgsplit (dpkg-split on
page 25), Debian (http://www.debian.org/mirror/list) tools .
, .
/floppy (), :

mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/

A, MS-DOS ,

mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/

B, MS-DOS ,

mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/

A, ext2 (, Linux) .

2.6

, Debian FTP .
CD , CD, , , http://www.debian.org/
CD/netinst/.
, , Debian. http://www.debian.
org/distrib/floppyinst.

Chapter 3

3.1

Debian GNU/Linux , Linux; Linux FAQ

(http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER).
Debian GNU/Linux 7.0, :
i386: Intel PC ,Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (Klamath Celeron),
Pentium III, AMD, Cyrix .
m68k: Motorola 680x0 Amiga ATARI.
alpha: Compaq/Digital Alpha .
sparc: Sun SPARC UltraSPARC .
powerpc: IBM/Motorola PowerPC, CHRP, PowerMac PReP.
arm: ARM StrongARM.
mips: SGI big-endian MIPS , Indy Indigo2; mipsel: little-endian MIPS, Digital DECstations.
hppa: Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC(712, C3000, L2000, A500).
ia64: Intel IA-64 (Itanium) .
s390: IBM S/390 .
Sparc64(UltraSPARC native) Debian .
http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.

3.2

linux
?

Debian Linux , .
.
Debian GNU/Linux Linux )Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) (http://www.pathname.com/
fhs/). , .

3.3

Debian Unix ?

Linux Unix . System V Unix BSD

. , UNIX . , .
POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990), UNIX .
Linux POSIX.1 , POSIX , POSIX.1 . Linux POSIX
. Debian , ( POSIX ,
).
Unifix (Braunschweig, ) FIPS 151-2 Linux . Unifix
Unifix Linux 2.0 Lasermoon Linux-FT.

Chapter 3.

3.4

RedHat/Slackware/. . . Debian (.deb

)
?
Debian RedHat rpm ?

.
: Debian Linux , ,
RedHat Slackware Debian GNU/Linux . Linux . Alien
(http://packages.debian.org/alien) .
: , , . Debian
, . Debian , ,
Debian , .
: Linux /usr/local/ , foreign
,,,.

3.5

Debian a.out ?

? :-)
a.out (, QMAGIC ZMAGIC),
, (CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=y), (CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=m). (Debian binfmt_aout )
, binfmt_aout . /etc/modules ,
binfmt_aout . insmod DIRNAME/binfmt_aout.o . DIRNAME
, 2.2.17 DIRNAME /lib/modules/2.2.17/fs/.
2.0 libc4 2.0 ). Debian Debian 1.3.1
ftp://archive.debian.org/debian-archive/
a.out, xcompat .().
a.out , ELF .

3.6

IDebian libc5 ?

, oldlibs () libc5 .

3.7

Debian libc5 ?

. oldlibs libc5-altdev altgcc . /usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin

gcc g++, $PATH , make .
(X clients), xlib6 xlib6-altdev .
libc5 .

3.8

Debian ?

/usr/local/ Debian . /usr/local/src/

. foo.tar /usr/local/src/foo ,
/usr/local/bin/, /usr/local/lib/, /usr/local/etc/.
, , /usr/local/
.

Chapter 3.

ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo

, Debian , Debian ,
Debian (Debian ? on page 37).

3.9

foo libX11.so.6?

X11 libc5, oldlibs xlib6 This error message could

mean that the program is linked against the libc5 version of the X11 libraries. In this case you need to install the xlib6
package, from the oldlibs section.
libXpm.so.4 , xpm4.7 libc5 XPM .

3.10 libtermcap ?
Debian terminfo ncurses termcap termcap .
libncurses libtermcap, .
termcap , Debian termcap-compat ,
libtermcap.so.2 /etc/termcap, libtermcap.so.2
/etc/termcap .

3.11 AccelX?
AccelX termcap , libtermcap ? on this page.

3.12 XFree2.1Motif ?
motifnls , XFree-3.1 XFree-2.1 Motif XFree-2.1 .
, Motif , .

Chapter 3.

Chapter 4

Debian
4.1

Debian GNU/Linux ?

