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GII THIEU CHUNG
Cm ru l mt loi thc phm c cn khng qua chng ct, c ch bin t go np
theo cch dng go np nu chn thnh xi, ngui v vi men ru cho ln men.
Thc phm ny c gi thnh r, cng ngh thit b sn xut n gin v c u im nh cc
vitamin c bo tn v c nhiu li ch cho sc khe con ngi
Tuy nhin y l qu trnh ln men trong iu kin t nhin nn vi sinh vt v vt cht s
dng trong qu trnh ln men t nhin rt phc tp, khng ng u v chng loi v s lng.
Mt khc qu trnh ln men t nhin l qu trnh khng kim sot nn cht lng sn phm
khng c n nh v ng nht.
Cm ru l mn n b dng c a chung c hai min Nam v Bc. min Nam ,
cm ru c lm thnh vin c nc bao quanh, trong khi cm ru ca ngi Bc li
dng kh hn v xi ln nh xi.

Thc phm ln men truyn thng ni chung rt c a chung Vit Nam ,nh nc
mm, chao , thch da hay cm ru. Trong , cm ru l mt thc n r tin, ngon, c
hng thm kh hp dn, v ngt c trng nn c nhiu ngi a thch.
I. NGUYN LIU
7 r 9 r
Nguyn liu ln men cm ru l go np (dng nu xi trong dn gian).
1. Go np (Oryza glutinosa)
\ r r
a) Ngun gc v cu to:
\ \ r
> V ngun gc thc vt, cy la thuc h ha tho (Gramneae), chi Oryza. Go
r
np thuc loi Oryza gutinosa.

Vit Nam cng nh nhng quc gia nng nghip, cy la l cy lng thc chnh. Vit


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Nam, cy la c trng khp c nc nhng ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng
Hng l hai va la ln nht c nc. Hin nay, Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia xut
khu la hng u khu vc.
Cu to ht np:
Ht la np c chia thnh 5 phn chnh:
endosperm

- My thc: ty theo loi thc v iu kin canh tc m my thc c di khc nhau, ni
chung di khng vt qu 1/3 chiu di v tru. My thc thng c mu vng nht hn v
tru. Trn my ni r nhng ng gn. Trong qu trnh bo qun, do s c xt gia cc ht
thc nn phn ln my thc b rng ra lm tng lng tp cht trong khi thc.
-Lp v: l b phn bo v cho phi v ni nh khi b tc ng c hc t bn ngoi. V
thng c phn lm 3 lp: v tru, v qu, v ht.
- Lp aleuron .
L lp t bo dy bao bc ni nh v phi.
C cu to ch yu l protid (35-45%), lipid (8-9%), vitamin v tro (11-14%), ng (6-
8%), cellulose (7-10%), pentosan( 15-17%).
Khi xay xt, lp aleuron b loi b cng vi lp biu b phi tm, v ht v v qu to thnh
cm.
- Ni nh:
L thnh phn d tr cht dinh dng ca ht. Thnh phn ho hc cu ni nh ch yu l
tinh bt v protid, ngoi ra cn cha mt lng nh lipid, mui khong, cellulose v mt s sn
phm phn gii ca tinh bt nh dextrin, ng...
Trong ni nh go, ch yu l glucid, chim ti 90%, trong khi trong ton ht go glucid
ch chim 75%. Lng vitamin v mui khong trong ni nh khng nhiu.
- Phi:
Khi ht ny mm th phi s pht trin thnh cy con, v vy trong phi cha nhiu cht dinh
dng cn thit cho s pht trin ban u.
Nm gc di ni nh, thuc loi n dip t, y l b phn bin cc cht d tr trong
ni nh thnh cht dinh dng nui mng khi ht thc ny mm.
Phi cha nhiu protid, lipid, vitamin (vitamin Bj trong phi chim ti 66% lng vitamin
Bi trong ton ht thc).
Phi c cu to xp, nhiu dinh dng, hot ng sinh l mnh nn trong qu trnh bo qun
d b cn trng v vi sinh vt tn cng, gy hi,; khi xay xt, phi thng vn nt v thnh cm.

r
Cu trc ca ht la
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b) Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng:



Tinh bt
- Tinh bt la thuc loi tinh bt phc tp c kch thc nh, c th ni l nh nht trong
cc tinh bt lng thc (3-8 Lim) thnh phn tinh bt la t gm khong 17% amylose v 83%
amylopectin.
- Tinh bt l ngun ch yu cung cp calo, gi tr nhit lng ca la l 3594 cal, so vi la
m l 3610 cal, ng ha t n 95,9%.
- Tinh bt trong go c 2 loi: amylose c cu to mch thng, c nhiu trong go t,
amylopectin c cu to mch ngang (nhnh), c nhiu trong go np. T l thnh phn amylose
v amylopectin cng c lin quan n do ca ht: go np c nhiu amylopectin nn thng
do hn go t. Hm lng amylose trong ht quyt nh do ca ht. Neu ht c 10-18%
amylose th go mm, do, t 25-30% th go cng. Cc loi go ca Vit Nam c hm lng
Bng 1: Thnh phn ho hc ca ht la
Thnh phn ho hc
r r
Hm lng cc cht (tnh theo % cht kh)
Nh nht Ln nht Trung bnh
Protein 6.66 10.43 8.75
Tinh bt 47.70 68 56.20
Cellulose 8.74 12.22 9.41
Tro 4.68 6.9 5.8
ng 0.1 4.5 3.2
Cht bo 1.6 2.5 1.2
Dextrin 0.8 3.2 1.3
Bng 2: Thnh phn ho hc trung bnh ca go v go trng (% cht
kh)
Ging Protein Glucid Cht bo Cellulose Tro
Go trng 6.2-7.8 76-78.2 1.4-1.6 1.2-1.6 1.6-1.9
Go 6.2-9.2 75-77.6 1.6-2.2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.5
_ > r
Bng 3: Thnh phn ho hc v c tnh ca mt s loi go
Cc ch s Loi go
Tm thm Chim canh Mc tuyn Np ci
Nc (% theo cht kh) 12 11.5 12.2 11.8
Nit (% theo cht kh) 1.13 1.34 1.25 1.29
Nit ho tan (% theo cht kh) 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.08
ng chung (% cht kh) 0.71 0.92 0.87 0.71
ng kh (% theo cht kh) 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.21
Tinh bt (% theo cht kh) 85 83 82.4 84.8
Dextrin (% theo cht kh) 0.7 0.95 0.72 2.2
Cellulose (% theo cht kh) 0.46 0.53 0.45 0.49
Tro (% theo cht kh) 0.72 0.7 0.72 0.61
Vitamin B mg%
-
0.05 0.068
-
Vitamin B
2
mg%
-
0.012 0.024
-
Thi gian nu ,pht 27-30 30-33 27-30 27-30
H s n ca cm 3.76 4.62 4.11 3.8
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amylose thay i t 18-45%, c bit c ging ln n 54%.

