Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tw
(02)2705-5066
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
1891 7 10
1987 12 12
1918 2 17
1986 9 4
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
5BF8.indd 1
2014/3/3 04:23:45
, (B. C. 1950 ), 13
, 1 1 3 16 17
, ,
20 , 1925
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, , (Newton) ,
( dimension)
MKS (International System of Units, SI ),
(m), (kg) (s)
constant, , ,
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
5BF8.indd 1
2014/3/3 04:23:45
, ,
, ,
, Lawrence
,
2012 9
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
ii
5BF8.indd 2
2014/3/3 04:23:45
1
(I)
15
(A)
(B)
(1) 4)
4
5
(2) 5)
(II)
11
11
12
(b) 12
(2) (algebraic system)
(3) (transformation)
13
(a) ,
13
(b) ,
(c)
(4) (mapping)
(a)
12
13
14
19
19
(b)
19
(c)
20
20
www.wunan.com.tw
(e) 21
(02)2705-5066
5BF8con.indd 1
2014/3/3 04:23:01
(f)
21
(g) 1 1
21
(h) 1
22
(i)
22
27
29
(1)
- 1 i, (a ib, ab= ) 29
(a) p
29
(b) e
(c)
22
29
- 1 i , 11) 30
32
(2) Hamilton
33
35
39
(a) ( vector)
(b)
36
39
40
40
45
49
53
(i)
53
52
(ii) , ,
(iii)
53
55
(b) (group) 56
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
ii
5BF8con.indd 2
2014/3/3 04:23:02
(i)
56
58
58
59
59
59
(7)
60
60
63
(i)
63
(ii)
(d) ( )
64
64
(8)
(a)
66
(b)
66
(c)
(d)
66
66
67
(9) (matrix)
(a)
61
69
69
71
82
(i) , (space)
(ii)
69
83
84
(iii)
85
(iv)
85
(10) 87
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
iii
5BF8con.indd 3
2014/3/3 04:23:03
87
(11) ,
(2005)
93
2
(I)
93
5, 11)
(A) 5)
(1)
95
96
96
96
(2)
(B)
96
96
(1) (space)
96
(2) (subspace)
97
(a)
97
(b)
97
(C) , ?5)
(1)
(2)
99
100
(a)
(b) 5)
(D) 5)
(1) (denition)
99
101
102
103
103
(2) (length) l
104
5BF8con.indd 4
2014/3/3 04:23:03
(4) (norm)
105
(5)
107
(a) Gram-Schmidt
(b)
108
110
(6) 115
(a) (basis)
115
(b) (dimension)
115
(c)
(7)
(a)
116
118
118
118
125
125
6)
(1) [ (2-1) 0 f ]
(2)
125
(B) 9,
(1)
125
11)
126
126
(a)
126
(b) F V ( )
127
(c) 129
(2)
(a)
135
135
(b)
135
9, 11)
143
144
146
(1)
(linear dependence) 146
(a)
147
(b)
147
(2)
148
(a) 149
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
v
5BF8con.indd 5
2014/3/3 04:23:03
(b)
(linear combination)
151
(3)
(a)
154
(b)
155
153
157
(a) V
157
162
(2) V (dimension)
164
(a) ( )
158
164
164
(c) 165
(3) V
175
(a) (cordinates)
175
176
(E) , , , , 11)
(1)
181
181
(a)
(b) (axioms)
181
181
(c) V
(d) V
(2) (norm)
(a)
184
185
188
188
(b)
189
(c) X Y
190
(3) 11)
(a) (2-63)1
192
(b) f g ?