, Debian GNU/Linux:
, , GUN , gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, Bash shell
UNIX ,
Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk , , ,
TeX (LaTeX) Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,
X , Linux , GNOME X ,
, HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP POP (mail)
name server; .
28200 , , ,, , , ,
, ham-radio . 187 Debian , , Debian .

4.2

/ /usr/doc/PACKAGE/copyright , PACKAGE .
( Debian ? on page 18).

4.3

Debian
?

:
Debian (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) indices/Maintainers
, , e-mail.
url name=Debian non-US id=http://www.debian.org/mirror/list-non-US>
indices-non-US/Maintainers , ,e-mail.
Debianwww20The Debian WWW (http://packages.debian.org/) 20.

4.4

Debian GNU/Linux ?

(http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/), .
Debian ? on page 41.

Chapter 4. Debian

4.5

10

ld: cannot find -lfoo ?Debian

?

Debian ( libfoo.so.x.y.z), libfoo-dev libfooX-dev(

libfooX, X ).

4.6

Debian Java ?

Sun JVAV , Debian. Debian JAVA JDK

free , Debian , , JAVA .
JAVA (applet), web , Debian Mozilla, Konqueror
JAVA , non-free Debian Netscape , JAVA (applet).
Debian Java FAQ (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/).

4.7

Debian , ?

/etc/debian_version Debian,
, base-files .
dpkg Debian , ,
.
, Debian , (), .
, dpkg --list foo foo, . ,
dpkg -l

:
dpkg --status foo

4.8

(
)
?

Debian GNU/Linux (keymaps), (kbd ), ,

.
.
US-ASCII ( ISO-8859-1 ISO-8859-2),
.
, manpages-LANG(LANG ISO ), , , , , , , ,
. NLS , shell LC_MESSAGES .
, LC_MESSAGES italian, man /usr/share/man/it/
.

4.9

US ?

. PGP, ssh .
, Debian GNU/Linux , ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/
. ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US.

Chapter 4. Debian

11

4.10 pine?
, pine (non-free), , ,
Debian .
pine. pine-tracker .
pine pico , main mmutt nano.

Chapter 4. Debian

12

13

Chapter 5

Debian FTP
5.1

Debian FTP ?

Debian .
dists (distributions), Debian (releases)(pre-releases)
. packages.gz .
pool . pool ? on page 15.
:
/tools/: , , /, Linux DOS .
/doc/: Debian , FAQ, ..
/indices/: .
/project/: , :
project/experimental/: , alpha . ,
.

5.2

dists ?

Debian , stable , testing unstable . frozen ,

(see frozen ? on page 15).

5.3

slink, potato, , ?

(codenames). , ,
Debian ( unstable stable, ).
, stable woody(Debian GNU/Linux 7.0), testing sarge .
woody stable , sarge testing .
unstable sid , unstable sid( sid ? on the next page).

5.3.1

: buzz for release 1.1, rex for release 1.2, bo for releases 1.3.x, hamm for release 2.0, slink for
release 2.1 potato for release 2.2.

Chapter 5. Debian FTP

5.3.2

14

Pixar (Toy Story) .

buzz (Buzz Lightyear) ,
rex ,
bo (Bo Peep) ,
hamm ,
slink (Slinky Dog) ,
potato Potato Head ,
woody was the cowboy.
sarge .
etch .
sid , .

5.4

sid ?

sid unstable , testing, stable . sid ,

.
sid (Toy Story) : Sid :-)
1

5.5

stable ?

stable/main/: Debian GNU/Linux .

Debian (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines).
stable/non-free/: , .
, . , .
(), .
stable/contrib/: DFSG-free ,
, non-free .

5.6

testing ?

unstable testing testing .

, ; unstable ,
release-critical . testing .
testing http://www.debian.org/devel/testing
1 sid , FTP : unstable , unstable stable ,
. stable , , ,
. , , sid .
, , unstable . , stable sid . .
(pool)(pool ? on the facing page), pool , , ,
. (, ).

Chapter 5. Debian FTP

5.6.1

15

frozen ?

testing , (freezing), , unstable bug

testing.
testing frozen , , . testing
.
testing . current testing release information
(http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/).
, testing stable .
, (obsolete). Debian archive (http://www.debian.org/distrib/
archive).