Cellulose v hemicellulose
- Ngoi tinh bt, trong ht thc cn cha nhiu cellulose v hemicellulose, y l nhng
glucid khng tan trong nc v khng tiu ho c trong c th con ngi chng c nhiu
trong v tru, mt phn trong lp aleuron.
Protein
- T l chim khong 6-8%, thp hn so vi la m v cc loi khc. Trong go, protein l
thnh phn c hm lng cao th nh sau tinh bt protein ca go ni chung v ca go np ni
ring c 4 loi l albumin, globulin, prolamin, glutelin .Trong ch yu l glutelin chim 75-
80%.
- Hm lng protein ch yu tp trung phi lp aleurone v gim dn khi vo tm ni
nh. Do go cng xt k th hm lng protein cng gim.
- Protein go l nhng cht ho nc ,c th kt hp vi mt lng nc ln v c th n
trng ra to thnh th keo hoc cc gel protein .
- Protein d dng bin tnh di tc dng ca cc tc ng khc nhau nh acid, kim, nhit
. Khi n mt tnh tan, tnh ho nc v gi tr dinh dng cng nh gi tr sinh hc gim i
r rt.
- Cc ging la Vit Nam c lng protein thp nht l 5,25%, cao nht 12,84%, phn ln
trong khong 7-8%, la np c lng protein cao hn t, la chim cng c lng p ro te in cao.
Lipid
- Lipid trong ht la ch yu tp trung phi v lp aleuron.
- Trong thnh lipid ca la c 3 acid chnh l acid oleic, acid linoleic, acid palmitic. Cc
acid bo khc nh acid stearic, acid myristic ,acid arachic,acid linosteric c vi hm lng rt
nh. Ngoi ra trong cht bo ca la cn c mt lng lizolixitin v photpho.
Bng 4: Hm lng amylose v amylopectin ca mt s loi tinh bt
Loi tinh bt Amylose Amylopectin
Bp 24 76
Bp np 0,8 99,2
Go 18,5 81,3
Go np 0,7 99,3
Khoai ty 20 80
Khoai m 17 83
La m 25 73
u xanh 54 46
C dong 47 53
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> Vitamin
- Trong la c cha cc loi vitamin sau y B
b
B
2
, B
6
, pp, D, B
12
...
- Lng vitamin B] l 0,45% mg/ht ( trong phn b phi 47%, v cm 34,5%, trong
ht go ch c 3,8%) so vi la m l 0,52mg v ng l 0,49mg.
- Phn ln cc vitamin tp trung phi, v ht v lp aleurone. Trong ni nh c cha
vitamin vi t l thp do sau khi xay xt, go thng c hm lng vitamin rt nh phn ln
vitamin b tch ra theo cm, go, cng xt k th lng vitamin trong tn tht nhiu nu
khng v yu cu bo qun lu khng b hng th khng nn xt go qu k.
Cht khong
Hm lng cht khong trong ht thc ph thuc rt nhiu vo t trng, phn bn v tp
trung ch yu lp v tru, ht, phi.

Bng 5 :Thnh phn ho hc ca cht bo c trong go, go np
Acid bo Hm lng (%)
Trong khong Trang bnh
Cha no Oliec 41-45,6 42,3
Linoleic 27,6-36,7 30,6
No Myristic 0,1-0,3 0,2
Palmitic 12,3-17,3 15,5
Stearic 1,8-2,6 2,1
Arachic 0,5-0,7 0,6
Linosteric 0,8-,09 0,7
Cht khng x 4,0-4,6 4,2
___ A r r
Bng 6: Thnh phn tro ca v tru (% cht tro)
Thnh phn % Thnh Phn %
Si0
2
94,5 p
2
o
5
0,53
K
2
o 1,1 CaO 0,25
so
2
1,13 MgO 0,23
N^o 0,78 Cl,Mn0
2
,Fe
2
03 Vt
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Enzym
- Trong go c mt s loi enzym nh amylase, lipase, catalase, peroxidase...
- C loi enzym xc tc phn ng lm tng cht lng thc go, nhng cng c loi
enzyme hot ng lm cho thc go b gim cht lng nghim trng .V d nh enzym
Phosphorilase xc tc phn ng tng hp nn tht gip ht hon thin hn v mt cht lng
trong qu chn sau thu hoch .Ngc li enzym amylase, lipase .. s thy phn tinh bt, lipid ...
thnh nhng cht n gin d hon tan nui phi pht trin thnh mm, lm mt gi tr kinh t
ca thc go
c) Ch tiu cht lng :
- Cm quan: ht np gi c mi thm, mu sc t nhin v c ng nht cao.
__ r r
Bng 7: Hm lng cc cht khong c trong go np
Loi cht
khong
r
Hm lng trung bnh (mg/kg) cht kh
Go lt Go xt Cm
AI
-
0,73-7,23 53,5-3669
Ca 400 80-270 1310
Cl 203-275 163-239 510-970
Fe 24 4,9-7,1 530
Mg 379-1170 239-371 8650-10750
Mn 13-42 9,9-13,6 110
p 2480-3500 1230-1920 14800
K 1240-2470 577-1190 13650
Si 280-1900 140-370 1700-4400
Na 31-69 22-50 230
Zn 15-22 12-21 80
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V *
4

vVh.
1
K
^ \ \ if A'
- Vt l: kch thc ht phi ng u
- Ha hc: gi c hm lng cc cht sau ch xt nh vitamin nhm B,nht l vitamin
Bi, m thch hp. m an ton l 11 - 13% , ty thi gian bo qun, ni chung m
<16%.
- c t: khng c c t.
- Tp cht: np sng k tm cm, khng ln go hay bng c, ht ct, khng nhim bi
bn, tp cht kim loi.
d) Cc loi go np dng lm cm ru:
> Go np thngi
L loi go np qua xay xt, hm lng vitamin B] gim
ng k, c mu trng c. Ty loi ngon d, ht to nh, ngi ta
gi tn l np ngng np ngan... loi np ny nu xong do ht,
dnh, sc trng p.
min Nam cm ru c lm t np gi trng, thi chn, v vin
hay p thnh ming khi hnh ch nht vi nc ru trong, c v ngt
thm t nhin.

> r
Bng 8:Thnh phn ha hc ca go np thng
Thnh phn ho hc
Hm lng
(trong OOg)
Thnh phn ho hc
Hm lng
(mg/10g)
Nc 13.8g Lysine 340
Protein 8.0g Methionine 150
Acid hu s 1M Tryptophan 80
Glucide 73.8g Phenylalanin 510
Cellulose 0.6g Threonin 220
Tro 0.8g Valin 440
Na 3mg Leucin 530
K 282mg Iso leucin 340
Ca 32 mg Arginin 570
p 98 mg Histidin 190
Mg 17 mg Cystin 135
Fe 1.2 mg Thionin 179
Zn 2.2 mg Alanin 466
Cu 0.28 mg Acid Aspartic 667
Mn 1.1 mg Acid Glutamic 1458
BI 0.14 mg Glycin 268
B2 0.06 mg Prolin 355
pp 2.4 mg Serin 279
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Nep lt:
- Nep lt c mu nu t, khi nu xong dng kh, ri, kh cng. Loi np ny
hay dng lm cm ru theo cch ngi min bc, thnh phm kh ti
ht v ht cm ru vn cng khi n c th nhm nhp tng ht
cm thm m v ru.
- Go np lt c s dng tn
dng lng vitamin B trong lp v go. Ht np lt cng nn
cm ru l bng np lt phi s dng lng men gp ri so vi
lm bng np thng. Cm ru np lt khng tit ra nhiu nc nh
cm ru lm bng np thng.
Nep cm (go np than)
- Mt loi nguyn liu np khc c dng lm cm
ru l np cm. Nep cm dng phi cn nguyn lp v la v lp
cm v th rt giu dinh dng, c bit l protein, lipid, cc
nguyn t vi lng, v vitamin (nht l
vitamin Bi. Do c tc dng bi b c th, gip n ngon
ming v kch thch tiu ho.
- Ngoi ra y hc c truyn cng
thng dng cm ru np cm dn thuc vo t v v thn kinh.
- Go np than gm c 4 loi:
s Np cm c Ho S Nep
en Khnh Vnh S Np than
Long t
s La lc np cm: Cc loi la ny c nng sut khng cao (thng ch t
2,8 -3,3 tn /ha)
- Hin nay, dn vng ng bng Nam B phn loi np than theo mu sc ca ht
go. Theo cch phn loi ny, np than c chia ra lm hai loi:
S Nep than en huyn :khi nu ru s thnh mu tm m.
S Nep than hng : khi nu ru s thnh mu .
- Cc sc t ca np than rt d tan trong nc, v th sn phm ru s
mang c trng mu ca loi go lm ra n.
- Tuy khc nhau v mu sc bn ngoi, nhng cc loi go np than c thnh phn
ho hc khng sai bit nhau nhiu. Ta c th tham kho cc s liu sau:
Bng 9: Thnh phn ho hc ca go np than

