LI NI U

Hn l cng ngh phc tp phi hp nhiu ngnh khoa hc v k thut t

Vt l, ha hc, luyn kim, c kh t ng ha n k thut in v in t.
Cng ngh hn ngy cng khng nh c v th, vai tr quan trng ca
mnh trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip nh sn xut t, in cng nghip,
in t in lnh, xy lp cng trnh cng nghip v dn dng, giao thng
vn ti v ha chtGp phn to ln trong cng cuc CNH-HH t nc.
Gio trnh qua ban hn c bin son tch hp gia l thuyt v thc hnh.
Gip cho Hc sinh Sinh vin vn dng ngay l thuyt vo thc tin, nng
cao cht lng o to.
Mc d c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh bin son, song chc chn
khng th trnh c nhng thiu st. Chng ti rt mong c s ng gp
kin ca ng nghip v cc em hc sinh sinh vin, ln ti bn sau c hon chnh hn.
Mi kin ng gp xin gi v: T Cng ngh hn Khoa C kh trng
Cao ng ngh Cng nghip Thanh ha.
Xin chn thnh cm n !
Thanh Ha, thng 01 nm 2014
T mn Hn

S LC LCH S

Nm 1808, Davy v Ritter to

nn phng in u tin gia hai in
cc cc bon v tr nm ngang. S
phng in theo ng cong hng
ln trn do tc dng ca kh nng v
c t tn l h quang.
Nm 1885, cc nh khoa hc Nga
Bernardos v Olszewski c bng
sng ch Paris to nn nng chy
cc b kim loi nh h quang to nn
bng mt in cc cc bon v mt
ming thp.
Nm 1888, mt ngi Nga khc l Slavianov thay th in cc cc bon
bng in cc thp nng chy trn.
Nm 1907, O.Kjellberg ngi Thy in c bng pht minh v in cc
bc thuc.

BI 1: KIN THC C BN KHI HN H QUANG TAY

1. Thc cht c im khi hn h quang tay

1.1. Thc cht

Hn h quang l qu trnh hn nng chy, nhit lng do h quang in

sinh ra lm nng chy mp hn v kim loi ph to thnh b hn trng thi
lng, sau khi kt tinh li to thnh b hn.

Hnh 1.1. B hn v h quang hn

1.2. c im
- Tit kim kim loi 10 25% loi so vi phng php ni khc nh tn
riv, ghp bu lng.
- Hn c th ni c nhng kim loi c tnh cht khc nhau.
- V d: c th ni kim loi en vi kim loi mu, kim loi vi phi kim
v.v...
- To c cc chi tit my, cc kt cu phc tp m cc phng php khc
khng lm c hoc gp nhiu kh khn.
- bn mi hn cao, mi hn rt kn. Gim c thi gian v gi thnh
ch to kt cu, gim ting n khi gia cng.
- Sau khi hn vn tn ti ng sut d, vt hn d b bin dng (cong, vnh)
v.v...
- T chc kim loi gn mi hn khng tt s lm gim kh nng chu ti
trng ng ca mi hn.
1.3. Phn loi cc phng php hn
- Hn nng chy.
- Hn p lc.
- Hn in ha.
- Hn c hc.
1.4. Cc dng lin kt hn v v tr hn trong khng gian
1.4.1. Cc dng lin kt hn c bn

Hnh 1.2. Cc dng lin kt hn

1.4.2. K hiu mi hn v v tr hn trong khng gian.

- V tr mi hn trong khng gian:
Khi kim loi lng chuyn ng t que hn vo b hn v bn thn b hn
chu tc dng ca nhiu yu t lc. Trong , trng lc l yu t lc c tr s
ln, trng hp ny n c tc dng cho vic hnh thnh b hn nhng trng hp khc n li cn tr vic hnh thnh b hn. V vy ngi th phi
dng k thut to ra tc dng lm gim hn ch ca trng lc. lm
c iu ny, cn c vo c im ca mi hn so vi phng ca trng lc
ngi ta phn loi mi hn theo cc v tr trong khng gian.
V tr hn trong khng gian c quy nh theo tiu chun Anh - M nh
sau:

Hnh 1.3.V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian

2. Cu to v phn loi que hn

2.1. Cu to que hn
Que hn gm hai phn chnh: Li que hn v thuc bc que hn

Hnh 1.4. Cu to que hn

Li que hn: L kim loi c ng knh t 1,66mm, chiu di L =

(250450)mm. ng knh que hn quy c gi theo ng knh ca li que
(TCVN 89).
*Tc dng thuc bc que hn
- To ra mi trng ion ha tt d gy h quang v h quang chy n
nh
- To kh bo v tt vng hn: xenlul, cm thch.
- To lp x bo v trn ton b b mt mi hn v d bong khi ngui.
- C tc dng kh oxy v hp kim ha kim loi mi hn.
- Nhit nng chy ca thuc phi ln hn nhit nng chy ca li
que khi hn n to thnh phu kim loi lng.
2.2. Phn loi que hn
- Que hn loi v thuc h axit (A): thnh phn gm xit st, xit
mangan, xit silic, fer mangan. Loi ny c tc chy ln, cho php hn
bng dng mt chiu v xoay chiu, hn c mi v tr trong khng gian
nhng c khuynh hng nt nng nn t dng hn thp c hm lng lu
hunh v cc bon cao.
- Que hn loi v thuc h baz (B): thnh phn gm c: CaCO 3, MgCO3,
hunh thch, fer mangan, fer silic, Loi ny khi hn to ra kh bo v l
CO v CO2, ch c s dng vi dng mt chiu ni nghch, mi hn t b
nt kt tinh nhng hay gy r kh. C th s dng hn cc loi thp c
bn cao, cc kt cu hn quan trng.
- Que hn loi v thuc h hu c (O hoc C): thnh phn cha nhiu
tinh bt, xenlulto kh bo v vng hn. Loi que ny c tc ng c
vng hn nhanh nn s dng hn ri, hn vi dng xoay chiu hoc mt
chiu.
- Que hn loi v bc h rutin (R): Thnh phn gm TiO 2, CaCO3,
MgCO3, grafit, fer hp kim. Khi hn h quang chy n nh, mi hn hnh
thnh tt, t bn te nhng d d r kh v nt kt tinh trong mi hn. Hn
c vi dng xoay chiu v mt chiu
2.3. Mt s tiu chun v k hiu que hn
2.3.1. K hiu que hn theo tiu chun Vit Nam
a) Que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp, TCVN 3734 89.
Trong k hiu, gm 4 thnh phn nh sau :
5

N 46

-3

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(1): Mt ch ci in hoa ch que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp N.

