Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia

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2014
MOHAMED MOHSEN 201301705
SIMON STASSEL 201301009
FACULTY OF ARTS PORTO UNIVERSITY
MASTER IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SPATIAL PLANNING

Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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General Index
3 1- Introduction
4 2- Methodology
5 2-1 Data Collection
5 2-2 Unify Coordinate System
6 2-3 Overview of Localization
7 2-4 Surface Analysis of Morphological Structure
7 2-4-1 TIN and GRID models
9 2-4-2 Hypsometric Map
10 2-4-3 Shaded Relief Map
11 2-4-4 Topographic Profiles
12 2-4-5 Slope
14 2-4-6 Aspect Analysis
16 2-4-7 Analysis of visibility
17 2-5 Three Dimensional Modeling Presentation
18 2-6 Cartographic Model of Areas Susceptible to Fire
20 3- Conclusion
20 4- Bibliography

Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Index of Figures

3 Fig.1 Methodology of the project
5 Fig.2 print screen of projection project
6 Fig.3 Localization of VALE Fragusia
8 Fig.4 TIN Model of VALE Fragusia
8 Fig.5 GRID Model of VALE Fragusia
9 Fig.6 Bar Chart of Elevations Classification
9 Fig.7 Hypsometric Map of VALE Fragusia
10 Fig.8 Shaded relief maps for 4 days of VALE
11 Fig.9 Hypsometric map with Topographic profiles lines
11 Fig.10 Topographic profile A - B
11 Fig.11 Topographic profile A- B
12 Fig.12 Bar chart for slope degree classification
12 Fig.13 Bar Chart for slope percentage classification
13 Fig.14 Map of Slop Degrees for VALE Fragusia
13 Fig.15 Map of Slop Percentages for VALE Fragusia
14 Fig.16 Pie Chart of Aspect (Octants) Classification
14 Fig.17 Pie Chart of Aspect (Quadrants) Classification
15 Fig.18 Map of Aspect (octants) for VALE Fragusia
15 Fig.19 Map of Aspect (Quadrants) for VALE Fragusia
16 Fig.20 Visibility Map of VALE Fragusia
17 Fig.21 Three Dimensional Maps of VALE Fragusia
19 Fig.22 Diagram of Model builder for forests Fire Susceptibility
19 Fig.23 Map of Fire Susceptibility of VALE Fragusia

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Index of Tables

9 Table 1 Hypsometric Statistics
9 Table 2 Hypsometric classes
10 Table 3 Criteria used for generating maps of shaded relief
12 Table 4 Slope Degree Statistics
12 Table 5 Slope Degree Classes
12 Table 6 Slope Percentage Statistics
12 Table 7 Slope Percentage Classes
14 Table 8 Aspect (Octants) Classes
14 Table 9 Aspect (Quadrants) Classes

Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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1 Introduction:
This work, concerning the Morphological characterization of the parish
VALE from the subject Surfaces Analysis is part of the final evaluation.
Main objective of this work was to put into use the practice we learned
during the course, using the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) as the base of
the work. Most of work was done using ESRI`s software ArcGIS.
Using the DTM, we were able to derive many kinds of information
concerning area of study, like hypsometric, topographic profiles, slope,
aspect and other. We used two types of DTM: Triangulated Irregular
Network (TIN) and GRID. Along many differences between the two, most
important is GRID model is much easier to apply to different formulas
and calculations, while TIN model is more accurate (generally).
We divided our work into following parts: methodology used during
work, overview of area of study, including localization in national and
district scales, more detailed morphological analysis of that area and
conclusions.










Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Data Collection
Unify Coordinate System
Overview of Localization
Surface Analysis of Morphological structure
3D Modeling Presentation
Cartographic Model
Data Output ( jpg, avi )
2 Methodology:

Fig.1 Methodology of the project
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-1 Data Collection:

A - Data provided from IGEO website and included:
- Official Administrative Map of Portugal for delimitation of area of
study (CAOP 2012)
- Map of landuse (COS 2007)

B- Data provided from Faculty of Arts Map library (Mapoteca)
and included:
- Hydrological network
- Buildings
- Surface altimetry
- ORTO Satellite Image

2-2 Unify Coordinate System:
- After collecting all data, we have to define projection or make
Feature projection project for all of them to unify the coordinate
system to be able for showing together in the same layout
whenever we need.

- In this project I used Projection System Lisboa Hayford Gauss
IPCC for all layers but at first I had to make a project to Hayford
Gauss IGeoE if the layer was in ETRS89.


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Fig.2 print screen of projection project
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-3 Overview of Localization:
Vale (Portuguese meaning valley, pronunciation: VA-lee) is a
Portuguese parish, located in the south-east part of municipality
Arcos de Valdevezin north-west part of Portugal. Vale is one of
the 36 fragusias of Arcos de Valdevez.
Geographical coordinates of center of parish are:
41 50' 08" N 8 22' 19" S
It has a population of 776 inhabitants, density 212 hab/km and a
total area of 15.12 km.






















Carrazeda Ansies Green Park
Ansies Professional School
Fig.3 Localization of VALE Fragusia
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-4 Surface Analysis of Morphological
Structure:

2-4-1 TIN and GRID models:

- To get started with analyzing of area morphology of area of
VALE, we firstly needed to have an model of surface that could
offer continuous information about elevation value of any point in
whole area of study. To do that, given that we possessed
information of elevation in some selected points and lines around
the area, we were able to interpolate values covering all the area.
Method we used was called Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN).

- Using provided points with known elevation values, algorithm
was able to calculate values for any other localization.
This was achieved by using Create TIN from Feature tool in
ArcMap. Unfortunately, advantages of TIN (light vector structure)
also mean that it is not suitable for purpose of any map algebra,
so we also had to make raster file using TIN as a base. Raster,
while being more heavy in terms of storage space, has simple
structure, where every cell is exactly the same size, and they are
arranged in rows and columns. To do that, we used tool Convert
TIN to raster and results are shown below.


Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Fig.4 TIN Model of VALE Fragusia
Fig.5 GRID Model of VALE Fragusia
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Maximum Altitude Minimum Altitude Average Altitude standard Deviation
800 50 355.341 170.048
Classes No. of Pixels Cell Size Area m2 Area %
50-150 1776294 1 1776294 11.75%
150-300 4282791 1 4282791 28.34%
300-450 5326631 1 5326631 35.25%
450-600 2063354 1 2063354 13.65%
600-750 1501461 1 1501461 9.94%
750-900 161219 1 161219 1.07%
15111750 100.00% Total
2-4-2 Hypsometric Map:
Hypsometric map was derived using TIN previously created as a
base. This was simple process of reclassification of elevation
values. Seeing as values of elevation range from 50 to 900,
rational decision was to divide that into 6 classes. Tool used for
this step was Reclassify from Spatial Analyst toolset. Below we
included summarized statistics of whole area and then
proportions of area of each class.













Fig.6 Bar Chart of Elevations Classification
Table 2 Hypsometric classes
Fig.7 Hypsometric Map of VALE Fragusia
Table 1 Hypsometric Statistics
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Day Hour Elevation Azimuth
21-Mar-14 12:00 48.31 164.51
21-Jun-14 12:00 70.94 154.28
21-Sep-14 12:00 49.2 169.69
21-Dec-14 12:00 25.2 171.93
2-4-3 Shaded Relief Map:
Analyzing the shadow relief is another step in our project. As an input
position of sun, we used 4 days the 21st of March, June, September and
December of 2014 and we get the used values from Earth System
Research Laboratory (ESRL) the global monitoring division website. That
dates was chosen because in these days position of sun is highest on
ecliptic. Those were introduced into hillshade tool, along with GRID.
Resulting map is shown below.