193
191
5BF8con.indd 6
2014/3/3 04:23:03
(a)
196
(b) G
196
198
200
(5) , , , , 11)
(a) (normalization)
203
203
(b) ( )
205
209
213
219
221
(13)
221
(14) ,
222
^
222
(16)
(17)
3
(I)
(transformation)
(A)
224
225
227
228
228
229
230
^ ] 230
(a) [2-18 a b f^ g^, f0
(b) [2-19 a b f^ g^, 1I^ ] 230
(c) 3-5 3-6
230
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
vii
5BF8con.indd 7
2014/3/3 04:23:03
(2)
231
(3) 232
(II) f^ 11, 12) 238
(A) f^ 11, 12) 239
242
245
(D) 247
(1) (3-29)1 247
(2) f^ vf=[f ] 249
vvv
(3) 18)
(a)
ij
263
264
264
(b) R3 l u
(i) ,
(ii)
268
269
269
279
281
(i)
281
(ii) (3-63)
267
282
285
(1) 9)
(a)
285
(b)
288
285
295
306
306
306
5BF8con.indd 8
2014/3/3 04:23:03
309
311
318
319
335
337
and Systems , 3rd. ed. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1988 337
(19)
,
, 2011
4
(I)
339
11)
(A)
337
340
340
(B) 341
(1)
341
(2) 341
(a) , 341
(b) 1
342
344
(d) ( , )
(e) 2
(II)
354
(A)
354
346
346
(1) 354
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
ix
5BF8con.indd 9
2014/3/3 04:23:04
(a)
354
B , vvv
C mn )
A , vvv
(b) :( vvv
355
B , vvv
Z mn )
A , vvv
(c) : ( vvv
(d) ?
355
(2) a b :
(a)
356
356
B mn )
A , vvv
(b) :( vvv
(c)
356
(3)
357
(a)
355
356
357
vvv
E mn , vvv
B nl vvv
C
(b) (A
vvv
367
lk )
(c)
367
388
391
(A)
(1)
392
(2)
392
377
387
388
391
393
393
393
405
405
415
421
(A) ( )
422
(1) 422
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
x
5BF8con.indd 10
2014/3/3 04:23:04
(2) ( )
(B) (determinant)
(1)
422
423
423
(2) ( )
(C)
426
427
427
427
(b) ( )
(2) Gauss-Jordan
(D) LU
434
438
428
438
438
(b)
439
442
449
455
459
(20)
459
(21)
(II), (2010)
460
5
(I)
461
(eigen characteristic)
(A) (rigid body) 18)
(1)
462
462
462
(2) 2 33 ,
465
5BF8con.indd 11
2014/3/3 04:23:04
470
470
471
471
(d)
(3) ,
471
476
485
(A)
(1)
485
(a)
485
(b) n ( degree)
(c) n (degree)
485
486
489
519
(3)
(B)
513
521
532
(1)
(2)
532
534
A
(a) nn vvv
535
A
(b) nn vvv
535
(c)
537
A s
(i) vvvvv
538
H 539
(ii) Hermitian vvv
A f(A
)
(3) ( ) n vvv
vvv
A f (A
)
(4) n vvv
vvv
(a) Cayley-Hamilton (theorem)
576
576
562
582
597
599
(1) 599
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
xii
5BF8con.indd 12
2014/3/3 04:23:04
(a)
(2)
601
604
(a) Hermitian
605
(b) ( )
610
(D)
(1)
619
619
(a) ,
(b) ,
(2)
629
638
639
640
619
646
646
654
(d) n 1
659
672
694
697
(22) , 4
,
, 2008 (E)
698
(p, e,i)
697
698
705
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
xiii
5BF8con.indd 13
2014/3/3 04:23:04
(vector), ,
ee
(unit vector), 1
e v ev
(zero vector),
a
a
(ket vector) a
(bra vector) a
, ,
a (column vector) a
a (row vector) a
X:Y X Y
X#Y X Y
X Y ( vector product)
cross product (outer product)
X X (projection operator) X
v v / v v
, v v
v , v (norm)
set:
! e
ai ! A A " ai ai A
z
ai g L L e a a L
A 1 B B 2 A
AY
1 B B Y
2A
A B (subset)
A B
www.wunan.com.tw
(f)
(empty set) (null set),
(02)2705-5066
xiv
5BF8con.indd 14
2014/3/3 04:23:11
ABBA
ABBA
(group)
G a1, a2, , an
"# , # , gg, #,
(space)
Rn
n
En
n
n
n
n Euclidean , n=
P= (x1 , x2 , , xn), Q= (y1 , y2, , yn)
, P Q
dim.V
Cst.