(2): Hai ch s tip theo ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu (46 KG/mm 2, tra bng
tm c dn di, gii hn va p, gc un).
(3): Mt ch s tip theo ch loi dng in hn (1,3,5,7 : hn vi dng xoay
chiu hoc mt chiu; 2,4,6,8 : hn vi dng mt chiu).
Vi que axit (DC cc m), que baz (DC cc dng), que hu c (DC cc
m v dng), vi que rutin (DC cc m v AC).
(4): Mt hoc hai ch ci in hoa ch loi v thuc bc( R: rutin).
2.3.2. Que hn thp C v thp hp kim thp ISO 2560
Cu trc k hiu gm tm loi thng tin khc nhau, trong bn loi
phn u bt buc phi a ra.
E

51

RR

150

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1) : Mt ch ci in hoa ch que hn h quang tay E.

(2) : Hai ch s 43 hoc 51 ch gii hn bn ko ca kim loi mi hn
(510 610 )MPa , 1Pa = 1N/m2.
(3) : Mt ch s ch gin di tng i (%) v nhit thp nht khi
dai va p KCV = 28 J/cm2 (tra bng s 3 ta c = 20%, KCV = 28 J/cm2
t c nhit T = - 200C ).
(4): Mt hoc hai ch ci ch loi thuc bc que hn RR: rutin v dy.
(5) : Ba ch s biu th hiu sut p ca que hn (K c = 145 155%). Kc =
G/Gc, ch ghi khi Kc 105%.
(6): Mt ch s tip theo ch v tr mi hn trong khng gian.
1 : Hn mi v tr .
2 : Hn mi v tr, tr v tr hn ri.
3 : Hn v tr phng, ngang v leo.
4 : Hn v tr phng (gip mi v gc).
5 : Nh 3 v ng t trn xung.
(7): Mt ch s ch loi ngun in, cc tnh v in p khng ti.
Bng 1.1- Cch u cc khi hn mt chiu

Ch s

4
6

Cc tnh
+
ngun

+/-

+/-

+/-

U0 (V).

50

50

50

70

70

70

90

90

90

(8): Ch ci H ch hm lng H2 nh hn 15 cm3/100g kim loi p.

3. H quang hn v cc phng php gy h quang
3.1. Khi nim
H quang hn l hin tng phng in mnh v lin tc gia hai in
cc tri du trong mi trng kh b ion ha. H quang sinh ra ngun nhit
rt ln lm nng chy kim loi v pht x nh sng mnh.
3.2. Cc phng php gy h quang
- Phng php m thng:
+ Cho que hn tip xc thng, ng nh vo vt hn khi xut hin h
quang, nhanh chng nng u que hn cch vt hn t 2 4 mm
+ Phng php ny mi h quang chnh xc v tr, mt hn khng b bn
nhng d b dnh que. Trng hp que hn b dnh vo vt hn, ch cn lc
que hn sang hai bn v c c xu hng ko que hn ri khi vt hn. Nu
que hn khng ri ra ta phi bm km hn nh que hn ra, sau tin hnh
lm li t u.

Hnh 1.5. Cc phng php gy h quang

- Phng php mi h quang ma st:

+ Cho que hn tip xc ma st vi vt hn nn xy ra hin tng chp
mch v xut hin h quang khi lp tc nng u que hn v gi khong
cch t u que hn n vt hn t 2 4mm
+ u im ca phng php ny l d thao tc, ph hp cho ngi mi
hc ngh nhng n c nhc im l lm bn mt vt hn

3.3. Hin tng thi lch h quang

Trng hp bnh thng ct h quang cng ng thng vi trc tuyn
ca cc in.

Hnh 1.6. H quang thi ng

Trng hp khng bnh thng trc tuyn ct h quang khng trng vi trc
cc in.

Hnh 1.7. H quang thi lch

- Nguyn nhn h quang thi lch:

+ Do ct h quang chu nh hng ca lung khng kh, dy thuc
bc que hn khng u.
+ Do t trng xung quanh ct h quang khng phn b u gy nn h
quang thi lch.

T trng hai bn khng u

T trng u nhau

Hnh 1.8. nh hng t trng ti h quang hn

+ Do lc st t
H quang thi lch v pha c lc st t ln, vt liu dy.
4. Cc loi my hn in h quang tay
- My hn in xoay chiu: K hiu (AC).
- My hn in mt chiu: k hiu (DC).