5.7

unstable ?

unstable . , .
unstable Debian , :-)
unstable main, contrib non-free , stable .

5.8

dists/stable/main
?

2 .
binary-something , , , , binary-i386
Intel x386 PC , binary-sparc Sun SPARCStations .
the releases web page (http://www.debian.org/releases/). ,
? on page 5.
binary-* Packages(.gz), .
pool .
, source/ , . Sources(.gz).
, , . woody , disks-architecture; sarge ,
debian-installer/binary-architecture.

5.9

Debian . , ,
.
pool (pool ? on this page). FTP
, apt-get source mypackagename .
, pine, , . pine? on page 11.
contrib non-free , Debian S.

5.10 pool ?
(pool), . , pool (main,
contrib non-free), . :
, .
apt-cache showsrc mypackagename, Directory: . : apache
pool/main/a/apache/ .
2 dists/stable/main,

dists/stable/contrib, dists/stable/non-free, dists/unstable/main/, .

Chapter 5. Debian FTP

16

, lib*, : , libpaper pool/main/libp/libpaper/.

3

5.11 incoming?
FTP incoming .
. , , incoming (http://incoming.
debian.org/), GPG , .changes .dsc MD5sums, .

3 , dists , . , .
pool . dists aptdistspool
Filename dists/potato dists/woody.

17

Chapter 6

Debian
6.1

Debian ?

. Debian :
, , , man/info , , . Debian (
Debian ? on this page), .deb . Debian dpkg ();
.
, .dsc , gzip-tar .orig.tar.gz
, Debian .diff.gz . dpkg-source debian .
.
(dependencies) . (control)
. : binutils gcc , binutils, (dpkg) gcc,
binutils .(,dpkg(8)). on page 19.
Debian :
,
, , ,
,
(FTP).

6.2

Debian ?

Debian , Debian , , , . .deb .

Debian deb(5). (Debian GNU/Linux
), dpkg-deb(1) .deb.

6.3

Debian ?

Debian : <foo>_<>-<Debian>.deb
, foo . , debian (.deb ):
Debian FTP Packages , ,
.
dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb ( VVV RRR ).
.

Chapter 6. Debian

18

VVV , , 19990513 1.3.8pre1 ..

RRR Debian , Debian ( Debian ), Debian ,
Debian Makefile (debian/rules) Debian , , (debian/p*),
.

6.4

Debian ?

Debian , 4 , Debian ? on page 37.

Debian hello :
: hello
: optional
: devel
: 45
: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org>
: i386
: 1.3-16
: libc6 (>= 2.1)
: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Projects hello world program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).

(Packahe), , () Debian
.
(Version), Debian ? on the previous page.
(Architecture).
(Depends).
(Installed-Size), ..
(Section)Debian FTP,(Debian FTP ? on page 13).
(Priority), , dselect console-apt ,
? on the next page.
(Maintainer)..
(Description).
Debian , 4, .

6.5

Debian

(Conffiles)( /etc ), , ,
.
:
dpkg --status package

Conffiles .

6.6

Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, postrm ?

. , Deian ..
:

Chapter 6. Debian

19

preinst Debian(.deb), ,.(

postinst ).
postinst (.deb). , postinst , /
, . , postinst ,
.
prerm , .T.
postrm , /( ? on this page.)
/var/lib/dpkg/info , foo foo , preinst,
postinst, . foo.list .(dpkg
Debina)

6.7

, . :
(Required): .
. , , dpkg .
, .
(Important): Unix .
, , Emacs , X11 , TeX . .
(Standard): Linux , .
. , Emacs(,
) TeX LaTeX(X).
(Optional): , . .
X11, TeX .
(Extra): , ,
.

6.8

, tin trn , .
(news-reader).
, smail sendmail . (mail transport agent)
,(mail transport agent).
Debian , , .
update-alternatives, Debian ? on page 35.

6.9

Debian , () A B :
A depends B, A B, A B, .
, A B .
A recommends B, B A.
A suggests B, B A ().
A B conflicts B A . A B ,
Conflicts replaces .

Chapter 6. Debian

20

A replaces B, A , B A .
A provides B, A B , ,
A .