Fig.8 Shaded relief maps for 4 days of VALE Fragusia
Table 3 Criteria used for generating maps of shaded relief
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-4-4 Topographic Profiles:
Another step in morphological analysis is production of topographic
profiles. They should be chosen to show as much characteristics of area
as possible. For that reason, we decided to use two profiles, as shown
below.

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Fig.9 Hypsometric map with Topographic profiles lines
Fig.10 Topographic profile A - B
Fig.11 Topographic profile A B
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Maximum Altitude Minimum Altitude Average Altitude standard Deviation
80.82 0 15.41 7.42
Classes No. of Pixels Cell Size Area m2 Area %
0-5.38 1246442 1 1246442 8.25%
5.38-11.72 3352096 1 3352096 22.18%
11.72-17.12 4172383 1 4172383 27.61%
17.12-22.50 3726068 1 3726068 24.66%
22.50-29.16 2163658 1 2163658 14.32%
29.16-80.82 451103 1 451103 2.99%
15111750 100.00% Total
Maximum Altitude Minimum Altitude Average Altitude standard Deviation
616.65 0 27.23 14.65
Classes No. of Pixels Cell Size Area m2 Area %
0 - 14.56 2384639 1 1246442 8.25%
14.56 - 29.13 5709930 1 3352096 22.18%
29.13 - 43.69 4970530 1 4172383 27.61%
43.69 - 70.40 1966242 1 3726068 24.66%
70.40 - 269.48 79968 1 2163658 14.32%
269.48 - 616.65 441 1 451103 2.99%
15111750 100.00% Total
2-4-5 Slope:
Slope analyses were next stage of our project. We made two maps with
slope values, one in degrees and one in Percentages. To do that, we used
tool called Slope, contained in 3D analyst toolbox, once utilizing Degree
and once Percent option. This gave as a result two slope maps, but we
did one more thing with them, and that was reclassification. Choosing six
classes with both of those maps to keep consistency, we used manual
break values, which will be listed with corresponding legends. Then we
also calculated both basic statistics (mean, min., max., SD) and number
of pixels and its percentage share for each class. We did it for both maps,
and results are presented below.















Fig.12 Bar chart for slope degree classification
Fig.13 Bar Chart for slope percentage classification
Table 4 Slope Degree Statistics
Table 5 Slope Degree Classes
Table 6 Slope Percentage Statistics
Table 7 Slope Percentage Classes
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
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Fig.14 Map of Slop Degrees for VALE Fragusia
Fig.15 Map of Slope Percentages for VALE Fragusia
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Octants No. of Pixels Cell Size Area m2 Area %
Flat 948242 1 948242 6.27%
North 1594819 1 1594819 10.55%
NorthEast 1027656 1 1027656 6.80%
East 1484760 1 1484760 9.83%
SouthEast 1551997 1 1551997 10.27%
South 1833689 1 1833689 12.13%
SouthWest 2126772 1 2126772 14.07%
West 2425545 1 2425545 16.05%
NorthWest 2118270 1 2118270 14.02%
15111750 100.00% Total
Octants No. of Pixels Cell Size Area m2 Area %
Flat 652376 1 652376 4.32%
North 1709033 1 1709033 11.31%
East 2074593 1 2074593 13.73%
South 4473021 1 4473021 29.60%
West 6202727 1 6202727 41.05%
15111750 100.00% Total
2-4-6 Aspect analysis:
Aspect map is a map showing each part of the map and orientation it is
facing. Terrain can either be flat or sloping, if it is the latter, then aspect
map will show direction it is facing, using 360 system, starting at north
with 0 and going clockwise.
To get that map we used Aspect tool, once again as a base using GRID
raster. Output raster and then we classified twice, once using 5 classes,
and once using 9 classes. In both of those processes one of the classes
was flat, using -1 value, and all others were directions of the world. In
first classifications, we just used four basic directions, North, East, South
and West and in more detailed one, contacting 9 classes, we also used
the middle directions, like North-East and the likes. To compliment
information from the map, we also included tables, similar to ones used
in slope analysis, containing statistical data and classes and their
percentage share.