Hnh 1.9. My hn in xoay chiu v mt chiu

4.1. Yu cu chung ca my hn h quang tay

- in th khng ti ca my phi cao hn in th khi lm vic, ng thi
khng gy nguy him khi s dng (U0< 80V).
- i vi dng mt chiu: U20 = 35V55V; Uh = 20V 35V
- i vi dng xoay chiu:U20 = 55V 85V; Uh =25V 45V.
- Trong qu trnh hn khng cho php dng in ngn mch I qu ln.
I = (1,3 1,4) Ih
- My hn h quang tay phi c ng c tnh ngoi dc.
- My hn phi c c cu iu chnh dng hn, thch hp hn vi nhiu ch
khc nhau.
- h quang chy lin tc, n nh th dng in v in p phi lch pha
nhau c ngh l dng v p khng cng gi tr 0 ti mt thi im.
- My hn h quang phi c kch thc cng nh cng tt, h s cng sut
hu ch cao, gi thnh thp, d s dng v bo dng.
4.2. Cu to ca my hn
- Cu to: Gm c 2 b phn chnh l li thp v dy qun.
Li thp (A): dng dn t thng chnh ca my c ch to t thp l
k thut in (thp silic) li thp bao gm 2 phn, tr l ni t dy qun,
gng l phn ghp kn mch t, gia cc tr v gng to thnh mch t khp
kn. gim dng in xoy ngi ta dng l thp k thut in c chiu dy
t 0,35 0,5mm, cc l thp ny c sn cch in ghp li thnh li thp.
Dy qun (W1, W2): Gm nhiu vng lng vo li thp, cc vng dy
c cch in vi nhau v cch in vi li thp. Dy qun c tit din hnh
vung, ch nht. Nu my hn c c cun s cp v th cp c t trn
cng mt tr th cun th cp c t st tr cun s cp qun pha ngoi.
9

Hnh 1.10. S nguyn l cu to my hn in xoay chiu

Ngoi cc b phn chnh cn c cc b phn ph nh : V my, li t,

qut lm mt, cng tc ( Cu dao), c cu iu chnh li t
* My bin p hn xoay chiu c li t di ng
- S cu to :

Hnh 1.11. S nguyn l cu to ca my hn c li t di ng

Li t B c th iu chnh di chuyn ra vo ca s t chnh A. Loi my

hn ny c th iu chnh tinh cng hn (I h) bng cch thay i t thng
mc vng vo cun W2 nh vo s thay i v tr ca li t trong khung t.
1 r 2 2 1 r

1 l t thng chnh do cun s cp W1 sinh ra

r L t thng r ( t thng i qua li t):
2 - l t thng do cun th cp W2 sinh ra
Qua ta thy khi li t B di chuyn vo trong ca s t A th r tng nn
2 gim dn n Ih gim v ngc li.

BI 2: VN HNH MY HN IN THNG DNG

1. iu kin thc hin

- Dng c cm tay: Km, tuc n vt, cl, m lt, hp dng c vn nng.
10

- Thit b : My hn xoay chiu, my hn mt chiu, my ht bi, ng

h o in vn nng, ampe km
2. Trnh t vn hnh
Bc 1: u my hn.

Hnh 2.1. S u ni my hn in h quang

Bc2: Kim tra mch in u vo

- Kim tra cng tc ngun in vo my v tr OFF
- Kim tra cu dao in ca mng in dn vo
- Kim tra dy tip t ca my
- Sit cht cc vt, bu lng ca dy dn vo my.

Hnh 2.2. Kim tra cp hn v ngun hn

Bc 3. Kim tra mch in u ra.

- Kim tra cc u ni ca cp hn
- Ni dy mt vi bn hn
- Lp que hn vung gc vi km hn.
Lp que hn phi tip xc tt, trnh phng
in gia km hn v que hn.
Bc 4. Kim tra knh hn.

11

- Tho knh hn ra khi mt n

hn, thay knh trng nu knh
b chy
- Lau sch knh hn
- Lp knh vo mt n hn
Hnh 2.4. S lp knh bo v

Bc 5. iu chnh cng dng in hn.

- ng cu dao in vo my
- Bt cng tc in trn my
(ON)
- Xoay tay quay iu chnh
dng in theo vch s ch trn
my hn.
- Kim tra ch s ch dng
in hn trn my.

Hnh 2.5. iu chnh dng in hn

1- Vch s ch ch dng in; 2- Tay quay

Cho u que hn tip xc vi vt hn. Kim tra s ch dng in hn trn

Ampe k. iu chnh dng in hn ng vi gi tr yu cu. Tt cng tc
trn my hn

Hnh 2.6. Kim tra Ih bng cch cho que hn tip xc vi vt hn

*Bi thc hnh:

u ni v vn hnh my hn mt chiu v xoay chiu

12

BI KIM TRA IU KIN LN 1

MN HC QUA BAN HN

H v tn:
Lp:
im

Nhn xt ca gio vin

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
13

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

14

BI 3. HN NG THNG TRN MT PHNG V TR BNG

1. iu kin thc hin

- Vt liu:
Que hn: KT 3.2, thp tm = 310 (mm)
- Thit b v dng c

Hnh 3.1. Cc dng c thit b hn

2. Ch hn
Ch hn l tng hp cc thng s, cc khu ca qu trnh hn m
bo hn c mi hn t yu cu.
2.1. ng knh que hn
d

i vi hn gc ch T.

K
2
2

d l ng knh que hn (mm); l chiu dy chi tit hn (mm); K l cnh

mi hn (mm).
2. 2. Cng dng in hn
Dng in hn c nhng nh hng i vi cht lng mi hn. Bng
phng php tnh ton gn ng khi hn thp v tr hn bng c th p dng
cng thc sau:
I = ( + d ).d (A)
, l h s thc nghim, khi hn bng que hn thp ( =20, = 6), d l
ng knh que hn (mm)
Nu vt c chiu dy ln > 3d, m bo hn ngu phi tng dng in
hn ln 15%. Nu vt hn mng > 1,5d, phi gim dng in xung 15%.
15

C th tnh cng dng in hn theo cng thc thc nghim sau:

I = K.d (A)
I l cng dng in hn (A), K l h s do tnh cht ca que hn
quyt nh thng l t (40 60), d l ng knh que hn (mm)
Khi hn v tr bng do cch a que hn v khng ch kim loi nng chy
tng i d c th chn cng dng in hn tng i ln, d hn.
Nhng khi hn v tr khc, khng ch kim loi nng chy thng thng
cng dng in khi hn ng nh hn so vi hn bng t 10 20%.
2.3. in th ca h quang
in th h quang do chiu di h quang quyt nh: h quang di in
th cao v ngc li.
Trong qu trnh hn, h quang khng nn di qu.
2.4. Tc hn
Tc hn l tc di chuyn v phi trc ca que hn, n nh hng
trc tip n hiu sut ca cng vic hn. Trong qu trnh hn nn cn c tnh
hnh c th iu chnh tc hn, nhm m bo cho mi hn cao thp,
rng hp u nhau.
3. Cc chuyn ng ca que hn
3.1. Cc chuyn ng chnh ca que hn
Khi hn h quang tay cng mt lc ngi th hn phi thc hin 03
chuyn ng:

