Statesof

Consciousness

t"'
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER t
il
l.
crurscirrtslcss i.slrrrftlrc tip o.f'tltc irrJbrrrrntiorr
i
;rrocr'.ssiirf iL'rl1(t'g; to lngbtlritrdthc brnirrcluts
t
Conscior-rsrrcss-()Ltr a\\rilrenessof oursclrres;rnd our' I t l u t t c z t o kitt'; l l t t t r r r i t t go t ro t t t o r r r n tyi ci l o l .
cnvironr-r-rcr-rtcirn Lrc expcriencecl in r.'arior-rs stirtt's.
C - h a p t re 7 c x i r r - n i r - r n c so t o n l v n o r n r a I c o n s c i o L r s r r c s s ,
but also slccp .'rnclilrcanring, hypnotic stirtcs, drr.rg- Obiective 1: Discr-rss thc historv of ;--rsychologl"s
.rltcreclstr.rtcs, ancl ncar-rleathcxpericnccs. s t u c l yo i c o t t s c i o u s r t c sas I, r c lc t l t r t r a s ct t t t t s c i t t t trst t t d
M o s t o f t h c t c r n r i r r o l o g vi n t l ' r i sc l ' r . r p r t oi s' i n t r o - r . i l t ( ' ( ) l t 5i ( ) t l \ i t t f t r t r t t . t t i 0 t t l r r t l r t ' s s i t t g .
. l r r c c c li n t h t ' s c c t i o r r so n S l c e p a n c l l ) r e a m s a t r d o t r
Drugs arrd Corrsci()Llsness. Anrot.tg tlrt' issues clis- -1.
I hc stLttlvot was ccntrirl it-t
cr,rssccl arc w,hv i,r,cslccp irncl tlrcanr, whcthcr hypno-
tht' earl1,'vcars of psychologv anrl itr rccetrt
s i s i s a u r r i q u c s t a t e o i c o r " r s c i o u s n c sisr n, c l p o s s i l r l e
p s l r c h ( ) l ( ) g i c a rI r t ls o c i a | - c u I t t r r arIo o t s o f c l r u g r , r s c . clccaclcs,blrt for cltritt'some tinte it r'r,asclisplacccl
b y t h e s t u c l vo l ' o b s e r v . r b l c
\ O T E : A n s w e r g u i r l e l i n e si o r a l l C i h a p t c r7 r l u c s t i o n s
b e g i no r r ; r a g e1 9 2 .
2. Advarrcesitr rrcrtroscictrccmirclcit possiblc to
rt'latt'
REVIEW
CHAPTER
to varior-rsnrcntal states;its tt rcsult,
[]irst, skiln car-hst'ctiou,notirrg hci.rdir-rgs t-rndboldface bcgan
itcrns. Aftcr yorr havc rcacl the st-ctitlt.t,rc','ir-w,r'rrclr to reenter psychokrgy.
obje'ctivc bv arrswcling thc fill-in .rnd esstry-type
c l t r c s t i o n st h a t f o l l o r , r , i t . A s y o t r p r o c c e d , c v a l r . r a r t c Defirrecortsciousuessiu rr scr-ttetrce.
yotrr perforfflilnce by crlnsultirrg the i]ns\\'ers bergirr-
nir-rgorr pirgc lc)2.l)o lrot contintrc with thc ncxt scc-
tion untiI vou rrnclerst.rnclerrch .]nswer. li yrlr-rncecl
to, rcvicw, or rcrcacl the scction irr the textlrook before
contintring.

and InformationProcessing
Consciousness 3. Aske.d to prcss ir br-tttouwherr the1,feel tr ttrp,
(pp 271-273) (befctre/
peoplc resporrcl
t
i David Myers at times uses iciiorrs that are un-
t
after) they become conscioustl-reyhave respond- I
!
j

I farniliar to some reaclers.If yotr rlo not know ed. In comparison lvith unconsciclusprctcessing,
i
the r-neaningof alnv of therfolkrwing r,r,ords, i
!i
"i consciousprocessinghas a(n)
phrases,or expressic'lrrs in the context in whrc: h t
l they appe.arin the text, refer to page 200 for a:ln f (limited /unlimited) capacity, is relativcly
I explanation (note that one ite'nrappetrrsin the $
,l
( f a s t/ s l o w ) , ( l n d p r ( ) c e s s e s
chapter introduction): o fuutlant'rrtoIt1t'tsIi1t1tt' 'rv pieccsof informatiorr
cttt rccTtt ; PsrTclro/ogy usrrr'ss; i
ht d n t'or l t1/osl conscro
(simultaneously/ seriallv ).
177
 I

178 C h a p t e r 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s

4. Novel tasks (require/do not 4. When people are at their d a i l y p c a k i n c i r c a d i a n

rcclr,rire)conscious atte.ntion. arousal, i s s h a r p e s ta n d
i s m o s t a c c u r a t c .I n c o n t r a s t
Sleepand Dreams@p.27a-2eo)
to university students, wlro oftcn are'at their pcak
I f y o u d o n o t k n o w t h e m e a n i n go f a n v o f t h e i irrthe ( r n o r n i r t g / t 'tr' n i n g ) ,
ffollowirrg
. r. r,l'l 'r.r,r'l 'r.i 'n.ct t) rt,orcls,
urrtr,lq plrrases,
nhrnqr'q r f r exprc.ssions
or e\nrrrqsir)ns in
i n the
flrc X older adults tend to peak in the
contcxt in which thc.yappcar in the text, refer
to pagcs 20()-202for an c-xplanation:tnoot'irt
t'rtrrt'cr t; bod q tlcp r csst'tl; w c trtnt1fr ct ()r)( r c()| tc('r n s: 5 . We may expcrie.nce
Docsrr lttttus' s;rcfslgrrn/n split?; Pulling ltt nll- i f o t r r c i r c i r d i a nr h y t h n r i s
niglrtcr;jct log;tlrc nrtrcltitrc tot'rtttpiitl . . . dccTt
interrruptedby travel .rcrosstimc zones.C)trrc-ir-
zr,{.r?gs; irrtlccpslrtttfucr;tlLtrtnscottlfrtttrr tlLttt irri
tinl slct'1t diuc; As thc ilicltt u)clrs ()n; tlrtnusq; c t r d i t r nr h y t h m a l s o m a y b c i n t c r r t r p t c c b
ly
slccltltnttcrrrsthnt thwttrt . . .; Mtttryfill tltis rttt'tl r'lt.tttgt's, strt lt .ts lltt' ottt'
lr.t/trslrr,q thcir.first r'/rlss./or nrr t'orlt1sicstttttrttl
t h a t o c t - u r si n t h c s ; r r i r l gi n m r r n v r r e . r s ,a l r d b v
oftcr-lrrrrclt sttrLltllnll .fitr'0 sluutbu lnrtq; "sltrirtg
wtlrk
foru,nrtl" . . . "foll bnckiurd"; ritldlc ttf slt'L':tt; ncrt-
dnUI,ltrlts;" srroozirt{is orrlqto boozirtg";tt 6 . R c s e t t i n go f a d i s r r - r p t c cbli o l o g i c a lc l o c k i s f a c i l i -
"-cr'rurrl
drctrrtrprot,idtsn pstlchicso.fcttl ttolot';it is titrrcto
tatecl by exposure--tt'r
rutli( ttp; ltu'--.
.."..-.._.*.,..-i , w h i c h t r i g g e r r sp r o t e i n s i n

O b j e c t i v e 2 : D i s t i n g u i s l rf o u r t y p e r so f b i o l o g i c a l the' of tl-reeycs kr sigr.rirlthc

r h y t h n r s ,a n t l g i v c . r n c r i r n r ; r i t o
' i each. b r ai n ' s g l a n d t o i r t c r c i r s eo r
its production of
de'cre-'asc
1 . O t r r b o c l i c s 'i n t c r n a l " c l o r : k s "c o n t r o l s e v e ' r a l
T h c .c l u s t c r o i c c l l s c a l l c d t l r c
c o r r t r o l st h c c i r c a d i a r r : l o c k .
Anrong thcst arc
Thc longer u,e rcntait-tawakc, the nrort'our [rr.rit'rs
, r t h i t ' h m . r y g i r t ' r i s t 't t rs t ' . r -
sorrirI virrii'ttionsirr accunrulatt' , which tcrrclstcr
ccrtain ncLrr()lrsand nr.rkc
u s s l e c p y .W e c a n a l s o r c s c t o t r r b i o l o g i c a lc l o r : k s
2. Some pcople, especitrllytl.roseirr f.rr northern
b y a d j u s t i n go u r
rcgions, rnay cxpcricncc a tleLrressecl
winter
mood callccla

Objective 4: List thc sti-rgcsof the slecp cvclc, .rncl

. We may trlso cxpericnce. e.xplainhclw thev differ.
c v c l c sl a s t i n g c{ays,such as
7. The slcep cyclc consistsof
thc fr'rnalc )
distinct st;rges.
- h o u r c y c l e so f v a r y i n g
whcrr
8. The rhythnr of sleep cycles was cliscor,'erecl
;
- m i n u t c c v c l e s .s u c h a s Ascrinskv noticed that, at pe'riodicinten'als drrr-
ancl
t h e v a r i o u s s t t r g e so f s l e e p .
m gthe night, the of rr slecp-
iru child movcd rapiclly. This st.-rgeoi slccp, tltrr-
Objective 3: Describethe cvcle of our circadian i.g which occur, is ci'rllcrl
rhvthm, ancl idcntify some events that can disrupt
this biological clock.
9 . The relatively slow brain wavcs of the awakc but
3. The sleep-r,vakingcycle follows a 24-hour clock relaxed state are known as
callt'dthc waves.
 I

Sleepand Dreams 179

10. During Stage 1 slecp, pcople oftcn experience Objective 5: Explain whv sleep patterns and duration
sensationssimilar to vary from person tcl person.

Ihese sensationsmay late.r

16. Newborns spend nearly
be incorporate.d into
(hou, much?) of their daryaslcep,while acl-rlts
activitv that occur dur-
11. The btrrsts clf brairr-war,'e. spend no morc than
irrs Stact' 2 slt't'r'r.rrt' c.rI led
17. Sle.eppattcrns are iniluenceclbv
, as inclicirte'd by the. fact
12. l,trrge, slow brain \\ra\/cs arc callccl
that sleep p.rttcrns ilm()ltg
\vi,lvcs.First in Stage ( i d e n t i c a l / f r a t e r n a l )t w i n s a r e v e r v s i m i l i l r . S l e r e p
, a n e ii n c r c . a s i n g l dy u r i n g is also infh-rer"rcccl
bv
Stage. slee'p,wlrich nrc-
18. A l krwccl to sle'eprut'rhi r"rtlcrccl, rnost ;reoplt' w i l l
tht'rcforc.cirIIc.d
sleep c)hours a night. I'e'oprle lt'lto slccp less than
sleep. A pers()nin tlre'latter
that for scvcral nights in a ror'r'oftctr shon' si$trs
stirgcof slce.pgorcrirlly r,l,illbc
of
(easv/d i ff icr-r
lt) to t.trvaken.
I t i s c i u r i n g t l r i s s t a g et l r a t p c o p l c n r a Ve n g . r g r -i n Objective 6: llisctrss scveral risks ttssociittetln,itl.r
sltr'1t s l e e pc l c p r i v a t i o t r .

