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MAHARANA PRATAP COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, GWALIOR

SESSIONAL WORK
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Refrigeration & Air Condiotioning (ME-802)

UNIT-I
Q.1(a) What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump? Derive an
expression for the performance factor for the both if they are running on reversed Carnot
cycle.
(b) Explain the term “tonne of refrigeration”.
Q.2(a) Discuss applications of air refrigeration system.
(b) An air refrigeration cycle works between 1 bar and 5 bar. The adiabatic efficiency of
compression is 85% and expansion is 90%. Find out the COP of the system and its
tonnage when the air flow rate is 1 kg/sec. The ambient temperature is 27ºC and
refrigerator temperature is 0ºC.
Q.3(a) Draw schematic diagram for Bootstrap air cooling system with evaporative
cooling system with evaporative cooling for aircraft refrigeration. Represent actual cycle
on T-S plane. Write the equation for each process.
(b) An aircraft moving with the speed of 1000 km/hr uses simple gas refrigeration cycle
for an airconditoning. The ambient pressure and temp. are 0.35 bar and -10ºC
respectively. The pressure ratio of compressor is 4.5. The heat exchanger effectiveness is
0.95. The isentropic efficiency of compressor and expander are 0.8 each. The cabin
pressure and temp. are 1.00 bar and 25ºC. Determine temperature and pressure at all
points of the cycle. Also find the volume flow rate through compressor inlet and
expander outlet for 100 TR.
Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Cp/Cv = 1.5 for air.
Q.4(a) Enlist the various methods of aircraft refrigeration. Describe and explain reduced
ambient air cooling system.
(b) A bootstrap air refrigeration system is used for an aeroplane to take 10 TR load. The
ambient air conditions are 15ºC and 0.9 bar. This air is rammed isentropically to a
pressure of 1.1 bar. The pressure of the air bled off the main compressor is 3.5 bar and
this is further compressed in secondary compressor to a pressure of 4.5 bar. The
isentropic efficiency of both the compressors is 90% and that of cooling turbine is 85%.
The effectiveness of both the heat exchangers is 0.6. If the cabin is to be maintained at
25ºC and the pressure in the cabin is 1 bar, find:
(i) Mass of air passing through the cabin,
(ii) Power used for the refrigeration system.
(iii) COP of the system.
Q.5(a) Discuss different principles and methods of refrigeration.
(b) How is the effectiveness of a refrigeration system measured.
Q.6(a) Discuss advantages of air refrigeration system measured.
(b) The capacity of a refrigerator is 20 TR when working between -6ºC and 25ºC.
Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 25ºC. Also find the power
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required to drive the unit. Assume that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and
latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg.
Q.7(a) Define ‘joule-thomson Coefficient’. Explain how can throttling be used for
production of cooling effect.
(b) Explain the working principle of thermo-electric refrigeration system.
(c) ‘The higher we go, the cooler we feel’. Then why do aircrafts require refrigeration?
(d) A businessman after feasibility study found the ice consumption is a locality to be 300
kg/hr. He wants to manufacture ice at -10ºC from water available at 30ºC. What should
be the rating of the refrigerating machine if it has 10 percent over capacity? Take
enthalpy of solidification and specific heat of ice as 335 kJ/kg and 2.09 kJ/kg/ºK
respectively. Take Cpwater = 4.187 kJ/kg/ºK.

UNIT-II
Q.1(a) Explain the effect of refrigerating and condensing temperature on the COP of the
system.
(b) An Ammonia refrigerator producer 15 tons of ice flow and at 0ºC in a day. The
temperature range of the working cycle is 25ºC and -16ºC. The ammonia vapour is dry
and saturated at the end of compression. Assume actual COP is 55% of theoretical.
Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and mass flow rate in kg/min.
Take latent heat of Ice = 335 kJ/kg Cp(water) = 4.2kg/kgºC. Use ammonia table :
Temperature Specific Enthalpy kJ/kg Specific Entropy kJ/kg ºK
ºC Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
25ºC 380.74 1319.21 0.3473 4.4894
-15ºC -54.56 1304.99 -0.2134 5.0585
Q.2(a) What is subcooling and superheating? Explain with the help of diagram. Why is
superheating considered to be good is certain cases?
(b) A food storage locker requires a refrigeration capacity of 12 TR and works between
the evaporating temperature of -8ºC and condensing temperature of 30ºC. The refrigerant
R-12 is subcooled by 5ºC before entering valve and vapour is superheated to -2ºC before
leaving the evaporator coil. Assuming a two cylinder, single acting compressor operating
at 1000 r.p.m. with two stroke equal to 1-5 times the bore.
Determine:
1 COP; 2. theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration; bore and stroke of compressor
when (i) there in no clearance and (ii) there is a clearance of 2%. Use the following date
of R-12.
Sat. Pr. (bar) Enthalpy kJ/kg K Entropy kJ/kg K Specific
temperature Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour vol.
ºC vapour
m3 kg
-8 2.354 28.72 184.07 0.1149 0.7007 0.0790
30 7.451 64.59 199.62 0.24 0.6853 0.0235