6.10

Pre-Depends ?

Pre-Depends , , , dpkg (, .deb ),

, , dpkg ().
, , , dpkg , , Pre-depend . Debian
a.out ELF , .
, required LibC .
, .

6.11 ( unknown, install, remove purge hold)?

want ( dselect Select dpkg).
:
unknown -
install -
remove - , .
purge - , .
hold - , , .

6.12 ?
, dpkg dselect.
dpkg, :
dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt

selections.txt , , libc6:
libc6

install

:
libc6

hold

dpkg :
dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt

dselect, [S]elect , (), = ( H). [S]elect ,.

Chapter 6. Debian

21

6.13 source ?
Debian , .
, APT sources.list(5) deb-src
,
apt-get source foo

Debian -, ,

apt-get build-dep foo

6.14 ?
, ffoo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz foo_*.diff.gz (, Debian , .diff.gz )(:
foo ).
( source ? on this page), dpkg-dev (),:
dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc

foo-version .
, foo-version ,
dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b

(, fakeroot package ),
dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb

6.15 Debian ?
, , maint-guide , http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#
maint-guide.

Chapter 6. Debian

22

23

Chapter 7

Debian
7.1
7.1.1

?
dpkg

, , :
: dpkg --help.
(): dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb
(): dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb.
(): dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb. , , ,
. . preinst (Debian preinst,
postinst, prerm, postrm ? on page 18).
: dpkg --configure foo. postinst(Debian preinst, postinst,
prerm, postrm ? on page 18), conffiles . ,(configure)
( foo), Debian(, foo_VVV-RRR.deb).
Debian blurf ( blurf ): dpkg --fsys-tarfile
foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*
(): dpkg --remove foo.
(): dpkg --purge foo.
foo* : dpkg --list foo*.

7.1.2

dselect

Debian . .
dselect :
, , ()
.;
;
;
;
\.

Chapter 7. Debian

24

dselect , , , , <> (<enter>)

.
. Access Select, dselect : , Remove,
dselect Select .
Access Select , , ,
(info).
? , , .
, , (
)..
Access Method . Debian ; CD-ROM Debian
, FTP . dselect Access Method , ,
.
Update . dselect Debian Packages.gz (,
dselect ).
Select , , ( expert ), ,
..
37400 Debian ; T.
, :
: +.
: :
: , ( Debian on page 18)
, - ..
: , _ .
. , .
= , dselect .
: , .
, o . ,
, , , A , B, A.
v (verbose) . ,
.
, foo.deb, ()(), blurf.deb, dselect
, (), . Shift-D , Shift-U
. Shift-Q ,.
, Install . Remove . Quit
dselect, dselect .

7.1.3

dpkg-deb

Debian (.deb) . :
: dpkg-deb --help.
Debian : dpkg-deb --contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb)
Debian : dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp
foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp/ . , ().
, dpkg-deb --extract , dpkg --install.
dpkg-deb(1).

Chapter 7. Debian

7.1.4

25

apt-get

apt-get . dpkg , apt-get .deb ,

/etc/apt/sources.list .
, apt apt-get(8), sources.list(5) /usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html
/index.html.

7.1.5

dpkg-split

(, ), . Debian (
dpkg ), dpkg-deb Debian .
, .deb N ,
dpkg-split --split foo.deb. N 460KB .
N .
.
dpkg-split --join "foo*" .

7.2

Debian , ?

Debian GNU/Linux .
start-stop-daemon , (,
). , .

7.3

Debian ?

Debian ,
dpkg --list

, 2, , , .
foo , :
dpkg --list foo*

, :
dpkg --status packagename

7.4

foo , :
dpkg --search filename
filename.( /var/lib/dpkg/info/ .list ,
).
zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz
foo , Contents-ARCH.gz (ARCH ) Debian FTP
(main, non-free, contrib), Contents , foo
Contents .
dpkg --search .

Chapter 7. Debian

26

27

Chapter 8

Debian . .
, .
Debian CD , ,http://www.debian.org/releases/
stable/releasenotes.

8.1

libc5 Debian1.3.1(
)
libc6 2.0
(
)?