D e s c r i b c t h c b o d i l v c h a r r g c s t l . r a ta c c o m p a r r y R E M
1 9 . T c u r r a g c r st y p i c a l l y n e e c l
sleep.
h o u r s o f s l c c p b r - r ltr o w a v e r a g cn e a r l v
hours lcss slcc;r thirt.t
teernagcrsoi ll0 ycars ago. Ttl psvchologist
Williirm , t h i s i r r c l i c a t etsh a t
t h e rv a s t n r a j o r i t vo f s t u d t ' n t sa r c d a n g c r t t r - r s l y
s l c e p - c i e p r i v c c(l). u c i t r c l i c t r t i o roti t h c h a z a r c l st t f
tlris statc is tl-rirttlrc rrrtt'of
13. Dr-rring REM slccp, thc motor cortcx is
(actir,'e/ rcltrxecl), w.ile tcncls to ittcrcitscinrnrcciiately.rftcr thc sPl'ittg
t^e:
mtrsclcs arc (activc/ time chtrngc in Canadr.rand thc Unitcc'lStatcs.
Anotl.rcris thirt sleep clcprivtttion rnay stlPPrcss
reltrxercl).lror tl.risre.asorl, ItlrM is often reierred to
gf t h c b o d y ' s
t l . r ci r - r n c t i o n i n o
ats sleel-r
system trnclalter tnettrbolicancl hornrttual
14. The rapricleryemovements generi,rllysignal the
iunctiorring irr wirys thirt rnirnic
b e g i n n i n go f a . PET scans
ancl are conclLrciveto
rcvc.alhcightcncd activity irr the
,.lrfd
a trcl
arcr.rsof thc brain clr-rringREM slcep.
Describethc c.ffectsof sleep clcprivatiolr.
15. T'heslecp cycle rerpeatsitself about every
n r i n t r t e sA. s t h e n i * h t p r t r -
gresses,Stage'1sleep becomes
(krnger/briefer) and l{EM
periods become
(longer/bricfer). Approximately
percentof a night'ssleepis
spent in REM sleep.
 I

180 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Objective 7: Identify four theories of whv we sleep. problems that (run/do not
run) in families. These sleep episodes are most
20. Two possible reasons for sleep are tc'r
likely to be experienced by
us and to help restore body
(young children/adolescents/older adults), in
tissue-s,especiallv those of the
whom this stage tends to be the
Animals with high waking
and
Droduce an abundance of
chemical Objective 9: Describethe mctstcommon cctnterrtof
thtrt trrc toxic tcl . Sleep also dreams.
f i . r c i l i t a t eost r r of the dav's
25. Dreams expcrienced during
expericncesirnclstimulates
sle'eparc'r,ivid, crnotional, trnclbizarre. I)trrirrg
thinking.
may Lrc
dreams, thc c-lre.rtner
21. During sleep a growth hormone is releasedby the whethcr l-t".',r..h"
strfficicntly aw.rre to r,'n'ondcr
gland. Adults spend is, ilr fact, clrcamit.rg.
(morc/lcss)timc in dcc.p
27, Fctrboth me'n and w<tmcn,tl irr 10 clrcirntsitre
sleep tharr children ancl so rele.ase
markerlby (ptrsitive/negir-
( m o r e/ l c s s ) g r o w t h h o r m o n c .
tivc) cmotiorts, such as fears of bcing

O b j e c t i v e 8 : I d e n t i f y t l . r cm a j o r s l c c p c l i s o r d c r s .
28. Although females tencl to rlreanr cclually oitcrr
2 2 . A ; r c r s i s t c n tc l i f f i c t r l t yi r r f a l l i n g o r s t a y i n g a s l e e p
about males arrclfermalcs,malcs tt'ncl to clrcam
i s t l t . t r . rttt ' r i s t i to f . Slt'eping
morc about . This gendcr clif-
p r i l l sa n c la l c o h o l m i r v m a k c t h c p n r b l c m w o r s e
ferrencc ( i s / i s n o t ) f o r - r r r ci nl
sincc thcy tcnrl t() (incretrse/
c u l t r r r e sw o r l c l w i d e
recltrce)IIEM slec.p.

2 3 . T l i e s l e e pd i s o r d e r i n w h i c l r a Pe.rsonexperrrencc.s Objective 10: Compare the nrajor pcrspcctivesorr

why wc clrcam.
u n c o r . r t r ol al b l r 's l e e pa t t a c k si s
I'eople witlr this clisorclermiry collirpsedircctly 29. Freud referred to the'actual contcnt of a clre.tt'ttas
into sleep and erxperiencea its content. Fre'udbclievt'cl
Ioss <lf that this is a ccnsored,symbolic versit'rt.t
oi tht'
T h c b r a i n so f p c o p l c w i t h t h i s d i s o r d c r l a c k a true nte.rning.tlr
ncural ccntcrin tlrt' that pro of the clretrm.
d uces tl.reneu rotransmitter
3 0 . A c c o r d i n g t o F r t ' u t l ,m o s t o f t h e d r c a n r so f a c l t r l t s
24. lndividr-ralssr-rfferingfrom reflect wishes ancl arc tht' kcr,'
stop breirthing while I o u n d e r s t an r i i n g i n n er
'I'his
slet'ping. disorder is erspccirrlly
prev;-rlent
31. Freud's theory has givcn way to the thcory th.rt
( ln l ( ) n I
d r e a m ss c r v L ' a n -L)r()ccssltl t
25. Tire sleep disorder charactc-rize.d
by extreme functiorr. Support for this theory is provicleclbv
fright and rapid hc.artbcatand bre.athingis called the fact that REM sleep facilitates
. Unlike
nightmarcs, thcsc episodesusutrlly happen early
32. Other theories propose that dreaming scrvcs
i n t h c r r i s h t .d r r r i n uS t . r c e
some fttnctittn, for exirmplc',
sleep.Tlre strme is trtre of episodesof that REM sleep provides the brain with ne'c'ded
and . Such an explanation is
 Hypnosis 181

supportcd by the fact that attributed to , who claimed to

(infants/adults)spendthe most time in REM have discovered an "
sleep.
33. Still othertheoriesproposethat dreamsareelicit- 2. The weight of researchevidcnce suggeststhat
e d b v r . r n t l o n rb u r s t s o f actlv- lrypnosis (cloes/doesnot)

ity originating in lowe.r re'gionsof the brain, such
as the
- thcory,
dreams are the.brairr's attempt to mtrke scnsettf
this activity. The bursts are'bclieved to be given
their cmotiorrirl tone by the'brain's
system. I)E'f scirnsof sle'cpingpeoplerreveal
i n c r c a s c da c t i v i t y i n t h c b r a i n ' s
systcnr,cspccially thc.
theorists sct' clrcatnsirs ir natural part of brair.t
ancj
tlcvclopnrcnt.
34. Rescarchcrsagrcc tl'ratwc
(rrccci/clo r"rotlreecl)RIIM slccp. Aftcr bcing
clcpriverl of llllM sk't'p, a pers()nspernclsmorer
timc irr lll-iM slecl-r;this is thc
allow tr person to perform fetrtsthat are impossi-
. According to the ble in the normal waking state'.The strength, sta-
mina, lcarning, trrrd perceptllal abilities of hypno-
tizerdpeople (arc./arenot) like
those of motiv;rtc'clunhypnotized peopIc.
Objective 12: Discuss thc charactttristicsof people
s ,r r d c v a l u t t t ( ' c l i l i m s
n , h o a r c s u s c ep t i b l e t o l r y p r . r t t s i a
t h a t h y p n o s i sc a r ri n f l t r c n c cp e o p l e ' sm c r n t l r y , w i l l ,
. Othcr hcalth, r.rndpcrcc'ptionof pain.
(sttmc-
3. Most pcopleare
w h a t / n o t a t a I l ) l r y p n o t i c a I l ys t r g g c s t i b l e .
kl hyp-
Describc pcople wlto trre thc most strscc'prtible
rrosis.
cifcct.

35. RIIM slccp ( d o e r s / d o c sn o t )

o c c u r i l r o t h c r m a m m i ' r l sA
. r . r i m a l ss u c h a s f i s h ,
4. If pcoplc irrc lccl to cxpcct tlrat thcy are l'rvpnotiz-
w h o s c l r c h a v i o r i s l c s s i r r f l r . r e ' n c cbcyl l c a r r r i n g ,
a b l e ,t h c i r r e s p o r r s i v e t r c sr s- t n d e lrr y p n < t s i s
( d o / c l o r . r o t d) r c a m . T h i s f i r r c l -
( w i l l / w i l l r r o t )i t ' r c r c a s c .
i r r gs t r p l x r r ( s[ 1 1 1 ' 'fhe
5. h v p n o t i r ' r l t ' m o l t s t r a t i o tirt r w h i c ' ha s u b j e c t
t l r t ' o r yo f d r t ' , r ni n g .
s l r p p o s e c l l yr e l i v e se a r l i c r e x p t ' r i c n c e si s r c f c r r e t l
(pp.2e0
Hypnosis 2e6) ltl ,ts
show that tlre strbjectsin sucl.t
llt'scirrclrstr.rdir-s
lf you tlo r"rotknou, thc meaning of rrr.ryof tl"rc Ititt'c nremttries that are
cler-nonstratiorts
f o l l o w i r r g w o r d s , p h r r r s e so, r c r P r t ' s s i o r t si n t h e
(rnore/ rro more) accttratc
contcxt in which thcv appear irr tlrc text, refer
to pngc 202 f or irrrcxprlirnation:or nt..:ttt('risnt, 0s th.rn thc metlorics of ftrlly consciouspcrsolls.
it tpustlrcrrt-ollcLl;pstlchologicoltrttth strurrt . . 6. An pcrs()n irr a lcgitimatc
c()nsiLlcrlblctuischicf;rrtightthc tioo i,it'rus. . . Itc c a n i r r d u c ep c o p l e -
Itrid,gt'd?
,.^-3
hypnotized or not-to perform stlme unlikc'ly
i'lcts.

Objective 11: Dcfine lryltttosis,

nnd notersomc similirri- 7. Hypnotherapists have helpecisorne peclplc'allt:vi-
ties between the behavior of hypnotized people and skin
ate lreadaches,asthma, trtrd stress-relatecl
that of motivated r"rnhypnotizcdpcoplc.
disordcrs through the use of
1. Hypnosis is a suggestions.
in which a hypnotist sug- 8. For sllch as smoking ;rnd
gests that a strbjcctn,ill experiencecertain feel- drug use, a subjcct'shypnotic responsiveness
irrgs or thoughts, for ext.rmplc.lts discoverv is
182 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

( d o e s / d o e sn o t ) m a k e a d i f - Discuss the current view ol hypnosis as a blend of the

ference in the effectiveness of hypnosis. two views.

9 . One statisticaldigest shor,t,cdthat hypnosis

( i s l i s n o t ) e s p e c i a l l yl r c l p f u l
for thc trcirtrnerrtclf obesitv.

10. H v n n o s i s ( c t r n/ c r r n n o t )
pain relief is
relie."'epirirr.Ont- theory of l-rypr.rotic
t l r a t h y p n l 1 5 i s5 ( ' [ ) . l r ,llr ' s , ( ) r (pp.296-30:l)
Drugsand Consciousness
thc sensorv ;rnc1e motion;rl trspcctsof pain.
A r r o t h er i s t h a t h y p u o t i c p a i r r r e ' l i e fi s c l u c t o If yotr clo nclt know thc rne'ttningtlf i.rnyttf tl'rt' :
following words, phrasc's,or erprcssit'rnsin thc I
seiecti'r'r' , that is, to the per-
context in which thev appcar in tl"rctcxt, refer i
s o n ' s f o c l r s i r . rogn s t i m u l i o t h e r t h a n p a i n . to pagcs 202-203for un explanation: ti1tstlort :
1 1 . P E T s c a n ss h o w t h a t h y p n o s i s r c d u c e sb r . r i u ()trcc(uto.fltccr;kickt'tltlrchfuit; tipstl rL'strtttrnttt ,
potrctrrs IL'oz,ct'ttrlttttwnt ti:rts;dst/l{'gcri,lr'ltrol)- l
.rctivity in a region ir.rvolveclir.r ',
Itnr; tlrrickt'r
TtickJrcr-rrppcr; ott( ptttlsil lottq-t(rttt
t o p a i n f u l s t i m u l i ,b u t n o t i n
prict . . . prazuirt*svl:pinq.fitr onttthcr.fir;t-rnck; i
thc cortex tl'rat rccerivers
ther ,,ncidtrip',;||t0rijtt0t10nnqs1lcllrclit'.f.
raw inpr-rt.