Thnh phn Hm lng (%)
Nc 14
Protein 8,2
Lipit 1,5
Gluxit 74,9
Axit hu c 0,6
Tro 0,8
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Mn cm ru t np cm c mu tm. Sau khi lm xong, ht np phn hy thnh dng
bt, ch yu l ly ru ung ch khng cn dng cm nh mn cm ru lm t 2 nguyn
liu trn.
e) Ti sao ngi ta dng go np lm cm ru:

Tinh bt go np cha hu nh l amylopectin (100%)
Amylopectin l mt polymer dng xon - nhnh, gm khong 2000 gc glucose
c ni vi nhau qua cu oxy a -1,4 - glucoside mch chnh v a -1,6 -glucose mch
nhnh.
Amylopectin nh mt loi cht kt dnh co gin c, lin kt cc tinh th amylose li
vi nhau.
Mc d amylopectin khng tan trong nc nng nhng do n c kh nng trng
phng khi b h ho nn to iu kin cho enzyme glucoamylase tc dng d dng hn, do
kh nng thu phn tinh bt cao hn.
Ngoi ra, do s vng mt ca amylose trong go np nn l cho cc ht tinh bt c khe
h rng, t x nn tinh bt khng c kh nng gi nc. Do , tinh bt ca go np d thu
phn hn , thu c nhiu ng hn .

> r
BnglQ: Thnh phn mt s loi nguyn liu
Thnh phn nguyn liu Amylose Amylopectin X th
Go np Rt t 100% 1
Sn 17 83

Go t 17 83 0.4-0.7
Bp thng 21-23 77-79 7.1
Bp trng Rt t * 100 5.3

Hnh: amylopectin.
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2. Bnh men:
Vit Nam, cn bn ch s dng hai loi men dng vin. Mun lm cm ru ngi ta dng
loi men gi l men ngt. Cn mun nu ru (ru trng) th dng loi men ng.
a) nh ngha:
Phi c cc vi sinh vt tng hp enzym amylase
chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng.
Phi c cc loi nm men (c khi c vi khun v nm mc) c kh nng chuyn ha
ng thnh ru.
C cc loi vi sinh vt c kh nng to c hng thm cho qu trnh ln men.
b) Phn loi:
- Hin nay c nhiu loi bnh men c sn xut hon ton th cng nc ta
- Mi a phng, mi dn tc c phng php sn xut ring. e sn xut bnh men
ngi ta dng cc v thuc t cc lai tho mc khc nhau, trn chung vi bt go v bnh
men ging lm
- Ty thuc vo tng a phng, vic s dng cc v thuc l rt khc
nhau. Tm c th chia thnh 3 loi:
S Bnh men ru khng c thuc Bc
S Bnh men ru c thuc Bc
S Bnh men ru c l rng cha tinh du (bnh men l)
Trong bi ny chng ti ch gii thiu v bnh men lm cm ru.
> Bnh men khng c thuc Bc (cn gi l bnh men thng)
Thnh phn chnh ca bnh men thng l bt go v ging vi sinh vt (men
ging)
bnh men khng thuc Bc ngi ta cho thm mt t khng
sinh c ch s pht tri en ca mt s vi sinh vt (gi lbnh men ru
thuc Ty phn bit vi bnh men ru thuc Bc
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Nc
To hnh
men, 30c,48h
Sy kh, 40c
Cch lm:


Ngm, 3h
ro
Xay thnh bt



Bnh men thuc Bc
Thnh phn chnh: Bt go, ging vi sinh vt, v thuc Bc
Vic cho thuc Bc vo c cho rng c tc dng kch thch sinh trng ca
vi sinh vt trong bnh men, c kh nng st trng, ngoi ra cn c tc dng to hng
v c trng cho mn cm ru.

Go

Men ging
Nho trn
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Quy trnh sn xut bnh men c th hin bng s khi

Lm sch
Ngm vo
Xay thnh bt
ro



To hnh
bnh men
Sy

Go
Men ging
Phi trn
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c) u im ca vic s dng bnh men kh:
- D bo qun.
- m bo c tnh sinh sn v ln men ca nm men
- Cht lng men n nh
- p ng s lng men khi cn thit trong nhn ging cng nh trong ln men
- Tng tnh ch ng v linh hot trong sn xut
- B bt mt s gia on trong ln men, gim c nhn cng v tin ca
- Tng kh nng qun l vic nhn ging t nhiu ngun khc nhau
- D vn chuyn v c nguyn liu d tr thng xuyn.
d) Cch bo qun men ging:
Phng php sy ng kh:
Qu trnh ng kh cp 1: p sut uc gi nguyn, nhit bt u c h nhanh
xung nhit ng c, c th xung thp n -80c, qu trnh ny s lm cc tinh
th nc ng bng. Sau p sut s c h xung di 1 atm, qu trnh bay hi
bt u, trong qu trnh ny cc tinh th nc s bay hi nc chuyn t trng thi
rn qua thng trng thi hi.
Qu trnh ng kh th cp: nhit uc cho tng dn, cui giai on ny nhit
c th t t 20 n 30 c, trong giai on cui ca ng kh th cp nhit tng
nhanh ng thi p sut gim mnh do m bo lm bay hi ht cc phn t nc
c trong mu.
-Lng nc cn li trong mu sau ng kh l khong 3%. sau ng kh mu c th bo
qun nhit 4 c.
-ng kh c mt u im ln l gi vng c hot tnh chng mt iu rt quan
trng trong cng ngh vi sinh vt. Sn phm sau ng kh khng i hi phi bo qun
nhit qu thp.
-y l 1 phng php sy c bit tch m ra khi vt liu bo qun vi khun c
lu hn. Phng php ny chuyn m t trng thi n sang trng thi hi khng qua trng
thi lng. Vt liu sy c sy trong mi trng chn khng cao vi p sut nh hn
256 mmHg, nhit sy c th t -80 c. Do c th ngn chn c nguy c ph hy
bi nhit , cc phn t khng kt hp li vi nhau khi c c trnh c cc qu trnh
vi sinh xy ra lm gim cht lng sn phm sy.
-Nm men kh c bo qun 40C, t l sng sau 10 thng c th t 78 - 90 %.
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Fungi
Ascomycota
Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycetes
Saccharomycetales
Saccharomycetaceae
Saccharomyces

> Hnh thi v tnh cht sinh l:

Saccharomyces Gii
(regnum):
Ngnh {phylum):
Phn ngnh (subphylum):
Lp (class):
B (ordo):
H amla):
Chi (genus)'.

y l loi nm men c s
dng trong cng ngh sn xut cn
ethylic.
Hnh dng: t bo hnh bu dc nu mi trng giu cht dinh dng. Trong iu kin
ym kh, t bo c hnh trn; ngc li, trong iu kin hiu kh t bo ko di hn.
Kch thc : thay i trong khong 2,5-10 jum X 4,5 -21|LLm.
Chu k sng'. Cc t bo dinh dng n bi (n) c th tip hp vi nhau to thnh t
bo dinh dng lng bi (2n). Sau qu trnh gim phn s sinh ra cc bo t ti (thng l 4
bo t ti). Bnh thng khi khng c sinh sn hu tnh, chng vn lin tc ny chi sinh
si ny n.
Saccharomces cerevisiae thuc loi nm men ln men ni. Trong qu trnh ln men, t
bo ca chng ni l lng trong dung dch ln men v tp trung trn b mt. Nh tng din
tch tip xc vi c cht, qu trnh ln men xy ra nhanh chng v mnh m.
3. H vi sinh vt trong bnh men:
Bng 11: Lng vi sinh vt trong h vi sinh vt ca bnh men cc vng khc ______ nhau (tnh cho 1 g men)
Tn a phng Vi khun X10
6
Nm men X 10
6
Nm mc X 10
3