Cnon.
Euclidean
n
(direct sum)
V ( , dimension)
(standard basis coordinate system)
(nonstandard basis coordinate system)
(determinant), (matrix)
|A|, det. A
A
det. vvv
vf ^
vvv
vf ^^[f ]
ij
vvv
gg
A, gg
gg
=
( = ) A
vvv
(operator) ^f ^, ,
^^^f ,vvvvv ,
vf ^^ ( element entry),
fij= vvv
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
xv
5BF8con.indd 15
2014/3/3 04:23:12
(row)
vvv
Z
O vvv
vvv
J x1 N
K O
K x2O
X
(column vector) , = K O = n # 1
h
K O
LxnP
X =X
(row vector) ,
X = (x*1 , x*2, g , x*n) = 1 # n ,
x*i = xi ( )
X = X
0 =f
0 = f
A X = vvv
Y
vvv vvv
A X =avvv
X , a=
vvv vvv
A
adj. vvv
A
A tr. vvv
trace vvv
Z ,
(zero), vvv
A vvv
Y ,
X vvv
vvv
(state)
A (eigenvalue),
a vvv
A (eigenvector)
vvv
X a vvv
A , (adjoint matrix),
adj.
A ,
vvv
A ( ) , nn
vvv
vvv
i=1
A (rank)
vvv
A
(kernel)
vvv
A (image)
vvv
A (nullity)
vvv
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
xvi
5BF8con.indd 16
2014/3/3 04:23:14
alpha
nu
()
()
b
beta
(
( )
O
delta
epsilon
zeta
(
()
R
(
Q
(
I
mu
(
upsilon
( )
w, f
phi
()
chi
()
()
M
tau
()
lambda
sigma
()
kappa
(
iota
(
theta
rho
()
eta
pi
( )
Z
omicron
( )
()
E
xi
gamma
(
psi
(
omega
()
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
xvii
5BF8con.indd 17
2014/3/3 04:23:14
Chapter
II
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
5BF81.indd 1
2014/3/3 04:24:19
(I)
(A)
(arithmetic) , (real
number) , ,
0
(1-1)
(1-1) , ,
(),
(),
( ) ,
( )
(1-1)
, ( B)
-B ,
B=
-B = -1 B / i B =
i / -1
i B =
Bi
3 (1-2)
B i (imaginary number)1) 1 2
a - B = a B i a bi ,
B b = ,
(complex number) ,
(1-2)1) , (a
ib) ,
(1 ) (2 ) ,
(3 ) , 19
1843 Hamilton (Sir William Rowan
Hamilton , 1805 1865 , )
a =
(1-3)
(a , ib)
(1-2)
, (quaternion)2) , 3
,
,
, (variable), ,
x,
y,
z,
(1-4)
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
2
5BF81.indd 2
2014/3/3 04:24:20
Chapter 1
,
(rules) , (algebra)3)
, 3 , 3 (abstract space) ,
,
, (abstract algebra) ,
(linear algebra)3)
, ,
3) (dimension) ,
(degree) ,
3x2 10y 7 = 0
2 2 1 2 3 1 ,
(plane geometry) , 2 (orthogonal
cordinates)
(B)
3 (solid geometry) ,
(trigonometry) (analytic geometry) ,
2 , (determinant) (sequence) (series)
(exponential function) (logarithmic function)4) (probability)
(limit) (calculus) ,
,
v ,
v v
(1-5)
5) v
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
3
5BF81.indd 3
2014/3/3 04:24:20
B , , 5)
(1) 5)
, ,
, ,
, (scalar number) a , , , a
, 1 (unit vector) v
J ev