-13:
Objective C l i v ea r g t r m e n t sf o r a n c la g a i t r s tl r y p n o -
dnrt.
Objective 14: Defirre'ltstlchotctiitc
sis rrsirn altered strrteof cor-rsciousncss.
1. l)rtrgs that rrlter mottds ar-rclpcrcetptittnsi.rrccallecl
-12.
Skcptics bclicvt' thi-rthypnosis miry rcflcct the' clrr-rgs.
w , o r k i n g so f
. T h c s c f i r r d i r r g sp n r v i d c s u 1 - r - Objective 15: Discuss thc nature of clrr-rgtlcpetrcle'ncc,
nort for thc and i d cn ti fv three'com mttn nt isconccptionsabotrt
irddiction.
theory of hypr-r<lsis.

Surrrn.rrizc thc irrgumcnt thtrt hyprrosis is not au 2. Drug uscrs rvho reclttireincrcasit-rgcloscsttl expe-
.rlterccistate of consciousrress. riencc a drug's eifccts lrave rlcvelopetl
f o r t h c c i r u g .T h c l t s c r ' sb r a i n
counteractsthe clisrtrption to its norrnitl ftrnctitlrr-
i r r g ;t h t r s ,t h t ' t r s t ' r( ' \ P ( ' r i ( ' l l c ( ' s
3. After ceasitrgto use a drug, .l L)crsonwho ttxpcri-
ences synrptorrrshas clcvcl-
oped tr physical . I(cgnlar usc
1 3 . H i l g a r d h a s a d v a n c e dt h c i c l c at h a t d r " r r i n gh y p - of a drug to relicvc stressis trn e'xamplettf a
rrosisthe.rcis a , or split, dc'pe'ndence. A pcrstrn wht'l
bc.twcendiffe.rentlevels of consciousness. c-lcspite
has a compulsivercraving for a sltbstancer

14. l"he cxistenccof a scparatc conscioLrsness,

which advcrse.consequencesis tt'r
that substance.
is nr.t,areof what takes place cluring hypnosis, is
exprcssedin the concept of the Briefly state three common miscor-rceptionsabout
arddiction.

Although this theory has provokcd controvcrsy,

therc.is little doubt that influ-
e.ncesdo play an inrportant role in hypnosis
 Drugs and Consciousness 183

Obiective 16: Name the main categoriesclf psychoac- 8. Tranquilizers, which are also known as
tive drugs, and list three ways these substancescan have effectssirnilar to those
interfere with ner-rrotransmissionin the brain.
of alcohol.

4. The three broad categoriesof clrugs discussedin 9. Opium, morphine, and heroin all
the text incltrcle , which tend (excite/depress)ne'ural
to slow body functionsi functioning. I'ogethcr, these tlrugs are called the
which speed body functions; and . When the'y rrre prcsent, thc
, which altcrperccptiorr. b r a i n e v c n t u a l l y s t o p sp r o d u c i r r g
Thesc drr-rgsall work by minricking, stimulating,
or inhibiting thc activity of the brain's
. P s y c h o l o g i c a l l yo, u r O b j e c t i v e 1 8 : l d e n t i i y t h c n t t r j o rs t i m t r l a r r t si,r n c l
e x p l a i n l r o w t h c y i r f f e c tn c t t r a l a c t i v i t y a t r J b e h a v i o r .
r r l s op l a y a n r l c .

s t i m u l t r t t t sa r e
10. Thc most widcly r-tsed
Objective 17: Ex;rlain how clcprerss.rnts nffect lrerv()us
systcrrractivity alrclbchavior, i.tttclsln-ttmarizc. thc
f i n c l i r r g so n ; r l c o h o lu s e a n d a b u s c . thc
, n,aa,
5. Dcpressants ncrv()Llssysrcnl
Stirnr.rltrrrts ( i r r c / a r er r o t )
activity i'rrrcl bor,1yiurrction.
l . o w c l o s c so f a l c o h o l ,w h i c h i s c l a s s i f i c cal s a ircldictiver.

, slow the activity of thc: 1 1 . C o c a i n ci r n r l c r a c k d c p l c t e t h c b r i t i t r ' ss t r p p l y t l i

Il0rv()Lrssystcllr. the ncu rotransnrittcrs
6. Alcohol nray nrakera L)crs()Ilm()rc , Jlltl

and rcstrlt in clcpressionas tlrc clrugs' t'ffccts

n10rc da ring. A lcohol rrffccts wear off. Thcy clothis by blockingtht'
m('mory by interfcring with thc processof trans- of tlre ncu rotrirtrsnri ttcrs,
ferring cxpericncesirrto w h i c h r en t i t i r ti n t h e n c r v c c el l s '
llcln()ry. Also, blackouts
12. Cocainer'spsyclrologicalcffects clepcrrcltrot otrly
a f t e r d r i r r k i r . r gr e s u I t f r o n r a l c o l r o l ' ss r - r p p r e s s i t l n
on closirgcand iorm bltt also tttr
ttf
, and thc
7. Exct'ssive.r-rscof alcohol ci'rr.ralst'rirffect cognition
L'Y thc brrrir.r,
c.spcciallyir.r
(nror / wonrcn). Alcohol .-rlso 13. The clrug , or MDMA,
re.LlLlces r-rnclfocuscsone.'s is both a
trttcntion on thc' and rt
and away from This drug triggcrs the reletrseof tlre ncltrtttratrs-
mitters rrnd
Describe how ir pcrson's expect.rtiolrscatr infltrence arrd blocks the re'absorptiorr
t h e b c l r a v i o r a le f f e c t so f a l c o h o l .
of . Among the adverse
cffectsof this drr-rgare disruption of the body's
clock, suppression of the
, trnd
imoaired and othe'r
functions.
184 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Objective 19: Describe the physiological and psycho- alcoholism if they had a(n)
logical effects of hallucinogens, and summarize the (adoptive/biological) parent with a history of
e f f e c t so f L S D a n d m a r i j u a n a .
alcoholism. Boys who at age 6 are
(more/less) excitableare more likely as teens ttr
14. Hallucinogens are also referred to as
smoke, drink, and use other drugs. Genes that are
. Two common synthetic hal-
more common among people predisposed to
lucinogens are and
alcoholism may causedeficienciesin the brain's
L S D , w h i c h i s c h e m i c a l l ys i m i l a r t o a s u b t y p e o f
systenl
the neunrtrausmitter . LSD
works bv the actions of this ldentify some of the psychological and social-cLrltLrral
roots of drug use.
nctrrotransrnitter.
in marijuana is abbreviated
15. Thc active.ir-rgreclient
. M . r r i j u . r n .i sr b c i n g r r s t ' d
t h c r a p c u t i c a l l yw i t l r t h o s ew h c t s u f f c r f r o m
. However, thcsc mcclical
Llscs.rre'compIicatcclby marijuana's toxicity,
20. Among teenagers,drug usc
which cirn cause
( v a r i e s / i s a b o u t t h e s a m e )a c r o s s
and
Dcscribc sonrt'oi the physicirl arrclpsvchological
groLlPS.
effectsof nrarifuanrr.
21. African-American high schttol seniors report tlre
(highcst/ lowest) rates of
t r u g t r s ci s
d r u g u s c . A m a j o r s o c i a li n f l u u r l c L ' o l d
the cu Iture'.

Statc three possible clrantrclsttf infltrc'ncefor clt'trg

pre.rrention ancl treatmen t progra r-t.ts.

'fhe a.
16. rregativcafte'reffr'ctsof drr-rgr-rscmay bc
c x p l a i n e d i n p t r r t b y t l r e p r i r r c i p l et h a t e m o t i o n s b.

triggt'r c.

Objective 20: l)iscuss thc biological, psycl-rological,

irrrc'lsocial-ctrltnralfactors thirt contribute to clrug use. Near-Death (pp.30e310)
Experiences
* lf you do not know the metrnitrgof any of the
17. Drug trsc by North Americar.ryouth following words in the contcxt in which they
f
(incrcnst'd
/tleclined) rlu ring appear in the text, refer to p.rge 203 for an
*
the 1970s,thcn dc.clinecluntiI the early 1990sdtte $ expfanation tnkirtgtlrc bttll lnt thc lrcrtts;ntorrists
' gcrcrolltl ltaliaw tlnt dt'ttthis rcsl ortd tlmt ioithortt
to incrctrsed $
8 bodiesruatrultl nrc rutbotlits.
.rnd efforts by the media tc'r
d e g l a n r o r i z ec ir u g u s t ' .
Objective 21: Describc the near-death elxperienceancl
In the tlventv-first century, attitudes toward alcc'r- the controversy over whether it provides evideuce ftlr
hol (have/have not) changed, . r m i n d - b o d yd u a l i s m .

with (more/fewer) people 'Ihe

1. reports of people who have had near-death
a h s t ai n i n g f r t r m d r i r r k i n F , .
experiences are very similar to the'
19. Adopted individuals are more susceptible to rcported bv drug trscrs.Tht'sc
 I

Test1
Progress 185

,7
experiences may be the result of a deficient sup- The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include:
plv of or other insults to the a. suppression of the imrnttne svstem.
brain. b. altered metarboiicand hormttnrrl functioning.
c. impaire'd creativity.
2. That thc mincl and bodv are distinct entities is thc d. all of the above.
position of the theorists known as
8 . One.e.ffectof slee'pingpills is to:
. In contrast, the
a. decrcaseREM slecp.
believe thartthe.mind and b. increaseREM slee'p-r.
body arc.one. c. decreascStage'2sleep.
d. incrcaseStage2 sleep.

9 . C o c a i n ea n c lc r a c k p r o c l u c e ' ae ' u p h o r i cr t r s l rb y :

TESTT
PROGRESS a. blocking the actittnsof sertttttnirr.
b . d c p r e s s i n gn e u r a l a c t i v i t v i n t h c b r a i n .
Mu lti p I e- Choi ce Qu cst i on s c . b l o c k i r r g t t r e r e r . r p t t r k co f c i o p a m i r r ei n b r a i n
cells.
Circlc yoLrr ans\,\rersto tht- following c1r-restions trnci d . s t i m u l a t i n g t h c b r a i n ' s p r o c l n c t i o t to f c r r c ' l t t r -
c h c c k t h c m r , r , i t ht h c a n s w e r sb e g i n n i n g o n p a g e 1 9 4 . phirrs.
If vor-rrAnswer is incorrect, reirr-ltlre explantrtion frlr
w h y i t i s i n c o r r c c t a n c l t h e n c o n s r r l tt h e a p p r o p r i a t e 10. W h i c h o f t h c f o l l o w i n g i s c l a s s i i i c c al s a c l c p r c s -
pi-rgcsof the tcxt (in parentl"rescs following the c'orrect sant?
ar r s w c r ) . a. mt'th.trrrgrltl'l,ttnitrt' c. marijtranir
b. I,SD d. alcohol
1. As definecl by thc tcxt, consciotrsrrcssincltrdcs
which of thc folkrwing? 11. Thr. moclcrn discovcrv of hypnosis is gcr.rt'rally
a. foctrsedattortion c. hypnosis a t t r i b t r t c dt o :
b. slcerping d. all of the irbovc a. Fretrcl. c. Spirnos.
b. Mesmer. d. Llilgarcl.
2. The clustcr of brain cells tl'ratcontrcl the circaclitrn
rhvthnr is the: t2. Which of the followir-rg sttttcmt:trts cotrct'rtrit.tg
a. arnygdtrlt.r. h y p n o s i si s t r u c ?
b. iasnraticr-ruclctrs.
sr.rprr.rclr a. I'eoprlew,ill do arrything rtrrclcrhyprrttsis.
c. aclcnosirrc. b. Hypnosisis thc s.ltlc ils sleeping.
d. pint'irl. c . H y p n o s i s i s i n p a r t t r n c x t e n s i o t ro f t h c c l i r ' ' i -
sion between c()nsciolls rtwarcncss itncl attto-
3. Whcn our is clisrtrptcd, wc cxpe'rierrccjet
m t r i i cb c h a v i o r .
lag-
d . H y p n o s i s i m p r o v e s m e m ( ) r vr e c a l l .
a. Stagc 1 slcc'p c. circadi;rn rhythm
b. REM slcep d . S t a g e , ls l e e p 13. I'coplc who hc.rrclunusu.rl phrast-'sprrittrttl slecp
wL.reirwakencd eraclrtirnc they began IIEM sleep.
4. Slcep spirrcllcs preclomin.rte clrrring which stage
The fact that they rcmcnrberecl lcss the rrert
of slc.cp?
m()rning pror,,idcssnpport for the' theory
a. Stager2 c. Stagc4
of dreaming.
b. Stagc'3 d. IIEM sleep
a. m a n i f e s tc o n t e n t
5. Dnring which stagerof slec.pcftresthe body expe- b. physiological
rience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, ancl c. irrform.ttion-processing
g e n i t a la r o u s a l ? d. . r c t i ra t i o n - s y n t h c s i s
a. Stage2 c. Stage4
14. A c c o r d i n g t o F r e u d , d r e a m s a r e :
b. Starge3 d. REM sle.ep
a. a symbolic fulfillment of e rtttic 'lt'ishes.
6 . T l r e s l t ' t ' r tc v c l t ' i s a r r p r o x i n r a t t ' l v mirrutt's. b . t h e r e . s u l t o f r a n d o m n e u r e r la c t i v i t v i r r t l r e
a. 30 c. 75 brainstem.
b. 50 d. 90 c. the brain's mcchanism for self-stimulation.
d. the disguised expressionsof inner conflicts.
 I
185 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

15. Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and percep- 18. Which of the follou,'ing; is rrot a theorv of clreanr-
tion through: ing mentioned in the tert?
a. the power of suggestion. a. Dreams facilitate informatiorr processing.
b. the placebo effect. b. Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.
c. alteration of neural activity in the brain. c. Dreams result from randonr neltral .rctir itv
d. psychological,not physiological, influences. originating in the brainstem.
d. Dreaming is an attempt tt) cscafreftttnr social
16. All of the follclwing are common misconceptions stimulation.
abcrut addictit'tt^r,cxcc1ttthe statement that
a. to overcome iln addiction a person almost 19. The sleep-waking cycles of yourrg pe'tlple r'r'hcr
always needs professional therapy. stay up too late typically arc hclttrs irr
b. psychotrctiveand medicinal drugs very quick- duration'
ly lcad to addiction. a. 23 c. 25
c. biological factors place some individuals at b. 24 d. 26
incrcase.drisk ft'rraddiction.
d. mt.rny othcr repetitive, pleasure-seeking 20. The lowest rates of drug use among high school
bchaviors fit the. clrug-addiction-as-clisease- seniors is reporte'dby:
neecling-tre.atment model. a. white malcs.
b. white females.
17. At its bc.ginning, psyc'hology focuscd on the c. blackmales.
study of: d. Latinos.
a. o b s e r v . r b l cb r ' h . r v i t r r .
b. consciousncss.
c. . t L t u t r r m abl e h a v i o r .
d. a l l o f t h e a b o v e.

Matching ltems
Match cach tcrm with its appnrpriate. de.finition or
dcscription.

DL,finit i ons ttr Dcscri pti o trs Tcrms

-1.
s u r f a c cm e n n i n g o f d r c a m s a. marijuana
2. clecpcr rncaning of dreams b. alcohol
3. stage(s) of slcep associated with delta c. Stage 1 sleep
WiIVCS d. night terrors
4. stagc(s)of slccp associatedwith muscu- e. m.rnifest conte.nt
lar reltrxirtion f. cocainc
5. sle'c1-r c-lisorclcrin which breathing stops g. narcolepsy
6. sleep disordcr occurring in Stage4 sleep h. sleep apnea
7. depressant i. Stages3 and 4 sleep
8. hallucinogen j. REM sleep
9. stimulant k. latentcontent
'10.
t w i l i t l r t s t . r s t ' o f s k ' r ' o a s s o c i a t e dw i t h
imagery resernbling harllucinations
1 1 . d i s o r d c r i n w h i c h s l e e pa t t a c k so c c u r
 ProgressTest2

TESTz
PROGRESS b. the female menstrual cycle
c. the five sleep stages
Progress Test 2 should be completed during a final d. sudden sleep attacks during the day
chapter review. Answer the follor.t'ing questions after
U . Which of the following is characteristic of REM
you thoroughly understand the correct answers for
sleep?
the section reviews and ProgressTest 1.
a. genital arousal
Multiple -Choice Questions b. increasedmuscttlar tension
c. night terrors
1. Which of the following statements regarding d. alpha wavcs
REM slecp is true'?
a. Adults spcnd more time'than infants in REM 9 . Which of thc following is nof a stimulant?
slcc.p. a. amphetamincs c, nicotine
b. REM slcep deprivation results in a REM b . caffeine d. trlcohol
rc.bound.
c. Ircople-. of IIEM sleep adapt easily.
clc-.privcd 10. H y p n o t i c r t ' s p o l r s i v c t r c si s :
d. Slccping medications tend to increaseREM a. the samc in all peroplc.
sleep. b. gcncrally greater in women than men.
c. generally grerrterin men than wttmen.
2. Which theorists bclicve that the. mincl ;rnd the d. grcater when pcoplc are led to cr;;ccfit.
body are separatec-ntities?
a. the beharviorists c. the-.
dualists
"11..According kr Hilgard, hypnosis is:
b. the'monists d. the Freudians a. no different frctm a state clf hcightened mclti-
vation.
3. Alcohol has thc most profound cffe'cton: b. thes.ln('Jsdrt'.rming.
a. the trtrnsfcr of cxpcricnccs to long-te.rm c. a dissociation Lrctwc'encliffe.rcrrtlevels of ctttr-
lnem()ry. sciousness.
b. immediatc mcmory. d. a type.of "anirnal magtretism."
c. previrlr-rslycstablishc.c{krng-tcrm me.morie.s.
d . . r l l o fI h t ' , r b o v t ' . 12. Which of the folkrwing was rrofcited in the'text t-rs
r.rlcoholuse?
eviclenccthat hereclity ir.rfluences
4. A persorr whosc EEG shows a high proportion of a. Childrer-rwhose-.parents abr-rsc' alcohol have tt
alpha waves is most likely: lower tolcrancc for rnultiple alcoholic drinks
a. drcaming. c. in Stage3 or 4 sleep. taken overra slrort period of time.
b. in Stagc 2 sle.e.p d. trwake ancl relaxc-d. b. Boys who are' implrlsivet and fearlessat ilge 6
are morc likcly b drink as teenagers.
5 . C i r c a d i a n r l - r y t h m sa r e ' t h c : c. Ltrbrlratory mice havc berenselectivcly bred tct
a. brain wavcs that occur during Stage4 sleep. orefcr alcohol tcl watcr.
b. muscular tremors thirt occur during opii'rte d. Adopted children are more susceptible if one
witlrdmwal. or both of their biological paretrts has tr histo-
c . rcgular body cycles thart occur on a 24-hour ry of alcoholism.
scheclr-rle.
d . brain wirves th;rt trre indicartive of Stage 2 13. As a form of therapy for rclieving proble'ms such
slccp. a s w a r t s , h y p n o s i si s :
a . ineffective.
6. A perrsonwho requires increasing amounts of a
b . no more effective' than positive suggcstions
drug in order to fe.el its effect is said to have
givcn without hypnosis.
developed:
c . highly effective.
a. tolerance. d . more effective with adults than childre'n.
b. physical dependency.
c. psychological dependency. 1,4. Which of the following is usually the most pow-
d. resistance. erful determinant of whether teer-ragersbegin
using drugs?
7. Which of the following is nof an example of a bio-
a. family strength c. school adjustment
logical rhythm?
b. religiosity d. peer influence
a. feeling depressed during the winter months
188 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

1 5 . T H C i s t h e m a j o r a c t i v e ' i n g r e d i e nitn : 19. According to the acti\:ation-synthesis theory,

a. nicotine c. lTlarr]ualla. dreaming represents:
b. MDMA d. cocaine. a. the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts
of activity in visual brain areas with the emo-
16. Those n'l-robclieve th;rt hvpnosis is a social phe- tional tone provided by limbic system activity.
nornr.lr()n .rrguc th.rt "hvpnotized" individuals b. a mechanism for coping with the stresses of
ar€.: daily life.
a . c t r u s c i o u s l vf a k i n g t h e i r b e h a v i o r . c. a symbolic depiction of a person's unfulfilled
b. rlt'r-clr' .rcting ottt tr rolc. wishes.
c. trnrlcr.rchie.r'ers striving to plcase the hypno- d. an information-processing mechanism for
ilst. converting thc dtry's experic'nces inttl long-
d. all of thc above. term memory.

is defined in the.text as:

1 7 . Cr)//Sr-itrr/:rlt'.ss 20- How a particular psychoactive drug affects a per-
a . n r c n t a ll i i e . s o n d e p e n d so n :
b. sclcctive .rttcntittn ttt ongoing pcrcc-ptions, a. the dosage and form in which thc drug is
thorrgl"r ts, arrclfeelings. taken.
c . i r r f t r I r n , r t i oPr |t o c t ' s s i n t . b. the user's expectationsand persilnality.
d. otrr cl\\/arL'ncrss of oursc'lversand our envirttn- drug is taken.
c. the'situation in which tl.rer
nrent. d. all of the above.

1 8 . I . r r l a s v n t h c t i cs t i m u l a n t a n d m i l d h a l l u c i n o g e n
that produccs euphoritr ancl social intimacy by
triggcring thc-.rclcasc of d<lpamirrc'ttnd serotonin.
\ V h . r ta r n I ?
a. l.SD c. THC
b. MDMA d. coctrinc

,)Intclrirrgltems

\l.rtch cach ternr with its appropriate clefinitionor

clescripr
tion.