:
autoup.sh shell , autoup.sh , dselect
. ,.
autoup.sh :
http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/
http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/
http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/
Debian libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO (http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/
libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html) , . autoup.sh MiniHOWTO , autoup.sh .
libc5 apt. APT dselect . APT dselec ,
Debian dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386 libc5 .
, dselect. , . dselect
, APT .

8.2

Debian FTP, , , dpkg . , dpkg

, . . , , .
. Debian , . . ,
. :

8.2.1

APT

APT Debian . apt-get , APT dselect dselect APT ,

, .
APT :
, ,
/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html.

apt , /etc/apt/sources.list , Debian ,

:

Chapter 8.

28

http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

Debian http.us.debian.org http://www.debian.org/misc/README.

mirrors.

apt-get(8)

sources.list(8)
/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html.

apt-get update

apt-get dist-upgrade

, .
dselectAPT, dselect APT. , /etc/apt
/sources.list, sources.list(5) .
CD , apt-cdrom. .
, /var , , apt-get clean apt-get
autoclean (: apt-move).

8.2.2

dpkg-ftp

dselect . dselect , , dselect ftp

, dpkg-ftp .
, mirror , dpkg-ftp , (),
.
dpkg-ftp is somewhat obsolete. You should use the APT access method with ftp:// URLs in sources.list instead.

8.2.3

mirror

Perl , mirror-master , FTP .

mirror . .mirrorinfo , . mirror
, , .
mirror , Debian . (mirror Perl ,
UNIX ). mirror ,
, .

8.2.4

dpkg-mountable

dpkg-mountable dselect mountable . /etc/fstab ,

, NFS , .
dselect , (),
, , .

8.3

. . Debian start-stop-daemon , , ,
.

Chapter 8.

8.4

.deb ?

. (, dpkg-ftp ), , .

8.5

dpkg , , / , .
dpkg/dselect/apt-get/ script(1) .

29

Chapter 8.

30

31

Chapter 9

Debian
9.1

Debian ?

.
: Debian C stable kernel headers ,
stable kernel headers , headers(libc6-dev),
kernel headera , kernel /usr/src/linux ,
-I/usr/src/linux/include/.

9.2

Debian

(), kernel-package , kernel,

Debian kernel-image , kernel :
make-kpkg kernel_image

,
make-kpkg --help

, make-kpkg(1).
kernel-source-version ( version kernel ), Linx
kernel()..
/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz kernel-package . :
Kernel , .
() kernel :
make config ().
make menuconfig ( ncurses ). libncurses5-dev .
make xconfig (X11 ). X Tcl/TK .
, kernel .config .
: make-kpkg -rev Custom.N kernel_image, N . Custom.1 Debian , Linux 2.2.14 kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb.
.
dpkg --install /usr/src/kernel-image-VVV_Custom.N.deb . :
* , LILO(),
* boot/vmlinuz_VVV-Custom.N kernel, .
* , . ? on the following page.
, grub loadlin, ( /boot/grub MS-DOS ).

Chapter 9. Debian

9.3

32

Debian boot-floppies , DebianFTP admin .

SYSLINUX , MS-DOS , linxux(
syslinux.cfg ). , .
boot-floppies /usr/doc/boot-floppies/README ..

9.4

Debian ?

Debian modconf shell (/usr/sbin/modconf).,

, /etc/modules.conf (
aliases , ), /etc/modutils/ /etc/modules(
). package provides a shell script (/usr/sbin/modconf) which can be used to
customize the configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface, prompting the user for particulars on
the loadable device drivers in his system. The responses are used to customize the file /etc/modules.conf (which lists
aliases, and other arguments that must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in /etc/modutils/,
and /etc/modules (which lists the modules that must be loaded at boot time).
, , modconf (
/usr/lib/modules_help/), .

9.5

, , ?

. kernel-image-NNN.prerm kernel .
:
dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-NNN

(NNN )

33

Chapter 10

Debian GNU/Linux
10.1 (paper size)?
libpaperg , , /etc/papersize.
PAPERSIZE , papersize(5) .

10.2
/dev , /dev/fd0 floppy , /dev/dsp audio .
, , :
adduser user group

10.3 Debian
?
kbd console-tools , /etc/kbd/config /etc/console-tools/config .

10.4 X11 ?
Debian X /etc/X11/app-defaults/ , X ,
, .

10.5 linux , Debian .