Fig.16 Pie Chart of Aspect (Octants) Classification
Fig.17 Pie Chart of Aspect (Quadrants) Classification
Table 8 Aspect (Octants) Classes
Table 9 Aspect (Quadrants) Classes
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
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Fig.18 Map of Aspect (octants) for VALE Fragusia
Fig.19 Map of Aspect (Quadrants) for VALE Fragusia
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-4-7 Analysis of visibility:
Next step was creation of view shed map prom perspective of observer
1.75m tall, standing in 10m tower, localized in highest point in area. To
do that, we first had to find localization of the highest point in the area,
and make feature class contains just it. Then, we introduced new table
field, called OFFSET and introduced value 11,75m, because it is added
towers height and height of observer.



Fig.20 Visibility Map of VALE Fragusia
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-5 Three Dimensional Modeling
Presentation:
This time we used ArcScene, it is another of ESRI program from ArcGIS
package, but this one allows for visualization in 3D. We made four
profiles, one from TIN, one from ORTO, one from GRID and other from
HillShade to show the differences. As perspectives we have chosen look
from southwestern side, to have a look at a rising terrain. The most
obvious difference is bigger smoothness of GRID model in comparison to
TIN.


Fig.21 Three Dimensional Maps of VALE Fragusia
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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2-6 Cartographic Model of Areas Susceptible
to Fire:
The cartographic model of areas in VALE showing areas that were
vulnerable to fires was accomplished by building a model in ArcGIS using
the Model Builder tool. This tool is used to create, edit and manage
models with the primary advantage of being time efficient. The objective
was accomplished by these following steps:
- Normalizing both Slope and Aspect TIN with the use of raster
calculator, that was acquired from the previous exercise with the
formula:
Slope/90 for SLOPE
1- (ABS(180-Aspect)/180) for ASPECT
- COS layer was added and clipped to the freguisa feature class. A field
was added Weight, and was calculated using its respective classification
keeping in mind the normalization between 0 and 1 to be equal to the
normalization of the previous rasters. The final output was then
converted to a raster by using the Feature to Raster tool with the
Weight being the input field.
- Once all the components was finalized, the weighted sum was then
calculated, using Weighted Sum tool from Spatial Analyst for
COS_Norm, Aspect_Norm and Slope_Norm with the following
parameters:
Land use (Cos_Norm): 50%
Aspect (Aspect_Norm): 30%
Slope (Slope_Norm): 20%

Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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Fig.23 Map of Fire Susceptibility of VALE Fragusia
Fig.22 Diagram of Model builder for forests Fire Susceptibility
Coordinate System:
Lisboa Hayford
Gauss IPCC
Surfaces Analysis of VALE Freguesia
2014

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3- Conclusion:
After the completion of the practical work, it can finally be concluded
that the main objectives that were met. The tools that were used in this
entire practical exercise was exceptional especially when it came to
dealing with morphological processes such as Aspect, Slope, Viewshed
and predicting areas that were potentially vulnerable to fires.
The final lesson that was learnt in this practical and will be treasured
would be the ability to visualize, analyze and interpret typical surface
generation for respective study areas. This powerful tool will seemingly
be vital in future developments of coastal and even interior areas,
keeping in mind the environmental aspects of conservation and
reservation are kept intact.

4- Bibliography:
- Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal (CAOP) 2010. Instituto
Geogrfico Portugus.
IGEO/egeo_downloads.htm - http://www.igeo.pt/e
- Administrative limit of Spain.
gis.org/datadown - www.diva http://
- Carta de Ocupao do Solo (COS 2007). Instituto Geogrfico Portugus.
IGEO/egeo_downloads.htm - w.igeo.pt/e http://ww
- Faculty of Arts Maps library ( Mapoteca ) - DVD includes:
Hydrological Network, Buildings Survey, Surface Altimetry, ORTO
Satellite Image.