D e.fini ti orrs or Dcscripttio ns Tcnns

l. drug that is both a stimr-rlantand mild a. Freud's the'ory

hallucinogen b. serotonin
2. clrugs that incrctrse energy and stimu- c. Ecstasy
lateneural activity d. alpha
3. brain wave of awake, relaxed person e. dissociation
4. brtrin-wave activity dr-rringStage2 sle'ep f. amphetamines
stirge associttte'clwith dre'rrming
5. slererp g. consclousness
6. drugs that reduce anxiety and depress h. sleep spindle
central ner\/ouil system activity i. endorphins
7. natural painkillers produced by the j. REM
brain k. barbiturates
8. neurotransmitter that LSD resembles
9. our awareness of ourselves and our
c.nvironment
10. theory that dreaming refle'ctsour erotic
drirres
11. a split betwcen clifferent levels of cotr-
sciousness
 PsychologyApplied 189

APPLIED
PSYCHOLOGY Dan has recently begun using an addictive,
euphoria-producing drug. Which of the following
Answer these questions the day befttre an exam as a will probably occur if he repeatedly uscs this
final chcck on your understtrnding of the chapter's drug?
terms and concepts. a. As tolerance to the drug devclops, Dan will
experienceincreasinglv pleasurable "hi gl-rs. "
Multipl e- Choice Que sti o n s b. Thc dosage ncc.declttt producc the desirccl
e f f e c tw i l l i n c r e , t s e .
1. A persorr who falls asleep irr the midst of a heated
c. Afte'r etrch ttse, he.rt'ill bectlme more and mclrc
irrgument probably suffers frttm:
elated.
a. sleep apnea. c. night terrors. d. Dependencewill be'comele'sstlf a problem.
b. narcole.psy. d . insomnia.
6 . Although hcr cyers are closccl, Adcle's brain is
by the
2. Whiclr of the following n its rtof sr-rggested generating bursts of electricirlactivity. It is likely
text as an intport;rtrt trspcct of drug prevcntitln thirt Adele is:
and trcatnrent programs? under tlre infltrencectf a tlepressatrt.
a.
a. cducatiot.t about thc lttng-term costs clf a b. undcr the influence ttf atr opiilte.
clrug's temporary plcastrres c. in REM sleep.
b. cfforts to boost pcople's self-csteemand pur- d. lravir.rga rrcar-deirthexpcrience.
poscin life
c. attempts to rnodify peer asst'rciirtious 7 Conclucling his prcsentatittu tln lcvels tlf informa-
chil-
d. "scarc tactics" that frighten preprtrbescetrt tion proccssing,Migucl statesthat:
clrcninto avttidingdrng cxperimentatitln a. humans proccss bttth conscit-rttsatncl Llllcon-
s c i o t - tisn f o r r n t r t i o ni n p a r t r l l e l .
3. ItEM sleep is refcrred tit as ptrrtttloxit'tl slcc1t
b. corrsciotrsproccssiug ()cctlrs irr parallel, wlrilc
becausc: prctccssingis serii'rl.
ur.tcot"tsci<'rus
a. str-rdie's of pcol-rledeprivetl of ItEM sleep intli- c . c o n s c i o t - t sp r o c c s s i n g i s s c r i a l , w h i l e l t n c t l n -
c a t e ' t h a tR E M s l e e pi s u n u e c e s s a r y . scit'rttsprocessingis parallel.
b . t h c b o d y ' s m t t s c l e sr c n t a i n r e l a x e c lw h i l e t h c d . a l l i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n gi s s c r i t r li l r l l a t L l r e .
brair.rancl eyL'sare activc.
c. it is verry casy to awatkena Persolt inrrn REM 8 . Roberto is rnocieratcly irrtoxicatcci by illctlhol.
sleep. W h i c h o f t h e i o l l o w i r r g c h i r n g e si n l . r i .b c h a v i o r i s
d. tlre body's mttscles irre r''ery terrse r.t,hilethe likely to occrtr?
b r a i n i s i n a n e a r l y m e c l i t a t i v es t t t t e . a. If angc-red,he is mttre'likely to becorne.aggrcs-
sive thatr whc.n heris sober.
4. An attorrrt'y wants to know if the details i'rncl b . H c w i l l b e l c s s s c l f - c o n s c i o u s a b c l r . r th i s
.rccllracy of an eycwittress's mL'rnory for a crime bchrrvittr.
would be irnprovec'l ltnc'lcr hypnosis. Civcn thc c . l f s e x u a l l y a r o t t s e d ,h e w i l l b e l e r s si r l h i b i t e t l
results of relevarrt researclt,wl.rtrtshould you tell a b o u t e r r g a g i n gi n s c x t t i l la c t i v i t y .
thc rrttorney? d . A l l o f t h e a b o v ea r c l i k e r l y .
a. Most hyprnotictrlly retricvecl metntlries .tre
eithcr firlsc or ct'rt.tta minatcd. 9 . J i l l d r c a m s t h a t s h c t r i p s i r n c lf a l l s t l s s h e w t - r l k su p
b. Hypnotically retricvcd mcmories arc usually the steps trt tl-restage to rcceivc her ctlllege diplo-
m r ) r t 'i l c c u r d L tt'h a r rc t t n s c i t r t t tsn t ' m t l r i t ' s . ma. Her psychtttrnrllyststrggcsts tht.rtthtl drcam
c. Hypnotictrllv rctricved me.mttric'sare purely might slrmbolize hcr fear tlf mtlving <ln to tlre'
the prodtrct of tlre strbject'simagination. nerxtstirgectf he'r life.-a career.The trntrlystis evi-
dently attempting to interpret the' ctlrrtent
d. Hypnosis only impllrq'('5 mcm()ry of anxiety-
provoking childhood evetrts. o f J i l l ' sd r c a m .
a. manifest c. dissociated
b. l a t e n t d. ove'rt
190 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

10. Barry has participated in a sleep study for the last c. is in REM sleep.
four nights. He was awakened each time he d. suffers from narcolepsy.
entered REM sleep. Now that the experiment is
over, which of the following can be expected to 15. Levar believes that once the body has died, the
occur? mind also ceasesto exist. Er,'idently,Levar is a(rr):
a. behaviorist. c. dualist.
a. Barry will be too tired to sleep, so he'll contin-
b. monist. d. athe'ist.
ue to stay awake.
b. Barry will sleep so deeply for several nights
t h a t d r e a r n i n ew i l l b e m i n i m a l . L6. Which of the following statemcnts concerning
c. There will be rrn increasein sleep Stages1-4. marijuana is true?
d. l-herc will be an increase in Barry's REM a. The by-products cti marijuana are. cleare'd
sleetl-r. from the body morc qr-ricklythan trrc'tl-rerbv-
products of alcohol.
11. Of the following individuals, who is likely to be b. Regular users mav neecl tt larger ciosc tlf thc
thc most hvpnotictrlly suggestible? drug to achievc a high tl-ranocctrsiotrillttscrs
a. Bill, a reality-oriented stockbroker would necd to gct the sirme effe'ct.
b. Janicc,an actresswith a rich imagination c. Marijuana is as acldictivc ils nictltitre ()r
c. Mcgirn, a sixth-graclcr who lras troubkr focus- cocaine.
ing hcr attention on a task d. Everr small doses of mariitri-rnirIrastcrrthc ltlss
d. Darrren,who has never been able to rcally "get of brarincclls.
involvcd" irr moviesor novels
1 7 . Which of the following statctnents ctltrct'rtritrg
near-death cxperienccsis truc?
12. Which of thc following statements concernit.tg .l
a l c o l r o l i s mi s r r o ft r u c ? a. Fewcr thtrn pcrcerlt tlf patic-'rrtswhtl cot't'ttr
c l o s et o d y i n g r e p o r t h a v i n g t h e r r r .
a . A d o p t e d i n d i v i d u a l s a r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l et o
b . T h e y t y p i c a l l y c o n s i s t o f f i r n t a s t i c ,m y s t i c t r l
alcoholism if thcy had .rn trcloptive part'ut
imagcry.
with ;rlcoholism. 'Ihey
c. are more c()mmonly expericncetl bv
b. Har.'ingan idcntic.rl twin with ;rlcoholism puts
femalcs than by males.
it person at incrcirscd risk for ;1lcoh1)lnroh-
d. Thc.y are more commtttrly cxpericrrcecl bv
lerns.
males than by females.
c. Clernc'ticistshave identifierd geues that are
m()re common am()ntj p-rcoplcpredisposccl tcr 1 8 . Those who cctnsic-ler hyplrosis a social phetronrc-
alcoholisnr. non contend that:
d. Rcscarchershave brcd rats th.rt prefer alcohttl a. hypnosis is an altere'clstate tlf ctlnscii'rt-tstrerss.
to wirter. b. hypnotic phcnomcna are ttniqr-teto hyprrosis.
c. hypnotizecl subjects bccttmc ltnrcspotrsivt
1 3 . Researchstuc'liesof the effectivenc'ssof hypntrsis
whcn they arc no lclngt'r motivate'cito ilct tls
irs ir fornr of tlrerarpyhave.dc'monstrtrtedthat:
instructed.
a. for problems of self-control, such as smoking, d. all of the'above are'trtre.
hypnosis is equally effccti",ewith people whcr
can be rlceply hyprrotize'dand those who can- 19. Which of thc following sttrtementsconcemirrg the
not. roots of drug ttse is true?
b. posthypnotic sr"rggestionshave helped allevi- a. Heavy users of alcohol, marijutrna, tltrd ct'r-
ate head;rches,asthma, trnd stress-relatedskin caine often arc always on a high.
clisorders. b. If an adolescent'sfriends usc drugs, tlc'ldstlrtl
c. as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no more that he or she.will, too.
cffective than positive'suggestionsgiven with- c. Teenagerswho are acardemicarlly average str-t-
out hypnosis. dents seldom use drugs.
d. all of the above are true. d. It is nearly impossible to predict whether or
not a particular adolesccntwill experiment
t4. A I']ET scan of a sleeping person's brain reveals with druss.
increased activity in the visual and auditory
areas.This most likely indicates that the sleeper:
a. has a neurological disorder.
b. is not trulv asleep.
 Key Terms 191.

20. Concluding her presentation on contemporary alpha waves

theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn
6 . sleep
makes all of the following points except'.
,7
a. Sleep may have evolved because it kept our hallucinations
ancestors safe during potentially dangerous 8. delta warres
periods.
b. Sleep gives the brain time to heal, as it 9. insomnia
restores and repairs dtrmaged neurons. 10. narcolcpsy
c. Slcep encor-rrages growth through a hormone
secretedduring Stage4. 11. slecp apnea
d. Slow-wave sleep provides a "psvchic safety 12. night terrors
valve" for stressfulwaking cxpcricnccs.
13. d r c a m
Essaq Question
14. manifest contcnt
You have. just been trssigneclthe task of writing an
articlc tcntativcly titlecl "Alcohol and Alcoholism:
1 5 . latcnt content
Roots, Effects, ancl Prevcntion." What information \6. REM reborrnd
you include in yor-rr irrticle.?(Use the space'
sl-ror-rld
below to list the points you wtrnt to rnakc, arrd orga- 17. hypnosis
nize them. The-'rr
write the essayon arseparatepiece of 18. posthypnotic snggcstion
paper.)
19. dissociation
20. psychoarctivecirugs
21. tolcrtrnce
22. w i t h d r a w a l
23. physicaI clcpcnclt'nce
24. psychologicaIdependeuce
25. aclciiction
26. derpre.ssants
27. barrbitnrates
28. o p i a t e s
29. stimtrlants
30. a m p h c t a m i n e s
31. mc.thampl.tetanr
ines

KEYTERMS 32. Ecstasy(MDMA)

JJ. hallucinogens
Writirrg Definitions 34. LSD
Using your own words, on a separate piece of paper 35. T H C
writer i'r brief dcfinition or cxplanation of cach of thc 36. ncar-death c'xpcrience
following terms.
3/. dualism
1. consciousness 38. m o n i s m
2. biologict'rl rhythm

3. circadian rhythm

4. REM sleep
 I

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Cross-Check
As you learned in the Prologue, review-
ing and overlearnin5i of material are
important to the learning process. After
of the
you have written the clc.firritic'rns
key terms in this chapter, you should
complete the crosswc'rrdpuzzle to ensure
that you can reversc the proccss-
recognize the term, give'n the definition.