Hnh 3.2. Cc chuyn ng c bn ca que hn

3.2. Cc phng php dao ng ngang ca que hn

- Dao ng que hn hnh ng thng:
- Dao ng que hn theo hnh bn nguyt:
- Dao ng que hn hnh rng ca:
- Dao ng ng que theo hnh trn:

16

4. Tin hnh hn
4.1. Yu cu v chun b phi
- Ct tm phi bng thp CT3.
- Nn thng, phng v lm sch b mt.
- Vch du ng hn.
4.2. K thut hn ng thng
+ T th hn:
Lp que hn vo km hn. Gc
que hn to vi km hn gc t
70900
Hnh 3.3. Gc lp que hn

- Cui nghing ngi v pha trc

m rng hai chn
- Cm km hn chc chn nhng
khng qu cht
Hnh 3.3. T th hn bng

+ Gc nghing que hn
Gc nghing ca que hn so vi
mt phng hn theo hng hn t
750800 v que hn to vi mt
phng hai bn ng hn gc 90o

Hnh 3.4. Gc que hn khi hn bng

+ Gy h quang v tin hnh hn

Gy h quang cch u ng hn
1015 mm v di chuyn nhanh v v
tr u ng hn tin hnh hn mi
hn.

Hnh 3.5. V tr bt u gy h quang

17

- Ni mi hn
Khi hn ht mt que hn th phi cho x hn chuyn sang mu en
dng ba g x g sch x pha cui ng hn mt khong 1015mm lc
mi hn tip
Gy h quang trc im ni (1020) mm sau a que hn v im
ni. iu chnh cho kim loi in y rnh h quang sau tin hnh hn
tip.

Hnh 3.6. Ni mi hn

+ Kt thc h quang
Dng phng ph hn chm ngt in y rnh h quang.

Hnh 3.7. Phng php lp rnh h quang cui ng hn

5. Cc khuyt tt thng gp khi hn v tr bng

5.1. Nt mi hn
L mt trong nhng khuyt tt nghim trng ca mi hn. Trong qu
trnh s dng cu kin hn, nu mi hn c vt nt th vt nt s rng ra khin
cho cu kin b hng.

Nt ngoi

Nt vng nh hng nhit

Hnh 3.8. Nt mi hn

- Nguyn nhn:
18

Nt trong

+ Hm lng lu hunh v pht pho trong kim loi vt hn hoc que hn

qu nhiu.
+ Dng in hn qu ln, rnh h quang ca u mi hn khng p y,
sau khi ngui co ngt trong rnh h quang xut hin ng nt.
- Bin php phng nga:
+ Chn vt liu thp c hm lng lu hunh v pht pho thp, ng thi
chn que hn c tnh chng nt tt.
+ Gim tc lm ngui vt hn, khi cn thit phi p dng phng php
nung nng v lm ngui chm.
+ Chn dng in hn thch hp, c th dng cch hn nhiu lp v ch
p y rnh h quang.
5.2. L hi

Hnh 3.9. R kh mi hn

- Nguyn nhn:
+ Hm lng cc bon trong kim loi vt hn hoc trong li thp que hn
qu cao, nng lc y xy ca que hn qu km.
+ Dng que hn b m, trn mt u ni c nc, du bn, g st.
Do s tn ti l hi, lm gim bt mt cng tc ca mi hn do lm
gim bt cng v tnh cht ch ca mi hn.
- Bin php phng nga
+ Dng loi que hn c tnh kh tt.
+ Trc khi hn, que hn phi sy kh
+ Khong cch h quang ngn, khng vt qu 4mm.
+ Sau khi hn khng vi g x hn ngay, phi ko di thi gian gi
nhit cho kim loi mi hn.
5.3. Ln x hn
L tp cht kp trong mi hn, tp cht ny c th tn ti trong mi hn,
cng c th nm trn mt mi hn.

19

Hnh 3.10. R x mi hn

- Nguyn nhn:
+ Dng in hn qu nh, khng nhit lng cung cp cho kim loi
nng chy v x chy i, lm cho tnh lu ng b gim bt.
+ Mp hn ca u ni c vt bn hoc khi hn nh hay khi hn nhiu
lp cha lm sch trit ch hn.
+ Khi hn gc v s chuyn ng ca que hn khng thch hp vi
tnh hnh vng nng chy, lm cho kim loi chy ra trn ln vi x hn.
+ Mi hn qu nhanh, x hn cha thot ra c y .
Ln x hn c nh hng ti cht lng ca mi hn. N lm gim bt c
tnh ca mi hn .
- Bin php phng nga:
+ Tng dng in hn cho thch hp, khi hn cn thit rt ngn h quang
v tng thi gian dng li ca h quang.
+ Trit chp hnh cng tc lm sch v tr hn hn.
5.4. Khuyt cnh
L hin tng kim loi chn mi hn lm su xung b mt vt liu.

Hnh 3.11. Chy cnh mi hn

- Nguyn nhn:
+ Dng in hn ln, h quang di.
+ Gc que hn v cch a que hn khng chnh xc.
+ Khuyt cnh l mt trong nhng thiu st nguy him ca mi hn. N
lm gim bt b dy vt hn, khi cu kin chu ph ti ng th s sinh ra vt
nt.
- Bin php phng nga:

20

Chn dng in hn chnh xc, nm vng cch a que hn v chiu di

h quang khi hn.
5.5. Mi hn khng ngu.
Trn tm mp hn c nhng kim loi tha ra nhng khng trn vi kim
loi vt hn gi l ng cc

Hnh 3.12. Chy x mi hn

- Nguyn nhn:
Tc que hn nng chy qu nhanh, h quang di
- Bin php phng nga
+ Chn ch hn chnh xc nht l cc tnh ca dng in.
+ Khi hn gn ht que hn tc chy nhanh phi rt ngn khong cch
h quang v tng tc hn.
* Thc hnh:
Hn ng thng trn mt phng trn vt liu S = 4mm.