Unix , Debian init . init (/etc/inittab)
/etc/init.d/rcS. /etc/rcS.d/ ,
, , . , , /etc/rc.boot/ (
. ), , .
, init ( /etc/inittab id ).
System V Unix , Linux 7 :
0 (),
1 (),
2 5 (),

Chapter 10. Debian GNU/Linux

34

6 ().
Debian id=2, 2, /etc/rc2.d/ .
, /etc/rcN.d/ /etc/init.d/ . , /etc/rcN.d/
/etc/init.d. , , K ,
. , S , . K S
, .
/etc/init.d/ start, stop, reload, restart force-reload,
. , .
, reload
/etc/init.d/sendmail reload

sendmail daemon , .

10.6 Debian rc.local ; ?

foo , (System V) . :
foo /etc/init.d/ .
Debian update-rc.d, ()rc?.d /etc/init.d/foo
, 0 6 , System V .
.
update-rc.d rc?.d /etc/init.d/ , S K ,
, . /etc/rcN.d/ S N . K
N .
, foo /etc/init.d/ update-rc.d foo defaults 19 , foo
. defaults , 2 5 . 19 foo 20
.

10.7 Debian ?
Debian Debian , , dpkg
Debian , .
Debian , Debian , dpkg
,.

10.8
login-local Debian login.
:
login-local /bin/login .
, login( /bin/login ), /bin/login
.

Chapter 10. Debian GNU/Linux

35

dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login

Debian login , /bin/login.debian /bin/login.

:
cp login-local /bin/login

.
Debian dpkg-divert(8) .

10.9 Debian Debian ?

:
dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages

:
BIN-DIR Debian ( .deb)i.
OVERRIDE_FILE , main , Debian FTP
indices/override.main.gz . Debian , .
PATHPREFIX , my_Packages .
my_Packages , :
dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages

APT, sources.list(5) .

10.10

Debian ?

, , , ,
.
Debian , , , (
).
, . , tin trn
, tin trn news-reader , ( /usr/bin/trn )
/etc/alternatives/news-reader .
, , Perl
update-alternatives A.
x-window-manager, :
update-alternatives --display x-window-manager

,:
update-alternatives --config x-window-manager

(, ).
, (), /usr/locale ,
, :

Chapter 10. Debian GNU/Linux

36

update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \

x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50

install /etc/alternatives/NAME , NAME ,

/etc/alternatives/NAME , ().
:
update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs

37

Chapter 11

Debian GNU/Linux
11.1

Debian ?

I: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.
(Policy manual), , Debian FTP , , , .
, Debian .
debian-policy http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy .
Debian : /usr/doc/PACKAGE.
Linux : doc-linux Linux (http://www.tldp.org/)
HWOTO miniHOWTO.
UNIX : UNIX . man , foo(3)
/usr/share/man/man3/ , man 3 foo , foo
man foo .
man -w foo /usr/share/man/ .
Debian , :
man-db, man , w.
manpages, . ( ()? on page 10).
GNU : , GNU , GNU info . GNU Emacs
M-x info .
, . WWW . info . WWW
Richard Stallman .
WWW , dwww dhelp
.

11.2 Debian Debian

email.
11.2.1
Debian (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/).
doc-debian , /usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt
.
Debian debian-list-subject , debian-announce, debian-user, debian-news.
subscribe debian-list-subject-request@lists.debian.org debian-list-subject .
.

Chapter 11. Debian GNU/Linux

38

WWW (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe) .
WWW (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe) .
<listmaster@lists.debian.org>.
DebianFTP http://lists.debian.org/ .
?
, :
spam(). Debian (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads).
; , Debian , , , Debian
.
; , , .
. , 1
Debian ? on the facing page .

11.2.2
email , xyz@packages.debian.org xyz .

11.2.3
comp.os.linux.* linux.* Linux Debian linux , Linux
, Linux Online (http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html) LinuxJournal (http://www.
linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php) .