ACROSS
1. Tcrrn for REM sleep reflecting that
the.body is arouscd but thc muscles
are relaxed.
7. Ncurotransmitter whclserer-rptake' is
blocked by cocaine.
8. Widerlyuscd stimr-rlirntth.rt is inhale'cl.
10. Dret.rmsin which thc drcame.ris suffi-
cierrtly awarc to wondcr if hc or she is
drcaming.
1 2 . P o w e r f u l h a l l u c i n o g e nf i r s t u s e d b y
Albcrt Hofmann.
13. Typc. of proccssirrgthirt describes
lrow wc dcirl with consciotrsinforma-
tion.
14. Typc. of brain w.r',,c. that occurs dur-
ing Stage2 sleepr.
17. Drug catcgory that includcs alcohol.
1 8 . S t a g cI d r c a r n s c n s a t i o rsr i m i l t r rt o i r
hallucination.
19. Also known as tranquilizers.
21. Timc of day at which the thinking and memory of
ANSWERS
olclcr irclultstend to bc'best.
22. Timc of day at which the thinking and mcmory of ChapterReview
collcgc stuclentstenc-lto be best.
Consciousness and lnfo rm ati on P r o ce ssing

DOWN 1. consciousness;behal'ictr
2. ln hypnosis, the suppose'clrclivirrg of earlier
2. brain activity; menttrl corrcepts
experienccs.
3 . Drugs that "speed up" ne.uralactivity. Consciousnessis our awarenessttf tturselvesancl ttur
4. Drugs that dcprcss neural activity, temporarrily environmcnt.
l e s s e n i n gp a i n . 3. before; limited; slow; succe'ssively
'Iheory
suggesting that rlreams help fix daily
4. require
e r p e r i t ' n c t ' si n o u r m t ' m r r r i t ' s .
6 . Drug that disrupts the procc.ssingof recent expe-
Sleep and Dreams
r i e n c e si n t o l r l n t ] - t e r mm e m o r i e s .
9 . Emest Hilgtrrd's term describing a hypnotized 1. biological rhythms; annual cycles; appetite, sleep
subject'sawarenessof unreported experiences. length, and moods
11. Brain wa'n'ethat predominates in Stage 4 sleep. 2. seasonal affective disordcr; 28; menstrual cyclc;
15. Divided consciousness(as during hypnosis). 24; alertness,body temperature, and growth hor-
t6. Ilelatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake mone secretion; 90
state.
18. Depressant that causes a rush of euphoria. 3. circadian rhythm
20. Active ingredient in marijuana.
 Answers 193

4. thinking; memory; evening; morning Hypnosis

5. jet lag; time; shifts 1. social interaction; Mesmer; animal magnetism
6. bright light; retinas; pineal; melatonin; suprachi- 2. does not; are
asmatic nucleus; adenosine; inhibiq sleep sched- 3. somewhat
r,rles
Those who are most susceptible freque.ntly become
deeply absorbed in imaginative .rctivities. They alscl
8. eyes;dreams; REM sleep tend to have rich fantasy lives.
9. ;rlpha 4. will
10. hypnagogic; hallucinations; memories 5. age regre.ssion;no more
11. sleep spindlcs 6. authoritativc; ctltrte'xt
1 2 . c l c . l t a3; ; 4 ; s l o w - w a v e ;d i f f i c u l U w a l k i n g 7. posthypnotic
During REM slecp, brain wavcs bccome as rapid as 8. addictions; doersnctt
those of Stagc. 1 sleep, hcart rirtc and breathing 9. is
become rnrlre rapid urndirregular, and genital arousal attentittn
10. car-r;clissociates;
arrcirt-rpiclcyc movemerlts occLtr.
1-1.attending; sens()ry;sensory
13. active; relaxcd; paracloxical
social irrflttencc
12. normal cc'lt-tsciousncss;
1 4 . c l r c a r n ;v i s u t ' r la; t r d i t o r y
The bchavior of hypnotizc.d subjectsis trot furrdame.u-
1 5 . 9 0 ;b r i c f e r ;l o n g c r ; 2 0 b 2 5 tally cliffcrurt from thitt of othcr preoplc-.. Therefore,
16. two-thirds; olrc-thircl h y p n o s i s m a y b c m a i n l y a s t t c i a lp h c t r o t n e n t l n ,w i t h
hypnotized subjccts trcting out thc role of a "gotld
1 7 . g e n e ' si;d t : n t i c a l ;c u l t u r e
hypnotic subject."
18. slecp dcprivrrtiot'r
13. clissoc-iatiotr
19. B or 9; 2; Demen| accidcnts; immune; aging; itbc-
14. hidclcn obscrverr;soc-ial
sity; hypcrtctrsittn;me'mory imptrirmcnt
Thc social influence arrd dividcd conscittttsttt-'ssviews
is slt'cpiness.
Thc nrajor eficct of slccp cle'prrivt.rtittn
wrlrk togcthcr to explain hypnosis as an cxtension
Other effects includer impaircd crc.ativity, concerntra-
both of nornral prirrciples of stlcial irriluettce trrrd tlf
tion, ancl conrmtrnictrtion; slowcd performance; and
everyday clissociatiorrsbetwccn ttur ctlttscitltlsitwirre-
irritability.
and our autttmatic bchavittrs.
rrerss
20. protect; brairr; rnctabolism; free radicals; nerur()ns;
memory; crcativr' Drugs and Consciousncss
2 - .1 p i l u i t , r r y ;l t ' s s l; t ' s s
1. psychoactive
22. insornnia; rcclltce:
ncuritadtrptirtion
2. tole'rance-,
23. narcolcpsy; REM; muscular tcnsion; hypotlrala-
psychologicirl;ad d ictcd
3. witlrclrawa l; depenclcr.rce';
mus; hypocretirr
Thc following myths about addictiou are false:
24. sleerpapnea; overweight mcn
a. Taking a psychttitctive t'lrug auttlmatically
25. rright ternrrs; 4; slecpwalking; sleerptalking;run; leacisto addiction.
young chilclrerr;lcngthiest; deepest b. One caunttt ()vercome an ardclicticlnwithout
26. R E M ; l u c i d p r o f e s s i o n a lIr t ' l p .
27. ncgativc; atttrcked,pursucd, or rejecte'd c. The addiction-as-disetrse-necding-treatment
model is irpplicable to a brctat'l spectrum of
28. m a l e s ;i s
p leasurc-se'eking be'haviors.
29. manifest; latent corrtent
4. depressants; stimulants; hallucinogens; nellro-
30. crotic; conflicts
transmitters; expe'cttrtions
31. information; memory
5. calm; slow; depressant;sympathetic
32. physiological; stimulation; infants
6. aggressive; helpful; sexually; long-term; REM
33. neural; brt'rinstem; activation-synthesis; limbic;
sleep
limbic; trmygdala; maturation; cognitive
7. shrinking; womeni self-awareness; immediate sit-
34. need; REM rebound
uation; future consequences
J5, does; do not; information-processing
194 C h a p t e t 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s
Studies have found that if people believe that alcohol
affects social beh;-rviclr in certain ways, then, when
they drink alcohol (or e'r'enmistakenly think that they
have bc'enclrinking .rlcohol),they will behave accord-
ing to their expectatiorrs,which vary by culture. For
example, if peopie believe alcohol promotes sexual
feeling, on drinking thev are likely b behave in a sex-
r.rallyaroused n,.-rv.
8. b.-rrbituratcs
9. cleprcss;op-riates;
e'ndorphins
10. c;rffcir.rt-; rricotitre; trmphetamincs;
Ecst.rsr'; rncth;rmphe.tamine;are
11. clopr.rnrirlc;norepinephrine; scrotonin; reuptake;
sYllalLrscs
-12.
c x p c c t a t i o n s p; e r s o n a l i t y ;s i t u a t i o n
13. [:cst.rsr'; stimu lirnt; milc] h.rlluci nogen; dttpamine;
serotonin; serotonin; circ;rdian; immune system;
nrenlol'y;cognitive
14. psvcheclclics;MDMA; scrotonin; blocking
15. THC; AIDS; cancer,lung clitmage,and pregnancy
conrplicati()11s
Like alcol-rol,r'narijuarrarelaxes, clisinhibits, and may
producc a euphoric feeling.Also likc alcohol, mari-
juana imparirspcrceptual and mcttor skills. Mariiu;rnit
i s a m i l d h a l l u c i n o g c n ;i t c a n a m p l i f y s e n s i t i v i t y t o
colors, sounrls, tastes,and smclls. Marijuana also
interrupts mcmory fornration.
etnotiotrs
16. op-r1-rosing
17. incrc.rscd;drug cclucation
18. havt-; nrorc
1 9 . b i o l o g i c a l ;r n o r c ;d o p - r a m i nrcc w a r d
A p s y c h o l o g i c a lf a c t o r i n d r u g u s e i s t h e f e e l i n g t h a t
onc's lifc is me;rninglessaucl lacks direction. Ilegular
users of psychoactive drtrgs often have cxpe'rienced
strcss or failure trnd are somewhat depressed. Drug
ursc.often begins as a tempc'rrary way to rclie've
dcpression, anUe.r,anxiety, or insomnia. A powerful
social factor in clrug Llse,eslrccially among aclctles-
cents, is peer infhlcnce. Peers shape trttitudes about
drugs, provide drugs, irnd establish the social context
for their use.
20. varies; cultural; ethnic
21. lowest; peer
22. a. cducation about the long-term costs of a drug's
te-mpore'rry pleasures
b. efforts to boost people's self-esteem and pur-
posc in life
c. attempts to "inoculate" youth against peer
prcssures
N ear-D eath Experiences
1. hallucinations; oxvgen
2. dualists; monists
TESTr
PROGRESS
Multiple - Choice Qu estions
1. d. is the answer. (p.271)
2. b. is the answer. (p.275)
coc.tinc;
a. The amygc{alais an ernotion center in the lim-
bic system.
c. Adenosine is a brain chcmical tl'rat makes us
sleepy.
d. Thc pineal is a gland that produccs the sleep-
inducing hormone me'lattlnin.
3. c. is the-'answer. Jet lag is e'xpc.rienccdbecattsc,
having traveled across time ztlnes, wc .1rc.rw.rkt.
at a time when our biological clock says, "Slccp!"
This biologictrl clock is the circadian rhytl'rm.
(p.275)
4 . a . i s t h e ra n s w e r .( p . 2 7 7 )
b. & c. Delta waves prc'dominaterdr-rringStage's3
and 4. Sterge3 is thc transition betwe'enStages 2
and ,l and is associated with a pattern that htls
elements of both stagcs.
d. Faste'r,nerrrly wakirrg briritr wavcs tlccttr clur-
ing REM sle-ep.
5 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 8 )
a., b., & c. During non-REM Stage's1-4 hetlrt rate
ancl brca-rthingare slow and rc'gular arrd thc gcrli-
tals are rrot arouse'cl.
6 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 9 )
7 . d . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p p . 2 8 0 - 2 8 1 )
8. a. is the answer. Like alcohol, slercpingpills carry
the undcsirable conscquence of reducing REM
sleep and may make insttmtria worse in the long
run. (p.283)
b., c., & d. Sleeping pills do not producc thcse
effects.
9. c. is thc answcr. They also block the rcuptakc of
serotonin and norepinephrine'.(p. 301)
a. This answer describesthe effect of LSD.
b. Depressants such as alcohol have this effcct.
Cocaine and crack are classifiedas stimulants.
d. None of the psychoactivc drugs htrs this effect.
Opiates, however, suppressthe brain's productitln
of endorphins.
 Answers 195