21

BI 4 : HN GIP MI KHNG VT MP V TR HN BNG

1. Chun b dng c thit b hn

- My hn h quang in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu
- Qun o v dng c bo h lao ng
- Dng c lm sch: Ba g x, bn chi st, Ba ngui
- Dng c o: Thc l, Dng kim tra mi hn
2. Chun b v g nh phi hn
2.1. Chun b phi
- Ct 2 tm phi bng thp CT3 c kch thc (4 x 80 x 200)mm
- Nn thng phi.
- Lm sch hai bn mp hn bng bn chi st v gia.
2.2. nh phi
Mi nh phi m bo ngu v chc chn, nn dng in khi hn nh
phi c chn ln hn dng in hn t 10% .
Khi nh phi phi lu t v tr ca phi sao cho sau khi hn th bin
dng ca mi hn do mi hn gy ra l nh nht.
- Hn nh hai im hai u .
- Mi nh phi m bo chc chn.
3. Chn ch hn
3.1. ng knh que hn
Thay s vi S = 4mm => d = 4/2 + 1 = 4/2 + 1 = 3 mm. Vy ng knh que
hn l d = 3 mm. Ta chn d = 3,2mm
3.2. Cng dng in hn
Khi hn bng que hn c d = 3,5mm, thay vo cng thc (*) ta c:
Ihb =( +d)d = (20+6.3,2)3,2 125 (A) =>Vy ta chn Ihb = 125 A
4. Cc phng php dao ng que hn.

Hnh 4.1. Cc phng php dao ng que hn

Dao ng que hn theo hnh ng thng, rng ca, hnh bn nguyt.

22

- Gc nghing ca que hn so vi mt phng hn theo hng hn t 75 0800

v que hn to vi mt phng hai bn ng hn gc 90o
5. K thut hn ng thng
5.1. Bt u mi hn
Gy h quang cch im bt u hn t (10 20)mm, sau di chuyn
nhanh v im u ca ng hn tin hnh hn.

Hnh 4.2. Bt u mi hn

5.2.Thc hin ng hn
Hng u que hn vo ng ng vch du.iu chnh que hn vung
gc vi b mt vt hn v theo hng nghing vi gc 75 0800. Di chuyn
que hn sang hai bn cnh mi hn v dng mt cht pha mp ngoi. B
rng chuyn ng ngang u que hn trong khong hai ln ng knh que
hn.
5.3. Ni mi hn
Khi bt u ni th gy h quang cch im ni khong (1020)mm sau
a que hn v im ni.
Khi hn ht mt que hn th phi
cho x hn chuyn sang mu en
dng ba g x g sch x pha cui
ng hn mt khong 1015mm lc
mi hn tip.
- iu chnh cho kim loi in y
rnh h quang sau di chuyn que
hn theo hng hn

Hnh 4.3. Ni tip mi hn

5.4. Kt thc mi hn
Khi hn n cui ng hn, rt ngn h quang ri xoay u in cc
thnh vng trn nh 23 ln. Dng phng php h quang ngt in y
rnh h quang cui ng hn.
23

Hnh 4.4. Kt thc mi hn

6. Cc khuyt tt thng gp khi hn gip mi khng vt nguyn nhn

v cch khc phc
a. Mi hn khng ngu.
Nguyn nhn:
Do cng dng in hn yu, tc hn ln
Bin php phng nga:
iu chnh cng dng in hn chnh xc.
Hn ng tc nng chy ca que hn v vt hn.

Hnh 4.5. Mi hn khng ngu

b. Mi hn khuyt cnh.
Nguyn nhn:
Do dng in hn qu ln, khng dng li khi dao ng que hn sang hai
bn ng hn.
Bin php phng nga:
iu chnh cng dng in hn chnh xc, c thi gian dng li hai
bn rnh hn khi dao ng que hn

Hnh 4.6. Mi hn khuyt cnh

24

BI KIM TRA IU KIN LN 2

MN HC: QUA BAN HN

H v tn:
Lp:
im

Nhn xt ca gio vin

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
25

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

26

BI 5: HN GC KHNG VT MP V TR HN NGANG

1. Mi hn gc khng vt mp
- Mi hn gc v mi hn chng c s dng rng ri trong khi thit k
kt cu hn, mi hn gc c th vt mp hoc khng vt mp ty thuc vo
chiu dy vt hn.
C mt s dng mi hn gc v hn chng

Hnh 5.1: Cc dng mi hn chng v mi hn gc

2. Chun b phi hn
Sau khi nghin cu bn v ta s chun b phi hn nh sau:
- Thp tm CT3 kch thc (5 x 80 x 200)mm(1 tm)
- Thp tm CT3 kch thc (5 x 40 x 200)mm (1 tm)
- Nn thng phi.
- Lm sch b mt cnh hn bng bi chi st, gia.