The specific heat of liquid R-12 is 1.235 kJ/kg K and vapour R-12 is 0.733 kJ/kg K.
 Q.3 The following data refer to a three stage compression with three stage compression
with three stage expansion value and flash intercooling:
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Condenser pressure = 12 bar
Evaporator pressure = 2 bar
Flash inter cooler pressure = 4 bar and 8 bar
Load on the evaporator = 10 TR
Find the power required to drive the system and compare the COP of this system with
that of simple saturation cycle working between the same overall pressure limits.
Q.4(a) Describe the actual vapour compression refrigeration system and indicate all
process on T – s and p – h diagrams.
(b) In a 15 TR ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is 25ºC and
evaporating temperature -10ºC. The refrigerant ammonia is subcooled by 5ºC before
passing through the throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is 0.99 dry. Find:
(i) COP (ii) Power required
Use the following properties of ammonia
Saturation Enthalpy kJ/kg K Entropy kJ/kg K Specific Heat m3/kg K
temperature Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
ºC
25 298.8 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391 4.6 2.8
-10 135.37 1433.05 0.5443 5.4770 - -

Q.5(a) Distinguish between dry and wet compression. What are the advantages of one
over another.
(b) A vapour compression refrigerator works between the pressure 4.93 and 1.86 bar. The
vapour is superheated at the end of compression. Its temperature being 25ºC. The liquid
is cooled to 9ºC before throttling. The vapour is 95% dry before compression. Using the
data given below calculate COP and refrigerating effect per kg of working substance
circulated:
Pressure Bar Saturation Temp. ºC Total Heat kJ/kg Latent Heat kJ/kg
(Liquid)
1.86 -15 21.67 161.41
4.93 14.45 49.07 147.80

Q.6(a) Discuss the effect of variation in condenser and evaporator pressure on

performance of vapour compression cycle.
(b) 10 tons of refrigeration is required for a food storage space to keep the foodstuff cool.
The refrigerant used in the plant is R-12 and is subcooled by 5ºC before entering to the
expansion valve. The temperature os evaporator and condenser are -8ºC and 30ºC
respectively. The vapour is superheated to 6ºC before leaving the evaporator coil. The
compressor is of two cylinders, single acting type having stroke equal to 1.5 times the
bore. The compressor runs at 800 rpm and the compression is assumed to be isentropic.
Estimate the following:
i. Refrigerating effect per kg
ii. Mass flow rate of the refrigerant
iii. Theoretical piston displacement
 iv. Theoretical power
v. COP
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vi. Theoretical bore and stroke of the compressor.

UNIT-III
Q.1(a) What modification are necessary in a simple absorption refrigeration system in
order to improve the performance of the system?
(b) List out important industrial and commercial applications of refrigeration.
Q.2(a) What modifications are necessary is a simple aqua-ammonia vapour absorption
refrigeration system to make it practical? Draw flow diagram and discuss its working
principle.
(b) (i) What are desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?
(ii) What is an antifreeze solution? Why are the glycols replacing brings as antifreeze
agents in many industrial applications?
Q.3(a) Discuss the effect of condenser and evaporator pressure on COP.
(b) Describe the arrangement used for producing low temperature by adiabatic
demagnetisation.
(c) Describe a practical vapour absorption refrigeration system.
Q.4(a) Explain the working of Electro-lux Refrigerator with the help of meat sketch.
(b) What refrigerants are used and what factors are considered in selecting a refrigerant
for the following purpose.
i. Home refrigeration
ii. Ice Production Factory
iii. Food Preserving
iv. Room Airconditioner
Q.5(a) An ammonia refrigerating plant is working at an evaporating temperature of -30ºC
and a condensing temperature of 40ºC. Assume saturated liquid to leave the condenser
and dry saturated vapour to leave the evaporator. The capacity of evaporator is 150 KW.
Estimate the power consumption:
(i) When one stage is used.
(ii) When two stage compression with flash chamber and intercooler using liquid
refrigerant is used.
The pressure in the flash intercooler is the geometric mean of the upper and lower
pressure limits.
(b) Discuss the limitations of vopour compression refrigeration system for production of
low temperature.
Q.6(a) Derive an expression for the maximum COP of the absorption system is terms of
temperature of generator, evaporator and environment.
(b) Draw a neat diagram of three fluid system of refrigeration and explain the function of
each fluid in this system.
(c) (i) Write the factors considered for the selection of refrigerant for a system.
(ii) ‘A completely odourless refrigerant is not desirable’, discuss the statement.
(iii) How will you assign number to the refrigerants in dichloro-tetrafluoro-ethane
(C2CI2F4) and dichloro-difluoro-methane (CCI2F2)?
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UNIT-IV
Q.1(a) Define the term bypass factors used for cooling and heating coil and derive the
expression for the same.
(b) 200 m3 of air per minute at 15ºC DBT and 75% RH is heated until its temperature is
25ºC. Find:
(i) RH of heated air (ii) WBT of heated air (iii) Heat added to air/minute.