10. d. is the answer. Alcohol, which slows body func- L 8 . d. is the answer. (pp.287-288)
tions and neural activitv, is a depressant. (p. 298) a.,b., & c. Each of these describesa valid theory
a. Methamphetamine is a stimulant. of dreaming that was mentioned in the text.
b. & c. LSD and marijuana are hallucinogens. 19. c. is the answer. We can reset our biological
1 1 . b. is the answer. Hypnosis l,r,;rsoriginally rcferred clocks by adjusting our sleep schednles. Thus,
t o a s " m e s m e r i s m . "( p . 2 9 1 ) young adults adopt something closer tct a 25-hor-rr
a. ln the area of consciousness,Freud is best day by staying up too late to get fl hours of slcep.
knclwn for his theory of drearning. (p.276)
c. Spanos is best known for his corrtention that 20. c. is the answcr. (p. 307)
hypnosis is an extension of cveryclay sclcierl
bc.havior. Matching Itcms
d. Hilgard is known for his theorv of clissociation
anri the hidden obscrvcr irr hypnosis. 1. e (p. 2t36) 5. h (p. 2Ba) e. f (p. 301)
2. k(p.287) 6. d (p.28a) n. c@.277)
12. c. is tlrc answer. (p. 295) 3. i (p.277) 7. b (p.2e8) 11. g (p.2u4)
a . H y p n o t i z e d s u b j e c t st r s u a l l y p c r f ( ) r m o n l y a c t s +. j (p.276) 8. a (p.303)
t h e y m i g h t L ) e r f o r nn r ornraIly.
b. Thc tcxt clocs not snggest that slccpir.rganrl
h y p n o s i s a r c t h c s a m e s t a t e s .I u i a c t , t h c b r a i n PROGRESS
TESTz
wirvcs of hyprrotizccl subjerctsarc r.r<ltlikc thosc
a s s o c i i r t e cwl i t h s l c c p i n g . Mu I tipI e-Choica Qu asti otrs
d . H y p n o s i s t y p i c a l l y d i s r r r p t so, r c o n t a m i n a t e ' s ,
1. b. is theranswer. Following REM dcprivation,
mem()ry.
p c o p l c t c m p o r a r i l y i n c r e a s et h e r i ra m o u n t o f I t E M
1 3 . c. is the answcr. Thcy rcnrenrbered less than if sleep, in a phcnonrcnon krrown as IIEM rebotrncl.
t l . r c yw c r c a w a k c n t ' d d u r r i n go t l ' r er s t a g e r s( .p . 2 8 7 ) (p.2u8)
'fhe
7 4 . a. is the illrswer. Fretrd sirlv clrcams as psychic a. Just tlrc' oppositc is trlter: trmottnt of REM
safcty vrrIr,csthtrt dischargt: unircceptablcfcelings slecp-ris grcatcst irr infancy.
tl-ratare oiterr relrrteclto e rotic wishes. (p.2871 c. Dcprivccl of IIEM slcep by repeatcd awrtkcn-
b . & c . T h c s c p h y s i o l o g i c a lt h c o r i c s o i c l r c . r r n i n g ings, pcoplc rctunt morc itnd morc rluickly to thc
arc not trssociatedwitlr Fretrcl. R E M s t a g c sa f t c r f a l l i n g b a c k t o s l c c p .T h c y b y n o
d. According to frrerucl, cireirrnsrcprcsent the inc]i- m e a n sa c l a p te a s i l y t o t l ' r ec l c p r i v i . t t i o r r s .
v i c l t r a l ' s c o n f l i c t s a n c l w i s l r c s b r - r ti n c l i s g u i s e c l , d. Just thc oppositc occrrrs:thcv tend t() supprcss
ratlrcr than trtrnsprarent, forr"n. REM slc.ep.
2 . c . i s t h e a r r s w e r(. p . 3 1 ( l )
1 5 . c . i s t h e a n s w c r . S r - r c hc l r u g s w o r k p r i m a r i l y a t
a. Belravioristsioctrs orr observablebelraviors i.rncl
s y n a p s e sa, I t c r i n g n c n r a I t r a n s n r i s s i o r (r p
. . 2c)6)
trvoid corrccptssltch as the mirrcl.
a . W h t r t p e o p l c b e l i e v ew i l l h a p p c n t r f t e r t a k i n g a
b. The rnor.ristsbelievc that the nrir.tc'iand boclv
c l r u g w i l l l i k e l y h a v e s o r n ee f f e c to n t h c i r i r - r c l i v i d -
r-tirl reactions, but psycl'ro.rctiver-lrr.rgsactr-rirlly
d. Frcuc-liansfocus on unconsciot-tsand c()r1sci()Lls
w o r k b y a l t e r i n g n e r l r i r lt r a n s m i s s i o n .
trspectsof thc mirrcl anci have little to say rcgard-
b. Sir.rceir plrrcebo is ir substance without active
in g the rnind-boc1yre.lationship-r.
properties, this irnswe.ris irrcorrcct.
d. This answer is incorrcct bccause the effects of a . i s t h e a n s w e r . A l c o h o l c l i s r u p t st h e p r o c c s s i r r g
psychoactive drr-rgson behavior, prerception,;rnd of experienccsinto krrrg-term mem()ry but htrs lit-
so forth havc tr physiokrgic.rlbasis. tle eff-ectorr either ir.nmerliateor prcviously estab-
lishcd memories. (p. 299)
1 6 . c. is the answer. This is trr-re.l{crcditv. for ex.rl-
ple, influences tendencics toward alcclhcllism. 4 . d. is the.answer. (p.277)
(pp.2e7-2e8) a. The brain waves of REM sleep (clrearn slee'p)
are more like those of Stage1 sleepers.
1 7 . b . i s t l r e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 1 )
b. Stage2 is charractcrizedby sleep spindles.
a. The belrtrviorists' emphasis on observable
c. Sttrges 3 and 4 are chartrcterizecl by slow,
behavior occurred much later in the history of
rolling delta waves.
psychology.
c. Psychology has nevcr been primarily con- 5 . c. is the irnswer. (p.275)
cerned n,ith abnormal behavior. 5 . a. is the answer. (p.297)
196 C h a p t e r 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s

b. Phvsical dependence may occur in the absence 19. a. is the answer. (p. 288)
of tolerance. The hallmark of physical depen- b. & c. These essentially Freudian explanations of
dence is the presence of withdrawal symptoms the purpose of dreaming are based on the idea
u.herrthe Lrersonis off the drug. that a dream is a psychic safety valve that harm-
c. I'svchologic.rl dependence refers to a felt, or lessly dischargesotherwise inexpressiblefeelings'
psvchokrgical,need to use a drug, for example, a d. This explanation of the function of drt'aming is
clrug thirt relie'u'es
stress. associatedwith the informaticln-processingvic'r'r'-
d. Thcrc is no such thing as drug "resistance." point.
7 . d . i s t h c a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 a ) 20. d. is the answer. (pp. 300-302)
8 . a . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 8 )
Mntching Items
b. During IIEM sleep,muscular tension is low.
c. Night terrors are associateclwith Stage4 sleep. 1. c (p. 302) s. j (p.276) e. g (p.271)
d. Alpha wavcs are characteristicof the relaxcd, 2. f (p. 300) 6. k (p. 300) 10. a (p. 2[t7)
.rn';rke statc. 3. d (p.277) 7. i (p.30tl) 11. e (p.2e3)
9. d. is thc answer. Alcolrol is a depressant.(p. 298) a. h@.277) 8. b (p.3tl2)

1 0 . d . i s t h e a n s w c r .( p . 2 V 1 )
a . H v p r r o t i c r t ' s 1 ' r o 6 s i 1 1 ' 1 1vt.' tsrsi e s greatly from
pers()nt() pe rson.
b . & c . T h c r c i s n o c ' v i d e n c eo f a gendcr differ-
( ' n ( ' ( i' n h y p n o t i c r c s p t t n s i v c n c s s .
11. c. is the answer. Hilgirrcl bclir..ve's that hypnosis
reflects tr clissociation,or split, in consciottsness,
irs occurs normally, only to tr much greater exte'nt.
@.20a)
12. a. is thc irnswe.r.Comparecl with othe'r childrcn,
clrildrelr wlrose parents abuse trlcohol havc'a high-
c r t o l c r a n c c f o r m t r l t i p l e r ' l r i n k s ,m a k i n g i t m o r e '
likclv that thc1, will, in firct, c()nsunle more'atlco-
hol. (p. 305)
1 3 . b . i s t h c a n s w c r .( p . 2 9 3 )
a. & c. I{yprrosis rlrr be helpftrl in treating the'sc
problcrns, but it is l1() m()re effective than othe'r
f o r n r so f t h c r a p v .
d. Adr.rlts are llot rnorc rcsDonsive than childrerr
to hy;-lrosis.
14. d. is the.answer. Ii adolc'sccnts'iricncls use drugs,
thc odc'ls.rre that they will, kro. (p. 307)
a., b., & c. These :rrc rrlso predictors of drug use
btrt seem to opcratc mainly through their effects
()n pcer trssociatiorl.
1 5 . c . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 3 0 3 )
1 , 6 .b . i s t h c a n s w e r . ( p . 2 9 4 )
a. & c. There is no eviclence that hypnotically
responsive indivicluals fake their behaviors or
that they arreundererchievers.
1 7 . d . i s t h e a n s w e r .( p . 2 7 7 )
18. b. is the answer. (p. 302)
a. & c. Unlike stimulants, LSD and THC do not
speed up body functions.
d. Unlike hallucintrgens, cocaine is a stimulant
and docs not generally distort perceptions.
Applied
Psychotory
Multip Ie- Choic e Quest i orrs
1. b. is the answcr. Narcolepsy is chtrracterizeclby
uncontrolltrbleslcc'pattacks.(p. 284)
a. Sleep aplletl is characterizcclby thc temporilry
cessationof breathing whilc aslecp.
c. Night terrcrs are'charactcrizedby higlr aror-rsal
and terrifiecl bchirvior, occttrring clurirrg Stagc tl
sleep.
d. lnsomnia rcfcrs to chronic difficulty irr firllirrg
o r s t a y i n ga s l c c p .
2. d. is the answer. (p. 307)
3. b. is the answe'r. Although thc boclv is arottsecl
internally, the message'stlf thc irctivatetl tntlttlr
cortex do not reach thc mttscles.(p.278)
a . S t u d i e s o f R E M - d e p r i v c d p e o p l e ri r r t l i c a t ej u s t
the opposite.
c. lt is difficult to awake't.trr pcrson from REN4
sleep.
d. Just the opposite occurs in REM sleep:tht' rnus-
cles are relaxed, yct the brain is arottsed,
4. a. is the answer. Although perople recall mtlre
under hypnosis, they "recall" a lot tlf fiction irlong
with fact and appear unable to clistinguish
between the'two. (p.292)
b. Hypnotically refreshe'd memclrie'strre ttsttallv
n g 1 1 1 ) r .€t c c u r d t rt' h . t n c o n s c i o u sm t ' m o r i t ' s .
c. Although the hypnotized subject's imagintrtion
may influence the memories retrieved, somc acttt-
al memory retrieval also occurs.
d. Hypnotically retrieved memories dtln't nclr-
mally focus on anxiety-provoking events.
5. b. is the answer. Continued use of a drug prtl-
duces a tolerance; to experience the same "high,"