K
v = vev
K
==
e
o
K 1
ev = v
L
v
(1-3)
J v
K
K
^v (- e ) =- v h == K ev
K
1
K
L
Z
]^ v + (- v ) = 0h == c
]
]
]
`[
v=2 J
]^av = ave h K
a=3 K
]
K
]
]
L
\
v
v
(1-4)
(1-5)
6
(1-6)
N
O
O (1-6)1
O
P
N
O
O
O
O (1-6)2
O
P
_
b
m
b
b
b
b
` (1-6)3
N
3v
Ob
Ob
Ob
Pb
b
a
(1-6)3 0 , , 0, , (1-6)3 ,
, a 0
, v 1
,
(scalar multiplicative identity element) ,
1v = v (1-6)4
(1-6)4 v 1 , (1-6)3
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
4
5BF81.indd 4
2014/3/3 04:24:23
Chapter 1
(1-7)
(1-7) 5) , (1-6)3 , 4
(i) ,
(ii)
3 (1-8)
(2) 5)
, , ,
,
, (2 ) , , 3
3 , n n , n (n-dimensional
vector space) , n (real linear space) ,
(sum) (scalar multiplication)
(rules)
J
N
J
a b = b a = s
K
O
K
b
(i) K ( ) (additiveO K
K
K
O
K commutative rule) O
L
L
P
(1-7)
N
O
O (1-9)1
bO
P
J
N
J
N
K
O
(
a
)
c
)
b
a
(
b
c
K
O
K
O
K
O
c O
K
s
s2
= s
s2
O K
(ii) K s1
O (1-9)2
K
O
K
O
(additive
associas1
K
O
K
O
K
O
b
K
O
tive
rule)
L
P
a
L
P
(1-8)
N
J
a ( a ) = 0
N
J
K
O
a
K
K a 0 = 0 a = a
O
O
=0O
K
K
O
(iii) K 0 (additive O K
a
O (1-9)3
K
O
K
O
K0
O
K identity element) a a O
=
a
a
K (inverse element)
O
L
P
K
O
(1-9)
www.wunan.com.tw
L
P
(02)2705-5066
5BF81.indd 5
2014/3/3 04:24:25
ZJ
_
] K a(a
b) = aa ab
J
Nb
]K
K
Ob
ab
]K
= as , a b=s
K
Ob
]K
K
Ob
as
] K (multia
=
1
K
Ob
b = 1.5 O
b
]K
KK
OO b
a=3
] K ,
b
aa
L a
Pb
]K
]]
b
b
L
(iv) [
J
N`
a=1
] J (a b)
K
Ob
a = aa ba
a
]K
a
=
2
K
Ob
s = 6
]K
=s
K
Ob
b = 4
]K
a
K
Ob
4
] K (multiOb
4
K 1
]K
K
Ob
] K plicative distributive rule)
a
K
Ob
a
] K ,
2
K
Ob
]K
2
K
Ob
] K
K
Ob
L
L
Pa
\
(1-10)
(1-9)4
J a
J
N K
a
ba
ab
(
)
=
(
)
a
K
O K 0.5
(v) K
O == K
2
K (multiplicative O K
K
K associative rule) O
L
P KK
L
(vi) 1a = a ,
N
O
a = 0.5
O
O (1-9)
b
=
4
5
O
a = 2
O
4
OO
(1-11)
P
a
4
a
8
, a , b , c (element)
(1-9)1 6 , , ,
, (1-8) ,
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
6
5BF81.indd 6
2014/3/3 04:24:29
Chapter 1
(II)
(A) (linearity) (linear space)
(1-8) (1-9)1 6 (vectors) ( ) 6)
(a , b , c , ) , (a , b , c , ) (1-8) (1-9)1 6 ,
, (a , b , c , ) (linear space) , ab
c(elements) (vectors) ,
(vector space , a , b , c , , ,
) , (real)
(a , b , c , )
,
(1-9)1 6
(distributive law) , (2010 ) ,
, a b a b
ba , ,
(a , b , c , ) , ( ) ,
(1-9)1 6 (real numbers) ,
ab = ba (1-8) (1-9)1 6
(a , b , c , ) L a b
(i)
4 (1-10)1
ab
(a b) a b , L
L a (scalar) a
(ii)
a a
4 (1-10)2
aa a , L
(1-10)1 , 2 (1-8) , (1-10)1 , 2 (linearity) , (1-10)1
(1-10)2