Hnh 5.2: Chun b phi hn

3. Chn ch hn
3.1. ng knh que hn
ng knh que hn khi hn gc (2F) c tnh theo cng thc:
d = k/2+2 (mm)
k: Cnh mi hn gc (mm)
Vy vi mi hn gc k = 3mm th p dng cng thc trn ta xc nh
c ng knh que hn:
d= k/2+2=3/2+2 =3,5(mm)
Ta chn d = 3,2 mm

27

3.2. Cng dng in hn

Cng dng in hn khi hn bng tnh theo cng thc :
Ihb =( +d)d (A)

(*)

Trong : d l ng knh que hn; I l cng dng in hn; , l hai

h s thc nghim, khi hn que hn bng thp = 20, =6;
Hoc c th tnh theo cng thc thc nghim sau:
Ihb =(35 50)d (A)
3.3. in p hn
Trong hn h quang tay in p hn
Uh = 16 28V.
4. G nh phi hn
- Hn nh ti hai u ca vt
hn .Hn nh chc chn, khng
gy nh hng ti qu trnh hn v
mi hn nhkhng cao qu lm nh
hng ti ng hn.
Hnh 5.3. nh phi hn

5. K thut hn
5.1 Chuyn ng ca que hn
Chuyn ng que hn theo theo hnh bn nguyt, hnh rng ca hoc
ng thng, ty thuc vo rng ca cnh mi hn k.

Hnh 5.4: Cc phng php dao ng que hn

5.2. T th hn v gc nghing que hn

5.2.1. T th hn
-

Lp que hn vo rnh nghing ca km hn

- t vt hn ln bn hn, chn v tr v cao thch hp c th

quan st c ton b ng hn.
28

Ngi hi ci thn v pha trc v m rng hai chn

Cm km hn v gi cnh tay v tr ngang

5.2.2. Gc nghing que hn

Gc nghing ca que hn so
vi trc ng hn theo hng hn
t 700800 v que hn nm trong
mt phng phn gic ca gc hn.

Hnh 5.5. Gc nghing que hn khi hn gc

5.3. Tin hnh hn

5.3.1. Gy h quang
Gy h quang cch im bt u hn t
(1020)mm, sau di chuyn nhanh v im
u ca ng hn, rt gn h quang ri tin
hnh hn. Khi gy h quang ta cng c th
s dng phng php m thng hoc
phng php ma st
Hnh 5.6. V tr gy h quang hn
5.3.2. Thc hin ng hn
Khi hn mi hn gc th h quang rt d thi lch dn n khuyt tt
ca mi hn. V vy ngi th hn phi gi que hn ng gc ng thi
quan st iu chnh cho ct h quang lun cha vo b hn.
5.3.3. Ni que hn.
Khi hn ht mt que hn th phi cho x hn chuyn sang mu en
dng ba g x g sch x pha cui ng hn mt khong 10 15mm lc
mi hn tip. Khi bt u ni th gy h quang cch im ni khong
(1020)mm v pha trc sau ko di h quang ri di chuyn nhanh v
im ni, iu chnh cho kim loi in y rnh h quang v hn tip.

Hnh 5.7. Ni que hn

29

5.3.4. Kt thc h quang

- Rt ngn chiu di h quang v ngt nhanh
- Dng phng php h quang ngt in y rnh h quang ti im
cui ng hn.
- Hn lp li lin tc cho n khi kim loi in y rnh h quang.

Hnh 5.8. Lp rnh h quang cui ng hn

6. Kim tra nh gi cht lng mi hn

6.1 Lm sch v kim tra cht lng mi hn
Sau khi hn xong ch cho kt cu ngui, g sch x, dng bn chi st nh
sch mi hn v xung quanh ng hn:
- Kim tra b mt v s ng u ca vy mi hn.
- Kim tra kch thc mi hn:
B rng mi hn, chiu cao mi hn.
- Kim tra im u, im ni v kt thc ca mi hn.
- Kim tra cc khuyt tt: Khuyt cnh, khng ngu...
6.2. Cc dng khuyt tt thng gp
a. Mi hn khng ngu.
- Nguyn nhn:
Do cng dng in hn yu, tc hn cao
- Bin php phng nga:
iu chnh cng dng in hn
cho hp l, trc khi hn phi hn
th kim tra ch hn.

Hnh 5.9. Mi hn khng ngu

b. Mi hn khuyt cnh.

30

- Nguyn nhn: do dng in hn qu ln, khng dng li khi chuyn ng

que hn sang hai bn cnh mi hn
- Bin php phng nga: iu chnh
cng dng in hn chnh xc, c
dng li hai bn rnh hn khi dao ng
que hn

Hnh 5.10. Mi hn khuyt cnh

c. Cnh mi hn khng u.
- Nguyn nhn: do h quang hn phn b khng u, que hn khng nm
trong mt phng phn gic ca gc hn
- Bin php phng nga: iu chnh gc que hn cho hp l

Hnh 5.11. Cnh mi hn khng u

d. Mi hn chy x
- Nguyn nhn: Do cng dng in hn qu ln, tc hn chm, dao
ng que hn khng u.
- Bin php phng nga :
iu chnh cng dng in hn cho
ph hp, quan st ming hn iu
chnh tc hn, dao ng que hn cho
thch hp.

Hnh 5.12. Mi hn b chy trn

31

BI 6: HN VY

(dnh cho cc lp tin, in nc)

1. Khi qut
Hn vy l phng php cng ngh hn ni cc chi tit kim loi hoc
hp kim trng thi rn nh mt kim loi hoc hp kim trung gian gi l vy
hn. Khi hn vy th kim loi ( hp kim) trung gian c nung nng n trng
thi chy,cn kim loi vt hn th cn nung nng n mt nhit nht nh ,
m nhit gia kim loi vt hn v vy hn c th khuch tn vo
nhau. Hn vy c s dng rng ri trong ngnh k thut in, in t v
trong cc lnh vc khc; hn cc dung c ct kim loai, dng c nhit.
c trung c bn ca hn vy l;
- Do khng gy ra s thay i thanh phn ha hc ca kim loi vt hn v
vng nh hng nhit khng tn ti do vy vt hn khng b bin dng.
- C th hn c cc kt cu phc tp m cc phng php hn khc
khng thc hin c.
- C kh nng hn cc loi vt liu khc nhau.
- Nng sut cao v khng cn th bc cao.
- Hiu qu kinh t cao.
2. Vy hn
Vy hn l nhng kim loi hoc hp kim c kh nng lin kt cc vt liu
kim loi vi nhau, to nn lin kt hn bn chc , tha mn yu cu lm
vic ca kt cu hn.
2.1. Yu cu i vi vy hn
Vy hn cn p ng nhng yu cu sau:
- Vy hn khi nng chy phi c kh nng khuch tn tt vo kim loi vt
hn to nn lp vy hn bn chc.
- Nhit nng chy ca vy hn phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca
kim loi vt hn.
- trng thi nng chy vy hn phi c tnh chy long cao d in
y ton b mi hn.
- H s dn nhit ca kim loi vt hn v vy hn cn phi gn nh nhau.
- Vy hn cn phi m bo do, bn, khng b gin nng v gin
ngui.
- D ch to, gi thnh r.
32