Q.2(a) On a particular day, the atmospheric air was found to gave a DBT of 30ºC and
WBT of 18ºC. The barometric pressure was observed to be 756 mm of Hg. Using the
table of psychometric properties of air, determine the relative humidity, specific
humidity, the dew point temperature, the enthalpy of air per kg of dry air and volume of
mixture per kg of dry air.
(b) Prove that the partial pressure of water vapour in the atmospheric air remains contant
as long as specific humidity remains contant as long specific humidity remains constant.

Q.3(a) Define the following terms:

i. Psychrometry
ii. Saturated Air
iii. Dew Point Temperature
iv. Relative Humidity
(b) The sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded DBT = 35ºC and WBT = 25ºC.
Using steam table, calculate the following:
i. Specific humidity
ii. Relative humidity
iii. Dew point temperature
iv. Enthalpy per kg of dry air
v. Vapour density
Q.4(a) Moist air exists at total pressure of 760 mm of Hg and 25ºC dry bulb temperature.
If the degree of saturation is 50%, determine the following using tables of psychrometric
properties is air:
i. Specific humidity
ii. Dew point temperature
iii. Specific volume of moist air
iv. Enthalpy of moist air
(b) Define the following:
i. Partial pressure
ii. Heating and humidification
iii. By-pass factor
iv. Relative humidity
v. Sensible heat factor
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UNIT-V
Q.1 An air conditioned hall is to be maintained at 27ºC DBT and 21ºC WBT. It has a
sensible heat load of 46.5 kW and latent heat load of 17.5 kW. The air supplied from
outside atmosphere at 38ºC DBT and 27ºC WBT is 25 m3/min directly in to the room
through ventilation and infiltration. Outside air to be conditioned is passed through the
cooling coil whose apparatus dew point is 15ºC. The quantity of recirculated air from the
hall is 60%. The quantity is mixed with the conditioned air after the cooling coil.
Determine:
i. Condition of air after the coil and before the recirculated air mixes with it.
ii. Condition of air entering the hall.
iii. Mass of fresh air entering the cooler
iv. Bypass factors of the cooling coil
v. Refrigeration load on the cooling coil

Q.2(a) The room sensible and latent heat loads for an air-conditioned space are 25 KW
and 5 KW respectively. The room condition is 25ºC dry bulb temperature and 50% RH.
The ventilation requirement is such that on mass flow rate basis 20% of fresh air is
introduce and 80% of supply air is recirculated. The bypass factor of the cooling coil is
0.15.
Determine : 1. Supply is flow rate 2. ontside sensible heat, 3. outside in latent heat 4.
grand total heat and 5. effective room sensible heat factor.
(b) Define the following:
(i) Cooling and Dehumidification
(ii) Effective temperature
Q.3 A steam ejector water vapour refrigeration system is supplied with motive dry
saturated steam at 6 bar. It expands through a nozzle down to flash chamber pressure
meant to chill water at 5ºC. Taking nozzle efficiency = 0.92, entrainment efficiency = 0.6
and compression efficiency = 0.75. Obtain:
i. Amount of water to be evaporated.
ii. Motive steam per ton of cooling.
iii. Tonnage of the plant for 2 kg/s of evaporation of water.
iv. C.O.P.
Q.4 An airconditioned space is maintained at 26ºC DBT and 50% RH when the outside
conditions are 35ºC DBT and 28ºC WBT. If the space has a sensible heat hain of 17.6
KW and air is supplied to the room at a condition of 8ºC saturated, calculate:
i. Mass and volume flow rate of the air supplied.
ii. Latent heat gain of the space.
iii. The cooling load of the refrigerator plant if 15% of the total weight of the air
supplied is fresh air and remainder is recirculated air.