www.wunan.com.tw
(i)
(02)2705-5066
7
5BF81.indd 7
2014/3/3 04:24:29
(a b) c = a (b c) (1-11)1
a b = b a (1-11)2
L 0
)
3 (1-11)3
0a=a0=a
)
L a ( ) a
3 (1-11)4
a ( a) = 0
(ii)
a(a b) = aa ab
(a b)a = aa ba
) L 1
3
1a = a
3 (1-11)6
(1-11)7
L 0 a , x = 1
a 4 (1-11)
*
8
1
1
ax = 1 x = = a
a
a b , , (1-11)1 8
(1-10)1 , 2 , (1-11)1 8 (linearity)
(a , b , c , ) (linear space)
, (1-10)1 , 2 (1-11)1 8
(1-8) (1-9)1 6 , (1-11)1 8 ,
(1-11)1 8 (a , b , ) , (a ,
, (linear algebra)3) ,
) , (1-11)1 8 (a , b , c , )
F (1-12)1
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
8
5BF81.indd 8
2014/3/3 04:24:30
Chapter 1
0 (1-12)2
, ,
v , v ,
q (1-12) E
7) , 19
,
(1-12)
(microscopic world)8)
( ) (mechanism)
(structure) 20 25 , , 22.5 26
, (classical physics)
, (linear operators)8)
(linear space) 1928 [ (Newtonian mechanics) ]
(quantum mechanics)8) , (2010 )
, 20 ,
( )
(state)
( )
(operation)
(1-13)1
X ^^^f Y
X
^^f
(1-13)
X Y (set)
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
9
5BF81.indd 9
2014/3/3 04:24:31
X = ( x1 , x2 , , x , , xn )
l
Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yk , , ym )
3 (1-13)2
(1-13)
^^^^f
_
b
^^f
b
X
Y
b
^^
f ( x1 , x2 , , xl , , xn ) =( y1 , y2 , , yk , , ym ) ` (1-13)
b
3
b
yk = f ( x )
b
l
a
XY
(1-13)3 (1-13) ( 1 )
(1-13)
x1
xl
xn
(1-13)4
(1-14)
(operator), (1-13) ^f , ^
, 1 1 , mn
^^f
XY
XY
4 (1-14)1
(1-11)1~8 ( (axioms) ]
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
10
5BF81.indd 10
2014/3/3 04:24:32
Chapter 1
, ^^f , , (1-13)4
, f (x)
(B) ,
(1) (operation) (operator)
(rules) ( axioms)
(operation) , ,
(operator)
y = f (x)
(Ex.1) (1-15) ,
x y = f (x)
f ( xf ) = yf
xi x xf ,
f (xi) f (xf) f
f ( xi ) = yi
xi (x1Dx) x1 (x Dx)
1
x1
l = x1 f (x)
x1 ,
xf
(1-15)
x1 , f (x) x1
l
lim
Dx " 0
f (x + Tx) - f (x)
d f (x) (1-15)
=====
dx
(x + Tx) - x
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
11
5BF81.indd 11
2014/3/3 04:24:33
(a)
~~
(Ex.1) xi x xf yi y yf A = (a , b , c , ,
~
~~
l)
~~~
, q, , l ) , A (complex number)
A = (a~ , b , c,
~~
(polynomial) , A A
a, b, cA
A
q1 , q2 ~
3 (1-16)1
q1 , q2 A
~~
A = (a , b , c , , l )
~~
A = ( a~ , b , c~~ , l )
A a , b , , q , q A
~
ab=q, aA, bA
~
qA
qA
3 (1-16)2
(system) ,
,
www.wunan.com.tw
(operation) ,
(02)2705-5066
12
5BF81.indd 12
2014/3/3 04:24:33
Chapter 1
, a , b (
commutative law)
ab = ba
Abelian (Niels Henrik Abel , 1802 1829 , )
non-Abelian
(3) (transformation) ?