H Bc 1210.4 550.8 597.3
H Sn Bnh 1012.9 397.1 705.8
Hi Phng 692.1 397.1 176.2
H Ni 795.6 381.5 185.1
H Nam Ninh 977.5 362.6 159.2
Hi Hng 352.7 349.2 254.7
Ngh Tnh 659.4 169.4 258.7
Vnh Ph 347.5 158.3 397.6
Thanh Ho 565.9 152.8 835.8
Cao Bng 572.3 112.4 97.3
Thi Bnh 257.6 110.5 97.8
Bc Thi 549.7 70.8 86.1
a) Nm men Saccharomyces cerevsae
r
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Ln men c nhiu loi ng (glucose, fructose, saccharose, maltose, 1/3 rafmose, cc
dextrin ...) v nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau (nh go, ng, khoai, sn... vi lng ng
trong dung dch l 12 - 14%, c khi l 16 - 18%).
C kh nng ln men nhit cao ( 36 - 40C), chu c acid.
Chu c thuc st trng Na
2
SiF
6
nng 0,02 - 0,025% nn c th ln men trong iu
kin bt buc phi dng thuc st trng.
Sinh sn theo kiu ny chi, c kh nng sinh bo t, sng k kh khng bt buc.
Chc nng
Ethanol c sinh ra t ng di tc dng ca mt s loi nm men (men ru) thuc
chi Saccharomyces. Nm men ny c sn trn hoa qu, v vy nhiu khi khng cn cy ging
vn c th ln men ng trong dch hoa qu chuyn ha thnh ru.
Trong bnh men thuc bc (phi trn bt vi mt s thuc bc) hay men l (phi trn vi
mt s loi l cy c la chn theo kinh nghim) lun lun thuc chi Saccharomycopss c
kh nng chuyn bt thnh ng v mt loi nm men thuc chi Saccharomces c kh
nng chuyn ng thnh ru.
b) Gi nm men Endomycopsis (ch yu l En do. F bid gen es)
Hnh thi v tnh cht sinh l:
S lng: vi chc triu n vi trm triu t bo nm men/g bnh men
Khi trng thnh c h si gi cng vi bo t nh nhiu chi, t bo phn i bng
vch ngn hoc ny chi nhiu pha
Chc nng:
Endomycopsis c kh nng sinh nhiu glucoamylase v c bit
trong h enzyme do ging ny sinh ra u vit hn nm mc,
enzyme ly t ch phm nui Endomcopsis khng c mi mc
lm cho hng v ca ru thnh phm thm ngon.
Endomycopss fibulligenes l loi nm men rt giu enzym
amilase, glucoamilase. Do chng va c kh nng ng ha
va c kh nng ru ha .
Ngoi hai chi nm men c bn trn, trong men thuc bc cn thy nhiu loi nm men
di khc nhau. Chng va c kh nng thy phn tinh bt, va c kh nng chuyn ho
ng thnh cn, tuy rng s chuyn ho ny cn thp. iu c bit l cc loi nm men di
ny chu nhit rt cao, c khi ln ti 60-65C v chu c cht st trng nng 0,005-
1%.
c) Nm mc:
Trong bnh men thuc bc thy rt nhiu loi nm mc khc nhau thuc
Aspergillus, Penciiim, Mucor, Rhizopus. Trong , Mucor v Rhizopus thy pht trin
nhiu hn c.
> Ging Rhizopus
Phn b: Ging ny c t nht 120 loi, Rhizopus stolonifer (R. nigricans) l loi ph
bin trong thin nhin v c m t tng i k; Rhizopus stolonifer thng
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 19


hin din bnh m c nn thng c gi l mc bnh m, n cn
hin din trong t, trong tri cy h, c.... n cn k sinh trong r
khoai ty, to, du, c chua nhiu khi chng cn gy ra bnh trn ng
vt nui.
c im: Hu ht nhng loi Rhizopus l nhng loi thc vt hoi sinh (,saprophytes),
chng pht trin khun ty bao ph phn bn ngoi ca c cht (v d nh bnh m), khun ty
ca Rhzopus stoonifer c mu trng, phn nhnh, a nhn v khng c vch ngn ngang.
Hu ht cc si khun ty c dng nh si bng vi khi cn non, sau pht trin su vo c
cht th phn chia thnh 3 dng khun ty.
> Giong Mucor:
Phn bo: Mucor l nhm nm hoi sinh trn xc b hu c c bit
trong d dy ca nga v tru b (Mucor mucedo), nhiu loi pht tn
trong t nh Mucor racemosus v Mucor spnosus, nm ny cng c
mt trn bnh m c, tht, ph mt, nc tri cy... nhiu loi gy ra
bnh mycormycosis trn ngi v gia sc.
c im:
- c tnh pht trin ca Mncor ging nh Rhizopus, v d nh
chng pht trin khun ty trn bnh m c trong 24 gi.
- Sinh sn v tnh (Asexual reproduction):Nm Mucor sinh sn v tnh nh nm
Rhizopus bng cch thnh lp cng mang bc bo t v bo t vch dy (chlamydospore).
Khng ging nh nhng loi khc trong ging Mucor, Mucor roux c bo t ny mm nh
nm men trong iu kin k kh, c bit khi c s hin din ca kh C0
2
; tuy nhin , khi c
oxi th bo t ny mm cho ra mt khun ty bnh thng.
- Sinh sn hu tnh (Sexual reproduction): Mucor c nhng c im chung vi
Rhzopus, M. genevenss v nhiu loi khc l nhng loi ng tn (tt c sinh ra t mt
khun ty v thnh lp bo t tip hp.
Chc nng: Loi Mucor, c bit l Mucor roitxii c kh nng thy
gii tinh bt, ru ha, ln men lactic, ngoi ra cn c kh nng to
hng cho ru.
Ngoi ra cn c s hin din ca nm mc Asperglhis c vai tr
lm mm cm ru, to ngt cao cho cm ru.
d) V khun:
Trong bnh men thuc bc thy nhiu loi vi khun pht trin. Trong thy ch yu l
loi vi khun lactic v vi khun acetic.
Vi khun lactic:
Phn b: Vi khun lactic thng t gp trong t v trong nc, chng thng pht trin
trn nhng mi trng c cha nhiu cht hu c phc tp nh trong sa v cc
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 20


sn phm t sa, trn b mt thc vt v xc thc vt ang b phn gii, trong mt v cc
nim dch ngi v ng vt.
c im:
- Cc vi khun lactic c xp chung vo h Lactobacteraceae. Mc d nhm vi khun
ny khng ng nht v mt hnh thi, gm c vi khun dng que ngn, que di ln cc vi
khun hnh cu, song v mt sinh l chng li tng i ng nht.
- L vi khun Gram dng.
- Khng to bo t
- Hu ht khng di ng
- L vi sinh vt vi hiu kh
Vi khun acetic :
Phn b /Trong t nhin d gp vi khun ny khng kh, v qu v v rt d pht
trin cc loi dch qu cha nhiu ng.
c m :
- L vi khun Gram (+)
- Khng sinh bo t
- Nhit pht trin :5-40C
-pH
opt
= 3.2-3.45
Chc nng: Cc loi vi khun lactic, vi khun acetic thng lm chua mi trng. Thi
gian u ca qu trnh ln men, qu trnh ny xy ra l c li v rng pH ca mi trng do
chng to ra s thch hp cho nm men v nm mc pht trin. Tuy nhin pH xung qu thp
li nh hng xu cho qu trnh ln men. Mt khc nu trong dch ln men c mt ca oxy
th vi khun axetic s oxy ho ru thnh axit axetic. Qu trnh ny lm tn hao lng cn
to thnh. Ngoi ra trong bnh men cn c nhiu loi vi khun khc cha xc nh c (tm
xp vo loi vi khun tp nhim).
Trong bnh men c s tp nhim nhng khng gy hi cho sn phm chng t nhm vi
sinh vt ch yu trong bnh men khng tt vi cc vi sinh vt gy hi.
Trang 21