2.2. Phn loi vy hn

Da vo nhit nng chy, ngi ta chia vy hn lm 2 nhm;
+Nhm vy hn d nng chy cn gi l vy hn mm. nhm ny c
nhit nng chy nh hn 4500C.
+Nhm vy hn kh nng chy cn gi l vy hn cng. Nhm ny c
nhit nng chy ln hn 4500C.
3. Thuc hn vy
3.1. Yu cu i vi thuc hn vy.
Thuc hn vy c tc dng lm sch lp xit v cc cht bn khc trong vy
hn v kim loi vt hn.
Thuc hn cn m bo cc yu cu sau;
- To iu kin tt cho vy hn khuch tn vo kim loi vt hn.
- Bo v b mt kim loi vt hn v vy hn nng chy khng b xy ha
trong qu trnh hn.
- Ha tan c lp xt to nn trn b mt kim loi vt hn v vy hn.
- Khng lm thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca kim loi vt hn v vy hn
khi nung nng.
- Khng gy nn hin tng n mn kim loi mi hn v sinh ra kh c khi
hn.
- Vy hn phi r ,d ch to.
3.2. Cc loi thuc hn
3.2.1. Thuc hn dng hn vy hn mm
Axtclohydric thng dng vi nng long khong 20 25 dng
hn vi loi vt liu trng hoc m km. Qa trnh pha cn ch khi cho axit
vo nc phi t t trnh sy ra n, bn te gy tai nn. Khi pha phi i
phn ng hon ton v kim tra ng nng , i n khi axit ngui ri mi
s dng hn, khi hn song phi lm sch mi hn.
Kmclorua (Zncl2) dng hn kim loi en , mu nh inox hoc ng
loi ny s dng th lng hoc bt. vi loi th lng c th iu ch sn
hoc ta iu ch trc tip t km vi axit clohydric
phng trnh phn ng ; 2HCl + Zn Zncl2 + H2
Ch ; Qu trnh iu ch cn phi phn ng bo ha v ngui sau
mi hn . i vi mun km Zncl 2 cng n mn kim loi nn khi hn
song cn phi lm sch.
33

Cloruakm Actini (Ac) iu ch t 75 Zncl2 dng bt v trn 25 Ac ri

em nu chy to thnh hn hp hn. Thng dng vi vy hn mm.
dng hn thp, ng v cc hp kim khc.
Colopan ( nha thng ) l cht ha tan hu c, dng bo v chi tit my .
Trong qu trng hn thng dng vi hn hp 30 colopan v 70 ru
Etylic cho ta thuc hn tt thng dng khi hn kh c in, in t.
3.2.2. Thuc hn dung hn vy hn cng
hn vy hn cng, thng s dng thuc hn brc (Na 2B4O7)
axtboric (H2BO3) lu lng pha trn ty theo vt hn, loi ny thng dng
vi dng bt. dng hn ng, thp, bc v c bo qun trong l kn.
4. K Thut hn vy
4.1. Cng tc chun b
4.1.1.Vt liu
-

Thn dao tin

Mu hp kim T15k6

Thuc hn hn the Na2B4O7

Vy hn dng ng 62 hoc ng 68

4.1.2.Thit b v dng c
- Gia dt
- Thit b hn kh (khi hn vy ng bng phng php hn kh)
- Bn gh hn
- g hn
4.2.Trnh t thc hin
4.2.1. c bn v

Hnh 4.1: u dao tin

4. 2.2.Chun b phi, vt liu hn

- Dng gia lm sch ht vt bn, vt -xy ho trn phn cn hn mu hp
kim
4.2.3. Tnh ch hn
- Dng bp hn s 3 hoc s 4 hn, cng sut ngn la 400-700 m3/h
34

- Chn que hn c ng knh d= 4mm

- Tc hn khi hn p cn m bo trong khong t 0,25-0,15m/ph
khng nn nh hn 0,15m/ph d gy r trong mi hn
- Chn gc nghing m hn = 300-600
4. 2.4. Chn phng php hn:
Chn phng php hn tri, que hn i trc m hn
4.2.5. Ly la v chn ngn la:
Chn ngn la - xy ho hn
T l:
O2
1,2
C2 H 2

4. 2.6. G phi hn
t phi hn ln b mt bn hn, t mu hp kim vo v tr cn hn sao
cho khe h gia mu hp kim v thnh xn ca cn dao khong 0,5-1mm.