m (point-like particle)
(1-16) (a)
(cartesian coordinates) (x , y) ,
(right-handed rule) , x y ,
, ,
(x
, y
)
P
P (x , y)
m
x
(1-16) (a)
(a) ,
m P (x , y) OP r O u P(x, y) ,
P P x (1-16)(a) a (a u) ,
x= r cos ( a u )
= r cosa cosu r sina sinu
= x cosu y sinu (1-17)1
y= r sin ( a u )
= r sina cosu r cosa sinu
= x sinu y cosu (1-17)2
x = r cosa , y = r sina , OP = OP = r
(b) ,
(1-16)(a) , x ( a u ) , (1-16)(b)
www.wunan.com.tw
u , P
(02)2705-5066
13
5BF81.indd 13
2014/3/3 04:24:34
x
= x cos ( u ) ( y ) sin ( u )
= x cos ( u ) ysin ( u )
(1-17)3
= (1-17)1
P(x , y) P
(x
, y
)
m
y= x sin ( u ) y cos ( u )
(1-17)4
= (1-17)2
(a) , (b) , (x , y)
, (transformation) (x, y)
( ) (a) (b)
u
(1-16) (b)
( u) ,
x x1 , y x2 , x y1 , y= y2 , (1-17)1 4
y1 = x1cos ( u ) x2sin ( u )
y2 = x1sin ( u ) x2cos ( u )
3 (1-18)1
(1-18)1 X = ( x1 , x2 , , xn ) ( OP = r )
Y = ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) , (1-17)
Y
X
x1 , x2
xn
^
T
( )
y2
y1
yn
(1-18)2
(1-17)
(1-17) (1-13) , X T^ Y
^
(c)
(1-18)1 (1-16)(a) (b) , m P( x x1 , y
x2 ) , (initial state) , 0
0 (nal state) P( x y , y y ) ,
1
2
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
14
5BF81.indd 14
2014/3/3 04:24:34
Chapter 1
(i) (state)? (1-19)1
(ii) ( ) (1-19)2
(iii) ( ) (1-19)3
(1-19)1 3 (1-13)1 (1-18)2 (notation) 9) , (1-18)1
cos u - sin u x1
y1
c m=e
oc m
(1-20)1
sin u cos u x2
y2
u =
Y = vvv
X (1-20)2
Tv ^vvv
vvv
y1 _
/
c
mb
Y
vvv
y2 b 21 (1-20)
3
x1 `
b
X
/
c
m
b
vvv
x2 a
Tv ^ / e
vvv
cos u - sin u
o == 2 # 2 (1-20)4
sin u cos u
(1-19)1 21 , n > 2 n1 ,
( , ket vector) , ( , bra vector)
, 1n
J x1 N
K O
K x2O
n1 = K h O
K O
LxnP
| X > (1-21)2
www.wunan.com.tw
) 1926 5) ,
(02)2705-5066
15
5BF81.indd 15
2014/3/3 04:24:35
(real scalar)
, (1-3) , (1-18)(a)
v = vx vy
vy
ey
= |vx|ex |vy|ey
ex
vx
(1-18) (a)
v = |v| v
P (x , y) , m (radial vector) r
r = x y
= |x|ex |y|ey
= xex yey (1-22)2
y
m P(x
, y
)
(space) m
r , m r T^
^^
P(x, y) , r , r
P(x , y)
r m (state vector) ,
(1-18) (a)
e x, e y
S
/
ex , ey
1 44 2 44 3 (1-22)3
/
( (1-18) (b) (1-18) (c))
x
(1-18) (b)
|y>
m |r
>
^^
T
|ey>
|
r>
m
u
| x>
www.wunan.com.tw
| ex>
(02)2705-5066
(1-18) (c)
16
5BF81.indd 16
2014/3/3 04:24:36
Chapter 1
(1-22)2 , (1-22)4 , (1-22)1 , m
(state vector)(1-22)4