Trn u
II. QUY TRINH CONG NGH:
1. S khi

Vo go
Ngm
Nu chn
Lm ngui



Nghin mn



Ln men


X l nguyn liu

LN MEN CM RU
Trang 22


Thuyt mnh s :
X l nguyn liu:
Mc ch:
S Chun b: loi b cc tp cht dng rn c trong nguyn liu (ht h, thc...),
lm sch nguyn liu chun b cho qu trnh vo np Bin i : khng c bin i g
ng k Phng php th cng,dng tay nht v loi b cc tp cht.
Vo gao:
Mc ch:
s Chun b:lm sch ht np, loi b cc bi bn bm trn ht chun b cho qu
trnh ngm Bin i:
S Vt l : trong qu trnh vo ht ht nc trng n lm tng kch thc s Ha
hc :
-Tng m
-Trong khi vo c s ch xt ln lp v ca ht np c th lm mt lp cm
mng cha vitamin B lp ngoi cng ht Phng php
-Cho nc vo nguyn liu, dng tay ch xt nguyn liu ngay trong nc
lm sch lp bi bn bm trn ht
-Thng vo khong 2 ln vi lc ch xt va phi hn ch tht thot vitamin
B Thit b
-Dng dng c cha thng thng nh thau, ni vi kch thc ty theo lng
nguyn liu s dng
Ngm:
Mc ch:
S Chun b: Cc ht tinh bt trong ht np trng n mt phn chun b cho qu
trnh nu sau d dng, thi gian nu ngn hn Bin i:
^ Vtl
-Ht ht nc v tng th tch. Mc trng n ca ht ph thuc vo mt
s yu t. V d: ht nh v ht non ht nc nhiu hn v trng nhanh hn;
nhit nc ngm, nhit cao th ht trng n nhanh -Thay i tnh
cht c cu ht: do lin kt gia phi v ni nh b yu hay b ph hy i.
-Thay i cu trc ni nh ht: do ph hy hay lm yu i lien kt gia cc t
bo ni nh cng nh cc ht tinh bt v cc phn t protid trong t bo.
-S thay i cu trc ht dn n gim bn c hc, tng mm, do s
Ha l:
-Khi ngm np vo nc, ht tinh bt tip xc vi nc, nc xm nhp vo
cc phn t tinh bt v tng tc tng tc vi cc nhm hot ng ca tinh
bt v to ra lp v hydrat lm cho lc lin kt gia cc
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 23


phn t tinh bt b yu i, do cc phn t tinh bt khng cn lin kt cht
ch vi nhau na v b trng ln.
-Qu trnh ny to iu kin qu trnh h ho trong giai on sau xy ra
nhanh hn
-Cc cht ha tan c trong ht np c th khuch tn vo nc s Ha hc:
-Rt ra t ht phn ln cc cht ha tan trong ht cha ngm, hnh thnh nhng
cht ha tan trong khi ngm.
- m tng S Ha sinh-Sinh hc :
-Trong khi ngm, xy ra qu trnh ln men, ch yu l ln men lactic. Vi khun
lactic chuyn mt phn glucid ha tan thnh acid lactic tch t li trong nc
ngm, acid lactic gp phn lm mm ht -Qu trnh ngm cng c nh hng
n h vi sinh vt trong ht np, tuy nhin iu ny cng khng c ngha
nhiu v trong qu trnh nu th h vi sinh vt s b c ch bi nhit cao
Phng php :
Ngm np vo nc sch vi t l np : nc khong 1:2 Thit
b :
Dng c cha thng thng nh thau, ni vi kch thc ty theo lng nguyn liu s
dng Thng s cng ngh :
-Thi gian ngm khong 6 gi, khng nn ngm qu lu v ht np s gim do d gy.
-Ngm trong nc nhit khong 28c.
Nu chn:
Mc ch:
S Chun b:
y l giai on h ha tinh bt, lm mm ht np
khi cy men vo vi sinh vt c th s dng tinh bt
to thnh ng v ln men ru s Ch bin
Nu chn np thnh xi np S Bo qun
Qu trnh nu chn cn ng vai tr nh mt
qu trnh thanh trng c tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt
Bin i: s Vt l
-Nhit , nht tng -Ht trng n lm tng
kch thc, th tch -Thay i t trng s Ha l-Ha
hc
-S trng n v ht nc ca cc ht tinh bt
-y l giai on h ha tinh bt, lm mm ht np khi cy men vo vi sinh
vt c th s dng tinh bt to thnh ng v ln men ru.
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 24


-Khi tinh bt trng thi t nhin th cc phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin
kt Hydro rt bn nn khi nhit bnh thng tinh bt c hp th nc
trng n nhng rt nh. V th ta phi tng nhit ln ph v cc lin
kt Hydro ny. Khi th tinh bt hp thu c mt lng nc ln hn
nhiu. Do cu trc tinh bt b ph v.
-Qu trnh ny to iu kin enzyme d tip xc, thu phn tinh bt trong
cc qu trnh sau.
'S Ha sinh
-V hot enzym
-c ch cc phn ng ha sinh din ra trong ht np 'S Sinh hc
-c ch, tiu dit h vi sinh vt c trong np
Phng php
-Khi nu cho nc va sp mt np, nc si h la nh lin v o u np, si
nh cho n khi cn, y np kn xi chn.
Thit b -Dng ni nu thng
thng
Thng s cng ngh -T l np
v nc khi nu 1:1.
-Nhit cao nht qu trnh nu khong 100c -Thi
gian nu khong 30-45 pht
Lm ngui:
Mc ch:
s Chun b:
Lm ngui nhm gim n nhit thch hp chun b cho qu
trnh b sung bnh men vo
Bin i:
'S Vt l: Nhit ca khi np gim S Ha l: Nc bay
hi lm kh b mt ht s Ha hc: m gim
Phng php:
Tri mng np nu chn trn mt khay sch kh t nhin
Thit b:
Dng dng c nh khay, mm c din tch b mt ph hp vi lng np nu
chn
Thng s cng ngh:
-Lm ngui n khong nht 30-35c -B
dy ca lp np l khong l-2cm
Rc men-phoi trn:
Mc ch:
s Chun b:
B sung bnh men vo xi np chun b cho qu trnh ln men 'S Khai thc:
Qu trnh phi trn gip phn phi u bnh men vo xi np nhm ln men
ton b khi xi np thnh cm ruu
Bin i: hu nh khng c bin i no ng k
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 25


S Sinh hc
Lng vi sinh vt trong khi xi np tng ln bt u qu trnh ln men
Phng php
-Bnh men c nghin nh trc khi rc
-Dng tay hoc ry rc u bnh men ln b mt khi xi np
- Dng tay hoc a trn u
Thit b
-Dng khay,mm cha xi np -
C th dng ry rc men
Thng s cng ngh
-Lng men cho vo ty thuc vo loi bnh men, khi lng v loi nguyn liu
-Thng thng khong 50g ng vi lkg np.
Ln men:
Mc ch:
S Ch bin :Chuyn ha xi np thnh cm ru (tinh bt thnh ru)
Bin i:
S Vt l:
-Nhit canh trng tng - do, nht ht np gim S Ha l: T
trng thi pha rn chuyn thnh hai pha: pha lng (nc ru) v pha rn (cm
ru)
S Ha hc