11.3 Debian GNU/Linux ?

Debian :
Debian (http://search.debian.org/).
Google Groups (http://groups.google.com/): .
, Debian Promise , Promise Linux driver .
, . Debian , Debian .
, AltaVista (http://www.altavista.com/) url id=http://www.google.com/
name=Google>, .
, cgi-perl .

11.4 ?
Debian GNU/Linux (BTS), , ,
.
http://www.debian.org/Bugs/ .
request@bugs.debian.org help e-mail .
1

debian-list-subject-REQUEST@lists.debian.org .

Chapter 11. Debian GNU/Linux

39

11.5 Debian ?
Debian , Debian , :
FTP. Debian doc/bug-reporting.txt .
WWW. http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting .
doc-debian Debian . /usr/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt .
bug reportbug , , .
email <submit@bugs.debian.org>.
Package: package-name

( package-name ). :
Version: version-number

dpkg -s package-name

(pseudo-header). , Debian
, . Debian
cat /etc/debian_version

, . debian-bugs-dist .
, <maintonly@bugs.debian.org> , submit@. . .
, debian-bugs-dist.
, Lintian (http://www.debian.org/lintian/) Debian , Debian
. , , , Lintian
<lintian-maint@debian.org> , Lintian ,
.
<quiet@bugs.debian.org> BTS, debian-bugs-dist .
quiet , , .

Chapter 11. Debian GNU/Linux

40

41

Chapter 12

Debian
(, , ), (), (
).

12.1 Debian ?
Debian , , ,
i.
Debian New Maintainers Corner New Maintainers Corner (http://www.debian.org/devel/join/
newmaint).

12.2 Debian ?
Debian , . Debian
, .url id=http://www.debian.org/mirror/size name=Debian
mirror size>.
, .
, , (),
<debian-admin@lists.debian.org> ..

12.3

Debian
?

Debian O.

12.3.1

SPI

SPI FSF Debian ..

FSF . GNU . Linux
FSF GNU . FSF , GNU , FSF GNU .
http://www.spi-inc.org/ SPI.

12.3.2 (FSF)
Debian FSF . FSF Debian , GNU C . GNU
Emacs, C , FSF : Debian
. GNU , Unix . Debian GNU .
FS http://www.fsf.org/ FSF.

Chapter 12. Debian

42

43

Chapter 13

Debian GNU/Linux
13.1 Debian CD ??
, , , , beta CD.
. , CD Debian . , GPL .
.
, Debian , , CD . CD,
.

13.2

, Debian , .
CD . CD CD
. : CD . ,
.

13.3 Debian GNU/Linux Linux ?

. , Linux for Hams( Linux), ,
Debian , , , . Debian .
CD.
Debian Corel Linux Storm Linux, , Debian GNU/Linux
.
Debian ( Debian ), .
on page 34.

13.4 Debian ?
. , .

Chapter 13. Debian GNU/Linux

44

45

Chapter 14

Debian
14.1
Debian 1.3 (shadow passwords ). , (Pluggable Authentication Modules)linux( libpam (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/);),
.
Kerberos, RSBAC , .

14.2
, ()? on page 10.
. , .
.
GNU ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS GNU.

14.3
SPARC64, SuperH Debian .

14.4
Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian NetBSD, FreeBSD OpenBSDDSB .

Chapter 14. Debian

46

47

Chapter 15

FAQ
15.1
FAQ J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) Chuck Stickelman . Susan G. Kleinmann Sven
RudolphDebian GNU/Linux FAQ , Santiago Vila , Josip Rodin.
:
The Debian-1.1 release announcement, Bruce Perens (http://www.perens.com/).
The Linux FAQ, Ian Jackson (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/).
Debian Mailing Lists Archives (http://lists.debian.org/),
dpkg Debian ( Debian ? on page 37)
,
. :-)
.
. .

15.2
. e-mail <doc-debian@packages.debian.org>, doc-debian (http:
//bugs.debian.org/doc-debian) .

15.3
Debian http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ .
http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq , HTML, PostScript PDF ,
.

SGML . SGML doc-debian :pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-d

.

15.4
DebianDoc SGML DTD LinuxDoc SGML . DebianDoc SGML
HTMLTeX DVIPostScriptPDF GNU info .
DebianDoc SGML debiandoc-sgml .