Hnh 4.2: V tr t li dao

4. 2.7. Tin hnh hn

- Chi tit p c t nng n nhit t 900- 950 0 bng ngn la hn,
sau t nng que hn, cho que hn bt thuc hn, ri cho que hn vo v tr
hn, u que hn c nhng vo b kim loi lng, hoc cng c th sau khi
t nng vt hn th ri thuc hn ln ng hn
- Quan st qua knh hn thy ng chy trn lng tt, in y khe h
ng hn l c
4.2.8. Lm sch kim tra cht lng mi hn
- Hn xong ch cho phi hn ngui, g sch x, dng bn chi st nh sch
trn b mt phi
- Dng nc sch hoc dung dch xt 5% ra sch chi tit hn
- Kim tra in y ca ng vo khe h ng hn
- Kim tra cht lng chy lng v cht lng b mt ca mi hn , kim tra
cc khuyt tt ca mi hn
35

5. Cc dng sai hng nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga:

- Mi hn khng ngu
- Nguyn nhn:
Nung cha n nhit hn, vy ng khng c dt mng trc khi
hn, ng cha chy lng nhc ra khi l
- Bin php phng nga:
Nung vt hn ng nhit quy nh, lun lun quan st tnh hnh nng
chy ca ng hn
- Mi hn ngm x:
Nguyn nhn:
Do khng lm sch ht vt bn v vt -xy ho trn phi hn trc khi
hn, hoc nung cha n nhit khi hn
Bin php phng nga:
Nung m hn ng nhit , chp hnh tuyt i cng tc lm sch

36

MC LC

LI NI U..................................................................................................1
S LC LCH S.........................................................................................2
BI 1: KIN THC C BN KHI HN H QUANG TAY.........................3
1. Thc cht c im khi hn h quang tay.................................................3
1.1. Thc cht............................................................................................3
1.2. c im............................................................................................3
1.3. Phn loi cc phng php hn..........................................................3
1.4. Cc dng lin kt hn v v tr hn trong khng gian.........................3
2. Cu to v phn loi que hn....................................................................4
2.1. Cu to que hn..................................................................................4
2.2. Phn loi que hn...............................................................................5
2.3. Mt s tiu chun v k hiu que hn................................................5
3. H quang hn v cc phng php gy h quang.....................................7
3.1. Khi nim...........................................................................................7
3.2. Cc phng php gy h quang.........................................................7
3.3. Hin tng thi lch h quang...........................................................8
4. Cc loi my hn in h quang tay.........................................................8
4.1. Yu cu chung ca my hn h quang tay........................................9
4.2. Cu to ca my hn..........................................................................9
BI 2: VN HNH MY HN IN THNG DNG..............................11
1. iu kin thc hin.................................................................................11
2. Trnh t vn hnh.....................................................................................11
BI KIM TRA IU KIN LN 1.............................................................13
MN HC QUA BAN HN..........................................................................13
BI 3. HN NG THNG TRN MT PHNG V TR BNG.........15
1. iu kin thc hin.................................................................................15
2. Ch hn...............................................................................................15
2.1. ng knh que hn.........................................................................15
2. 2. Cng dng in hn.................................................................15
2.3. in th ca h quang......................................................................16
2.4. Tc hn........................................................................................16
3. Cc chuyn ng ca que hn.................................................................16
37

3.1. Cc chuyn ng chnh ca que hn................................................16

3.2. Cc phng php dao ng ngang ca que hn...............................16
4. Tin hnh hn..........................................................................................17
4.1. Yu cu v chun b phi.................................................................17
4.2. K thut hn ng thng................................................................17
5. Cc khuyt tt thng gp khi hn v tr bng.....................................18
5.1. Nt mi hn......................................................................................18
5.2. L hi..............................................................................................19
5.3. Ln x hn........................................................................................19
5.4. Khuyt cnh......................................................................................20
5.5. Mi hn khng ngu.........................................................................21
BI 4 : HN GIP MI KHNG VT MP V TR HN BNG.......22
1. Chun b dng c thit b hn..................................................................22
2. Chun b v g nh phi hn.................................................................22
2.1. Chun b phi...................................................................................22
2.2. nh phi..........................................................................................22
3. Chn ch hn......................................................................................22
3.1. ng knh que hn.........................................................................22
3.2. Cng dng in hn..................................................................22
4. Cc phng php dao ng que hn.......................................................22
5. K thut hn ng thng......................................................................23
5.1. Bt u mi hn................................................................................23
5.2.Thc hin ng hn.........................................................................23
5.3. Ni mi hn......................................................................................23
5.4. Kt thc mi hn.............................................................................23
6. Cc khuyt tt thng gp khi hn gip mi khng vt nguyn nhn v
cch khc phc............................................................................................24
BI KIM TRA IU KIN LN 2.............................................................25
MN HC: QUA BAN HN........................................................................25
BI 5: HN GC KHNG VT MP V TR HN NGANG................27
1. Mi hn gc khng vt mp....................................................................27
2. Chun b phi hn...................................................................................27
3. Chn ch hn......................................................................................27
38

3.1. ng knh que hn.........................................................................27

3.2. Cng dng in hn..................................................................28
3.3. in p hn.......................................................................................28
4. G nh phi hn.....................................................................................28
5. K thut hn............................................................................................28
5.1 Chuyn ng ca que hn.................................................................28
5.2. T th hn v gc nghing que hn..................................................28
5.3. Tin hnh hn...................................................................................29
6. Kim tra nh gi cht lng mi hn....................................................30
6.1 Lm sch v kim tra cht lng mi hn.......................................30
6.2. Cc dng khuyt tt thng gp.......................................................30
BI 6: HN VY...........................................................................................32
1. Khi qut.................................................................................................32
2. Vy hn....................................................................................................32
2.1. Yu cu i vi vy hn..................................................................32
2.2. Phn loi vy hn............................................................................33
3. Thuc hn vy.........................................................................................33
3.1. Yu cu i vi thuc hn vy........................................................33
3.2. Cc loi thuc hn............................................................................33
4. K Thut hn vy....................................................................................34
4.1. Cng tc chun b............................................................................34
4.2.Trnh t thc hin..............................................................................34
5. Cc dng sai hng nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga:...............36
MC LC.......................................................................................................37
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................39

TI LIU THAM KHO

39

1]. Nguyn Thc H, Bi Vn Hnh - Gio trnh cng ngh hn- NXBGD2002.
[2]. Ng Xun Thng- Cng ngh hn in nng chy (tp 1 c s l thuyt)NXBKHKT- 2004.
[3]. Hong Tng- S tay nh mc tiu hao vt liu v nng lng in trong
hn NXBKHKT- 2004.
[4] K thut hn (Trng Cng t).

40