Cc hot ng trao i cht din ra song song vi s pht trin cavi sinh vt trn
cm np v mt s sn phm tch lu trong mi trng :
Hm loTig proten ho tan i
Hm lng protein ho tan tng lin tc t 0 70h. Giai on u caqu trnh nui cy
hm lng ny tng nhanh (0 - 40h), sau chm dn.
Chnh s gia tng s t bo vi sinh vt thc y qu trnh sinh tng hp enzyme thc hin cc
qu trnh thu phn c cht to ngun dinh dng, nng lng cho s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt.
r '? >
Bng 12: Bin i thnh phn ha hc ca cm ru (mg / lOOg cm ru).
Thi gian (h)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Hm lng
protein tan
490
47
58047 72060 105070 1550140 1790140 1960200 2030180
Hm lng
acid tng (quy
ra acid lactic)
125
12
13215 21021 24026 39045 56742 66673 77423
Hm lng
ru
- -
15012 67038 105087 1120120 1520113 2940180
pH 6.4 6.3 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 26


Hm hng acid hu c:
Hm lng acid hu CO tng lin tc trong sut qu trnh ln men cho nn lm thay i pH
trong qu trnh ln men cm ru do gip hn ch s nhim vsv.
S thay i ca hm lng ri etyic:
thi im u ca qu trnh ln men, hm lng ru etylic khng ng k. Sau 30 gi
lng ru ny tng dn cho n cui thi im kho st. 70 gi, hm lng ru t
2,94g/100g cm ru.
S thay i hm lng tnh bt, ng tons: s v hot tnh a-amase:
T 0-50gi vi sinh vt tng hp amylase thu gii tinh bt thnh ng nn hm lng
tinh bt gim lin tc, sau 70 gi cn 5g/100g cm ru. Cng lc hot tnh amylase tng
dn v t cc i 60h l 68.29 UI, sau 70gi cn 64.96 l/lOOg. Trong qu trnh kn
nhm vi sinh vt ng ho tng hp amylase thu gii bt np thnh ng, cung cp
cacbon cho s pht trin sinh khi ca sinh vt trong khi ln men. Hm lng ng tng s
tng ln t max 22.5g/100g cm ru. Mt phn ng ny s c nhm vi sinh vt c
kh nng ln men s dng ln men ethylic v to C2. Ngoi ra n cn c s dng to
acid v cc loi sn phm trung gian khc. Phn ng st to v ngt t trng cho cm ru.
S thay i hm Iong glucose v hoat tnh ca glucoamyase
giai on u vi sinh vt s dng glucoamylase thu gii bt np to glucose cung cp
cho s tng trng sinh khi, to cc sn phm trao i cht. Hot tnh ca glucoamylase tng
dn v t cc i 60h (24.41 UI/100g cm ru) sau gim xung c th do hm lng
c cht cn kit. Song song l s tch lu glucose tng dn v t cc i 60h (16.44g
/lOOg cm ru), sau gim xung do b thu ht vo qu trnh ln men ethylic, lactic v cc
sn phm trung gian khc.


> f *? r
thi 1: S thay i ng tng s theo thi gian
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 27


th 2: Thay i hm lng tinh bt theo thi gian


s Ha sinh- Sinh hc:
Bnh men ru l mt hn hp vi sinh vt gm nm men, vi khun v nm mc. Gia
chng c tc ng tng h trong qu trnh ln men. Khi cho bnh men vo mi trng
ln men th ng thi xy ra mt lot qu trnh khc nhau o Qu trnh tng sinh khi
o Qu trnh ng ha
o Qu trnh ru ha
Qu trnh tng snh khi
L qu trnh sinh sn v pht trin ca vi sinh vt
S pht trin ca nm mc v mt s vi khun v i hi phi c oxy, do cc loi vi
sinh vt ny thng pht trin mnh giai an u. Nm men l vi sinh vt hiu kh
ty tin nn cng cn oxy tng sinh khi, nhng mc l yu hn so vi nm mc.
(nm men tht s pht trin mnh trong mi trng c cha ng, tc cui giai on
nm mc pht trin)
S pht trin mnh m ca nm mc trong giai on u ko theo s to thnh mt s
acid hu c, kt qu l pH ca mi trng gim xung to iu kin thun li cho cc
loi mc khc pht trin mnh hn
Vic phn ra cc giai on pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc, nm men rt kh khn v
thc t s pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt trong khi ln men ny din


LN MEN CM RU
Trang 28


ra ng thi nhng s pht trin khng cng mt mc .ta c th chia ra nh sau.
Giai oan 1: H hp hiu kh
y l giai on h vi sinh vt c trong bnh men thch nghi v lm quen vi mi
trng. Nm mc gia tng sinh khi v c s sinh tng hp amylase thuphn tinh bt
thnh ng. Giai on ny thc hin trong iu kin hiu kh, thi gian 24-36h.
Giai on 2: Hot ng ca vi khun
C s hot ng ca vi khn acetic v vi khun lactic. Nhng trong giai on vi khun
ln men acetic hot ng km (do trong mi trng c cht ca vi khun ln men acetic
l ru rt t).Vi khun lactic hot ng chuyn ho ng thnh acid lactic lm pH mi
trng gim xung (t 6.3 xung 4.6 ). Mi trng ny khng cn thch hp cho s
pht trin ca vi khun (pH thch hp cho vi khun Lactobacilus pht trin 5.5-6.5)
cng vi s tch lu cc sn phm trao i cht cng khng thun li cho s pht trin
nn s lng vi khun lactic gim. Nhng mi trng acid li thun li cho s pht trin
ca nm men, nm mc.
Giai oan 3: Hot ng ca nm men trong iu kin k kh
Te bo nm mc tip tc thu phn tinh bt thnh ng. Te bo nm men s dng
ngun c cht l ng tng sinh khi, s lng cao chng t vai tr quan trng ca
nm men trong giai on sau (giai on ln men mnh) v iu kin ca mi trng
thun tin cho ln men ru. thi im ny s thu phn tinh bt to mt lng
nc gip vic ln men d dng hn . Cng lc lng nm mc thu gii tinh bt
gim cui giai on.
Qu trnh ng ha
L s chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng do s pht tri en ch yu ca nm mc
Mucor roiix, Rhzopus deemar v nm men Endomycopros c trong bnh men ru
Cc loi nm mc v nm mc ny trong qu trnh pht trin to ra rt nhiu enzym
Amylase v Glucoamylase. Cc enzym hot ng rt thun li trong thi gian ny v
trong sut c thi gian sau
Tuy nhin hot ng ca cc enzym ny chu s iu khin ca nng glucose trong
dch ln men. Bnh thng glucose s c ch qu trnh thy phn tinh bt, nhng cc
loi mc Mucor,Rhizopus...va c kh nng sinh tng hp enzym amylase, va c kh
nng chuyn ha ng thnh ru, mt khc cc loi Saccharomycess cng tch cc
chuyn ha glucose thnh etanol, do tinh bt c thy phn hon ton v khng cn
glucose c ch qu trnh thy phn
Qu trnh ru ha
L qu trnh chuyn ng thnh ru Etylic, di tc ng ca nm men, c
khi nm mc v vi khun, nhng tc nhn ch yu l nm men Saccharomyces C
ch qu trnh ln men ru xy ra nh sau:
ng v cc cht d ca qu trnh ln men c hp thu v khuch tn vo t bo nm men
qua mng t bo
Trong khi nuc ra vo t do qua mng t bo nm men th ng v cc cht dinh dng khc
th mng t bo ch cho i vo m khng i ra Trong t bo nm men , ng c chuyn ha
theo con ng ng phn EMP, to thnh axit piruvic, Acid pyruvic trong iu kin ym
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 29


kh, di tc dng ca enzyme pyruvat decacboxylase s b kh thnh acetaldehyde v C0
2
.
Sau , acetaldehyde b kh thnh ru etylic di tc dng ca enzyme alcoldehydrogenase
ca nm men
Ru etylic v C0
2
c to ra lin that khi t bo khuch tn rt nhanh vo mi trng
Ru tan tt trong nc nn tan nhanh trong mi trng, C0
2
thot ra bm vo t bo nm
men, khi bt kh C0
2
t n ln no th lc nng ca chng vt qua trng lng ca t
bo nm men, th l bt kh C0
2
cng t bo nm men ni ln trn b mt dch ln men, khi gp
khng kh C0
2
thot ra i vo khng kh, cn t bo nm men b chm xung v li b C0
2
bm
vo c th t bo nm men vn d khng chuyn ng li tr thnh chuyn ng trong mi
trung. iu ny c li l khuy trn c mi trng to iu kin ln men tt hn
Phng trnh tng qut:
C
6
H
12
0
6
2C2+ 2CH3CH2OH
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 30














