x
r =c m
y
1
1
= xc m + yc m
0
0
T13
T23
T33
g
Tn3
g
g
g
g
g
T1n NJ x1 N
OK O
T2nOK x2O
T3n OK x3O
gOK h O
OK O
Tnn PLxnP
Z
J0N_
] J1 N
J0N
K Ob
] K O
K O
K 0Ob
] K 0O
K 1O
K 0Ob
= vvv
Tv ^[ x1 K 0O+ x2 K 0O+ g + xn K O` (1-22)6
K hO
K h Ob
] K hO
K
K
O
O
K 0Ob
]
K Ob
] L0P
L0P
L1 Pa
\
5BF81.indd 17
2014/3/3 04:24:38
OP= OP = r
y 21 y 22 = x 21 x 22
(1-18)1 (1-22)7
y1
(y1, y2) c m = y12 + y22
y2
= [(x1 cos u - x2 sin u), (x1 sin u + x2 cos u)] e
x1 cos u - x2 sin u
o
x1 sin u + x2 cos u
>X |
| ei > ,
i= 1 , 3 , , n, , ei |
(complex-conjugate linear space) , (conjugate space)
^
(1-17) X Y , T^
^
T^ | X1 > | X2 > , a , (1-8) ,
^
^
^
^
T^ (| X1 > | X2 >) = (T^ | X1> T^ | X2>) , T^ (a | Xi >) = a (T^ | Xi >) , i = 1 , 2 , T^
^
(linear operator) , T^ | X
> | Y >
(linear-transformation) ,
, (equation of
^
^
motion) ( ) T^ , T^
^ 10) , m ,
(rotation operator) R
(1-16)(a) m x - y , ,
10)
www.wunan.com.tw
(1-17) , X T^ Y , 1
(02)2705-5066
18
^
5BF81.indd 18
2014/3/3 04:24:38
Chapter 1
1 , X Y ( subspace)
(transformation) , (mapping) (function)
X Y , (1-13) (1-17) , ^f ,
T^^ , Y yk X (xi)
(rules) (axioms) , X Y ,
1 1 , , T^^
,
(4) (mapping)
, |X > ( ) ^f , |Y >
f^^ , |Y > ,
(picture) ,
(a)
(1-19) , X = (x1 , x2 ,
^^f
x1
x3 , ) Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 , ) X
x2
xi Y yk (k =
x3
y1
y3
y2
i , k i) (operation) ^^f
(mapping)
(transformation) , (function)
(1-19)
^^fX Y
^^f
Y (1-23)1
(element) ,
^^
fx y
^^f
y (1-23)2
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066
19
5BF81.indd 19
2014/3/3 04:24:39
^^f
, ,
(domain)
(image)
(codomain)
(1-20)
Y = f ( X ) = { f ( x ) , x X } (1-24)
codomainrange, (1-20)
, rangerange X
^^f Y , Y , R ,
(range)( (1-22) ) ,
R = { y = f ( x ) , x X } (1-25)
(1-24) (1-25) R range
(c)
X Y ^^f g^ , f (x) = g (x) , x X ,
(identity function) ,
^^f = I
^^
^f = idx (1-26)
^fX Y
y = f (x)
g^ Y Z
z = g(y)
^^h : X Z
z = h (x)
3 (1-27)1
X Z h^^
^
(1-27)2
5BF81.indd 20
2014/3/3 04:24:39
.
., 2014.04
.
ISBN 978-957-11-7478-5 ()
1. 2.
330
102026995
5BF8
106 3 3 9 4
(02)2705-5066(02)2706-6100
http://www.wunan.com.tw
wunanwunan.com.tw
0 1 0 6 8 9 5 3
/6
(04)2223-0891(04)2223-3549
/290
(07)2358-702 (07)2350-236
2 0 1 4 4
9 8 0
www.wunan.com.tw
(02)2705-5066