Q.5(a) Describe and explain the factors affecting the optimum effective temperature.
(b) Sketch and explain a cascade refrigeration system. Draw cascade refrigeration cycle
on temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams.
Q.6(a) 300 m3/min of air at 10ºC dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity is to be
heated and humidified to 35ºC dry bulb temperature and 22.5ºC wet bulb temperature.
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The required conditions are achieved by heating, humidifying and then again by heating.
The relative humidity of the air coming out of the humidifier is 90%. Find:
i. The heating capacity of the first heater and the by-pass factor if the surface
temperature of the ocil is 40ºC.
ii. The capacity of the humidifier is kg/hr.
iii. The heating capacity of the second heater and the coil surface temperature if the
bypass factor is 0.5.
iv. The humidifying efficiency of air washer (humidirier)
(b) What are important factors which play important role is airconditioning for human
comfort?

UNITVI
Q.1(a) Draw a neat diagram showing all components of an Ice Cream plant and describe
their functions.
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantage of steam jet refrigeration system over other
type of refrigeration system?

Q.2 A hall is to be maintained at 24ºC dry bulb temperature and 60% RH under the
following conditions:
Outdoor condion = 38ºC DBT and 28ºC WBT
Sensible heat load = 46.4 KW
Latent heat load = 11.6 KW
In the room
Total infiltration air = 1200 m3/h
Apparatus dew point temperature = 10ºC
Quantity of recirculated air from the hall = 60%
If the quantity of recirculated air is mixed with the conditioned air after the cooling coil.
Find the following :
a. The condition of air leaving the conditioner coil and before mixing with
recirculated air
b. The condition of air before entering the hall
c. The mass of air entering the cooler
d. The bypass factor of the cooling coil
e. The mass of total air passing through the hall
f. The refrigeration load on the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeratorn
Q.3(a) What are the different factors considered in load estimation sheet for momfort
application?
(b) Explain the working principle of thermoelectric refrigeration system. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of thermoelectric refrigeration system?
Q.4(a) What is the importance of temperature and humidity in industrial applications?
Illustrate with a few examples.
(b) Explain with the help of meat sketch, the working of a steam jet refrigeration system.
Q.5 A cold storage is to be designed to store 500 tonnes of vegetables when the following
data are available:
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Outdoor conditions = 35ºC dbt and 28ºC wbt
Required indoor conditions = 20ºC dbt and 60%RH
Water content of the vegetables = 76%
Loss of water content = 0.01% per hour
People working is the cold storage = 25
Sensible heat gain per person = 250kJ/hr
Latent heat gain per person = 210kJ/hr
Fresh air supplied from outside = 4400m3/hr
Sensible heat gain through walls and ceilings = 11.6 kW
Heat from equipment and reaction heat of vegetables = 3.5 kW
Infiltrated Air = 200 m3/hr
If the airconditioning is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then heating
find the following:
i. Amount of recirculated air, if the recirculated air is mixed with fresh air before
entering the cooling coil.
ii. Capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration and its bypass factor if dew
point temperature of the coil is 5ºC
iii. Capacity of the heating coil in kW.
The temperature of the air entering the room is not to exceed 145ºC.
Q.6(a) what is the principle of a steam jet refrigeration system? Under what
circumstances the steam jet refrigeration system is more preferable over other systems?
(b) What is the importance of temperature and humidity in industrial airconditioning?
Draw a neat diagram showing all components of cold storage plant.

Q.7 Write short notes on any three of the following:

(a) Vortex tube
(b) Evaporative cooling
(c) Production of dry ice
(d) Environmental friendly refrigerants
(e) Sub-cooling and superheating
Q.8 Write short notes on any four of the following:
a. Eco-friendly refrigerant
b. Thermo-electric refrigeration
c. Requirement of comfort airconditioning
d. Leak detector method of refrigerant
e. Bypass factor of cooling coil
f. Evaporator cooling
Q.9 Describe briefly any three of the following:
(a) Secondary refrigerants.
(b) Comfort Chart
(c) Air distribution system
(d) Production of dry ice
(e) Effective temperature

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Q.10 Write short notes on any three of the following:
(a) Thermoelectric refrigeration
(b) Cascade system
(c) Leak detection methods
(d) Evaporative cooling
(e) Vapour absorption