Glucose
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-P
Glucozo-P-izomerase
Fructose-6-P
ATP
P-fructokinase
ADP
Fructose-1,6-dip
Aldolase
P-dioxyaceton 3 -P -glyc ero
aldehid
NADH
2
triozophotphattizomerase NAD
2NADH
2

2NAD
Glcerotfat
Dehydrogenase
Triozofotfat
dehydrogenase
Acid 1,3-P-glycerinic
a-Glycero-P
Photsphatase 2ADP
2ATP
Glycerin+H3P04 Acid 3-P -glycerinic
p-glyceratmuttase
Acid 2-P-glycerinic
Enolase
p-enolpyruvic
7P ---------------------------- ---------
2ATP Pyruvatkinase
Acid pyruvic
C0
2
Acetaldehyt
Acetyl-CoA
C2H5OH +CO2
CoA
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 31


Phng php
-Vo thnh vin trn ng knh khong 2.5-3.5cm
-e cc vin cm ru trong l kn, hay khay y kn thc hin qu trnh ln
men.
Thit b
-C th ln men trong cc l kn hay khay y kn
Thng s cng ngh
-Nhit ln men khong 25-28oC -Thi gian khong 2-3 ngy
-Qu trnh ln men din ra trong iu kin ym kh, do phi kn .
-Thc cht ca qu trnh ln men cm ru l ln men trng thi rn trong s
pht trin ng thi ca mt h vi sinh vt trong nm men vi ngun c cht cm
ng l tinh bt.
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm trong qu trnh ln men
Anh hng ca nhit :
i vi Sacchromyces, nhit ti u nm trong gii hn 28-32C. Tuy nhin, nu bt
u ln men nhit thp th kh nng ln men s cao v ko di hn. Neu c iu
kin lm lnh t 20-22C s hn ch c s pht trin ca tp khun. nhit cao,
hot tnh ca nm men s gim nhanh nhng ch yu l d b nhim lactic v nm men
hoang di.
Anh hng capH:
Nng H
+
trong canh trng c nh hng n hot ng ca nm men.
pH < 4.2 nm men pht trin tuy chm hn so vi pH 4.5-5 (pH ti u ca nm
men), nhng pH ny tp khun hu nh khng pht trin. Ti lc no , nm men
pht trin c nhiu v mnh ta tng pH n ti u cho nm men pht trin nhanh
hn. Lc ny iu kin cng tt hn cho cc tp khun nhng lc ny nm men pht
trin mnh ln t nn tp khun kh gy tc hi n nm men.
Anh hng ca nng dch ln men:
Nng dch ng qu cao s dn n lm tng p sut v lm mt cn bng trng
thi sinh l ca nm men, s lm c ch khng nhng tp khun m c nm men. Neu
nng dch ng thp s lm gim nng sut.
III. SN PHM:
1. M t sn phm:
Sn phm thu c l cm ru, nc ru ln men.
> Hnh dng: cm ru dng vin trn, ng knh
khong 2.5-3.5cm.
> Mu sc: ty theo loi nguyn liu s dng: np
thng v np lt th cm ru c mu trng c, cn np cm
th c mu tm.
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- Cm ru thu c mm, xp, c v ngt, chua, hng thm c trng, c
nhng cht c gi tr dinh dng cao gip n ngon ming v kch thchtiu
ho.
2. Ch tiu cht lng:
Cm quan: Cm ru thu c mm, xp, c v ngt, chua, hng thm c trng. Ha
hc:
- Hm lng ng (ng tng s ) : 15-17,5 g/lOOgcm ru.
- Hm lng ru: khong 3g/100g cm ru.
- pH = 4.6-5.0.
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Trang 33