Dan will have to use larger and larger doses. (p.
2e7)
5 . c. is the answer. The rapid eve movements of
REM sleep coincide with bursti of activity in the
visual cortex. (p.278)
7 . c. is the answer. (p.272)
8 . d. is the answer. Alcohol re.ducesself-conscious-
ness and loosens inhibitions, milking people more
likely to act on their feelings of anger or sexual
arousal. It also clisrupts the processing of experi-
encc intcr long-tc.rmmcmory. (pp.29t)-299)
9 . b. is the arlswer. The analyst is evidently trying to
go beyond tlre events in tlre.dream arrd under-
stand the dream's hiclden meaning, or the:
c l r e a m ' sl a t e n t c o n t e n t .( p . 2 8 7 )
a. Thc manifest content of a dream is its actual
storv linc.
c . D i s s o c i a t i o nr e f c r s t o a s n l i t i n l c v c l s o f c o n -
sciotrsness.
d. There is no such term. ln any case, "ovcrt"
r,r,orrlcl be the silme as "rnanifest" conterrt.
1 0 . d . i s t h c a n s \ r L . r .B c c a u s c o f t h c D h c n o r n e r r o n
known as REM rebt,und, B.rrry, ir.rving been
rleprivcd of REM slccl-r,will now, increase lris
I I E M s l c c p .( p . 2 t 3 t l )
a. lrrcrcirse'cl irritability is irn cffc.ctof slccp clcpri-
v a t i o n i r r g c n c r a l ,n o t o f R E M c l e r p r i v a t i o snp e c i f i -
c al l y .
b . R E M r c . b o u n dw i l l c a t r s eBr a r r y t o d r e a m m o r e
than normal.
c . T h c i n c r c a s ei rn R E M s l c e p i s n c . c c s s a r i layc c o m -
;ranicclby dr.crcasesir-rStage's1-4 slee.p.
1 1 . b . i s t h e a n s w e r . I ' e o p l c w i t h r i c h f t . r n t a s yl i v e s
arrclthc ability to becomc imaginativcly absorbecl
lrave cssentially the chtrracteristics t'rssociated
w i t h h y p n o t i c s r - r g g e s t i b i l i t yT.h e f a c t t h a t J a n i c e
is an actrcss also sugfaestsshe possessessuch
t r a i t s .( p . 2 9 1 )
a. Bill's re.alityorierntatiorrrnakcs him irn r"urlikely
e a n di d a h ' f o r l r y p n o s i s .
c. The hypnoticalJy sr-rggestible are gcrrerally able
to focus on tasks or on imaginative activitics.
d. Peroplewho are hypnotically suggcstible terrd
to becomc dce.ply engrosscd in nol'els trnd
ntotries.
12. a. is the answer. Adopted individutrls are more
susceptible. to alcoholism if they hacl a biologicnl
p;rrent with alcoholism. (p. 305)
b., c., & d. Each of these is true, which indicates
that susceptibility to alcoholism is at least partial-
ly determined by heredity.
13. d. is the answer. (pp. 292-293)
14. c. is the answer. (p.278)
Answers 197
a. & d. Incre'asedactivity in the visual and audito-
ry areas of the sleeping brain is perfectly normal
during REM sleep.
b. ln fact, people cannot easily be awakened from
REM sleep.
15. b. is the answer. Monists such as Levar believe
that the mincl and bodv are inseparablc'.Thus,
when the body dies, the mind ceas€'sto exist. (p.
310)
a. Behavioristsarvoidre'ferencesto the mind.
c. Dualists believe that the mincl can exist apart
from the body.
d. The text clcte'snot discuss tl.re'relarticlnship
betwc'en religictus be.lief ar"rclnear-de'athexpcri-
ences.
16. a. is thc answer. TtlC, thc irctive itrgreclicnt in
linger in the bociy
marijuan:r, ;rncl its by-prurclr-rcts
for a month ()r m()rc. (p. 303)
17. b. is the trnsn,c.r.(p. 309)
a. Approrirnate.lv l2 to 40 pcrcent of pcoplc who
have' contc close to cleatlr rcport sttme sttrt oi
neirr-dcath c'xpcrience.
c. & d. Thcre.is no gendcr cliffercrrccir"rtl'reprcva-
lence of near-clcathcxpcrict'tccs.
(p.2Va)
18. c. is thc arrsr,r,er.
1 9 . d . i s t h c a r r s w e r .( p . 3 0 7 )
20. d. is thc answer. Frcucl's theory prttposccl that
d r e a m s , w h i c h o c c t t r c l t t r i t . r gf t r s t - w a v e , I < l 1 M
slc.cp, scr\/e as ir p-rsychicsafcty l'itlvc. (pp
282-283)
Essay Questiorr
As a cleprcssilrt, alcohol slows neurrrl activity ancl
b o d y f u n c t i o n s . A l t h o u g l ' r l o w c l o s e so i u l c o h o l r n a y
produr-'r.rerlaxation,lt,ith largcr clost-'srcactiotts slow,
spe.echslurs, skillcd performt.rnccclcteriorates,ancl
the processing of recent expcrict.tct'sinto long-tcrtn
m e m o r i c s i s d i s r u p t e r d .A l c o h o l a l s o r c c l t t c c ss e l f -
awareness ancl may itrcilitirte'sexual ancl .rggressivt'
r-rrgesthc irrdivic'lr-rtrl might othcrwisc rcsist.
Some people nray bc biologically vulncrabler tct
a l c o h o l i s m .T h i s i s i n d i c a t c d b y t h e i a c t t h a t i n d i v i d t r -
als who havc a biological parcnt lt,ith alcoholism, or
people who have an itlentictrl twir-r with alcoholism,
are more sr-rsce.ptible to alcoholism.
Stress, depression, and thc feeling that life is
meaningless and withor,rt dirc'ction arc common ieel-
ings among heavy users of alcohol arrd may create'a
psychological '',ulnerability to alcoholism.
Especially for teenagers,pL'L'rgroup irrfluence'is
strong. If an adolescent'sfriends use alcohctl,oclds are
t h a t h e o r s h ew i l l L o o .
Research suggests three important channe'ls of
198 C h a p t e r 7 S t a t e so f C o n s c i o u s n e s s
influence for drug prevention and treatment pro-
grams: (1) education about the long-term conse-
quences of alcohol use.;(2) efforts to boost people's
self-esteem and purpt'rse in life; and (3) attempts to
counteract peer pressurc that ieads to experimenta-
tion r,r'ith c-lrugs.
KEYTERMS
Writirtg Dcfinitions
1. For rnost psychologists, consciousness is our
of ourselves and our environment. (p.
crwttreflcsS
271)
2. Biological rhythms are' periodic fluctuations in
or-rrboclics'physiologicirl statcs,including annuaI
variations in appetite, 90-minute sleep cycles, the
2E-clay mcnstrual cycle, .'rnd circ;rditrn rhythms.
@.27a)
3. A circadian rhythm is any regular bodily rhythm,
such as bocly tcmpe-rature- and slccp-wakefulness,
thtrt follows a 2,1-hourcvclc. (p. 275)
Marnortlnid: ln Latin, circnmeans "about" and dit's
means "day." A circadian rhythm is one that is
abouttrtlay, or 24 hilurs,in duration.
4. REM sleep is the sleep stage in which the brain
trnd cycs arc ar-tivc,thc muscles errerclaxed, and
vi'"'id dreanrirrg occurs; also known 'asporntloxical
s l t c p .( p . 2 7 6 )
MctttLtrrlairl: REM is an acronym for rapid eye
movcmcnt, thc clistirrguishirrg feature of this
slccp sti-rgcthat lccl to its discovery.
5 . A l p h a w a v e s a r e t h e r e l t r t i v e l ys l o w b r a i n w a v e s
clrarirctcristicof rrrrtrrt,akc,relaxcd state.(p.277)
6. Sleep is thc nt.rtr-rrtrl,
periodic, reversible loss of
consciousness, ()n which the body and mind
clcpcnclfor healthy fur-rctioning.(p.277)
7. Hallucinations arc falsc sensory experiencesthat
o c c u r w i t h o u t a n y s c n s o r ys t i m u l u s .( p . 2 7 7 )
8. Delta waves are the large, slow brain waves asso-
ciated with deep sleep.(p.277)
9. Insomnia is a slccp disorder in which the person
regularly has difficulty in falling or staying
asleep.(p. 2U3)
10. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which the vic-
tim suffers sudde.n, uncontrollable sleep attacks,
oftcn characterized by entry directly into REM.
(p.2fla)
11. Sleep apnea is a sleep ciisorder in which the per-
son ceasesbreathing while asleep,briefly arouses
to gasp for air, falls back asleep, and repeats this
cycle throughout the night. (p. 284)
Example: One theory of the sudden infant death
syndrome is that it is causedby sleep apnea.
12. A person suffering from night terrors experiences
episodes of high arousal with apparent tcrror.
Night terrors usually occur during Stage 4 sleep.
(p.28a)
13. Dreams are vivid sequences of images, emotions,
and thoughts, the most vivid of which occur dur-
ing REM sleep. (p. 285)
1.4. In Freud's theory of dreaming, the manifest con-
tent is the remembered story line. (p. 2tt6)
1 5 . ln Freud's theory of dreaming, the.latent content
is the underlying but censoreci meaning ttf a
dream. (p.287)
'15:
McnutrtlnidsJbr 71 artl Montfcst mcans "clctrrlv
apparent, obvior.rs"; /rllcrlf means "hiclclen, con-
cealed." A dream's manifest content is thirt
which is obviclus; its latent content rcmaills hicl-
den until its symbolism is interprctcd.
1.6.REM rebound is the tendency for REM slerepto
incrcase following I{EM slecp de'privatiorr. (p.
288)
17. Hypnosis is n social irttererctionirr which ()lrc Pcr-
son (the hypnotist) suggests to another (thc sub-
ject) that ccrtarinperccptions, feelings, thoughts,
or behaviors will spontane'or-rsly occur. (p. 2cX))
1 8 . A posthypnotic suggestion is ;r suggestiorrmacle
during a hypnosis sessionthat is to be carricd out
when the subject is no longer hypnotize.d.(pt.292)
19. Dissociation is a split between different levels ttf
consciousness,allowing a pers()t'lto dividet attcn-
tictn between two or more thoughts. (p. 293)
Psychoactive drugs-which include stimulants,
dcpressants, and hallucinogctls-are chcmical
substancesthat alter mctod and perce'ptittn.Tlrev
work by affecting or mimicking the activity of
ne-urotransmitters. (p. 296)
21. Tolerance is the dirninishing of a psychoactive
I
drug's effect that occLlrs with repetrterd usc,
requiring progressively larger doses in ttrder ttr
prcrducethe same effect. (p.297)
Withdrawal refers to the discomfort trnd distress
that follow the discontinued urse of addictivcr
drugs. (p.297)
Physical dependence is a physiological need for
a drug that is indicated by the presence of with-
drawal symptoms when the drug is not taken. (p.
297)
 Answers 199

The psychological need to use a drug is referred cesses. LSD produces its unpredictable effects
to as psychological dependence. (p.297) partially because it blocks the action of the neuro-
25. An addiction is a cornpulsive craving for a drug transmitter serotonin. (p. 302)
despite adverse consequences and withdrawal 35. The major active inp;redient in marijuana, THC is
s y m p t o m s .( p . 2 9 7 ) classified as a mild hallucinogen. (p. 303)
Depressants are psychoactive drugs, such as 36. The near-death experience is an altered state of
alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates, that reduce consciousness that has been reported by some
neural activity and slow body functions. (p. 298) people who have had a close brush with death.
27. Barbiturates are depressants, sometimes used to (p.30e)
induce sleep or reduce anxiety. (p 300) 37. Dualism is the philosophical belief that the mind
Opiates are depressantsderived from the opium and body are distinct entities-the mind non-
poppy, such as opium, morphine, and heroin; physical, the body physical. (p. 310)
thcy reducc neural activity and temporarily Exnmpla:Those who believe that near-death expe-
le.sscnpain and anxiety. (p.300) riences are proof clf immortality are expressing
29. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs, such as caf- the dualist position that mind and body are sepa-
feirre, rricotine, ;rrnphe.tamines,and cocainc, thirt rate entities.
excite rrcural activity and speed up body func- 38. Monism is the philosophical belief thirt thc mind
t i o n s .( p . 3 0 0 ) and body are different aspectsof the samc.thir-rg.
Amphetamines are a type of stimulant and, as (p.310)
such, spccd up body, functions arndneural activi- Exnnrplt::The belief that death is final and that no
ty. (p.300) afterlifc cxists is a reflerctionof the monist posi-
31. Methamphetamine is a powerfully addictive tion that mind i,rndboclv arc.onc.
stirnr-rlarrtthtrt spceds up body functions ancl is
irssociatccil,r,ith cncrgy ancl moocl changes. (p. Cross-Check
300)
ACROSS DOWN
32. Classificd as both a (synthetic) stimulant and a 1. paradoxical 2. age regression
mild hallucinogcn, Ecstasy (MDMA) produccs 7. dopamine 3. amphetamines
short-term cuphoria by increasing serotonin le.v- 8. nicotine 4. opiartes
els in thc brairr. Rcpeatcd use may permanently 10. lucid dreams 5 . i n f t r r m l t i ( ) n[ ) r ( ) ( ( ' s s i n g
damergc scrotonin ncur()ns, suppress immunity, 12. LSD 6. alcohol
t r n d d i s r u p t c o g n i t i o n .( p . 3 0 2 ) 13. seritrl 9. hicldcn observer
JJ. Hallucinogens arc psychoactive clrugs, such as 14. spindle 11. delta
LSD ancl marijuana, that distort perception ancl 17. depressant 15. dissociation
evoke sensory im;rges irr the abserrceof sensory 18. hypnagogic 16. alpha
input.(p.302) 19. barbiturates 18. henrin
34. LSD (lysergic acid dicthylamider) is a powerful 21. morninE; 20. THC
hallucinogen captrble of producing vivid false 22. evening
perrccptionsand disorganization of thought pro-