IV. PH LC:
VAI CCH LM CM RU
1. Cm ru np vin lm bng np thng:
- Chun b h l thy tinh rng ming, c np y kn.
Ra sch, ro.
- lkg np ngon, i vo sch sch, nu chn thnh xi.
Lu chn loi np quen nu cho xi chn ngon, va ro
ch khng nho. Neu cha quen np, khi nu cho nc va sp
mt np, nc si h la nh lin v o u np, si nh
cho n khi cn, y np kn xi chn. Neu s dng ni cm
in th khng c cch no khc l phi nu th mt hai ln
cho nc va .
- 50gr vin men ngt gi nhuyn mn. Phn lng ny Cm ru np vin lm l thng
thng v cn ty cht lng men. C thng bng np thng
hiu men hng dn s dng bng phn lng 3-5 vin
cho mt k np ch khng tnh bng trng lng. iu ny khng quan trng v phi lm th
mi bit c cht lng men.
- Pha long 1 mung c ph mui + 1 chn nc.
- Bi xi ra mm, khay... tri mng xi ra cho xi mau i hi, rc u men ln mt xi,
dng a trn tht u, nhng t tay trong chn nc mui, vo xi trn men thnh tng vin
trn c u ngn tay ci, khi kh tay li nhng nc mui cho t, sp u xi vin vo trong
h l thy tinh nhng ch cho y vo khong 3/5 dung tch h, y kn. Ty cht lng men,
sau 3-4 ngy, trong h cm ru s t dy nc v mi thm ru. e qua n ngy th ba
m khng thy xi dy mi ru v tit ra nc l cht lng men km hoc t. Gi nhuyn
thm 1 - 2 vin men ri cho vo h cm ru, thm qua mt ngy na nu vn khng thy
tit ra nhiu nc, dy mi ru l men xu hon ton. Lm li v i loi men khc. Neu
lng men dng nhiu qu th c th cm ru c mi gt ch khng du th lm li v gim
bt cht t men.
- Ty thi tit, tri cng nng cm ru cng mau c. vng cao, nhit thp ngi
ta thng h cm ru gn bp nng. Cm ru s t n nng ru cao nht
trong mt ngy nht nh vo khong ngy th nm hay th su, ty cht lng men. Th
xem nu thy vin xi mm ngu l dng c. (Neu mun ly nhiu nc, cho thm nc
ng -150gr/na lt nc - ngui vo h cm ru ty nhng ng cho nhiu qu, v
ru s lt i) Sau cm ru s du i v chua dn. Neu c nhu cu mun lm cm ru
n tht ngon vo mt ngy chnh xc no phi lm th trc ch vi mt loi men, mt
loi np.
- Cm ru lm ch yu dng n vin xi ngu mm vi t nc ru hoc ty thch
rc vo t xi v. Neu ch mun ly nc ru np lm mn ung th khi cm ru c
v phi ng lc cha c v chua, lc vt ly nc ru ri ho thm
LN MEN CM RU
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ru vo vi phn lng 1 lt nc cm ru + lOOcc ru trng, bo qun trong t lnh
c th c kh lu, khi ung pha thm cht nc ng.
- Mun ly nccm ru lm bnh b th phi chun b vt liu v ly nc
cm ru ngy nng nht lm.
2. Cm ru np lc:
Np c mu nu t lt. Cch lm nh np thng (phn
lng lkg np) nhng lu vi im sau:
- Np lc kh nu cho chn rn hn l np thng, khi
nu cn nhiu nc hn v phi nu th nu cha quen
nu xong th ht np phi chn tht u nhng khng n bung
th lm cm ru mi ngon v p.
- Nn vo np v ngm qua 6 gi ri hong bng xng th
ht np d chn u hn.
- Ht np lc cng nn phi s dng lng men gp ri
so vi lm bng np thng.
- Khng vo xi thnh vin m sau khi trn u men ch cho xi vo h, th v y kn.
- Cm ru np lc khng tit ra nhiu nc nh lm bng np thng.
- Thi gian np lc ngu ru lu hn np thng v khi ngu th ht cm ru kh ri
ht ch khng dnh vo vi nhau nhiu th mi t yu cu.
- Cch bn v n truyn thng ca cm ru np lc l khi cm ru ng mc, ngi ta
xi ring phn xi ngu ru ra, ti nh tay cho ht xi ti ra, ring. Cht ly phn nc
ru cho vo chai ring, khi n mi xi xi ru ra tng ci chn nh v chm t nc
ru cho va t xi v ngi ta n cm ru np lc bng cch nhm nhp tng ht.
3. Cm ru np cm:
Nep cm dng lm cm ru vn cn nguyn lp v la
v lp cm nn rt giu dinh dng, c bit l protein, lipid, cc
nguyn t vi lng v vitamin (nht l vitamin Bl). Ngoi tc
dng bi b c th, cm ru np cm cn gip n ngon ming,
kch thch tiu ha. Ngoi ra, y hc c truyn cng thng dng
cm ru np cm dn thuc vo t v v thn kinh. Sau y
l mt cch ch bin cm ru np cm dng dn:
Chun b. Go np cm lc (ch xay bong v tru, khng
gi) 1 kg, ru trng 1 lt, men ru 100 g (2 bnh men).
LN MEN CM RU
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Cch lm: Go np cm nht ht thc, sn, vo sch ri nu thnh cm (ch cho t nc
xm xp). Cm chn ra khay sch, ti mng cho mau ngui. Men ru gi nh, chia lm 2
phn, ly mt phn trn vo cm np khi cn m. Sau cho cm np vo l thy tinh hay v
snh (ra sch, phi kh), c ri mt lp cm np cm li ri mt lp mng men ru (phn
cn li).
y np l li, sau 3 ngy m ra, cho thm 1 lt ru trng vo ri tip tc y kn np
trong 20 ngy na. Sau em cm ru ra, cht ly nc ru ln men, vt b xc go np,
ch dng nc. Nc ru ln men ny c mu tm, thm, v ngt.
Nhng ngi tiu ha km hoc chn n nn dng nc cm ru mi ngy 2 ln trc
ba n, ung mi ln mt chn nh (50-60 ml).
4. Cm ru Bc:
Nguyn liu
- Np lt 500g
- Men ngt 5 n 8 vin Cch lm
Bc 1: Nep mua v nht sch ht lp, ht en v la cn ln trong
np, vo k. Cho nc va (nh nu cm) nu chn, ra r hoc
mt tre tht ngui.
Bc 2: Xay hoc gi men nh mn.
Bc 3: np vo r hoc r (loi d thot nc), ry trn mt na men vo np, sau
ti nh np cho u mt v rc u ht ch men cn li ln trn mt np.
Bc 4: t da su lng hoc t ln di r np hng nc cm ru. Cho tt c
vo thng y kn (c th cho vo bao nylon ln v ct kn li), vo ninng
m. Neu tri ma h ch khong 30 gi th d c. Tit tri lnh c th thm vi
gi
Ch :
Nu np qu kh cm ru s t nc.
Nu np - qu nho, cm ru nt v nhiu nc.
Nep b ln go, cm ru s sng.
Cho men khi np cha ngui hn, cm ru s b chua.
5. Cm ru Min Nam:
Nguyn liu:
1 kg np trng
1 mung c ph mui 200g ng trng Men
lm cho lkg np Keo ln hay th bng snh Thc
hin :
Nep
- Vo sch , bn cho nc si vo hi xm xp mt, nu chn ( np c hi nho mt t
xu hn xi l c ...), gi np ra mm
- Trng mng u & ngui.
LN MEN CM RU
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Men
- C ( gi ) cho nhuyn v ry li cho mn
Mui
- Cho vo chn , nc chn vo gn y v quy tan
Keo hay th snh
- Ra sch v phi kh
ng
- Cho vo 1/2 lt nc nu tan v ngui
U men :
Nep va ngui ( s cn hi m tay l c ), cho men vo v trn u . Tay thoa nc
mui ( nhng tay bn vo nc mui ) , vo np thnh tng vin trn bng tri chanh nh
hay bn c th se np li thnh mt cy di ri dng dao c thm qua nc mui , ct tng
khc nh u nhau cho p cng c . Xong, bn xp tng vin cm ru vo keo / th snh
v y np cho tht k , nc mui trong chn cn li bn vy u ln mt nhng vin np
ny cho c thm nc ru- 3 ngy sau l dng c . Sau 3 ngy cm rc ln men ,
tit ra nc ngt xm xp gi l nc cm ru.
6. Cm ru Indonesia:
- Cm ru np
Tn a phng : TAPE KETAN (Indonesia).
Nguyn liu : Go np (np trng hoc np than) 99%, men thuc
bc (Ragi) 1 %.
(Ragi gm: bt go 50-100%, thuc bc v gia v 1-50%, trong
c Allium Sativum, Alpinia galangal, Piper retrofractum, Capsicum
frutescens, Cinamomum burmani, Piper nignum, Foemculum vulgare,
Saccharum offcinaram, Citrus aurarantiacum, Cosos nucifera
LN MEN CM RU
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Ngm qua ro nc
Bnh men ru Ragi.
Cch lm: ______
(^^Go np
Vo sch




Hp chn 30 pht
e ngui



Trn tht u



Yu cu thnh phm: sn phm c mu trng hoc tm en ph thuc vo go np, ngt
hi chua, mi cm ru, pH 7 lc u v pH 5 khi kt thc, hm lng nc 58.9%, i vi
loi cm ru lm bng go np trng: Calo 172, protein 3%, lipid 0.5%, carbohydrate
37.5%, x 0.6%, tro 0.1%, Ca 6mg, p 35mg, Fe 0.5mg, Vit.Bl 0.04mg trong lOOgam sn
phm.
Vi sinh vt:Rhizopus spp., Camydomucor spp., Candida spp., Endomycopss spp.,
Saccharomyces spp.
Thi hn s dng: 5-7 ngy.
S dng : mn n ph.

2-3 ngy
nhit
phng
Cho vo h y kn
hoc gi bng l
LN MEN CM RU
Trang 38


TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1] . Bi i, Cng ngh n men ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm, NXB i
hc quc gia TPHCM, 2005.
[2] . Kim Ngc Tun, Cch lm men v ru cc loi, NXB ng Thp, 1997.
[3] . L Vnh Tho, Bi Ch Bu, Lu Ngc Trnh, Nguyn Vn Vng, Cc
giong la c sn la cht lng cao v k thut canh tc, NXB Nng nghip, 2004.
[4] . Mai L, Bi c Hi, Bo qun ng thc, NXB khoa hc v k thut, Ha
Ni, 1987.
[5] . Nguyn nh Thng, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Cng ngh sn xut v kim
tra cn ethyc, NXB khoa hc v k thut, H Ni, 2005.
[6] . Nguyn c Lng, Cng ngh v sinh tp 2, V sinh vt hc cng nghip,
NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. HCM, 2002.
[7] . Nguyn c Lng, Cng
ngh vi sinh tp 3, thc phmln men truyn
thng, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. HCM, 2002.
[8] . Nguyn Th Hin (ch
bin), Giang Th Bnh, Nguync Lng, Cng
ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn phm n men c truyn.
[9] . Lng c Pham, Nam men cng nghip, NXB khoa hc v k thut, H
Ni,2006.
WEBSITE:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces
http://sinhhocvietnam.com/vn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1037
LN MEN CM RU
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed