Final Dissertation

Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Thesis for MD (Anatomy)
Name of the Candidate: Dr. HEMLATA DHANRAJ CHIMNE

NKP Salve Institute of Medical
Name of the college: Sciences and Research Centre,
Nagpur.
DR. D.D. KSHEERSAGAR,
Professor and Head, Department
Name of the Guide:
of Anatomy, NKP SIMS and RC,
Nagpur.
Name of the Course: MD
Name of the Subject: ANATOMY
Admission Year/ 2007
Academic Year 2007-2010
Topic: STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS IN

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Name of the Course: MD
Name of the Subject: ANATOMY
Admission Year/ 2007

Academic Year 2007-2010
Topic: STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS IN

STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS
IN
Thesis submitted to
MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
NASHIK
For the degree of
MD
in
ANATOMY
MAY-2010
CONTENTS
_____________________________________________________________
Sr. Chapter Page No

_____________________________________________________________
1. Introduction 001
2. Aims and Objectives 004
3. Review of Literature 005
4. Material and Methods 041
5. Results 061
6. Discussion 101
7. Summary and Conclusions 112
8. Bibliography -----
9. Annexure -----
- Abbreviations
- Master sheet
____________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION:
Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of epidermal ridges and their
configurations on the palmar region of hand and fingers and plantar region of
foot and toes. The term dermatoglyphics was coined by Cummins and Midlo
in 1926 and was derived from Greek words ‘derma’ means skin and ‘glyphics’
means carvings (Penrose LS, 1963)87.
The ridge pattern depends upon the cornified layer of epidermis and
dermal papillae. The typical patterns of epidermal ridges are determined since
their formation in foetus. There is proliferation of cells in the lower zone of
epidermis which projects into the dermis as a regularly spaced thickenings
and the dermis subsequently projects upward in the epidermal hollows. This is
followed by the appearance of elevations formed by them on the skin surface
which gives rise to epidermal ridges. (Cummins and Midlo, 1926)24.
The ridges are differentiated in their definitive forms during third and
fourth month of foetal life and once formed remain permanent and never
change throughout the life except in the dimension in proportion to the growth
of an individual. The original ridge characteristics are not disturbed unless the
skin is damaged to a depth of about one millimeter (Cummins and Midlo,
1943)25.
Development of dermatoglyphic pattern is under genetic control. This is
evident from the clear resemblance of dermatoglyphics among related person
(Schaumann and Alter, 1976)109. There are many diseases known to be
01
caused by abnormal genes. Whenever there is any abnormality in the genetic
make up of parents it is inherited to the children and is reflected in
dermatoglyphic pattern. (Walkar, 1964)124.
Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic aid is now well established in a
number of diseases, which have a strong hereditary basis, and is employed
as a method of screening abnormal anomalies (Holt SB, 1961)55.
Apart from its use in predicting the diagnosis of genetic disease,
dermatoglyphics is also used in forensic science for individual identification. It
is also a valuable research tool in the field of Physical Anthropology, Human
Genetics and Medicine. The research findings put forth by some scientists
suggest that muzzle prints of animals similar to fingerprints in human being
could be used as permanent method of identification of such animal to check
fraud particularly in insurance matter (Tarasiuk SI et al., 1997)117.
The etiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is multifactorial with
genetics playing an important role. Taking into consideration of genetic
predisposition of dermatoglyphics and coronary artery disease, the study was
undertaken to find out correlation between them. So that dermatoglyphics
may be helpful in the diagnosis of predisposition towards this disease at an
earlier age.
The knowledge of dermatoglyphic pattern in patients with CAD is an
interesting matter and little information is available about this relation. Thus,
with regard to the high incidence of CAD in the world, the existence of such
relation might be important in the screening program for prevention of CAD. If
02
an individual with specific pattern of dermatoglyphic is present in CAD, then
the person can be screened for prevention by controlling other risk factors in
early detection program.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
Coronary Artery Disease is the most important cause of mortality and
morbidity in the world. The knowledge of major risk factors can be useful in
the prevention of CAD. Few studies has been carried out on dermatoglyphics
in myocardial infarction or acquired heart disease, but in spite of extensive
scanning of literature no reference was found on dermatoglyphic patterns in
angiographically proven CAD. Against this background present study is
carried out with following aims and objective:
1. To study the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics pattern in Coronary
Artery Disease and its different Groups.
2. To establish sexual and digital differences in dermatoglyphic patterns
of CAD.
3. To compare dermatoglyphic configurations of CAD with the Controls.
4. To find out whether a specific dermatoglyphic trait/ features exists in
CAD patients and whether it is significant.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
The overview of literature is described in three parts:
I. REVIEW OF DERMATOGLYPHICS
II. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
III. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
I. REVIEW OF DERMATOGLYPHICS
The literature available on the subject is reviewed under the following heads:
1. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Since an ancient era, one or the other way the Dermatoglyphics
remains the subject of interest to various Palmist, Philosophers and Scientist.
Dermatoglyphics is a scientific study of epidermal ridges and their
configuration on volar aspects of hands, fingers, feet and toes.
The patterned traceries of fine ridges on finger, palm and soles must
have aroused interest long time ago. There are records that show
acquaintance with these traceries or dermatoglyphics long ago, prior to its
scientific study. The most telling fragment of this unwritten history is an
aboriginal Indian carving found on rock at the edge of Kejimkoojik Lake in
Nova Scotia. There are lines representing dermatoglyphics and flexion
creases within the outline of a human hand. These petroglyphs depict human
hand which roughly represent the dermatoglyphics and flexion creases. Such
ancient stone carvings are found all over the world. The most famous of
ancient “ Finger Print” designs are carvings on the walls of a Neothilic burial
passage situated on an island of Brittany L’iie de Gavr’inis, Its inner walls are
covered with incised designs of circular patterns, spirals, arches, sinuous and
straight lines occurring on various combinations. Stockis and Bridges claimed
that these carvings represent dermatoglyphics. (Cummins and Midlo, 1961)26
More purposeful recording of an identifying finger prints in clay is seen
in a case of Chinese seal dating back to a period of third century B.C. and its
importance as personal identification was known even during that period.
Dermatoglyphics patterns were also used for fortune telling in
accordance with the number of loops and whorls on fingers.
Mehemiah G (1684)73 presented a report before Royal Society of
London describing epidermal ridge, and their arrangement of finger patterns
and palm of one hand.
Bidloo G (1685)14 described an account on arrangement of epidermal
ridges on thumb in his book on Human Anatomy.
Malphigi Marcello (1686)69, professor of Anatomy at Bologra
University, noted ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints. A layer of skin was
named after him, “Malphigi” layer.
Purkinje JE (1823)96 published his thesis describing nine fingerprint
patterns. 1. Plain arch (Transverse curve), 2. Tented arch (Central long strip),
3. Loop Ulnar or Radial (Oblique strip), 4. Oblique loop (Ulnar or Radial), 5.
Whorl (Almond), 6. Spiral whorl, 7. Elliptical whorl.

Sir Herschel WJ (1858)52 Chief Magistrate of Hooghly district in
Bengal, India was the first to use finger print identification against
impersonation. He started the practice of recording fingerprints to prevent the
impersonation of signatures. He first used fingerprints on native contract. He
made a habit of requiring palm prints and later index and middle fingers on
every contract made with the locals.
Faulds H (1880)34 used fingerprints for identification of criminals. He
published an article in the scientific journal ‘Nature’ discussing fingerprints as
a means of personal identification and use of printers ink as a method of
obtaining such fingerprints. He made first fingerprint identification of a
greasery fingerprint left on the alcohol bottle.
Mark Twain’s (1883)72 book ‘Life on the Mississippi’, a murderer was
identified by the use of fingerprint identification.
Sir Galton Francis (1889)38, a British anthropologist began his
observation of fingerprints as a means of identification. His attention had first
been drawn to the ridges in 1888 when he was studying the problem of
person identification. His primary interest in fingerprints was an aid in
determining heredity and racial background. Fingerprints do not change
during the course of an individual’s lifetime and that no two fingerprints are
exactly the same.
Sir Galton Francis (1892)39 published a book “Fingerprints” which
included the first classification for fingerprints. Galton also identified the
characteristics by which the fingerprints can be identified. These same

characteristics (minutia) are basically still in use today and referred to as
Galton’s details.
Vucetich J (1892)123, an Argentine police official made the first criminal
fingerprint identification. He identified a woman named Rojas, who murdered
her two sons but her bloody print was left on a door post, proving her as
murders.
Thompson G (1892)119 of US Geological survey in New Mexico, used
his own fingerprints on a document to prevent forgery. This is the first known
use of fingerprints in the US.
Tarbour (1892)118, a photographer in San Francisco practiced the
inkprint method for the registration of Chinese immigrants.
Wilder HH (1897)128 initiated a biological investigation with study of
comparative dermatoglyphic. He devoted his studies to morphology and
methodology of palmer and plantar dermatoglyphics inheritance and racial
differences.
The introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification was started in
1901 in England and Wales using Galton’s observation revised by Sir Edward
Richard Henry.
The first systematic use of fingerprints in US, New York Civil Service
Commission for testing was introduced in 1902. Police departments and law
enforcement agencies in US use fingerprints for personal and criminal
identification from 1903 onwards.

Bonnevie K (1924)16 proposed qualitative genetic method to study
inheritance of fingerprints characteristics. She studied various aspects of
inheritance and embryological process leading to expression of particular
configurations
Cummins H (1936)27 professor of Anatomy at Turan University was the
first person to show the possible use of dermatoglyphics in clinical medicine.
He noted characteristic dermatoglyphic features on palms and finger in a
group of 60 patients with mongolism, which were of great value in the
diagnosis.
Penrose LS (1968)89 has drafted the memorandum on
dermatoglyphics nomenclature.
2. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND EMBRYOLOGY - DEVELOPMENT OF
THE EPIDERMAL RIDGES:
Skin consists of outer layer of epidermis and inner layer of dermis,
which differs structurally and developmentally. On palms and soles, skin is
specialized and is called friction ridge skin. The basal layer shows more
pronounced undulations and patterning known as ridges and furrows, which
produce fingerprints. They are also responsible for the palm prints.
The truth universally acknowledged is that there are no two persons in
the world who share an identical set of fingerprint patterns. No two identical
sets of fingerprints have been found. The pattern formed by the ridge
structure of skin never changes except in size during the life span of a person.
The thickness of skin for adults on the ball of finger is approximately
1/25 or 2/25 of an inch thick. The width of a fingerprint ridge is approximately
1/50 of an inch for men and slightly less in women. The width in children is
somewhat smaller than that in women. Men tend to have coarser patterns of
fingerprints ridges and there is general relationship between the height of an
individual and width of fingerprint ridges.
Destruction of friction ridges may occur during life and may be
temporary or permanent. Injury affecting only the upper layers of the
epidermis will produce temporary damage. With temporary damage the ridges
will eventually return to their original pattern. Extreme damage results in
permanent destruction of the ridges.
The science of dermatoglyphics involves the study of epidermal ridges
present on the volar surface of palms, finger, soles and toes. These epidermal
ridges form well defined patterns that characterize an individual and are very
useful in many hereditary diseases.
Development of epidermal ridges:
Differentiation of epidermal ridges takes place early in foetal
development. The ridge configurations are genetically determined and are
influenced by environmental factors. There exists relationship between
epidermal ridges and fetal volar pads because in the course of development,
ridge patterns are formed at the sites of these pads.
Bonnevie K (1924)16 postulated that the presence of the volar pads as
well as their size and positions are responsible for the configurations of
papillary ridge patterns.

Foetal volar pads are mound shaped elevations of mesenchymal tissue
situated above the proximal end of the most distal metacarpal bone on each
finger, in each interdigital area, in thenar and hypothenar areas of the palms.
Secondary feotal pads may be found on the central palm or as pairs on the
proximal phalanges. The formation of these pads is first visible on the
fingertips in the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. During the
twelfth and thirteenth weeks, while the pads begin to regress in relative size,
the ridges begin to develop at the dermal-epidermal junction while the surface
remains smooth. These primary dermal ridge subdivide to form more parallel
ridges through the seventeenth week. During the twentieth week, the
underlying patterns become reflected by identical configurations on the skin
surface. (Mulvhill and Smith, 1969)76
Babler JW (1978)7 reported that ridge formation in the foetus begins at
about three months of intrauterine life when the volar pads are at or near their
peak development, and completed by sixth month of intrauterine life, when the
sweat gland formation and keratinization have began.
Cummins H (1936)27 speculated that the dermal ridge configurations
were the result of physical and topographical growth forces. It is believed that
tension and pressure in the skin during early embryogenesis determines the
direction of epidermal ridges.
Bonnevie K (1929)17 postulated that the patterns depend on the
underlying arrangement of peripheral nerves.

Penrose LS (1969)90 suggested that the ridges followed the lines of
greatest convexity in the embryonic epidermis.
Hirsch and Schweichel (1973)53 investigated the development
mechanism responsible for ridge formation. They also pointed out the
regularity in the arrangement of blood vessels, nerve pairs under the smooth
epidermis-corium border which exists before the formation of glandular folds
and its relationship with the growth of epidermal ridges i.e. absence of
development of ridges or abnormal ridges when nerves fail to grow into the
epithelium.
Schaumann and Alter (1976)109 pointed out that besides nerve and
blood vessels, there are so many factors such as inadequate supply of
oxygen to the tissue, deviations in the formation and distribution of sweat
glands, disturbances in the proliferation of the epithelial basal layer and
disturbances in keratinization of epithelium as other factors that may influence
epidermal ridge pattern. They also stated that environmental factors such as
external pressure on the foetal pads and embryonic foetal finger movement
could influence ridge formation.
3. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND GENETICS:
Galton F (1892)39 and Wilder HH (1902)129 were the first to study the
hereditary basis of dermal patterns, suggesting that these ridge patterns are
under genetic influence.

Rife (1954)106 observed that Europeans, Brown Caucasoid and Indians
showed highest frequency of patterns in hypothenar area. Africans and
Mongolians showed highest frequency in the fourth interdigital pattern. Lowest
frequency of patterns in hypothenar area was seen in Africans, thenar and Ist
interdigital patterns in American Indians, second interdigital patterns in
Negroes and third interdigital pattern in Europeans.
Uchida IA et al. (1962)121 observed that dermatoglyphics has been
useful in differentiation between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. It is used
for diagnosis of Mongolism. They are first to demonstrate distinctive dermal
ridge patterns in Trisomy as low TFRC.
Basu A (1976) 9, studied digital pattern and digital ridge count in there
endogamous castes in Mysore. He observed high frequency of loops,
moderate whorls and low arches. In pattern types, differences between sexes
are highly significant. Total ridge count differences between sexes are not
significant.
4. DERMATOGLYPHICS IN OTHER DISEASES:
Blotevogel (1933)15 studied fingerprints in Neurofibromatosis. He
noticed increase frequency of central pocket whorls with 13 out of 27 patients
showed one or more central pockets on the little fingers of both hands and left
ring finger.
Cummins H (1936)27 noted characteristics dermatoglyphic features in
mongolism. There is decrease frequency of whorls and increase in ulnar

loops; a single transverse palmer crease; wide atd angle; significant deviation
of axial triradii; increased frequency of patterns in hypothenar, second and
third interdigital areas; and more common simian line as compared to non-
mongols.
Brown and Paskind (1940)18 compared dermatoglyphic features of
mentally deteriorated and non-deteriorated epileptics. Arches are increased
and whorls are decreased in deteriorated group with least variation between
males and females.
Uchida IA et al. (1962)121 observed increased frequency of arches,
absence of digital flexion crease, maximum ‘atd’ angle and higher position of
axial triradii in trisomy 18 and trisomy 21.
Penrose LS (1963)87 found that trisomy 13 is associated with distal
axial triradius, 108 degrees ‘atd’ angle, and extra pattern in thenar region.
Holt SB and Lindstein J (1964)54 found ‘atd’ angle increased by 10
degrees than normal and high ‘a-b’ ridge count in Turner’s syndrome.
Alter M (1966)2 has given the detailed account of the important
dermatoglyphic analysis as a diagnostic tool for various pathological
conditions and chromosomal disorders.
Penrose (1968)89 concluded that finger patterns have low ridge counts
in Klienfilter’s Syndrome.
Mutalik GS and Lokhandwala VA (1968)77 had claimed
dermatoglyphic analysis as a simple, inexpensive and bed side diagnostic tool
for conditions due to chromosomal aberrations and various heritable disease.

Alter M and Schulenberg R (1970)1 found that atd angle was
significantly increased in all types of Congenital Heart Disease except
endocardial fibroelastosis and atrial septal defect.
Chaube R (1977)21 observed that palmer flexion creases of cancer and
tuberculosis patients are significantly different from those of the control
population.
Annapurna V et al. (1978)5 studied dermatoglyphics in rheumatic
heart disease. There was decreased frequency of arches finger tip pattern in
males and increased frequency of whorls in females. There was also
increased frequency of patterns in 3rd interdigital area in males and decreased
td ridge count and increased multiple axial triradii in females.
Purandare H et al. (1978)95 studied dermatoglyphic pattern in
idiopathic mentally retarded children. They found low TRC, higher atd angle,
and increased frequency of hypothenar pattern.
Sant SM et al. (1980)107 studied dermatoglyphic traits in diabetic
patients and observed that there were increased frequency of whorls and
decreased ulnar loop; increased frequency of Sydney line; and increased
frequency of arches in female.
David TJ (1981)28 studied dermatoglyphics in congenital heart disease
and noticed overall increase incidence of hypothenar pattern with increase atd
angle.
Reed T (1981)104 reviewed dermatoglyphic findings in patients with
chromosomal abnormalities and opined that it helps in the diagnosis of
patients with suspected chromosomal abnormalities.
Pal GP et al. (1985)82 observed significant decrease frequency of ulnar
loop and increase in arches on fingertips of carcinoma of cervix patients with
increase atd angle, decrease TFRC and decrease frequency of 3rd interdigital
palmar patterns.
Weinreb HJ (1985)126 studied fingerprint patterns in Alzheimer’s
disease. There was significant increased frequency of ulnar loops and
decreased frequency of whorls and arches. A pattern of eight or more ulnar
loops was found significantly more often in patients (72%) than in the control
group (26%). Radial loops on the fourth and fifth digits were more prevalent in
patients. These patterns observed in Alzheimer disease are congruent with
patterns repeatedly found in Down’s syndrome, and support the known
associations between these two diseases at a further level.
Nair Renuka (1986)79 studied dermatoglyphics in different types of
congenital heart disease. There was increased frequency of Sydney line in
VSD, TOF and other cyanotic malformations. Distal displacement of axial
triradius was significantly increased in PDA. Absence of C-triradius was
significantly increased in TOF. Decrease frequency of loop fingertip patterns
in ASD and NCM and increase frequency of loop in TOF and Congenital
Malformation in male congenital heart disease. Whereas increase frequency
of loop fingertip pattern and decrease frequency of whorls was observed in
VSD in female congenital heart disease.

Gupta CM and Tutakne MA (1986)42 in their study found significant
high frequency (p<0.001) of palmer pattern in thenar and 1st interdigital area
on left palm of “Multibacillary Leprosy” patients with slight increase in
frequency of distal axial triradii.
Jamison CS (1988)59 observed higher left ab ridge count, wider atd
angles in both sexes, and higher frequency of palmer pattern in left 4 th ID area
with more distally located axial triradii in dyslexics patient.
Pursnani ML et al. (1989)97 studied palmer dermatoglyphics in
essential hypertension. Significantly dermatoglyphic findings observed in both
sexes of hypertensive patients as compared to controls subjects were i)
Increase TFRC ii) Decrease frequency of axial triradius t in right palm female
and t’ & t” in right palm male. iii) Decrease atd angle iv) Absence of axial
triradii in both palms in 10% cases & in none of the controls.
Smahel Z and Gregor P (1989)113 found significant increase in the
frequency of double loops on the finger in patients with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy and the main palmar line had a more longitudinal course on
the palm with its termination more frequently in area 3, less frequently in area
5 than in control group.
Pallotta R et al. (1989)83 studied dermatoglyphic traits in 27 patients
with neurofibromatosis type I. The frequency of digital central pocket whorls
was significantly greater, particularly on finger 2, 4, and 5th digit of female with
increase TFRC and ab ridge count. The atd angle was increased in both
hands of female and on right hand in males.

Polyzova D et al. (1991)92 studied dermatoglyphic features in
hypertensive patients. They observed lower frequency of ulnar loop fingertip
pattern and higher frequency of whorls in hypertensive patients with increased
total finger ridge count (TFRC) and atd angle.
Ziegler AG et al. (1993)131 noticed that type I diabetic patients had a
lower 3rd finger ridge count and ab ridge count as compared to the controls.
They also found higher frequency of palmar axial t’ and t” Triradii and a lower
frequency of true palmar pattern in 4th interdigital area in diabetic patients.
Verma SL et al. (1995)122 studied fingerprint patterns in Schizophrenic
patients and found increase frequency of loops and whorls in all digits as
compared to the controls but not statistically significant.
Chiba T et al. (1995)22 found increase frequency of arches and radial
loops on both thumbs, ring fingers and little fingers of patient with biliary
atresia than on those of normal person.
Ravindranath R and Thomas IM (1995)102 studied dermatoglyphics in
maturity onset diabetes mellitus. There was decrease in the mean value of
TFRC and AFRC but not statistically significant in both sexes. Male and
female diabetics showed a significant increase in frequency of ulnar loops,
radial loops and arches and a decrease frequency of whorls.
Rajangam S et al. (1995)98 obtained dermatoglyphic data from 235
cytogenetically confirmed patients of Down’s syndrome. Analysis revealed
increased frequency of ulnar loop fingertip pattern with decreased TFRC and
wider atd angle in patients. Sydney line, Simian crease and patterns in the
hypothenar and interdigital areas have occurred more frequently in the
patients.
Premalatha S (1995)94 noticed increased frequency of ulnar loop
pattern over finger tips in both sexes having ‘Neurofibromatosis’ with
significant reduction in mean ab ridge count in females.
Reed T (1995)105 studied dermatoglyphic features in 308 hypertensive
individual to compare with 316 normotensive normal controls. It was found
that then were no useful or strong relationships between dermatoglyphics
features (like FT patterns, ridge count total / absolute, atd angle, ab ridge
count) and hypertensive individual.
Floris G and Marini E (1998)36 studied dermatoglyphics in individual
suffering from essential hypertension. There was increase frequency of whorls
and increase TFRC with more frequent absence of triradius t.
Simsek S et al. (1998)111 studied dermatoglyphics in children with
cerebral palsy. They reported increased frequency of arch, radial loop and
whorl patterns and decreased frequency of ulnar loop in boys and girls but
statistically significant in boys. There was also decrease in TFRC and ab ridge
count (significantly in boys), but increased in atd angle in patient as compared
to the control group.
Stevenson CJ et al. (2001)114 found no statistically significant
correlations of finger print patterns and atd angle in hypertensive individuals.
Igbigbi PS et al. (2001)56 studied dermatoglyphic features of 99
Malawian patients with diabetes, hypertension and diabetes + hypertension. It

was found that the most predominant ridge pattern were arches in all patients
followed by loops. In diabetes alone, arches were absent; in hypertension, the
arches were only present in women.
Pattanaik L et al. (2002)85 revealed that 56% cases fingertips show
whorls and in 63% cases atd angles fall between the range of 41-46 degree in
bronchial asthmatic patients.
Mokashi V and Kantha S (2002)75 found increase total and absolute
finger ridge count in patient having essential hypertension with decrease in
atd angle. There was also increase in the frequency of whorls and decrease in
the frequency of arches and radial loops.
Ranganath P et al. (2003)99 carried out work on quantitative
dermatoglyphics in hypertension. They found that there was increase in ridge
count in 1st digit of right hand in male. The atd angle was increased in male
and decreased in female hypertensive patients as compared to controls.
Gupta UK et al. (2003)48 studied fingertip patterns in bronchial asthma
and its genetic predisposition. Higher frequency of whorls was observed in 1st
digit in patient as compared to controls. There was decrease frequency of
total arches as compared to controls (p<0.001).
Ravindranath R et al. (2003)103 studied dermatoglyphics in rheumatoid
arthritis. They noticed increased arches and decreased loops/ whorls and
increased simian crease in male patients. Whereas in female patients, there
was a significant increase in whorls and decrease in loops on the 1 st finger of

both hands, with increase in arches on 3rd digit and whorls in 4th digit of left
hand.
Kulkarni DU and Herekar NG (2005)63 observed increase total finger
ridge count (TFRC) and decrease atd angle in patients of essential
hypertension. The other parameters like fingertip patterns, palmer patterns,
palmer crease patterns did not show any significant variation.
Babu SS et al. (2005)8 studied dermatoglyphic features in Pulmonary
Tuberculosis. There was predominance of whorl pattern (56.6%) with
decrease in loop pattern (32.1%) in tuberculosis. Also the mean TFRC and
AFRC were significantly higher with narrower atd angle when compared to
controls.
Kulkarni PR et al (2006)64 studied dermatoglyphics in Congenital
Talipus equinovarus and observed decrease frequency of ulnar loops and
increase frequency of whorls in both hands.
Inamdar VV et al. (2006)57 studied dermatoglyphic features in
carcinoma cervix and observed significant increase in the frequency of whorls
in both hands and arches in left hand. They also noticed increase TFRC and
decrease atd angle, td ridge count and decrease frequency of ulnar loops in
both hands.
Ana Tarca (2006)3 studied dermatoglyphic in NIDDM (Type 2 DM) and
found partial or total suppression of line C (Cx / Co), reduced ab ridge count,
increase frequency of ulnar loop in hypothenar and absence of t triradius.

Chintamani et al. (2007)23 conducted a dermatoglyphic study on 60
histopathologically confirmed breast cancer patient and compared with
controls. They observed that six or more whorls in the total fingertip pattern
were statistically significant among cancer patient as compared to controls.
There was also increase frequency of whorls in right ring finger and right little
finger as compared to the controls.
Kumbnani HK (2007)66 cited absence of finger and palm prints in one
and the only case afflicted with Naggely Syndrome Dermatopathia
pigmentosa reported by the Times of India in 2000.
Oladipo GS et al. (2007)81 studied dermatoglyphic analysis of 90 sickle
cell anaemia cases and observed decrease frequency of ulnar loop and
increase frequency of whorl fingertip patterns, but not statistically significant.
The atd angle, ab ridge count and position of axial triradius were almost same
in both groups, however 2.2% of the cases had Sidney creases.
II. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: (CAD)
Synonyms: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
(AHD), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
CAD is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques
within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen and
nutrients leading to myocardial ischemia. It is the most common cause of
sudden death.
In India, CVD accounted for 32% of all deaths in 2000, and the WHO
estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiac patients will be Indian by 2010. The
transition appears to be in the western style, with CHD as the dominant form
of CVD. (Kumar V et al., 2007)65
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in its various forms is the leading
cause of death for both males and females in the United States and other
industrialized nations. Each year, near 500,000 Americans die of CAD. About
1.5 million individuals in the US suffer an acute myocardial infarction annually
and approximately one third of them die. At least 250,000 people a year die of
a heart attack before they reach the hospital. (Kumar V et al., 2007)65
CAD is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide, with
>4.5 million deaths occurring in the developing world. Despite a recent decline
in developed countries, both CAD mortality and the prevalence of CAD risk
factors continue to rise rapidly in developing countries. (Okrainec K et al,
2004)80
Cardiovascular disease will likely become a major public health and
clinical problem in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal). Estimates
from the Global Burden of Disease Study suggest that by the year 2020 India
will have more individuals with athero-thrombotic cardiovascular disease than
any other region. (Yusuf and Ounpuu, 2001)130

Clinical Manifestation: IHD is invariably caused by disease affecting the
coronary arteries, the most prevalent being atherosclerosis accounting for
more than 90% cases, while other causes are responsible for less than 10%
cases of IHD. (Harsh Mohan, 2006)50. The clinical manifestation of CAD is
generally due to progressive encroachment of the lumen leading to stenosis
or to acute plaque disruption with thrombosis, which compromises blood flow.
A fixed obstructive lesion of 75% or greater generally causes symptomatic
ischemia induced by exercise and 90% stenosis can lead to inadequate
coronary blood flow even at rest. Slowly developing occlusions may stimulate
collateral vessels over time, which protect against distal myocardial ischemia
and infarction even with an eventual high-grade stenosis. (Kumar V et al.,
2007)65
The Clinical Manifestations of IHD can be divided into four syndromes:
(Kumar V et al., 2007)65
I] Angina Pectoris, in which the ischemia is less severe and does not
cause death of cardiac muscle. Of the three variants – stable angina,
Prinzmetal angina, and unstable angina; the latter is the most threatening as a
frequent harbinger of Myocardial Infarction.
II] Myocardial Infarction (MI), the most important form of IHD, in
which the duration and severity of ischemia is sufficient to cause death of
heart muscle.
III] Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease with heart failure.
IV] Sudden Cardiac Death.

Acute Coronary Syndromes: Acute MI, unstable angina and sudden cardiac
death are sometimes referred to as acute coronary syndromes.
The first coronary presentation for women is more likely to be an angina,
whereas in men it is more likely to be MI. Diabetic men and hypertensive
person of both sexes are particularly susceptible to silent or unrecognised
myocardial infarctions. (Fuster V et al., 2001)37
RISK FACTORS OF CAD:
The concept of Cardiovascular risk factors arose from the
FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY, a landmark study in CVD epidemiology,
which is based on the traditional risk factors of age, sex, dyslipidemia, blood
pressure and smoking. (Kannel WB et al., 1961)61
The aetiology of CAD is multifactorial. Apart from the obvious ones
such as increasing age and male sex, studies have identified several
important “risk” factors. Some are modifiable, other not. Presence of any one
of the risk factors places an individual in a high risk category for developing
CAD. The greater the number of risk factors present, the more likely one is to
develop CAD. (Park K, 2007)84
Risk Factors for CHD are as follows:
NOT MODIFIABLE MODIFIABLE
Age Cigarette smoking
Sex Hypertension
Family History Diabetes – Hyperinsulinemia
Genetic Factors Hypercholesterolemia – elevated serum
cholesterol
Personality Obesity
Sedentary Habits
Stress
1. Smoking: It is responsible for 25% CHD deaths under 65 years of age
in men.
2. Hypertension: It accelerates the atherosclerotic process, especially if
hyperlipidemia is also present.
3. Serum Cholesterol: Increase level of serum total cholesterol (TC),
usually > 220 mg/dl, increases the risk for the development of MI. There is a
triangular relationship between habitual diet, blood cholesterol- lipoprotein
levels and CHD. Japan is having the lowest incidence and Finland is having
the highest incidence of CHD, because of the cultural differences in serum
cholesterol level between two countries. Low density Lipoprotein (LDL)
cholesterol is most directly related with CHD. While very low density
lipoprotein (VLDL) has been shown to be associated with premature
atherosclerosis. Whereas, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (>30
mg/dl) is protective against the development of CHD. Total cholesterol/ HDL
ratio of <3.5 has been recommended as a clinical goal for CHD prevention.
4. Diabetes: The risk of CHD is 2-3 times higher in diabetes than in non-
diabetics. CHD is responsible for 30-50% of deaths in diabetics over the age
of 40 years in industrialized countries.
5. Genetic Factors: A family history of CHD is known to increase the risk
of premature deaths. Genetic factors are probably the most important
determinants of a given individual’s TC and LDL levels.
6. Physical Activity: Sedentary life style is associated with a greater risk
of the development of early CHD.
7. Personality: Type A behaviour is associated with competitive drive,
restlessness, hostility and a sense of urgency or impatience. Type A
individuals are more prone to CHD than the calmer, more philosophical Type
B individuals.
8. Alcohol: High alcohol intake of >75 gm/day is an independent risk
factor for CHD and hypertension.
In India, the prevalence of NIDDM is very high. Hypertension
contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in NIDDM. About 30-50% of
the NIDDM patients have hypertension. Conversely, approximately 50% of
hypertensive individuals are estimated to have hyperinsulinemia.
Hyperinsulinemia may directly produce deleterious changes in metabolic
activity of arterial wall cells. It is also associated with increased total
cholesterol, VLDL and triglycerides, decrease HDL and alteration in LDL
composition and density resulting in more atherogenic particles. (Premalatha
G and Mohan V, 1995)93.

The CAD and coronary risk factors were 2-3 fold more common among
urban subjects compared to the rural population in both sexes. Central obesity
was four times more common in the urban population compared to the rural in
both sexes. Sedentary life style and alcohol intake were significantly higher in
urban population. (Singh RB et al, 1997)112
There was a significant association between CAD and age,
hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and central obesity in both sexes.
(Singh RB et al, 1997)112
In more recent Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) 8 risk
variables are identified as age, family history of premature MI, Diabetes,
Hypertension – systolic BP, Smoking, LDL- Cholesterol, HDL- Cholesterol,
and triglycerides. (Assmann G et al, 2000)6. Lipoprotein-a, Homocysteine,
Fibrinogen, and hsCRP are also identified as the risk factors of CAD.
Chamber JC et al. (2000)20 reported that plasma homocysteine is an
independent risk factor for CAD in Asian Indians compared to Europeans.
CAD is closely associated with diabetes and hypertension. The risk of
CAD is 2-3 times higher in diabetic than non diabetic. (Yusuf et al., 2001)130.
Nair KG et al. (2002)78 reported that methylene tetra-hydrofolate
reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation causing hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk
for increased risk for CAD in Indians.
The risk of CAD is 2-3 times higher in diabetes than in non-diabetics.
CHD is responsible for 30-50% of deaths in diabetics over the age of 40 years
in industrialized countries. Hypertension accelerates the atherosclerotic
process, especially if hyperlipidemia is also present. (Park, 2007)84
Harish Rao et al. (2007)49 obtained a very high sensitivity, specificity
and accuracy with above 90% positive prediction value for increase plasma
homocysteine levels in CHD patients when compared to commonest
conventional risk factors. Elevated plasma homocysteine may be an important
cause for atherosclerosis formation.
The increasing frequency of CAD in the young suggests the possible
role of non-conventional risk factors. In a case control study it was found that
High C reactive protein levels and Ig G anti-chlamydial antibodies are
significantly associated with CAD in Indians. However, insulin, lipoprotein A,
fibrinogen, Ig G anti-chlamydial antibodies and higher levels of total plasma
homocysteine have no statistically association with CAD. (Jaswal DS et al.,
2008)60
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF CAD:
In the US, an estimated 12 million people have CHD, about one half of
whom have acute MI and half have angina pectoris. For men the prevalence
of MI is 1% at ages 35-44 years and 16% at ages 75 and over. In women, the
prevalence is less than 1% at ages 35-44 years and 13% at ages 75 and
over. (Fuster V et al., 2001)37
In the US, CHD causes about 650,000 new heart attacks each year
and 450,000 recurrent attacks. The incidence in women lags behind that in
men by 10 years for total CHD and by 20 years for more serious clinical
manifestations such as MI and sudden death. (Fuster V et al., 2001)37
Gensini GG et al. (1972)40 in New York observed an incidence of 4.5%
CAD in a group of 278 adults undergoing cardiac catheterization with the
clinical diagnosis of valvular or congenital heart disease in absence of
symptoms suspicious for CAD.
Postmortem analysis of asymptomatic patients who died of causes
unrelated to CAD pointed to an estimated prevalence of 4.5% of CAD, 6.4% in
men and 2.6% in women. (Diamond and Forrester, 1979)31.
In Germany, the prevalence of CAD was 7.3% in patient in whom the
underlying disease was not related to CAD and who underwent coronary
angiography as part of their routine baseline evaluation. The mean levels of
total cholesterol and other risk factors were not significantly different in patient
with CAD compared with those without. But the levels of LDL cholesterol and
Lipoprotein-a were significantly higher and HDL cholesterol lower in CAD.
(Enbergs A et al., 2000)32
The prevalence of CAD was approximately 10% between 25-64 years
of age in most of the developed countries, which may be slightly higher in the
United States and Northern Europe and lower in Southern Europe, Japan and
Australia. (Mandal S et al., 2009)70
At least three studies from UK have confirmed that prevalence of CAD
is several fold higher among Asian Indians, more particularly at younger age
of 25-39 years, whereas it rarely occurs below the age of 40 years among
Europeans. (Premalatha G and Mohan V, 1995)93.
About two thirds of the global estimated 14.3 million annual
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths occur in the developing world. By the
year 2015, CVD could be the most important cause of mortality in India. The
prevalence of CAD increased from 1% in 1960 to 9.6% in 1995 in urban
populations, and in rural areas it has almost doubled in the last decade.
(Gupta R and Gupta VP, 1996)43
The overall prevalence of CAD, based on a clinical diagnosis and an
electrocardiogram (ECG) was 9.0% in the urban and 3.3% in the rural
population of Moradabad district of North India with significantly (P<0.001)
higher prevalences in the men compared with women in both urban (11.0 vs 6.9)
and rural (3.9 vs 2.6%) populations respectively. (Singh RB et al., 1997)112
The Prevalence of CAD in different regions of India is as follows:
Sr. Authors Year Published in Region Popul Sample Preval
1. Mandal et al 70 2009 Ind J Com Med, Siliguri Urban 250 11.6%
2. Latheef et al 68 2006 Ind Heart J Tirupati Urban 1519 12.6%
3. Gupta R et al 46 2002 Ind Heart J Jaipur Urban 1123 08.2%
4. Mohan V et al 74 2001 J A C Cardiol, Chennai Urban 1263 11.0%
5. Gupta R et al 45 1995 Ind Heart J Jaipur, Raj. Urban -- 07.6%
6. Beegom R et al 10 1995 Acta Cardiol Trivandrum Urban 506 13.9%
7. Gupta R et al 44 1994 Br Med J Jaipur Rural 1905 04.6%

8. Wander G et al125 1994 Ind Heart J Ludhiana Rural -- 03.8%
9. Kutty R et al 67 1993 Int J Cardiol Trivandrum Rural 1130 07.4%
10. Chadda et al 19 1990 Ind Heart J Delhi Urban 13275 09.7%
11. Gupta SP et al 47 1975 JAPI Rohtak Urban -- 03.8%
12. Sarvotham et al1081968 Circulation Chan’garh Urban -- 06.6%
The prevalence of CAD reported in different studies showed that
prevalence of CAD has almost doubled in rural areas and increased 9-fold in
the urban population, and that the rates are higher in South India as
compared to the North. The prevalence of CAD and coronary risk factors is
high in urban population in India as compared to rural population. (Mandal S
et al., 2009)70.
GENETIC CORRELATION:
CAD and MI are significantly determined by genetic background
(Fischer M et al, 2005)35. Heredity exerts a major influence on the
development of some of the established risk factors, such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, but the role of independent
genetic influences through mechanism other than these known risk factors
remains unknown. Stone PH et al. (1981)115 found that there is statistically
significant association between HLA BW38 and presence of CAD, found in
21% cases as compared to 4% in control population.

The manifestation of CAD is influenced by a complex interplay of
numerous environmental and genetic factors. With regard to the genetic
contribution, a positive family history for MI is considered to be strong
cardiovascular risk factors. At younger ages, death from CAD is influenced by
genetic factors in both sexes. The death from CAD at an early age in one’s
twin was a strong predictor of the risk of death from this disorder. The risk was
greater in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins and was largely
independent of other personal risk factors for CAD. (Marenberg ME et al.,
1994)71.
Several genetic polymorphisms are associated with risk factor level
and/or CHD, and genes have a significant effect on the level of several risk or
"anti-risk" factors. Lp(a) lipoprotein, which exhibits a definite association with
CHD, is under strict genetic control. A high level of Lp(a) lipoprotein does not
in itself result in increased lipid levels, and it is therefore necessary to conduct
specific tests with regard to this important genetic risk factor. DNA variation at
several apolipoprotein loci has been examined and several associations with
risk factor levels have been reported. (Berg K, 1989)12.
91
Polzik EV et al. (1993) opined that the two genetic markers--HLA
antigens and the pattern of dermatoglyphics- provide strong evidence for the
fact that there is a genetic predisposition to coronary heart disease. However
the dermatoglyphic pattern has been found to be a more reliable marker of
predisposition to this disease than HLA antigens.
Kassem NS et al. (1994)62 conducted the study aimed at studying
certain genetic markers (lipoproteins, ABO blood groups and

dermatoglyphics), in cases of CHD patients and control group to detect any
significant association between such genetics markers in this disorder. The
study revealed significant and marked association of CHD with low alpha-
lipoprotein, high pre-beta and beta-lipoproteins. No significant association was
detected with ABO phenotypes. Definite significant association was also
detected between CHD and certain dermatoglyphics phenotypes including
FTP, T-D count and palm patterns. These significant associations of CHD and
these genetic markers "which are genetically determined" denoted strongly
genetic etiology or at least genetic predisposition of CHD.
Golabi P et al. (1999)41 carried out a case-control study on patients of
myocardial infarction to determine the association of haptoglobin (Hp),
transferrin (Tf) and complement component 3 (C3) polymorphism with
myocardial infarction. It was noted that Tf and C3 polymorphism was found to
be statistically non-significant while the Hp polymorphism was found to be
statistically significant (chi sq = 21.88, p < 0.01) in cases of MI.
Atherosclerotic involvement in the coronary arteries, which can result in
heart attack and sudden death, is a common disease and prototypic of a
complex human trait. Although there was limited inter-study concordance of
important loci, two gene variants in the leukotriene pathway (ALOX5AP and
LTA4) have emerged as susceptibility factors for myocardial infarction (MI).
Genome-wide association studies have also been undertaken, and the pro-
inflammatory cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA), and its key ligand galectin-2
(LGALS2) have been identified as genes implicated in predisposition for heart
attack. (Topol EJ et al., 2006)120

DIGNOSTIC PROCEDURE: CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
While the aspect of cardiac catherterization may be performed in
specific clinical situations, the essence of modern catheterisation is high-
quality coronary angiography. The tips of specially shaped catheters are
placed into left and then to the right coronary artery, and any surgical bypass
grafts, under fluoroscopic guidance. Hand injection of a radiographic contrast
agent allows opacification of their lumina, with those images recorded at 15
frames per second on a radiographic image (cine angiography). Each
coronary artery is usually viewed in several projections to permit assessment
of the location and severity of any stenosis relative to the adjacent “normal”
vessel segments. It also evaluates the rapidity of coronary flow, the blush of
capillary filling in the myocardium, collateral pathways that perfuse myocardial
territories supplied by an occluded vessel, the presence of congenital
abnormalities of the coronary circulation (e.g. coronary fistula), and patency of
any previously constructed coronary artery bypass graft. The degree of
stenosis is typically evaluated by visual estimation of percent diameter
stenosis of each lesion relative to the “uninvolved” adjacent reference
segment. Despite recent progress in multidetector computed tomography
(MDCT) that suggests this evolving technique may ultimately replace
screening pre-surgical coronary angiography, coronary arteriography remains
the most diagnostic tool for evaluation of the coronary anatomy in with
sufficient precision to inform decisions regarding coronary surgery vs. catheter
based interventions in patients with CAD (Fauci AS et al., 2008)33.

Coronary Angiography, a diagnostic procedure for CAD is
recommended only when non-invasive diagnostic procedure are suspicious of
CAD or the patient presents with a high risk profile of cardiovascular risk
factors (e.g. serum Cholesterol >300mg/dl, excessive smoking, etc) or in
patients with a history of CAD or with clinical symptoms typical for this
disease. (Enbergs A et al, 2000)32
Coronary angiography is still the gold standard for the detection of
significant coronary atherosclerosis. Due to its invasive nature, it is not
possible to use it for screening entirely asymptomatic (healthy) populations.
(Widimsky and Andel, 2000)127
INVOLVEMENT OF CORONARY ARTERIES BY ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
Atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries are distributed in one or
more of the three major coronary arterial trunks, the highest incidence being
in left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by right coronary artery
(RAC) and left circumflex artery (LCX). (Harsh Mohan, 2006)50
Kumar V et al. (2007)65 also described that although only a single major
coronary epicardial trunk may be affected, two or all three – LAD, LCX, and
RCA are often involved. Clinically significant stenosing plaques may be
located anywhere within these vessels but tend to predominate within the first
several centimeters of LAD and LCX and along the entire length of the RCA.
Sometimes the major secondary epicardial branches are also involved (i.e.
the diagonal branches of LAD, obtuse marginal branches of LCX or posterior

descending branch of RCA), but atherosclerosis of the intramural branches is
rare.
Autopsy in individuals who died of non cardiac causes revealed a high
prevalence of SVD up to 10%. (Davies MJ, 1992)29.
The frequency of TVD is more common in Asian Indians as compared
to Europeans, which suggests that severity of LAD is greater in Asian Indians.
(Premalatha G and Mohan V, 1995)93.
Enbergs A et al. (2000)32 studied 331 patients in whom the underlying
disease was not related to CAD and found a prevalence of CAD in 7.3%
cases with SVD in 3.6%, DVD in 2.1% and TVD in 1.6% with at least one
critical stenosis greater than 50% lumen.
Among patients with unstable angina who undergo coronary
angiography, ~25% will have one vessel, 25% have two vessels and 25%
have three vessels involvement, 10% will have significant left main stenosis
and the other 15% will have narrowing of less than 50% or normal vessel on
angiography. (Fuster V et al., 2001)37
Fischer M et al. (2005)35 noticed atherosclerotic lesion to an extent of >
50% stenosis in 23.1% cases having SVD, 33.1% cases having DVD and
40.3% cases having TVD.
About one third of cases of CAD have single vessel disease (SVD),
most often LAD arterial involvement; another one third have two vessels
disease (DVD), and the remainder have three major vessels disease (TVD).
(Harsh Mohan, 2006)50.

III. DERMATOGLYPHICS IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE:
Takashina T et al. (1966)116 studied palmer dermatoglyphic patterns
on 44 patients with congenital heart disease and compared with patterns on
362 patients with acquired heart disease. Distal displacement (t” or multiple
axial triradii) of the palmer axial triradii occurred significantly greater frequency
in the patients with congenital heart disease (64%) as compared to acquired
heart disease (17%). Significant increase in the loop pattern in hypothenar
area in acquired heart disease (33%) as compared to congenital heart
disease (21%). However there was increase percentage frequency of palmar/
tented arches in congenital heart disease (79%) as compared to acquired
heart disease (65%).
Rashad and Mi (1975)100 carried out dermatoglyphic studies on 800
Japanese subjects. Individuals with MI had a significantly higher finger of true
whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control
group. Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in MI.
However individuals with HT were not significantly different in most
dermatoglyphic triats from the controls.
Rashad et al. (1978)101 observed that individuals who had had MI were
significantly higher in total and absolute ridge counts than other control. There
was also an increase frequency of true whorls with a proportional decrease in
the frequency of ulnar loops. The MI patients had significantly higher
frequency of true whorls, double loops and less ulnar loops and tented
arches. Total and absolute ridge counts were significantly higher (P<0.05) in
all digits in favour of MI patients.

Anderson MW et al. (1981)4 studied an association between
Dermatoglyphic features and MI in the caucasian males. It was found that
there was no statistically significant difference in finger pattern type
frequencies between MI and control subjects. Nor did the analysis of the total
and absolute ridge count distribution in MI patient.
Bhatt SH (1996)13 presented data showing significantly higher
incidence of whorls and lower incidence of loops in patients with MI.
Shamsadini S et al. (1997)110 studied 100 patients of MI and 100
controls to find out the relationship of finger dermatoglyphics in MI in man.
They revealed statistically significant increase in the frequency of loop in MI
patients when compared to the controls. They concluded that loop type finger
print compared to whorl and arch type were more associated with MI
(P<0.001). They have grouped MI in two groups as Q type MI and non Q type
MI on the basis of electrocardiography, where Q type MI was found to be
predominant.
Dhall V et al. (2000)30 studied 42 patients of MI and 42 controls. It was
observed that the total number of whorls was significantly higher in patients
with MI as compared to control group (P<0.0001), while there was significant
less number of loops in MI (P<0.0001). There was also decrease in the
percentage of arches in MI but not statistically significant. All the digit in MI
patients showed higher percentage of whorls with statistically significant in
right thumb (P<0.05), right little (P<0.01) and left ring finger (P<0.05). Also
there was decrease frequency of loops in all digits with significant in right
thumb and left ring finger in MI patient.

Jalali F et al. (2002)58 studied cross sectional study of 900 patients of
MI and 900 control group. It was noticed that in MI patients, the distribution of
dermatoglyphic pattern was 7.2% arch type, 46.8% loop type and 46% whorl
type of fingertip patterns in contrast to 30.7%, 50.7% and 45.5% respectively
in control group. Thus the arch type was significantly increased in MI as
compared to the control (P<0.001) and particularly in left thumb, left index and
left ring finger (P<0.0001). They had also grouped MI cases into Q-wave MI
and non-Q-wave MI on the basis of electrocardiography and noticed that the
percentage of arch type was significantly increased in both Q-wave and non-
Q wave MI when compared to the control (P<0.0001), however the
percentage of arch was greater in non-Q-wave MI as compared to Q-wave MI.
There was roughly two times increase in the rate of arch patterns in MI
patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy from
July 2007 to August 2009. It includes 150 patients (120 males and 30
females) of Coronary Artery Disease. Similarly equal numbers of normal
healthy individual were included as controls. Even the individuals with history/
family history of hypertension, diabetes or any cardiac problem were excluded
from controls.
All the patients were taken from the Private Cardiac Hospitals of the
region. The patients who were diagnosed after Coronary Angiography were
only included in the study. Even the patients of IHD with normal coronary
angiography were excluded from the study. The Palmar Prints of the patients
and the controls were taken on the Map Litho White paper by ink method.
METHOD OF DERMATOGLYPHIC PRINTING:
Dermatoglyphic prints were taken by the “INK METHOD” as described
by CUMMINS (1936)27 and CUMMINS and MIDLO (1961)26. This method was
selected from the various methods described in literature because of following
advantages:
1. Simple technique.
2. Low cost.
3. Clarity of Prints.
4. Being less time consuming.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: (Figure No.1)
1. Camel quick drying duplicating ink.
2. Rubber roller.
3. Inking Slab- Thick glass sheet fixed over wooden support.
4. Century board.
5. White ‘Map Litho’ paper with a glazed surface on one side.
6. Pressure pad made up of rubber foam.
7. Cotton puffs.
8. Scale.
9. Pencil Pen
10. Protractor – To measure ‘atd’ angle.
11. Needle with a sharp point, for ridge counting.
Figure No 1: Showing Materials required in Dermatoglyphic Printing

STEPS IN THE PRINTING METHOD:
1) The subjects were asked to clean their hands with soaps and water.
They were also asked to dry their hands but to leave some
moisture.
2) The requisite amount of ink daub was placed on the glass slab. It
was uniformly spread by the rubber roller to get a thin even ink film
on the glass slab.
3) The thin film of ink was applied on the palm by passing the inked
rubber roller uniformly over the palm and digits taking care that the
hollow of the palm and the flexor creases of the wrist were uniformly
inked.
4) The palm was examined for the uniformity of the ink, and if found
otherwise ink was also applied to the hollow of the palm with the
help of cotton puffs.
5) Left hand of the subject was then placed on the sheet of paper
(kept over the pressure pad) from proximal to distal end. The palm
was gently pressed between inter-metacarpal grooves at the root of
fingers, and on the dorsal side corresponding to thenar and
hypothenar regions. The palm was then lifted from the paper in
reverse order, from the distal to proximal end. The fingers were also
printed below the palmar print by rolled finger print method. The tip
of the fingers were rolled from radial to ulnar side to include all the
patterns.
6) The same procedure was repeated for right hand on separate paper.
7) The printed sheets were coded with name, age, sex, and for case
group (CAD) and control group.
8) The prints were then subjected for detail dermatoglyphic analysis

with the help of magnifying hand lens and ridge counting was done
with the help of a sharp needle. The details were noted on the same
paper with the pencil pen.
PROFORMA
Title of Research Project: Study of palmar dermatoglyphics in Coronary
Artery Disease.
Investigator: Dr.
PERSONAL DATA
Case/ control: Reg. No.:
Name of Subject: Age/ Sex:
Address:
Diagnosis:
History of DM/ HT/ Cardiac disease:
Family History:
DERMATOGLYPHIC DATA
1. Qualitative analysis of finger prints.
i) Loops :
ii) Arches :
iii) Whorls :
2. Quantitative analysis of finger prints.
i) Total finger ridge count (TFRC)
ii) Absolute finger ridge count (AFRC)
3. Palmar Patterns
4. Position of Axial Triradii
5. Number of Palmar Triradii
6. ab ridge count
7. ‘atd’ angle
MORPHOLOGY:
DERMATOGLYPHICS CONFIGURATIONS
Ridge detail (Minutiae): (Figure No. 2)
Intricate details of structure of epidermal ridges are termed as minutiae

by Galton F (1892)39. They are highly variable but unique to an individual.
They are valuable and reliable for personal identification. They do not have
other medical value.
Figure No 02: Showing Ridge Details (Minutiae)
Penrose LS (1968)89 classified the minutiae in 7 groups.
Nomenclature of Minutiae:
Island or Point: It is a very short, approximately independent circular ridge

bearing only one sweat pore.
Short Ridge: It contains 2-5 pores of sweat glands.

Fork or Y Formation: It represents bifurcation of a ridge.
Enclosures: It is formed by reunion of 2 branches of a bifurcated ridge.
End: It is an abrupt termination of the ridge.
Interstitial Line: It is a narrow subsidiary ridge in the furrows between

individual ridges. It is inconstant and omitted in ridge counting.
Pattern Configurations:
A] Fingers: 1. Fingertip Pattern configurations.
2. Dermatoglyphic landmarks.
3. Patterns of middle and proximal phalanges.
B] Palms: Palmar pattern configuration.
1. Hypothenar (Hyp) 2. Thenar (Th)
3. Interdigital area - 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th (ID1, ID2, ID3, ID4)
FINGERTIP PATTERN CONFIGURATION: (Figure No. 3)
Galton F (1892)39, divided fingertip patterns into 3 groups - Loops,

Arches and Whorls. Henry ER (1900)51, added 4th group ‘Composites’ to
demarcate more complex patterns. The composited form heterogeneous
group and include four chief types: 1) Central pocket loops 2) Lateral pocket
loops 3) Twin loops and 4) Accidental.
Penrose LS (1954)86 classified the fingertip ridge patterns into three

main types based on the presence of number of triradii. Thus, there is no
triradius in a arch, one in a loop and typically two triradii in a whorl. (Holt SB,
1961)55
Figure No 03: Showing Finger Tip Pattern Configuration

Finger Tip Pattern: (Figure No. 4)
a] ARCH (A): An arch is the simplest pattern. It consists of more or less

parallel ridges. The ridges curve the pattern area. The curve is proximally
concave. The curve is gentle in low arch and sharp in high arch.
1. Simple or Plain Arch (Ap): Ridges cross fingertip from one side to
the other without recurving. It is not a true pattern.
2. Tented Arch (At): In Tented Arch, ridges meet at a point. So their

smooth sweep is interrupted. The triradius is located near the
midline axis and distal phalynx.
The distal radiant of the triradius usually points towards the apex of the
fingertip. The ridges passing over this radiant are abruptly elevated and form
a tent like pattern.
Figure No 04: Showing different Finger Tip Patterns

Triradius: Triradius is the point of confluence of ridges. The ridges usually

radiate from this point in three different directions. (Penrose LS, 1965)88
b] LOOP (L): It is the most frequent pattern on fingertip. In this configuration

series of ridges enter and leave the pattern area on same side.
1. Ulnar Loop (Lu): In Ulnar Loop ridges opens on the ulnar side.
2. Radial Loop (Lr): In Radial Loop ridges open on the radial side.
Triradius: The triradius is located on the fingertip and on the same side
where the loop is crossed.
C] WHORLS (W): According to Galton’s classification, whorl is any ridge

configuration with two or more triradii. According to Henry’s classification
whorl is a ridge configuration in which ridges actually encircle core and more
complex patterns are called as ‘Composites’. Whorls are usually classified
into Simple/ Plain Whorls (Spiral or Concentric) and Double Loop Whorls
(Twin loop or Lateral pocket loop).
Types:
1. Concentric Whorl (Wc): The ridges are arranged as concentric rings

or ellipse (around the core).
2. Spiral Whorl (Ws): The ridges spiral around the core in clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction.
3. Mixed Whorl (Wmix): It contains circles and ellipse or spirals in the

same pattern.
4. Central Pocket Whorl (Wcp): It contains a smaller whorl within a loop.

It is sub-classified as ulnar or radial according to the side on which
outer loop opens.
5. Lateral Pocket Whorl (Wlp) or Twin Loop (Wtl): These types are
morphologically similar, have 2 triradii. In lateral pocket whorl both
ridges emanating from each core emerge on the same side of the
pattern. In twin loop whorl the ridges emanating from each core open
towards the opposite margin of the finger.
6. Accidentals (Wacc): Complex patterns, which cannot be classified as

one of the above patterns, are called accidentals. They represent a
combination of two or more configurations.
Dermatoglyphic Landmarks on the fingertip patterns
1. Triradii
2. Cores.
3. Radiants.
1. Triradius: A triradius is formed by confluence of three ridges systems.
Triradius Point: It is the geometric center of the triradius. Ideally it is the

meeting point of three ridges, if they fail to meet, the triradial point can
be represented by very short, dot like ridge called as island or by a
ridge ending or it may lie on a ridge at the point near the center of the
divergence of the three innermost ridges. Triradius in such cases is
described as extralimital and commonly observed in the hypothenar
area of the palm.
2. Core: It is approximate center of the palm. The core may be of different

shapes. In ridge counting the point of core (not the whole core) is used.
3. Radiants (type lines): Radiants are ridges that emanate from the
triradius and enclose the pattern area.
Quantitative Analysis:
Many Dermatoglyphic characteristics can be described quantitatively.
Pattern Intensity:
Pattern intensity refers to the complexity of ridge configuration. It can

be expressed by counting the number of triradii present. A digit may have
pattern intensity 0-3 according to the number of triradii. The simple arch which
lacks triradius is assigned number 0, whereas the tented arch and the loop
have intensity one.
Similarly, pattern intensity of the palm can be expressed as the sum of

all triradii present.
Ridge Counting: (Figure No. 5)
Ridge counting indicates the pattern size. It is primarily utilized in

fingertips as a way of expressing the distance between digital triradii to the
ridge density in a given area.
Figure No 05: Finger Ridge Counting in different Patterns

The counting is done along the straight lines connecting the core and
the triradius. Ridges containing triradial point and point of core are excluded.
In case of whorl with two triradii and at least one point of core, two different
counts are made, one from each triradii. Each count is made along a line
drawn between the triradial point and the nearer point of core. The two counts
are specified as first radial and second ulnar counts.
Usually the symbols and ridge counts are recorded in order, beginning
with the little finger of the left hand continuing to the thumb. While digits of
right hand are started with thumb and continued up to little finger. Because
the ridge counts are used to express the size, only the largest count is scored
in a pattern with more than one possible count. Both simple and tented arches
have ‘0’ count.
To some extent, ridge count reflects the pattern type (Holt SB,1961) 55.
Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC):
TFRC represents the sum of ridge counts of all ten digits, where only
the larger count is used on those digits with more than one ridge count. It
expresses the size of pattern.
Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC):
AFRC is the sum of the ridge counts from all the separate triradii on the
fingers. It reflects the pattern size as well as pattern intensity, which depends
on the pattern type.
PALMAR PATTERN CONFIGURATION: (Figure No. 6)
The palm has been divided into several anatomically well-divided areas
to carry out dermatoglyphic analysis. These areas approximate the sites of
embryonic volar pads. They include the thenar area, interdigital areas and
hypothenar area.
Hypothenar (Hypo): Hypothenar area is situated along the lower part of ulnar
border of hand and labelled as ‘Hypo’.
Thenar (Th): Thenar area is situated at the base of the thumb and labelled as
‘Th’.
First, Second, Third, Fourth Interdigital Areas (ID1, ID2, ID3, and ID4):
The first, second, third, fourth interdigital areas are found in the distal palm in
the region of heads of metacarpal bones. Each is bordered laterally by a
digital triradii. The digital triradii are located proximal to the base of digits II-V.
Digital Triradii are labelled as a, b, c, and d starting from digits II-V. The
interdigital area ID1 lie between ‘Th’ and ‘a’, ID2 between ‘a’ and ‘b’, ID3
between ‘b’ and ‘c’ and ID4 lies between ‘c’ and ‘d’.
If a (digital) triradius is absent, the midpoint of the base of the

corresponding digits can be used to separate interdigital areas.
Figure No 06: Showing Palmar Pattern Configuration and Palmar Areas

with Palmar Triradii
AXIAL TRIRADIUS (T):
The triradius or triradii close to palmar axis are termed as Axial triradius
(t). Symbol t, t’, t’’ are used to designate the position of these triradii in the
proximal distal direction on the palm. The axial triradii (t) are found in the
proximal region of palm, near the wrist crease.
t’’- triradius situated near the center of palm
t’- intermediate triradius situated between t’’ and t
Palmar Landmarks:
Digital and axial triradii are traced in the distal portion of the palm. They
are found in the metacarpal regions at the base of digits 2, 3, 4 and 5. They
are labelled as a, b, c and d from radial to ulnar direction. The two distal
radiant of each triradius run laterally to the nearest interdigital area (ID)
subtending the digit concerned.
Palmar Main Line:
The proximal radiant traced along its course within the palmar area
constitutes a palmar main line. There are four Main Lines each emanating
from one of the digital triradii and labelled as A, B, C, and D corresponding to
the triradius having the same lower case letter.
A triradius may be missing, two triradii may be fused into a single

triradius, or there may be additional (accessory) triradius/ triradii.
A missing triradius may be replaced by gently curving ridges and is

almost invariably limited to the area of triradius ‘c’. An accessory triradius/
triradii, when present are labelled according to the nearest digital triradii
(‘a’,’b’,’c’ or‘d’).
An interdigital triradius, a special case of missing triradius, lying in the

centre of an interdigital area is labelled in relation to the triradii it replace. E.g.,
‘bc’.
MAIN LINE FORMULA (MLF): (Figure No. 7)
The terminals of the main lines are assigned numbers distributed along
the periphery of the palm in order to convey information about their course.
Altogether 15 numbers are used. The numbering starts in the proximal

part of the thenar area and continues along the ulnar, distal and radial borders
of the palm. The termination of the main lines, recorded in the order D, C, B, A
are used to express the main line formula.
The main line formula constitutes the first part of the palmar formula. It
is followed by the position of the axial triradius/ triradii and then by symbols
used for the palmar configuration in the following order Hyp, Th, ID1, ID2, ID3,
and ID4.
Figure No 07: Showing numerical values used to designate termini of

Palmar Main Lines in Main Line Formula
TERMINI OF PALMAR MAIN LINES (PENROSE LS, 1968)89
Number Area or Point of Main Line Formula
1. Proximal radial border of the thenar area and interval

between this and t- triradius.
2. Triradius -t.
3. Interval between t and the midpoint of the ulnar border of

the hand from the distal wrist crease to the proximal crease of
digit V.
4. Midpoint between the distal wrist crease and the proximal

crease of digit V on the ulnar border.
5’. Interval between midpoint of ulnar border and ulnar termination

of the distal transverse crease.
5’’ Interval between the ulnar termination of the distal transverse

crease and that of proximal crease of digit V.
6. Triradius -d.
7. Distal edge of interdigital area 4.
8. Triradius -c.
9. Distal edge of interdigital area 3
10. Triradius -b.
11. Distal edge of interdigital area 2.
12. Triradius -a.
13. Interval between distal edge of ID1 and radial termination of

radial longitudinal crease (thumb crease).
13’ Interval on radial border of the palm between the termination of

the radial longitudinal crease and the base of the thumb.
MAIN- LINE INDEX: (Figure No. 8)
The termini of two main lines, A and D alone adequately reflect the
ridge direction. A main line index is based on the sum of two numbers
corresponding to the exit of main lines A and D (Cummins H 1936)27. It is the
sum of terminations of A and D main lines, renumbering the terminations 1 to
5” as 1 to 6, and 6 to 13” as 1 to 9. (Reed T, 1981)104
The numerical values assigned to these exits are demonstrated in the

figure. The resulting value gives an estimate of palmar ridge transversally. A
low value for the index indicates vertical ridge alignment whereas high value
reflects a tendency for palmar ridge direction to be horizontal.
Figure No 08: Showing modified values of Main Line termination for

calculation of Main Line Index
ab RIDGE COUNT:
It is the number of ridges between triradii ‘a’ and ‘b’.
atd ANGLE:
atd angle is an indication of the degree of distal displacement of axial

triradius; and the angle increases as the triradius is more distally located. It
has been extensively used in dermatoglyphic examinations since it was
originally introduced by penrose in 1949. (Berg JM, 1968)11
It is formed by lines drawn from digital triradius ‘a’ to the axial triradius‘t’
and from axial triradius‘t’ to the digital triradius ‘d’. The more distal the position
of t, the larger the ‘atd’ angle. ‘atd’ angle is the most widely used method in
interpreting the position of triradius‘t’.
Though a valuable and rapid measurement, the atd angle has the
disadvantage of altering with age, because of the growth of the hand. It also
varies a little with the amount of pressure applied in producing a palm print.
(Berg JM, 1968)11
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The following statistical tests are chosen for the research project:
1) Arithmetic Mean (X): It is most commonly used measure of central

tendency. It is a simple expression showing the net result of a series or
group.
a. Formula: X= xi
n
Where X= Mean
xi= ith observation
n= total number of observation
b. For grouped data: X= fixi

fi
Where: xi= mid value of ith class interval
fi = frequency of ith class interval
2. Standard Deviation (SD): It is the most frequently used measure of

deviation. In simple terms, it is defined as “Root- Means- Square-Deviation”.
For n> 30
a. For Ungrouped data: SD= (x-X)2

n
Where X= Mean
n= total number of observation
b. For Grouped data: SD= fd2

n
Where d=deviation of items in series from mean
f=frequency of a particular class interval
3. Standard Error of Mean (SE): It is a measure which enables us to judge

whether the mean of a given sample is within the set of confidence limits or
not.
SE= SD
n
4. Coefficient of variation (C.V): It helps us in finding which of the given

groups is more stable or show less variations.
CV=SD x 100
n
5. ‘t’ test of significance: It is used to test significance of the difference

between two sample means.
Formula: |X1-X2|
t= (S.D)12 (S.D) 22
n1 n2
and df – degree of freedom = ( n 1+n2 ) – 2
where, X1, (S.D) 1 & n1 – are mean, S.D & no. of items in 1st group
X2, (S.D) 2 & n2 – are mean, S.D & no. of items in 2nd group
6. X2 – Chi Square test of significance:
Formula : X 2 = ( Oi-Ei) 2
Ei
And df = (r-1) (c-1)
Ei = ith expected frequency
r = number of rows
c = number of columns
r x c = size of contingency table
7. Furuhata’s Index:
Formula: Furuhata’s Index = Whorls x 100

Loops
8. Dankmejer’s Index:
Formula: Dankmejer’s Index = Arches x 100

Whorls
Figure Showing Coronary Angiography in Single Vessel Disease

and Triple Vessel Disease
Figure Showing Coronary Angiography in Coronary Artery Disease

Figure showing Palmar Print of Right Hand of Male Control

Figure showing Palmar Print of Left Hand of Male Control

Figure showing Palmar Print of Right Hand of Female Control

Figure showing Palmar Print of Left Hand of Female Control

Figure showing Palmar Print of Right Hand of Male CAD Patient

Figure showing Palmar Print of Left Hand of Male CAD Patient

Figure showing Palmar Print of Right Hand of Female CAD Patient

Figure showing Palmar Print of Left Hand of Female CAD Patient

LIST OF TABLES
Table 01 : Age and sex wise distribution in cases and controls.
Table 02 : Distribution of Different Groups depending on the number of vessels
involved in CAD cases
Table 03 : Percentage wise distribution of total Finger Tip patterns in CAD and
Controls
Table 04 : Frequency distribution of Loop Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD and
Controls
Table 05 : Frequency distribution of Arch Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD and
Controls
Table 06 : Frequency distribution of Whorls Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD
and Controls
Table 07 : Digit wise frequency distribution of Fingertip Patterns of both hands
in SVD cases (M=41,F=12, T=53 cases)
in DVD cases (M=34,F=7, T=41 cases)
in TVD cases (M=45,F=11, T=56 cases)
Table 10 : Frequency distribution of total Fingertip Patterns in different groups
of CAD and Controls
Table 11 : Statistical Comparison of Total Finger Tip Pattern between different
groups of CAD with Controls.
Table 12 (a) : Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in CAD and
Controls in Males and Females
Table 12 (b) : Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in CAD and
Controls in both hands
Table 13 : Frequency distribution of Different Finger Tip Patterns in total CAD
and Controls
Table 14 (a) : Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern between CAD
and Controls in Males and Females.
Table 14 (b) : Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern between CAD
and Controls in both hands.
Table 15 : Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in
Different Groups of CAD
Table 16 : Statistical Calculation of TFRC count in different Groups of CAD and
Controls
Table 17 : Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between different
Groups of CAD and Controls
Table 18 : Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in total
CAD and Controls
Table 19 : Statistical Calculation for TFRC in total CAD and Controls

Table 20 : Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between total CAD and
Controls
Table 21 : Frequency distribution of Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC) in
Table 22 : Statistical Calculation of AFRC count in different Groups of CAD and
Controls
Table 23 : Test of Significance for AFRC for comparison between different
Table 24 : Frequency distribution of Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC) in
total CAD and Controls
Table 25 : Statistical Calculation for AFRC in total CAD and Controls
Table 26 : Test of Significance for AFRC for comparison between total CAD and
Controls
Table 27 : Frequency Distribution of True Palmar Patterns in Different Groups
of CAD and Controls
Table 28 : Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between different
Table 29 : Frequency Distribution of True Palmar Patterns in total CAD and
Controls
Table 30 (a) : Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between CAD and
Controls in Males and Females.
Table 30 (b) : Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between CAD and
Controls in both hands
Table 31 : Frequency Distribution of Position of Axial Triradii in Different Groups
of CAD
Table 32 : Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between different
Table 33 : Frequency Distribution of Position of Axial Triradii in total CAD and
Controls
Table 34 (a) : Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between CAD and
Controls in Males and Females.
Table 34 (b) : Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between CAD and
Controls in both hands.
Table 35 : Frequency Distribution of Number of Palmar Triradii in Different
Groups of CAD
Table 36 : Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii between
different groups of CAD with Controls.
Table 37 : Frequency Distribution of Number of Palmar Triradii in total CAD and
Controls
Table 38 (a) : Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii between CAD
Table 38 (b) : Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii between CAD

and Controls in both hands.
Table 39 : Statistical Calculation of ab Ridge count in different Groups of CAD
and Controls
Table 40 : Test of Significance for ab Ridge count for comparison between
different Groups of CAD and Controls
Table 41 : Frequency distribution of ab Ridge count in total CAD and Controls
Table 42 : Statistical Calculation for a-b Ridge Count in total CAD and Controls
Table 43 : Test of Significance for a-b Ridge Count for comparison between
total CAD and Control
Table 44 : Statistical Calculation of atd angle in different Groups of CAD and
Controls
Table 45 : Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between different
Table 46 : Frequency distribution of atd angle in total CAD and Controls
Table 47 : Statistical Calculation for atd angle in total CAD and Controls
Table 48 : Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between total CAD
and Controls
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLES

M : Male
F : Female
M+F : Male + Female
T : Total
R : Right
L : Left
R+L : Right + Left
No. : Number
% : Percentage
N : Normal subject (i.e. Controls)
C : CAD subject/ patients (i.e. Case)
NMR : Normal Male Right
CMR : Case Male Right
NFR : Normal Female Right
CFR : Case Female Right
NTR : Normal Total Right (Total =M+F)
CTR : Case Total Right (Total =M+F)
FH Index : Furuhata’s Index
DM Index : Dankmejer’s Index
FTP : Finger Tip Pattern
L : Loop
A : Arches
W : Whorls
CAD : Coronary Artery Disease
SVD : Single Vessel Disease
DVD : Double Vessel Disease
TVD : Triple/ Multi Vessel Disease
Ws : Whorl Spiral
Wc : Whorl Concentric
Wtl : Twin Loop Whorl
Wlp : Lateral Pocket Whorl
Wcp : Central Pocket Whorl
TFRC : Total Finger Ridge Count
AFRC : Absolute Finger Ridge Count

X2 or Chi Sq : Chi Square
NS : Not Significant
S : Significant
D1 : First Digit/ Thumb
D2 : Second Digit/ Index Finger
D3 : Third Digit/ Middle Finger
D4 : Fourth Digit/ Ring Finger
D5 : Fifth Digit/ Little Finger
CI : Class Interval
X : Mean
SD : Standard Deviation
SE-M : Standard Error of Mean
CV : Coefficient of Variation in %,
Hypo : Hypothenar
Th : Thenar
ID1 : First Inter-digital area
ID2 : Second Inter-digital area
ID3 : Third Inter-digital area
ID4 : Fourth Inter-digital area
t = Triradius near wrist crease
t" = Triradius near centre of palm
t' = Triradius between t and t"
t t' = Two Triradii one t and another t'
tt" = Two Triradii one t' and another t"
DDA = Distal Displacement of Axial Triradii.
RESULTS:
The dermatoglyphic patterns on right and left hand of CAD patients are
analysed according to sex and are subjected to statistical tests to evaluate
significant pattern of identifiable difference between CAD and Controls.
The dermatoglyphic patterns are analysed under following heading:
I. Qualitative analysis of Finger Prints

a. Loops
b. Arches
c. Whorls
II. Quantitative analysis of Finger Print
a. Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC)
b. Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC)
III. Qualitative analysis of Palmar patterns in different palmar areas
IV. Position of Axial Triradii (t, t’, t”)
V. Total Number of Palmar Triradii
VI. a b Ridge Count
VII. atd Angle
Table 1: Age and sex wise distribution in cases and controls.

Age CAD (Cases) CONTROL
Group Male Female Total Male Female Total
in yrs No % No % No % No % No % No %
31-40 8 6.7 1 3.3 9 6.0 56 46.7 14 46.7 70 46.7
41-50 34 28.3 12 40.0 46 30.7 55 45.8 9 30.0 64 42.7
51-60 42 35.0 11 36.7 53 35.3 8 6.7 6 20.0 14 9.3
61-70 28 23.3 6 20.0 34 22.7 0 0.0 1 3.3 1 0.7
71 & > 8 6.7 0 0.0 8 5.3 1 0.8 0 0.0 1 0.7
Total 120 80.0 30 20.0 150 100.0 120 80.0 30 20.0 150 100.0
Table 1: shows age and sex distribution among cases and controls. In the
present study, 150 cases of angiographically proven CAD and 150 healthy
individual (controls) were included for comparison of various parameters.
There were 120 males and 30 females in each group. The age ranges from
35-76 years with mean age of male and female is 55.18 years and 53.83
years respectively in CAD. The age ranges from 31-75 years with mean age
of male and female is 41.29 years and 43 years respectively in controls.
Table 2: Distribution of Different Groups depending on the number of

vessels involved in CAD cases
No of vessels Male Female Total
involved No % No % No %
SVD 41 34.2 12 40.0 53 35.3
DVD 34 28.3 7 23.3 41 27.3
TVD 45 37.5 11 36.7 56 37.3
TOTAL 120 80.0 30 20.0 150 100.0
Table 2: shows distribution of number of vessels involved in CAD due to

atherosclerotic lesion. 35.3% of the patients have single vessel involvement
(SVD), 27.3% of cases have double vessels involvement (DVD), and 37.3%
have three vessels involvement (TVD).
I. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINGER PATTERNS: FINGER TIP

PATTERNS
Qualitative analysis of Finger Tips is done according to Galton’s (1892) 39

Classification. Henry ER (1900)51 added ‘Composite’ as 4th group to
demarcate more complex patterns and it includes Central Pocket Loop,
Lateral Pocket Loop, Twin Loop, and Accidental Whorls.
Table 3: Percentage wise distribution of total Finger Tip patterns in CAD

and Controls
Subject SEX Side Total % Total % Total % FH DM
LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS Index Index
CAD M R 296 49.3 38 6.3 266 44.3 89.86 14.3
L 312 52.0 37 6.2 251 41.8 80.45 14.7
R+L 608 50.7 75 6.3 517 43.1 85.03 14.5
F R 89 59.3 13 8.7 48 32.0 53.93 27.1
L 82 54.7 14 9.3 54 36.0 65.85 25.9
R+L 171 57.0 27 9.0 102 34.0 59.65 26.5
M+F R 385 51.3 51 6.8 314 41.9 81.56 16.2
L 394 52.5 51 6.8 305 40.7 77.41 16.7
R+L 779 51.9 102 6.8 619 41.3 79.46 16.5
Controls M R 325 54.2 50 8.3 225 37.5 69.23 22.2
L 360 60.0 44 7.3 196 32.7 54.44 22.4
R+L 685 57.1 94 7.8 421 35.1 61.46 22.3
F R 96 64.0 16 10.7 38 25.3 39.58 42.1
L 89 59.3 14 9.3 47 31.3 52.81 29.8
R+L 185 61.7 30 10.0 85 28.3 45.95 35.3
M+F R 421 56.1 66 8.8 263 35.1 62.47 25.1
L 449 59.9 58 7.7 243 32.4 54.12 23.9
R+L 870 58.0 124 8.3 506 33.7 58.16 24.5
Table 3 shows percentage wise distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in total

CAD and controls.
The percentage of loops is 50.7% and 57% in CAD males and CAD
females as compared to 57.1% and 61.7% in control males and control
females respectively.
The percentage of arches is 6.3% and 9% in CAD males and CAD
females as compared to 7.8% and 10% in control males and control females
respectively.
The percentage of whorls is 43.1% and 34% in CAD males and CAD
females as compared to 35.1% and 28.3% in control males and control
females respectively.
The percentage of loop, arch and whorls is 51.9%, 6.8% and 41.3%
respectively in CAD (M+F) as compared to 58%, 8.3% and 33.7% respectively
in control (M+F).
Thus, there is decrease in the percentage of loops/ arches in both
sexes with corresponding increase in the percentage of whorls patterns in
CAD as compared to the controls.
Furuhata’s Index is 85.03 in CAD males and 61.46 in control males,

whereas it is 59.65 in CAD females and 45.95 in control females. The
Furuhata’s Index is 79.46 in CAD (M+F) and 58.16 in control (M+F).
The Dankmejer’s Index is 14.5 in CAD males and 22.2 in control

males, whereas it is 26.5 in CAD females and 35.3 in control females. The
Index is 16.5 in CAD (M+F) and 24.5 in control (M+F).
Table 4: Frequency distribution of Loop Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD

and Controls
Subject S Side ULNAR RADIAL TOTAL
E LOOPS LOOPS LOOPS
X No % No % No %
CAD M R 287 47.8 9 1.5 296 49.3
L 303 50.5 9 1.5 312 52.0
R+L 590 49.2 18 1.5 608 50.7
F R 86 57.3 3 2.0 89 59.3
L 82 54.7 3 2.0 85 56.7
R+L 171 56.0 6 2.0 177 58.0
M+F R 373 49.7 12 1.6 385 51.3
L 382 50.9 12 1.6 394 52.5
R+L 755 50.3 24 1.6 779 51.9
Controls M R 315 52.5 10 1.7 325 54.2
L 352 58.7 8 1.3 360 60.0
R+L 667 55.6 18 1.5 685 57.1
F R 94 62.7 2 1.3 96 64.0
L 81 54.0 8 5.3 89 59.3
R+L 175 58.3 10 3.3 185 61.7
M+F R 409 54.5 12 1.6 421 56.1
L 433 57.7 16 2.1 449 59.9
R+L 842 56.1 28 1.9 870 58.0
Table 4 shows frequency distribution of loop patterns in CAD and controls.

There is a predominance of ulnar loop patterns as compared to radial loop
pattern in both sexes in CAD as well as in the controls. The total percentage
of ulnar loop is 50.3% and radial loop is 1.6% in CAD whereas it is 56.1% and
1.9% respectively in controls.
Table 5: Frequency distribution of Arch Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD

and Controls
Subject S Side PLAIN TENTED TOTAL

E ARCHES ARCHES ARCHES
X No % No % No %
CAD M R 17 2.8 21 3.5 38 6.3
L 11 1.8 26 4.3 37 6.2
R+L 28 2.3 47 3.9 75 6.3
F R 5 3.3 8 5.3 13 8.7
L 3 2.0 11 7.3 14 9.3
R+L 8 2.7 19 6.3 27 9.0
M+F R 22 2.9 29 3.9 51 6.8
L 14 1.9 37 4.9 51 6.8
R+L 36 2.4 66 4.4 102 6.8
Controls M R 11 1.8 39 6.5 50 8.3
L 15 2.5 29 4.8 44 7.3
R+L 26 2.2 68 5.7 94 7.8
F R 7 4.7 9 6.0 16 10.7
L 8 5.3 6 4.0 14 9.3
R+L 15 5.0 15 5.0 30 10.0
M+F R 18 2.4 48 6.4 66 8.8
L 23 3.1 35 4.7 58 7.7
R+L 41 2.7 83 5.5 124 8.3
Table 5 shows frequency distribution of arch patterns in CAD and controls.

There is increase in the percentage of tented arch as compared to the plain
arch in both sexes of CAD as well as in control males. In control females, the
percentage of both tented and plain arches is same. The total percentage of
tented arch is 4.4% and plain arch is 2.4% in CAD whereas it is 5.5% and
2.7% respectively in controls.
Table 6:Frequency distribution of Whorls Patterns on Finger Tips in CAD

and Controls
Subject S Side Simple Whorls Double Loop Whorls Other TOTAL

E Ws Wc Total Wtl Wlp Total Wcp+ WHORLS
X No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
CAD M R 124 20.7 67 11.2 191 31.8 14 2.3 18 3.0 32 5.3 43 7.2 266 44.3
L 113 18.8 49 8.2 162 27.0 34 5.7 15 2.5 49 8.2 40 6.7 251 41.8
R+L 237 19.8 116 9.7 353 29.4 48 4.0 33 2.8 81 6.8 83 6.9 517 43.1
F R 26 17.3 8 5.3 34 22.7 1 0.7 4 2.7 5 3.3 9 6.0 48 32.0
L 28 18.7 15 10.0 43 28.7 4 2.7 3 2.0 7 4.7 4 2.7 54 36.0
R+L 54 18.0 23 7.7 77 25.7 5 1.7 7 2.3 12 4.0 13 4.3 102 34.0
M+F R 150 20.0 75 10.0 225 30.0 15 2.0 22 2.9 37 4.9 52 6.9 314 41.9
L 141 18.8 64 8.5 205 27.3 38 5.1 18 2.4 56 7.5 44 5.9 305 40.7
R+L 291 19.4 139 9.3 430 28.7 53 3.5 40 2.7 93 6.2 96 6.4 619 41.3
Control
s M R 102 17.0 75 12.5 177 29.5 16 2.7 16 2.7 32 5.3 16 2.7 225 37.5
L 93 15.5 42 7.0 135 22.5 23 3.8 12 2.0 35 5.8 26 4.3 196 32.7
R+L 195 16.3 117 9.8 312 26.0 39 3.3 28 2.3 67 5.6 42 3.5 421 35.1
F R 17 11.3 8 5.3 25 16.7 1 0.7 2 1.3 3 2.0 10 6.7 38 25.3
L 24 16.0 11 7.3 35 23.3 3 2.0 4 2.7 7 4.7 5 3.3 47 31.3
R+L 41 13.7 19 6.3 60 20.0 4 1.3 6 2.0 10 3.3 15 5.0 85 28.3
M+F R 119 15.9 83 11.1 202 26.9 17 2.3 18 2.4 35 4.7 26 3.5 263 35.1
L 117 15.6 53 7.1 170 22.7 26 3.5 16 2.1 42 5.6 31 4.1 243 32.4
R+L 236 15.7 136 9.1 372 24.8 43 2.9 34 2.3 77 5.1 57 3.8 506 33.7
Table 6 shows frequency distribution of whorl pattern in CAD and controls.

Simple whorls (whorls spiral and whorls concentric) are predominantly seen
as compared to double loop whorls (twin loop and lateral pocket loop) and
other composite whorls in both sexes in CAD as well as controls. In CAD,
whorls spiral is seen in 19.4%, whorls concentric in 9.3%, double loop whorls
in 6.2% and other in 6.4%. While in controls, whorls spiral is seen in 15.7%,
whorls concentric in 9.1%, double loop whorls in 5.1% and other in 3.8%.
Table 7 to 9 shows digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns of

both hands in different groups of CAD.
Table 7: Digit wise frequency distribution of Fingertip Patterns of both

hands in SVD cases (M=41,F=12, T=53 cases)
Digit Side LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Male Female Male Female Male Female LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
D1 R 17 41.5 8 66.7 1 2.4 0 0.0 23 56.1 4 33.3 25 47.2 1 1.9 27 50.9
L 19 46.3 6 50.0 3 7.3 0 0.0 19 46.3 6 50.0 25 47.2 3 5.7 25 47.2
R+L 36 43.9 14 58.3 4 4.9 0 0.0 42 51.2 10 41.7 50 47.2 4 3.8 52 49.1
D2 R 15 36.6 5 41.7 6 14.6 2 16.7 20 48.8 5 41.7 20 37.7 8 15.1 25 47.2
L 13 31.7 7 58.3 9 22.0 2 16.7 19 46.3 3 25.0 20 37.7 11 20.8 22 41.5

R+L 28 34.1 12 50.0 15 18.3 4 16.7 39 47.6 8 33.3 40 37.7 19 17.9 47 44.3
D3 R 25 61.0 8 66.7 3 7.3 2 16.7 13 31.7 2 16.7 33 62.3 5 9.4 15 28.3
L 24 58.5 7 58.3 2 4.9 3 25.0 15 36.6 2 16.7 31 58.5 5 9.4 17 32.1
R+L 49 59.8 15 62.5 5 6.1 5 20.8 28 34.1 4 16.7 64 60.4 10 9.4 32 30.2
D4 R 11 26.8 4 33.3 0 0.0 3 25.0 30 73.2 5 41.7 15 28.3 3 5.7 35 66.0
L 12 29.3 6 50.0 2 4.9 2 16.7 27 65.9 4 33.3 18 34.0 4 7.5 31 58.5
R+L 23 28.0 10 41.7 2 2.4 5 20.8 57 69.5 9 37.5 33 31.1 7 6.6 66 62.3
D5 R 23 56.1 8 66.7 1 2.4 2 16.7 17 41.5 2 16.7 31 58.5 3 5.7 19 35.8
L 29 70.7 10 83.3 0 0.0 1 8.3 12 29.3 1 8.3 39 73.6 1 1.9 13 24.5
R+L 52 63.4 18 75.0 1 1.2 3 12.5 29 35.4 3 12.5 70 66.0 4 3.8 32 30.2

hands in DVD cases (M=34,F=7, T=41 cases)

D1 R 16 47.1 6 85.7 2 5.9 0 0.0 16 47.1 1 14.3 22 53.7 2 4.9 17 41.5
L 13 38.2 7 100.0 2 5.9 0 0.0 19 55.9 0 0.0 20 48.8 2 4.9 19 46.3
R+L 29 42.6 13 92.9 4 5.9 0 0.0 35 51.5 1 7.1 42 51.2 4 4.9 36 43.9
D2 R 13 38.2 5 71.4 6 17.6 1 14.3 15 44.1 1 14.3 18 43.9 7 17.1 16 39.0
L 16 47.1 5 71.4 5 14.7 1 14.3 13 38.2 1 14.3 21 51.2 6 14.6 14 34.1
R+L 29 42.6 10 71.4 11 16.2 2 14.3 28 41.2 2 14.3 39 47.6 13 15.9 30 36.6
D3 R 24 70.6 7 100.0 2 5.9 0 0.0 8 23.5 0 0.0 31 75.6 2 4.9 8 19.5
L 23 67.6 5 71.4 4 11.8 0 0.0 7 20.6 2 28.6 28 68.3 4 9.8 9 22.0
R+L 47 69.1 12 85.7 6 8.8 0 0.0 15 22.1 2 14.3 59 72.0 6 7.3 17 20.7
D4 R 13 38.2 2 28.6 1 2.9 0 0.0 20 58.8 5 71.4 15 36.6 1 2.4 25 61.0
L 22 64.7 3 42.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 35.3 4 57.1 25 61.0 0 0.0 16 39.0
R+L 35 51.5 5 35.7 1 1.5 0 0.0 32 47.1 9 64.3 40 48.8 1 1.2 41 50.0
D5 R 29 85.3 4 57.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 14.7 3 42.9 33 80.5 0 0.0 8 19.5
L 25 73.5 5 71.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 26.5 2 28.6 30 73.2 0 0.0 11 26.8
R+L 54 79.4 9 64.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 20.6 5 35.7 63 76.8 0 0.0 19 23.2

hands in TVD cases (M=45,F=11, T=56 cases)
D1 R 18 40.0 4 36.4 2 4.4 0 0.0 25 55.6 7 63.6 22 39.3 2 3.6 32 57.1
L 20 44.4 1 9.1 2 4.4 0 0.0 23 51.1 10 90.9 21 37.5 2 3.6 33 58.9
R+L 38 42.2 5 22.7 4 4.4 0 0.0 48 53.3 17 77.3 43 38.4 4 3.6 65 58.0
D2 R 18 40.0 5 45.5 8 17.8 0 0.0 19 42.2 6 54.5 23 41.1 8 14.3 25 44.6
L 22 48.9 2 18.2 3 6.7 2 18.2 20 44.4 7 63.6 24 42.9 5 8.9 27 48.2
R+L 40 44.4 7 31.8 11 12.2 2 9.1 39 43.3 13 59.1 47 42.0 13 11.6 52 46.4
D3 R 30 66.7 8 72.7 5 11.1 2 18.2 10 22.2 1 9.1 38 67.9 7 12.5 11 19.6
L 28 62.2 6 54.5 4 8.9 2 18.2 13 28.9 3 27.3 34 60.7 6 10.7 16 28.6
R+L 58 64.4 14 63.6 9 10.0 4 18.2 23 25.6 4 18.2 72 64.3 13 11.6 27 24.1
D4 R 12 26.7 5 45.5 1 2.2 1 9.1 32 71.1 5 45.5 17 30.4 2 3.6 37 66.1
L 15 33.3 3 27.3 1 2.2 0 0.0 29 64.4 8 72.7 18 32.1 1 1.8 37 66.1
R+L 27 30.0 8 36.4 2 2.2 1 4.5 61 67.8 13 59.1 35 31.3 3 2.7 74 66.1
D5 R 32 71.1 10 90.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 28.9 1 9.1 42 75.0 0 0.0 14 25.0
L 31 68.9 9 81.8 0 0.0 1 9.1 14 31.1 1 9.1 40 71.4 1 1.8 15 26.8
R+L 63 70.0 19 86.4 0 0.0 1 4.5 27 30.0 2 9.1 82 73.2 1 0.9 29 25.9
Table 7 shows increase frequency of loops in D3 and D5 and whorls in D1,

D2 and D4 in cases of SVD. The maximum percentage of loops is 73.6% in
D5 of left hand and 62.3% in D3 of right hand. The maximum percentage of
whorls is 66% in D4 of right hand and 50.9% in D1 of right hand. Most
numbers of arches are seen in D2 of both hands.
Table 8 shows increase frequency of whorls in D4 and loops in rest of the digit
in cases of DVD. The maximum percentage of whorls is seen in D4 of right
hand (61%) and D1 of left hand (46.3%). The maximum percentage of loops
is 80.5% in D5 of right hand and 75.6% in D3 of right hand. Most numbers of
arches are seen in D2 of both hands.
Table 9 shows increase frequency of loop in D3 and D5 and whorls in D1, D2

and D4 in cases of TVD. The maximum percentage of loops is 73.3% in D5 of
left hand and 66.7% in D5 of right hand. The maximum percentage of whorls
is 68.9% and 60% in D4 of right and left hand respectively. Most numbers of
arches are seen in D2 of both hands.
Table 10: Frequency distribution of total Fingertip Patterns in different

groups of CAD and Controls
Groups Side LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
of Male Female Male Female Male Female LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
CAD No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
SVD R 91 44.4 33 55.0 11 5.4 9 15.0 103 50.2 18 30.0 124 46.8 20 7.5 121 45.7
m=41 L 97 47.3 36 60.0 16 7.8 8 13.3 92 44.9 16 26.7 133 50.2 24 9.1 108 40.8
f=12 R+L 188 45.9 69 57.5 27 6.6 17 14.2 195 47.6 34 28.3 257 48.5 44 8.3 229 43.2
t=53
DVD R 95 55.9 24 68.6 11 6.5 1 2.9 64 37.6 10 28.6 119 58.0 12 5.9 74 36.1
m=34 L 99 58.2 25 71.4 11 6.5 1 2.9 60 35.3 9 25.7 124 60.5 12 5.9 69 33.7
f=7 R+L 194 57.1 49 70.0 22 6.5 2 2.9 124 36.5 19 27.1 243 59.3 24 5.9 143 34.9
t=41
TVD R 110 48.9 32 58.2 16 7.1 3 5.5 99 44.0 20 36.4 142 50.7 19 6.8 119 42.5
m=45 L 116 51.6 21 38.2 10 4.4 5 9.1 99 44.0 29 52.7 137 48.9 15 5.4 128 45.7
f=11 R+L 226 50.2 53 48.2 26 5.8 8 7.3 198 44.0 49 44.5 279 49.8 34 6.1 247 44.1
t=56
Control
s R 325 54.2 96 64.0 50 8.3 16 10.7 225 37.5 38 25.3 421 56.1 66 8.8 263 35.1
m=120 L 360 60.0 89 59.3 44 7.3 14 9.3 196 32.7 47 31.3 449 59.9 58 7.7 243 32.4
f=30 R+L 685 57.1 185 61.7 94 7.8 30 10.0 421 35.1 85 28.3 870 58.0 124 8.3 506 33.7
t=150
Table 11: Statistical Comparison of Total Finger Tip Pattern between

Groups of FINGER TIP PATTERNS
CAD LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
CONTROLS 870 124 506
% 58.0 8.3 33.7
SVD 257 44 229
% 48.5 8.3 43.2
Chi Sq 13.96 0.00 14.81
P-Value 0.0001869 0.9470546 0.0001188
Remark S NS S
DVD 243 24 143
% 59.3 5.9 34.9
Chi Sq 0.16 2.30 0.14
P-Value 0.6854632 0.1297030 0.7077705
Remark NS NS NS
TVD 279 34 247
% 49.8 6.1 44.1
Chi Sq 10.73 2.47 18.48
P-Value 0.0010549 0.1157774 0.0000172
Remark S NS S
Table 10 shows frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in different
groups of CAD and controls. Table 11 shows statistical comparison of FTP
between different groups of CAD with controls. The maximum percentage of
loops is seen in DVD in both sexes. Most numbers of arches are seen in SVD
in both sexes. The maximum percentage of whorls is seen in TVD (female)
and SVD (male).
In SVD, there is decrease in the percentage of loop pattern and
increase in whorl patterns as compared to the controls with statistically
significant difference is seen in loop pattern (P<0.001) and whorl pattern
(P<0.001) when compared with controls.
In DVD, there is slight increase in the percentage of loop and whorl

pattern and decrease in arch pattern as compared to the controls but no
statistically significant difference in any finger tip pattern.
In TVD, there is decrease in the percentage of loop/ arch pattern and
increase in whorl patterns as compared to the controls with statistically
significant difference is seen in loop pattern (P<0.01) and whorl pattern
(P<0.0001) when compared with controls.
Table 12 (a) shows digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in
CAD and controls in Males and Females.
The frequency of loops decreases in all digits of CAD in both sexes
with statistically significant difference is seen in D1 in males (P<0.05); and no
statistically significant difference is seen in any digit in females when
compared with the controls.
The frequency of arches usually decreases in all digits of CAD in both
sexes, expect D1 in males; and D4 and D5 in females with statistically
significant difference is seen in D5 in males (P<0.01); and D1 (P<0.01) & D5
(P<0.05) in females when compared with controls.
The frequency of whorls increases in all digit of CAD in both sexes,
except D4 in females with statistically significant difference is seen in D5 in
males (P<0.01); and no statistical significant difference in any digit of females
when compared with controls.
Table 12 (a): Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in

CAD and Controls in Males and Females
FTP Subject MALES (120+120) FEMALES (30+30)
I II III IV V I II III IV V
L CAD 103 97 154 85 169 32 29 41 23 46
Con 130 107 166 96 186 33 36 42 23 51
X2 5.64 0.69 1.13 0.89 2.77 0.03 1.21 0.04 0.04 0.86
P Value 0.018 0.406 0.287 0.346 0.096 0.855 0.272 0.843 0.851 0.354
Remark S NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
A CAD 12 37 20 5 1 0 8 9 6 4
Con 6 45 21 10 12 7 10 9 4 0
X2 1.44 0.72 0.03 1.10 7.91 5.46 0.07 0.07 0.11 4.14
P Value 0.230 0.396 0.870 0.294 0.005 0.006 0.798 0.798 0.741 0.042
Remark NS NS NS NS S S NS NS NS S
W CAD 125 106 66 150 70 28 23 10 31 10
Con 104 88 53 134 42 20 14 9 33 9
X2 3.68 2.50 1.61 1.94 8.49 1.70 2.50 0.06 0.03 0.06
P Value 0.055 0.114 0.205 0.164 0.004 0.192 0.114 0.803 0.855 0.803
Remark NS NS NS NS S NS NS NS NS NS
Table 12 (b): Digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in

CAD and Controls in both hands
FTP Subject RIGHT HAND DIGITS LEFT HAND DIGITS
I II III IV V I II III IV V
L CAD 69 61 102 47 106 66 65 93 61 109
Con 80 65 104 58 114 83 78 104 61 123
X2 1.33 0.12 0.02 1.47 0.84 3.85 1.92 1.48 0.01 3.21
P Value 0.248 0.726 0.901 0.226 0.361 0.050 0.165 0.224 0.906 0.073
Remark NS NS NS NS NS ~S NS NS NS NS
A CAD 5 23 12 6 5 7 22 15 5 2
Con 5 30 16 8 7 8 25 14 6 5
X2 0.10 0.82 0.35 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.09 0.59
P Value 0.748 0.364 0.552 0.784 0.768 0.791 0.751 0.845 0.759 0.448
Remark NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
W CAD 76 66 32 97 43 77 63 42 84 39
Con 65 55 30 84 29 59 47 32 83 22
X2 1.34 1.39 0.02 2.01 3.58 3.89 3.67 1.45 0.01 5.27
P Value 0.247 0.239 0.887 0.157 0.059 0.049 0.055 0.228 0.907 0.022
Remark NS NS NS NS NS S NS NS NS S
Table 12 (b) shows digit wise frequency distribution of Finger Tip Patterns in
right and left hand. There is decrease frequency of loop patterns in all digits of
CAD with corresponding increase of whorl patterns in both hand with
statistically significant difference in whorl pattern in D1 and D5 of left hand
(P<0.05) and comparable in loop pattern in D1 of left hand (P=0.05) when
compared with controls.
There is slight decrease in the frequency of arch patterns in both hands
of CAD except in D3 of left hand but no statistically significant difference in
any digit when compared with controls.
Table 13: Frequency distribution of Different Finger Tip Patterns in CAD

and Controls
Subject S Side TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

E LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
X No % No % No %
CAD M R 296 49.3 38 6.3 266 44.3
(Cases) L 312 52.0 37 6.2 251 41.8
R+L 608 50.7 75 6.3 517 43.1
F R 89 59.3 13 8.7 48 32.0
L 82 54.7 14 9.3 54 36.0
R+L 171 57.0 27 9.0 102 34.0
M+F R 385 51.3 51 6.8 314 41.9
L 394 52.5 51 6.8 305 40.7
R+L 779 51.9 102 6.8 619 41.3
Controls M R 325 54.2 50 8.3 225 37.5
(Normal) L 360 60.0 44 7.3 196 32.7
R+L 685 57.1 94 7.8 421 35.1
F R 96 64.0 16 10.7 38 25.3
L 89 59.3 14 9.3 47 31.3
R+L 185 61.7 30 10.0 85 28.3
M+F R 421 56.1 66 8.8 263 35.1
L 449 59.9 58 7.7 243 32.4
R+L 870 58.0 124 8.3 506 33.7
Table 14 (a): Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern

between CAD and Controls in Males and Females.
SEX Subject FINGER TIP PATTERNS
LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
MALE CAD 608 75 517
CONTROL 685 94 421
Chi Sq 9.68 0.03 0.05
P-Value 0.0018579 0.1509736 0.0000706
Remark S NS S
FEMALE CAD 171 27 102
CONTROL 185 30 85
Chi Sq 1.71 0.008 1.99
P-Value 0.2799481 0.7806566 0.1584624
Remark NS NS NS
M+F CAD 779 102 619
CONTROL 870 124 506

Chi Sq 10.91 2.11 17.84
P-Value 0.0009571 0.1463103 0.0000240
Remark S NS S
Table 14 (b): Statistical Comparison of different Finger Tip Pattern

between CAD and Controls in both hands.
SIDE Subject FINGER TIP PATTERNS
LOOPS ARCHES WHORLS
RT HAND CAD 385 51 314
CONTROL 421 66 263
Chi Sq 3.28 1.82 7.04
P-Value 0.0699164 0.1776786 0.0079651
Remark NS NS S
LT HAND CAD 394 51 305
CONTROL 449 58 243
Chi Sq 7.90 0.36 10.70
P-Value 0.0049505 0.5506489 0.0010721
Remark S NS S
Table 13 shows frequency distribution of different Finger Tip Patterns in total

CAD and controls. Table 14 shows statistical comparison of different Finger
Tip Patterns between CAD and controls in (a) Males and Females and (b)
Right Hand and Left Hand
In CAD males, the loop are seen in 50.7%, arches in 6.3% and whorls
in 43.1% whereas in Control males, the loops are seen in 57.1%, arches in
7.8% and whorls in 35.1%. Thus, there is decrease in the percentage of
loops/ arch pattern and increase in the percentage of whorl pattern in CAD
males with statistically significant difference is seen in loop pattern (P<0.01)
and whorl pattern (P<0.001).
In CAD females, the loops are seen in 57%, arches in 9% and whorls
in 34%. Whereas in Control females, the loops are seen in 61.7%, arches in
10% and whorls in 28.3%. Thus, there is decrease in the percentage of loops/
arch pattern and increase in the percentage of whorl pattern in CAD females
but no statistically significant difference is seen in any Finger Tip Patterns.
In CAD (M+F) combined series, the percentage of loops, arches and
whorls is 51.9%, 6.8% and 41.3% respectively while in controls (M+F), it is
58%, 8.3% and 33.7% respectively. Thus there is overall decrease in the
frequency of loop and arches; and significant increase in the frequency of

whorls in CAD (M+F) with statistically significant difference is seen in loop
pattern (P<0.001) and whorl pattern (P<0.0001).
In Right hand and Left hand also, there is decrease in the percentage
of loops/ arch pattern and increase in the percentage of whorl pattern in CAD
as compared to the controls with statistically significant difference is seen in
whorl pattern in Right hand (P<0.01) and loop pattern and whorl pattern in
Left hand (P<0.01).
II. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINGER PATTERNS: RIDGE

COUNT
Holt SB (1961)55 stated that the ridge counts, which are size related numerical
representatives of pattern types are considered to be of greatest significance
in genetic terms. The absolute and total ridge counts effectively summarise
the quantitative characteristics of all digits of either hands.
Table 15: Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in

CI SVD DVD TVD Total Cases
of TFRC M F T % M F T % M F T % M F T %
0-25 0 1 1 1.9 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 1 1 0.7
26-50 1 1 2 3.8 2 0 2 4.9 1 0 1 1.8 4 1 5 3.3
51-75 1 0 1 1.9 0 0 0 0.0 1 2 3 5.4 2 2 4 2.7
76-100 2 1 3 5.7 0 1 1 2.4 2 0 2 3.6 4 2 6 4.0
101-125 7 0 7 13.2 8 0 8 19.5 7 0 7 12.5 22 0 22 14.7
126-150 4 3 7 13.2 8 2 10 24.4 11 3 14 25.0 23 8 31 20.7
151-175 16 5 21 39.6 4 4 8 19.5 11 2 13 23.2 31 11 42 28.0
176-200 9 1 10 18.9 10 0 10 24.4 7 4 11 19.6 26 5 31 20.7
201-225 0 0 0 0.0 2 0 2 4.9 3 0 3 5.4 5 0 5 3.3
226-250 1 0 1 1.9 0 0 0 0.0 2 0 2 3.6 3 0 3 2.0
251-275 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
276-300 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
301-325 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
326-350 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
351-375 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0

376-400 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
>401 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Total 41 12 53 100.0 34 7 41 100.0 45 11 56 100.0 120 30 150 100.0
Table 15 shows frequency distribution of TFRC in different groups of CAD. In

SVD, the maximum percentage of TFRC is 39.6% seen in class interval of
151-175. While in DVD, it is seen in class interval of 176-200 and 126-150
(24.4 % each) and in TVD, it is seen in class interval of 126-150 (25%) and
151-175 (23.2%).
Table 16: Statistical Calculation of TFRC count in different Groups of

CAD and Controls
Groups TFRC
Mean SD SE-M CV
Controls 142.00 46.85 3.83 32.99
SVD 147.64 44.77 6.15 30.33
DVD 147.76 39.24 6.13 26.56
TVD 151.71 42.33 5.66 27.90
Table 16 shows statistical calculation of TFRC in different Groups of CAD and

controls. There is increase in the mean value of TFRC in all groups of CAD as
compared to the controls.
Table 17: Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between
Comparison t- Std T P Remark
with Controls value value value
SVD 0.762 1.972 0.447 NS
DVD 0.721 1.973 0.472 NS
TVD 1.358 1.972 0.176 NS
Table 17 shows ‘t’ value for TFRC for comparison between different Groups of
CAD and controls with their statistical significance. There is no statistical
significant difference in the mean value of TFRC in different groups of CAD
when compared with controls.
Table 18: Frequency distribution of Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) in

total CAD and Controls
CI CAD (Cases) Controls

of TFRC M F T % M F T %
0-25 0 1 1 0.7 0 1 1 0.7
26-50 4 1 5 3.3 6 2 8 5.3
51-75 2 2 4 2.7 5 1 6 4.0
76-100 5 1 6 4.0 10 2 12 8.0
101-125 21 1 22 14.7 17 6 23 15.3
126-150 23 8 31 20.7 21 9 30 20.0
151-175 31 11 42 28.0 20 8 28 18.7
176-200 26 5 31 20.7 27 0 27 18.0
201-225 5 0 5 3.3 13 1 14 9.3
226-250 3 0 3 2.0 1 0 1 0.7
251-275 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
276-300 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
301-325 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
326-350 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
351-375 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
376-400 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
>401 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Total 120 30 150 100.0 120 30 150 100.0
Table 18 shows frequency distribution of TFRC in total CAD and controls.

There is increase in the TFRC in CAD as compared to the control. In CAD
cases, maximum percentage of TFRC is seen in class interval of 151-175
(28%) as compared to the control where it is seen in the class interval of 126-
150 (20%).
Table 19: Statistical Calculation for TFRC in total CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Mean SD SE-M CV

Cases M 150.88 41.48 3.79 27.49
(CAD) F 142.43 44.92 8.20 31.54
M+F 149.19 42.17 3.44 28.27
Controls M 146.19 46.66 4.26 31.92
(Normal) F 125.23 44.47 8.12 35.51
M+F 142.00 46.85 3.83 32.99
Table 19 shows statistical calculation for TFRC in total CAD and controls.
There is increase in the mean value of TFRC in CAD males and females, and
also in CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls.
Table 20: Test of Significance for TFRC for comparison between total
CAD and Controls

value value value
NMxCM 0.823 1.970 0.41 NS
NF x CF 1.490 2.002 0.14 NS
N(M+F)xC(M+F) 1.397 1.968 0.16 NS
Table 20 shows ‘t’ value of different comparison groups with their statistical
significance for TFRC in CAD and controls. There is no statistically significant
difference in the mean value of TFRC in all comparison groups.
Table 21: Frequency distribution of Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC)

in Different Groups of CAD
CI SVD DVD TVD Total Cases
of AFRC M F T % M F T % M F T % M F T %
0-25 0 1 1 1.9 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 1 1 0.7
26-50 1 1 2 3.8 1 0 1 2.4 1 0 1 1.8 3 1 4 2.7
51-75 1 0 1 1.9 1 0 1 2.4 1 1 2 3.6 3 1 4 2.7
76-100 2 0 2 3.8 0 0 0 0.0 2 1 3 5.4 4 1 5 3.3
101-125 3 1 4 7.5 6 1 7 17.1 2 0 2 3.6 11 2 13 8.7
126-150 2 1 3 5.7 5 1 6 14.6 4 0 4 7.1 11 2 13 8.7
151-175 3 4 7 13.2 3 2 5 12.2 5 1 6 10.7 11 7 18 12.0
176-200 9 1 10 18.9 5 0 5 12.2 8 3 11 19.6 22 4 26 17.3
201-225 5 0 5 9.4 1 2 3 7.3 7 1 8 14.3 13 3 16 10.7
226-250 5 0 5 9.4 4 1 5 12.2 2 2 4 7.1 11 3 14 9.3
251-275 2 1 3 5.7 2 0 2 4.9 5 0 5 8.9 9 1 10 6.7
276-300 2 1 3 5.7 1 0 1 2.4 2 1 3 5.4 5 2 7 4.7
301-325 3 0 3 5.7 3 0 3 7.3 3 1 4 7.1 9 1 10 6.7
326-350 2 1 3 5.7 1 0 1 2.4 1 0 1 1.8 4 1 5 3.3
351-375 1 0 1 1.9 1 0 1 2.4 0 0 0 0.0 2 0 2 1.3
376-400 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 2 0 2 3.6 2 0 2 1.3
>401 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0

Total 41 12 53 100.0 34 7 41 100.0 45 11 56 100.0 120 30 150 100.0
Table 21 shows frequency distribution of AFRC in different groups of CAD. In

SVD, the maximum percentage of AFRC is 18.9% seen in the class interval of
176-200. While in DVD, it is seen in the class interval of 101-125 (17.1%). In
TVD, the maximum percentage is seen in class interval of 176-200(19.6%).
Table 22: Statistical Calculation of AFRC count in different Groups of

CAD and Controls
Groups AFRC
Mean SD SE-M CV
Controls 184.68 83.58 6.82 45.25
SVD 196.58 83.05 11.41 42.25
DVD 190.39 76.69 11.98 40.28
TVD 205.93 78.44 10.48 38.09
Table 22 shows statistical calculation of AFRC in different Groups of CAD and

controls. There is increase in the mean value of AFRC in all groups of CAD as
Table 23: Test of Significance for AFRC for comparison between
SVD 0.892 1.972 0.373 NS
DVD 0.394 1.973 0.694 NS
TVD 1.986 1.972 0.049 S
Table 23 shows ‘t’ value for AFRC for comparison between different Groups
of CAD and controls with their statistical significance. There is no statistical
significant difference in the mean value of AFRC in different groups of CAD
when compared with controls except TVD (P<0.05).
Table 24: Frequency distribution of Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC)

in total CAD and Controls
CI Cases (CAD) Controls
of AFRC M F T % M F T %
0-25 0 1 1 0.7 0 1 1 0.7
26-50 3 1 4 2.7 4 2 6 4.0

51-75 3 1 4 2.7 7 1 8 5.3
76-100 4 1 5 3.3 9 1 10 6.7
101-125 11 2 13 8.7 9 5 14 9.3
126-150 11 2 13 8.7 10 3 13 8.7
151-175 11 7 18 12.0 17 6 23 15.3
176-200 22 4 26 17.3 15 1 16 10.7
201-225 13 3 16 10.7 6 7 13 8.7
226-250 11 3 14 9.3 8 2 10 6.7
251-275 9 1 10 6.7 11 0 11 7.3
276-300 5 2 7 4.7 7 0 7 4.7
301-325 9 1 10 6.7 8 0 8 5.3
326-350 4 1 5 3.3 7 0 7 4.7
351-375 2 0 2 1.3 1 1 2 1.3
376-400 2 0 2 1.3 1 0 1 0.7
>401 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Total 120 30 150 100.0 120 30 150 100.0
Table 24 shows frequency distribution of AFRC in total CAD cases and

controls. There is increase in the AFRC in CAD as compared to the controls.
In CAD, maximum percentage of AFRC is seen in class interval of 176-200
(17.3%) as compared to the controls where it is seen in the class interval of
151-175 (15.3%).
Table 25: Statistical Calculation for AFRC in total CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Mean SD SE-M CV
Cases M 202.03 80.13 7.32 39.66
(CAD) F 183.77 75.71 13.82 41.20
M+F 198.38 79.36 6.48 40.00
Controls M 191.43 85.25 7.78 44.53
(Normal) F 157.67 71.57 13.07 45.39
M+F 184.68 83.58 6.82 45.25
Table 25 shows statistical calculation for AFRC in total CAD and controls.
There is increase in the mean value of AFRC in CAD males, CAD females
and also in CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls.
Table 26: Test of Significance for AFRC for comparison between total
CAD and Controls
Comparison t- Std T P Remarks

NMxCM 0.992 1.970 0.322 NS

NF x CF 1.372 2.002 0.175 NS
N(M+F)xC(M+F) 1.456 1.968 0.146 NS
Table 26 shows ‘t’ value of different comparison groups in CAD and controls
with their statistical significance for AFRC. There is no statistically significant
difference in the mean value of AFRC in all comparison groups.
III. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PALMAR PATTERNS:
Galton F (1892)39 classified quantitative categories of total palmar pattern

types as shown in table 27 to 30. These quantitative pattern types are
subjected to chi-square test. The comparisons are made among calculated
chi-square value with standard chi-square probability table to see significance
of observation. These chi-square values and their statistical significance are
shown in respective table.
Table 27: Frequency Distribution of True Palmar Patterns in Different

Groups Sex Side Hypo % Th % ID1 % ID2 % ID3 % ID4 % Total %
SVD M R 36 87.8 21 51.2 2 4.9 6 14.6 22 53.7 20 48.8 107 43.5

m=41 L 34 82.9 19 46.3 4 9.8 3 7.3 11 26.8 24 58.5 95 38.6
f=12 R+L 70 85.4 40 48.8 6 7.3 9 11.0 33 40.2 44 53.7 202 41.1
t=53 F R 12 100.0 3 25.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 33.3 9 75.0 28 38.9
L 10 83.3 3 25.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 2 16.7 7 58.3 23 31.9
R+L 22 91.7 6 25.0 1 4.2 0 0.0 6 25.0 16 66.7 51 35.4
M+F R 48 90.6 24 45.3 2 3.8 6 11.3 26 49.1 29 54.7 135 42.5
L 44 83.0 22 41.5 5 9.4 3 5.7 13 24.5 31 58.5 118 37.1
R+L 92 86.8 46 43.4 7 6.6 9 8.5 39 36.8 60 56.6 253 39.8
DVD M R 30 88.2 8 23.5 0 0.0 5 14.7 21 61.8 11 32.4 75 36.8
m=34 L 30 88.2 16 47.1 0 0.0 2 5.9 14 41.2 16 47.1 78 38.2
f=7 R+L 60 88.2 24 35.3 0 0.0 7 10.3 35 51.5 27 39.7 153 37.5
t=41 F R 7 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 6 85.7 14 33.3
L 6 85.7 1 14.3 1 14.3 1 14.3 2 28.6 5 71.4 16 38.1
R+L 13 92.9 1 7.1 1 7.1 1 7.1 3 21.4 11 78.6 30 35.7
M+F R 37 90.2 8 19.5 0 0.0 5 12.2 22 53.7 17 41.5 89 36.2
L 36 87.8 17 41.5 1 2.4 3 7.3 16 39.0 21 51.2 94 38.2
R+L 73 89.0 25 30.5 1 1.2 8 9.8 38 46.3 38 46.3 183 37.2
TVD M R 39 86.7 17 37.8 1 2.2 5 11.1 26 57.8 22 48.9 110 40.7
m=45 L 39 86.7 27 60.0 4 8.9 2 4.4 15 33.3 28 62.2 115 42.6

f=11 R+L 78 86.7 44 48.9 5 5.6 7 7.8 41 45.6 50 55.6 225 41.7
t=56 F R 7 63.6 1 9.1 1 9.1 0 0.0 5 45.5 4 36.4 18 27.3
L 6 54.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 27.3 4 36.4 13 19.7
R+L 13 59.1 1 4.5 1 4.5 0 0.0 8 36.4 8 36.4 31 23.5
M+F R 46 82.1 18 32.1 2 3.6 5 8.9 31 55.4 26 46.4 128 38.1
L 45 80.4 27 48.2 4 7.1 2 3.6 18 32.1 32 57.1 128 38.1
R+L 91 81.3 45 40.2 6 5.4 7 6.3 49 43.8 58 51.8 256 38.1
Controls M R 106 88.3 44 36.7 2 1.7 8 6.7 79 65.8 58 48.3 297 41.3
m=120 L 102 85.0 67 55.8 9 7.5 7 5.8 47 39.2 84 70.0 316 43.9
f=30 R+L 208 86.7 111 46.3 11 4.6 15 6.3 126 52.5 142 59.2 613 42.6
t=150 F R 23 76.7 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 21 70.0 13 43.3 67 37.2
L 23 76.7 13 43.3 3 10.0 0 0.0 6 20.0 18 60.0 63 35.0
R+L 46 76.7 21 35.0 3 5.0 2 3.3 27 45.0 31 51.7 130 36.1
M+F R 129 86.0 52 34.7 2 1.3 10 6.7 100 66.7 71 47.3 364 40.4
L 125 83.3 80 53.3 12 8.0 7 4.7 53 35.3 102 68.0 379 42.1
R+L 254 84.7 132 44.0 14 4.7 17 5.7 153 51.0 173 57.7 743 41.3
Table 27 shows frequency distribution of true palmar patterns in different

groups of CAD and Table 28 shows statistical comparison with controls. The
total percentage of true palmar patterns is 39.8%, 37.2% and 38.1% in SVD,
DVD and TVD respectively. In all groups, palmar patterns are predominantly
seen in hypothenar area followed by ID4 area and ID3 area.
In SVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true palmar pattern in all
areas except hypothenar, ID1 and ID2 area with statistically significant
difference in ID3 area (P<0.05).
In DVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true palmar pattern in
all areas except hypothenar and ID2 area with statistically significant
difference in thenar area (P<0.05).
In TVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true palmar pattern in all
areas except ID1 and ID2 area with no statistically significant difference is
seen in any area.
Table 28: Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between

Groups TRUE PALMAR PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT AREAS Sum

of CAD HYPO THENAR ID-1 ID-2 ID-3 ID-4 Total
Controls 254 132 14 17 153 173 743
% 84.7 44.0 4.7 5.7 51.0 57.7 41.3
SVD 92 46 7 9 39 60 253
% 86.8 43.4 6.6 8.5 36.8 56.6 39.8
Chi Sq 0.14 0.01 0.27 0.62 5.79 0.01 0.38
P-Value 0.7106865 0.9142420 0.6037673 0.4294973 0.0161583 0.9394374 0.5394859
Remark NS NS NS NS S NS NS
DVD 73 25 1 8 38 38 183
% 89.0 30.5 1.2 9.8 46.3 46.3 37.2
Chi Sq 0.67 4.31 1.22 1.16 0.39 2.9 2.51
P-Value 0.4130006 0.0377808 0.2085598 0.2823646 0.5332411 0.0886800 0.1132812
Remark NS S NS NS NS NS NS
TVD 91 45 6 7 49 58 256
% 81.3 40.2 5.4 6.3 43.8 51.8 38.1
Chi Sq 0.47 0.34 0.08/ 0.00 0.00 1.44 0.92 1.93
P-Value 0.4926545 0.5583472 0.9740607 0.9908444 0.2305501 0.3377942 0.1649691
Remark NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Table 29: Frequency Distribution of True Palmar Patterns in total CAD

and Controls
Subject Sex Side Hypo % Th % ID1 % ID2 % ID3 % ID4 % Total %
CAD M R 105 87.5 46 38.3 3 2.5 16 13.3 69 57.5 53 44.2 292 40.6
L 103 85.8 62 51.7 8 6.7 7 5.8 40 33.3 68 56.7 288 40.0
m=120 R+L 208 86.7 108 45.0 11 4.6 23 9.6 109 45.4 121 50.4 580 40.3
f=30 F R 26 86.7 4 13.3 1 3.3 0 0.0 10 33.3 19 63.3 60 33.3
t=150 L 22 73.3 4 13.3 2 6.7 1 3.3 7 23.3 16 53.3 52 28.9
R+L 48 80.0 8 13.3 3 5.0 1 1.7 17 28.3 35 58.3 112 31.1
M+F R 131 87.3 50 33.3 4 2.7 16 10.7 79 52.7 72 48.0 352 39.1
L 125 83.3 66 44.0 10 6.7 8 5.3 47 31.3 84 56.0 340 37.8
R+L 256 85.3 116 38.7 14 4.7 24 8.0 126 42.0 156 52.0 692 38.4
Control M R 106 88.3 44 36.7 2 1.7 8 6.7 79 65.8 58 48.3 297 41.3
m=120 L 102 85.0 67 55.8 9 7.5 7 5.8 47 39.2 84 70.0 316 43.9
f=30 R+L 208 86.7 111 46.3 11 4.6 15 6.3 126 52.5 142 59.2 613 42.6
t=150 F R 23 76.7 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 21 70.0 13 43.3 67 37.2
L 23 76.7 13 43.3 3 10.0 0 0.0 6 20.0 18 60.0 63 35.0
R+L 46 76.7 21 35.0 3 5.0 2 3.3 27 45.0 31 51.7 130 36.1
M+F R 129 86.0 52 34.7 2 1.3 10 6.7 100 66.7 71 47.3 364 40.4
L 125 83.3 80 53.3 12 8.0 7 4.7 53 35.3 102 68.0 379 42.1
R+L 254 84.7 132 44.0 14 4.7 17 5.7 153 51.0 173 57.7 743 41.3
Table 29 shows frequency distribution of true palmar pattern in total CAD and
controls. The percentage of total palmar patterns is 40.3% in CAD males and
42.6% in control males. Whereas, true palmar pattern is seen in 31.1% in
CAD females and 36.1% in control females.
In CAD males, the percentage of palmar patterns is 86.7%, 50.4%,
45.4% and 45% in hypothenar area, ID4 area, ID3 area and thenar area
respectively whereas in control males it is 86.7%, 59.2% 52.5% and 46.3% in
hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and thenar area respectively.
In CAD females, the percentage of palmar pattern is 80%, 58.3%,
28.3% and 13.3% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and thenar areas whereas in
control females it is 76.7%, 51.7%, 45% and 35% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3 and
thenar area.
In CAD (M+F), the percentage of palmar patterns is 85.3%, 52%, 42%
and 38.7% in hypothenar, ID4, ID3, and thenar area as compared to 84.7%,
57.7%, 51% and 44% respectively in controls (M+F).
In right hand, the percentage of palmar patterns is 87.3%, 52.7% and
48% in hypothenar, ID3 and ID4 area in CAD cases as compared to 86%,
66.7% and 47.3% respectively in controls.
In left hand, the percentage of palmar patterns is 83.3%, 56% and 44%
in hypothenar, ID4 and thenar area in CAD cases as compared to 83.3%,
68% and 53.3% respectively in controls.
Table 30 (a): Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between CAD

SEX Subject TRUE PALMAR PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT AREAS Sum
HYPO THENAR ID-1 ID-2 ID-3 ID-4 Total
M CAD 208 108 11 23 109 121 580
CONTROL 208 111 11 15 126 142 613
Chi Sq 0.02 0.03 0.05 1.4 2.53 3.36 1.47
P-Value 0.8931879 0.8545806 0.8272256 0.2366678 0.1119504 0.0666267 0.2260832
Remark NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
F CAD 48 8 3 1 17 35 112
CONTROL 46 21 3 2 27 31 130
Chi Sq 0.05 6.55 0.18 0.00/0.34 2.91 0.3 1.8
P-Value 0.8246371 0.0105006 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0882123 0.5819889 0.1798555
Remark NS S NS NS NS NS NS
M+F CAD 256 116 14 24 126 156 692
CONTROL 254 132 14 17 153 173 743

Chi Sq 0.01 1.55 0.04 0.94 4.53 1.72 2.9
P-Value 0.9089743 0.2136584 0.8465264 0.3316487 0.0333278 0.1893375 0.0887504
Table 30 (b): Statistical Comparison of true Palmar Pattern between CAD

and Controls in both hands
SIDE Subject TRUE PALMAR PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT AREAS Sum
HYPO THENAR ID-1 ID-2 ID-3 ID-4 Total
R CAD 131 50 4 16 79 72 352
CONTROL 129 52 2 10 100 71 364
Chi Sq 0.03 0.01 0.17 1.05 5.54 0.00/0.01 0.28
P-Value 0.8651347 0.9029951 0.6843327 0.3048678 0.0185821 1.0000000 0.5962964
L CAD 125 66 10 8 47 84 340
CONTROL 125 80 12 7 53 102 379
Chi Sq 0.02 2.25 0.05 0.00/0.07 0.38 4.09 3.34
P-Value 0.8768849 0.1331889 0.8247217 1.0000000 0.5402914 0.043167 0.0674445
Remark NS NS NS NS NS S NS
Table 30 shows statistical comparison of true palmar patterns between CAD

and controls in (a) Males and Females and (b) Right Hand and Left Hand.
There is decrease in the frequency of palmar pattern in CAD males in
all areas except ID2 area, but no statistically significant difference is seen in
any areas when compared with controls.
In CAD females also there is decrease in the frequency of palmar
pattern in all areas except hypothenar and ID4 area with statistically
significant difference is seen in thenar (P<0.05).
In CAD (M+F) combined series, there is decrease in the frequency of
palmar pattern in all areas except hypothenar, ID1 and ID2 area with
statistically significant difference is seen in ID3 area (P<0.05).
Moreover, in Right hand, there is decrease in the frequency of palmar
pattern in all areas of CAD cases except hypothenar, ID1, ID2 and ID4 area
with statistically significant difference is seen in ID3 area (P<0.05).
In Left hand, there is decrease in the frequency of palmar pattern in all
areas of CAD cases except ID2 area with statistically significant difference is
seen in ID4 area (P<0.05).
IV. POSITION OF AXIAL TRIRADII:
Table 31: Frequency Distribution of Position of Axial Triradii in Different

Groups of CAD
Groups Sex Si t t' t" t t' tt" t' t" t' + t t' t" + tt" DDA
de No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
SVD M R 32 78.0 5 12.2 0 0.0 2 4.9 2 4.9 0 0.0 7 17.1 2 4.9 9 22.0
m=41 L 25 61.0 6 14.6 1 2.4 5 12.2 4 9.8 0 0.0 11 26.8 5 12.2 16 39.0
f=12 R+L 57 69.5 11 13.4 1 1.2 7 8.5 6 7.3 0 0.0 18 22.0 7 8.5 25 30.5
t=53 F R 8 66.7 3 25.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 33.3 0 0.0 4 33.3
L 9 75.0 2 16.7 0 0.0 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 25.0 0 0.0 3 25.0
R+L 17 70.8 5 20.8 0 0.0 2 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 29.2 0 0.0 7 29.2
M+F R 40 75.5 8 15.1 0 0.0 3 5.7 2 3.8 0 0.0 11 20.8 2 3.8 13 24.5
L 34 64.2 8 15.1 1 1.9 6 11.3 4 7.5 0 0.0 14 26.4 5 9.4 19 35.8
R+L 74 69.8 16 15.1 1 0.9 9 8.5 6 5.7 0 0.0 25 23.6 7 6.6 32 30.2
DVD M R 26 76.5 5 14.7 1 2.9 2 5.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 20.6 1 2.9 8 23.5
m=34 L 28 82.4 4 11.8 1 2.9 0 0.0 1 2.9 0 0.0 4 11.8 2 5.9 6 17.6
f=7 R+L 54 79.4 9 13.2 2 2.9 2 2.9 1 1.5 0 0.0 11 16.2 3 4.4 14 20.6
t=41 F R 5 71.4 1 14.3 0 0.0 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 28.6 0 0.0 2 28.6
L 6 85.7 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.3 0 0.0 1 14.3
R+L 11 78.6 2 14.3 0 0.0 1 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 21.4
M+F R 31 75.6 6 14.6 1 2.4 3 7.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 22.0 1 2.4 10 24.4
L 34 82.9 5 12.2 1 2.4 0 0.0 1 2.4 0 0.0 5 12.2 2 4.9 7 17.1
R+L 65 79.3 11 13.4 2 2.4 3 3.7 1 1.2 0 0.0 14 17.1 3 3.7 17 20.7
TVD M R 36 80.0 5 11.1 0 0.0 2 4.4 2 4.4 0 0.0 7 15.6 2 4.4 9 20.0
m=45 L 32 71.1 6 13.3 0 0.0 5 11.1 2 4.4 0 0.0 11 24.4 2 4.4 13 28.9
f=11 R+L 68 75.6 11 12.2 0 0.0 7 7.8 4 4.4 0 0.0 18 20.0 4 4.4 22 24.4
t=56 F R 6 54.5 4 36.4 0 0.0 1 9.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 45.5 0 0.0 5 45.5
L 6 54.5 5 45.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 45.5 0 0.0 5 45.5
R+L 12 54.5 9 40.9 0 0.0 1 4.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 45.5 0 0.0 10 45.5
M+F R 42 75.0 9 16.1 0 0.0 3 5.4 2 3.6 0 0.0 12 21.4 2 3.6 14 25.0
L 38 67.9 11 19.6 0 0.0 5 8.9 2 3.6 0 0.0 16 28.6 2 3.6 18 32.1
R+L 80 71.4 20 17.9 0 0.0 8 7.1 4 3.6 0 0.0 28 25.0 4 3.6 32 28.6
Control M R 99 82.5 10 8.3 1 0.8 7 5.8 2 1.7 1 0.8 17 14.2 3 2.5 20 16.7
m=120 L 96 80.0 10 8.3 0 0.0 9 7.5 5 4.2 0 0.0 19 15.8 5 4.2 24 20.0
f=30 R+L 195 81.3 20 8.3 1 0.4 16 6.7 7 2.9 1 0.4 36 15.0 8 3.3 44 18.3
t=150 F R 22 73.3 4 13.3 0 0.0 3 10.0 1 3.3 0 0.0 7 23.3 1 3.3 8 26.7
L 19 63.3 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 1 3.3 0 0.0 10 33.3 1 3.3 11 36.7
R+L 41 68.3 12 20.0 0 0.0 5 8.3 2 3.3 0 0.0 17 28.3 2 3.3 19 31.7
M+F R 121 80.7 14 9.3 1 0.7 10 6.7 3 2.0 1 0.7 24 16.0 4 2.7 28 18.7
L 115 76.7 18 12.0 0 0.0 11 7.3 6 4.0 0 0.0 29 19.3 6 4.0 35 23.3
R+L 236 78.7 32 10.7 1 0.3 21 7.0 9 3.0 1 0.3 53 17.7 10 3.3 63 21.0
Table 32: Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between

Groups POSITION OF AXIAL TRIRADII
of CAD t t' t" tt' tt" t't" t'+tt' t"+tt" DDA
Controls 236 32 1 21 9 1 53 10 63
% 78.7 10.7 0.3 7.0 3.0 0.3 17.7 3.3 21.0
SVD 74 16 1 9 6 0 25 7 32
% 69.8 15.1 0.9 8.5 5.7 0.0 23.6 6.6 30.2
Chi Sq 2.93 1.08 0.00/0.05 0.08 0.90 0.30 1.41 1.35 3.19
P-Value 0.08699 0.29896 0.45448 0.77311 0.23360 0.58601 0.23559 0.24483 0.07388
Remark NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
DVD 65 11 2 3 1 0 14 3 17
% 79.3 13.4 2.4 3.7 1.2 0 17.1 3.7 20.7
Chi Sq 0.00/0.01 0.25 1.46 0.72 0.25 0.48 0.00/0.02 0.04 0.01
P-Value 0.97262 0.61667 0.11769 0.39627 0.69622 0.48651 0.96921 0.84171 0.92017
TVD 80 20 0 8 4 0 28 4 32
% 71.4 17.9 0 7.1 3.6 0 25 3.6 28.6
Chi Sq 2 3.2 0.26 0.03 0.03 0.26 2.33 0.03 2.23
P-Value 0.15700 0.07368 0.60765 0.86815 0.85173 0.60765 0.12675 0.85173 0.13573
Table 31 shows frequency distribution of different position and distal

displacement of axial triradii in different groups of CAD and Table 32 shows
their statistical comparisons with controls. There is higher percentage of axial
triradii near wrist (t) in all groups of CAD with 69.9% in SVD, 79.3% in DVD
and 71.4% in TVD as compared to 78.7% in controls.
In SVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t’, t”, tt’,
tt”, t’+tt’, t”+tt” and DDA position and decrease in the percentage of axial
triradii near wrist (t) as compared to the controls.
In DVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t, t’, t”
position and decrease in the percentage of rest of position of axial triradii as
In TVD, there is increase in the percentage of axial triradii at t’, tt”, t’+tt’
and DDA position and decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t)
as compared to the controls.
Thus there is decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t)
with increase in the percentage of Distal Displacement (t’,tt”,t’+tt’) of Axial
triradii (DDA) position in both SVD and TVD but not statistically significant.
No statistically significant difference is seen in any position of axial triradii in
any groups of CAD when compared with the controls.
Table 33: Frequency Distribution of Position of Axial Triradii in total CAD

and Controls
S
Subject E Side t t' t" t t' tt" t' t" t' + t t' t" + tt" DDA
X No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No %
CAD M R 94 78.3 15 12.5 1 0.8 6 5.0 4 3.3 0 0.0 21 17.5 5 4.2 26 21.7
L 85 70.8 16 13.3 2 1.7 10 8.3 7 5.8 0 0.0 26 21.7 9 7.5 35 29.2
m=120 R+L 179 74.6 31 12.9 3 1.3 16 6.7 11 4.6 0 0.0 47 19.6 14 5.8 61 25.4
f=30 F R 19 63.3 8 26.7 0 0.0 3 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 36.7 0 0.0 11 36.7
t=150 L 21 70.0 8 26.7 0 0.0 1 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 09 30.0 0 0.0 9 30.0
R+L 40 66.7 16 26.7 0 0.0 4 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 33.3 0 0.0 20 33.3
M+F R 113 75.3 23 15.3 1 0.7 9 6.0 4 2.7 0 0.0 32 21.3 5 3.3 37 24.7
L 106 70.7 24 16.0 2 1.3 11 7.3 7 4.7 0 0.0 35 23.3 9 6.0 44 29.3
R+L 219 73.0 47 15.7 3 1.0 20 6.7 11 3.7 0 0.0 67 22.3 14 4.7 81 27.0
Controls M R 99 82.5 10 8.3 1 0.8 7 5.8 2 1.7 1 0.8 17 14.2 3 2.5 20 16.7
m=120 L 96 80.0 10 8.3 0 0.0 9 7.5 5 4.2 0 0.0 19 15.8 5 4.2 24 20.0
f=30 R+L 195 81.3 20 8.3 1 0.4 16 6.7 7 2.9 1 0.4 36 15.0 8 3.3 44 18.3
t=150 F R 22 73.3 4 13.3 0 0.0 3 10.0 1 3.3 0 0.0 07 23.3 1 3.3 8 26.7
L 19 63.3 8 26.7 0 0.0 2 6.7 1 3.3 0 0.0 10 33.3 1 3.3 11 36.7
R+L 41 68.3 12 20.0 0 0.0 5 8.3 2 3.3 0 0.0 17 28.3 2 3.3 19 31.7
M+F R 121 80.7 14 9.3 1 0.7 10 6.7 3 2.0 1 0.7 24 16.0 4 2.7 28 18.7
L 115 76.7 18 12.0 0 0.0 11 7.3 6 4.0 0 0.0 29 19.3 6 4.0 35 23.3
R+L 236 78.7 32 10.7 1 0.3 21 7.0 9 3.0 1 0.3 53 17.7 10 3.3 63 21.0
Table 33 shows frequency distribution of different position and distal

displacement of axial triradii in total CAD and controls. There is higher
percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t) in both CAD and controls. The
percentage of axial triradii t’+tt’ is 19.6% and t”+tt” is 5.8% in CAD males,
while in control males, the percentage of t’+tt’ is 15% and t”+tt” is 3.3%.
In CAD females, the percentage of axial triradii t’+tt’ is 33.3% and t”+tt”
is 0% as compared to 28.3% and 3.3% respectively in control females.
In CAD (M+F) combined series, the percentage of axial triradii t’+tt’ is
22.3% and t”+tt” is 4.7% as compared to 17.7% and 3.3% respectively in
control (M+F).
The percentage of Distal Displacement of Axial Triradii (DDA) in CAD
males is 25.4% and in control males is 18.3%. While it is 33.3% in CAD
females and 31.7% in control females.
In both right and left hand, there is increase in the percentage of distal
displacement of axial triradii.
Table 34 (a): Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between

CAD and Controls in Males and Females.
SEX Subject POSITION OF AXIAL TRIRADII
t t' t" tt' tt" t't" t'+tt' t"+tt" DDA
M CAD 179 31 3 16 11 0 47 14 61
CONTROL 195 20 1 16 7 1 36 8 44
Chi Sq 2.72 2.19 0.25 0.03 0.52 ---- 1.46 1.19 3.12
P-Value 0.09883 0.13856 0.62343 0.85481 0.47106 ---- 0.22745 0.27514 0.07730
Remark NS NS NS NS NS ---- NS NS NS
F CAD 40 16 0 4 0 0 20 0 20
CONTROL 41 12 0 5 2 0 17 2 19
Chi Sq 0.04 0.42 -- 0.12 0.51 ---- 0.16 0.51 0.04
P-Value 0.84547 0.51731 -- 0.72890 0.49580 ---- 0.69259 0.49580 0.84547
Remark NS NS -- NS NS ---- NS NS NS
M+F CAD 219 47 3 20 11 0 67 14 81
CONTROL 236 32 1 21 9 1 53 10 63
Chi Sq 2.33 2.86 0.25 0.03 0.05 ---- 1.76 0.39 2.64
P-Value 0.12705 0.09097 0.62374 0.87146 0.82009 ---- 0.18457 0.53197 0.10416
Table 34 (b): Statistical Comparison of Position of Axial Triradii between

CAD and Controls in both hands.
SIDE Subject POSITION OF AXIAL TRIRADII
t t' t" tt' tt" t't" t'+tt' t"+tt" DDA

R CAD 113 23 1 9 4 0 32 5 37
CONTROL 121 14 1 10 3 1 24 4 28
Chi Sq 0.95 1.97 0.50 0.00 0.00 ---- 1.08 0.00 1.26
P-Value 0.32926 0.16012 0.47803 1.00000 1.00000 ---- 0.29963 1.00000 0.26223
L CAD 106 24 2 11 7 0 35 9 44
CONTROL 115 18 0 11 6 0 29 6 35
Chi Sq 1.10 0.69 0.50 0.05 0.00 ---- 0.50 0.28 1.10
P-Value 0.29433 0.40544 0.47803 0.82472 1.00000 ---- 0.48102 0.59624 0.29433
Table 34 shows chi-square values for statistical comparison of different

position of axial triradii between CAD and controls in (a) Males and Females
(b) Right and Left hand.
There is increase in the frequency of position of axial triradii at t’, t”, tt”
t’+tt’, t”+tt” and DDA in CAD males and t’, t’+tt’ in CAD females with decrease
in the frequency of axial triradii near wrist (t) in both sexes but no statistical
significance difference in any position of axial triradii when compared with the
controls.
In CAD (M+F) combined series, there is also increase in the frequency
of position of axial triradii at t’, t”, tt”, t’+tt’, t”+tt” and DDA with decrease in the
frequency of axial triradii near wrist (t) but no statistical significant difference in
any position of axial triradii when compared with the controls.
Similarly, there is increase in the frequency of axial triradii at t’, tt”, t’+tt’,
t”+tt” and DDA in both right and left hand with decrease in the frequency of
axial triradii near wrist (t) but no statistical significant difference in any position
of axial triradii when compared with the controls.
Thus there is increase frequency of DDA (t’, tt”, t’+tt’) and decrease
frequency of axial triradii near wrist (t) in CAD but no statistical significant
difference in any position of axial triradii in either sex or in right and left hand
when compared with the controls.
V. NUMBER OF PALMAR TRIRADII:
Table 35: Frequency Distribution of Number of Palmar Triradii in

Groups Sex Side 4 5 6 7 8 9
No % No % No % No % No % No %
SVD M R 5 12.2 17 41.5 13 31.7 6 14.6 0 0.0 0 0.0
m=41 L 4 9.8 16 39.0 13 31.7 7 17.1 1 2.4 0 0.0
f=12 R+L 9 11.0 33 40.2 26 31.7 13 15.9 1 1.2 0 0.0
t=53 F R 1 8.3 8 66.7 2 16.7 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
L 1 8.3 8 66.7 2 16.7 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 2 8.3 16 66.7 4 16.7 2 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
M+F R 6 11.3 25 47.2 15 28.3 7 13.2 0 0.0 0 0.0
L 5 9.4 24 45.3 15 28.3 8 15.1 1 1.9 0 0.0
R+L 11 10.4 49 46.2 30 28.3 15 14.2 1 0.9 0 0.0
DVD M R 2 5.9 25 73.5 5 14.7 1 2.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
m=34 L 1 2.9 26 76.5 5 14.7 1 2.9 1 2.9 0 0.0
f=7 R+L 3 4.4 51 75.0 10 14.7 2 2.9 2 2.9 0 0.0
t=41 F R 0 0.0 5 71.4 2 28.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
L 0 0.0 6 85.7 0 0.0 1 14.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 0 0.0 11 78.6 2 14.3 1 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0
M+F R 2 4.9 30 73.2 7 17.1 1 2.4 1 2.4 0 0.0
L 1 2.4 32 78.0 5 12.2 2 4.9 1 2.4 0 0.0
R+L 3 3.7 62 75.6 12 14.6 3 3.7 2 2.4 0 0.0
TVD M R 3 6.7 28 62.2 9 20.0 4 8.9 1 2.2 0 0.0
m=45 L 2 4.4 25 55.6 10 22.2 6 13.3 2 4.4 0 0.0
f=11 R+L 5 5.6 53 58.9 19 21.1 10 11.1 3 3.3 0 0.0
t=56 F R 0 0.0 10 90.9 1 9.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
L 0 0.0 9 81.8 2 18.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 0 0.0 19 86.4 3 13.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
M+F R 3 5.4 38 67.9 10 17.9 4 7.1 1 1.8 0 0.0
L 2 3.6 34 60.7 12 21.4 6 10.7 2 3.6 0 0.0
R+L 5 4.5 72 64.3 22 19.6 10 8.9 3 2.7 0 0.0
Controls M R 1 0.8 74 61.7 37 30.8 4 3.3 3 2.5 1 0.8
m=120 L 1 0.8 59 49.2 48 40.0 9 7.5 2 1.7 1 0.8
f=30 R+L 2 0.8 133 55.4 85 35.4 13 5.4 5 2.1 2 0.8

t=150 F R 1 3.3 17 56.7 10 33.3 1 3.3 1 3.3 0 0.0
L 1 3.3 17 56.7 9 30.0 3 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 2 3.3 34 56.7 19 31.7 4 6.7 1 1.7 0 0.0
M+F R 2 1.3 91 60.7 47 31.3 5 3.3 4 2.7 1 0.7
L 2 1.3 76 50.7 57 38.0 12 8.0 2 1.3 1 0.7
R+L 4 1.3 167 55.7 104 34.7 17 5.7 6 2.0 2 0.7
Table 36: Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii between

Groups NUMBER OF PALMAR TRIRADII
of CAD 4 5 6 7 8 9
Controls 4 167 104 17 6 2
% 1.3 55.7 34.7 5.7 2.0 0.7
SVD 11 49 30 15 1 0
% 10.4 46.2 28.3 14.2 0.9 0.0
Chi Sq 15.55 2.44 1.16 6.64 0.08 0.0
P-Value 0.0000802 0.1184849 0.2811403 0.0099671 0.7761360 0.9714613
Remark S NS NS S NS NS
DVD 3 62 12 3 2 0
% 3.7 75.6 14.6 3.7 2.4 0.0
Chi Sq 0.86 9.85 11.29 0.2 0.04 0.01
P-Value 0.354099 0.0016956 0.0007782 0.6572240 0.8500247 0.9028631
Remark NS S S NS NS NS
TVD 5 72 22 10 3 0
% 4.5 64.3 19.6 8.9 2.7 0.0
Chi Sq 2.42 2.15 7.98 0.93 0.00 0.00
P-Value 0.119822 0.1429470 0.0047360 0.3337330 0.9677337 0.9445075
Remark NS NS S NS NS NS
Table 35 shows frequency distribution of number of palmar triradii in different

groups of CAD and Table 36 shows statistical comparison with the controls.
In SVD, there is increase in the percentage of ‘4’ and ‘7’ palmar triradii
and decrease in the percentage of ‘5’ and ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to
the controls with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘4’ palmar triradii
(P<0.0001) and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.01).
In DVD, there is increase in the percentage of ‘4’, and ‘5’ palmar triradii
and decrease in the percentage of ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to the
controls with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘5’ palmar triradii

In TVD, there is increase in the percentage of ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’ palmar
triradii and decrease in the percentage of ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to
the controls with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘6’ palmar triradii
(P<0.01).
Table 37: Frequency Distribution of Number of Palmar Triradii in total

CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Side 4 5 6 7 8 9
No % No % No % No % No % No %
CAD M R 10 8.3 70 58.3 27 22.5 11 9.2 2 1.7 0 0.0
(Cases) L 7 5.8 67 55.8 28 23.3 14 11.7 4 3.3 0 0.0
m=120 R+L 17 7.1 137 57.1 55 22.9 25 10.4 6 2.5 0 0.0
f=30 F R 1 3.3 23 76.7 5 16.7 1 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0
t=150 L 1 3.3 23 76.7 4 13.3 2 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 2 3.3 46 76.7 9 15.0 3 5.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
M+F R 11 7.3 93 62.0 32 21.3 12 8.0 2 1.3 0 0.0
L 8 5.3 90 60.0 32 21.3 16 10.7 4 2.7 0 0.0
R+L 19 6.3 183 61.0 64 21.3 28 9.3 6 2.0 0 0.0
Controls M R 1 0.8 74 61.7 37 30.8 4 3.3 3 2.5 1 0.8
m=120 L 1 0.8 59 49.2 48 40.0 9 7.5 2 1.7 1 0.8
f=30 R+L 2 0.8 133 55.4 85 35.4 13 5.4 5 2.1 2 0.8
t=150 F R 1 3.3 17 56.7 10 33.3 1 3.3 1 3.3 0 0.0
L 1 3.3 17 56.7 9 30.0 3 10.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
R+L 2 3.3 34 56.7 19 31.7 4 6.7 1 1.7 0 0.0
M+F R 2 1.3 91 60.7 47 31.3 5 3.3 4 2.7 1 0.7
L 2 1.3 76 50.7 57 38.0 12 8.0 2 1.3 1 0.7
R+L 4 1.3 167 55.7 104 34.7 17 5.7 6 2.0 2 0.7
Table 38 (a): Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii

between CAD and Controls in Males and Females.
SEX Subject NUMBER OF PALMAR TRIRADII
4 5 6 7 8 9
M CAD 17 137 55 25 6 0
CONTROL 2 133 85 13 5 2
Chi Sq 10.74 0.08 8.48 4.12 0.09 0.50
P-Value 0.0010479 0.7825279 0.0035894 0.0424979 0.7603458 0.4985562
Remark S NS S S NS NS
F CAD 2 46 9 3 0 0
CONTROL 2 34 19 4 1 0
Chi Sq 0.26 4.54 4.66 0.15 0 ----
P-Value 0.6110693 0.0331600 0.0309022 0.6969097 1.0000000 ----
Remark NS S S NS NS ----
M+F CAD 19 183 64 28 6 0
CONTROL 4 167 104 17 6 2
Chi Sq 8.86 1.54 12.57 2.40 0.09 0.50
P-Value 0.0029126 0.2141930 0.0003911 0.1211491 0.7705879 0.4991653
Remark S NS S NS NS NS
Table 38 (b): Statistical Comparison of Number of Palmar Triradii

between CAD and Controls in both hands.
SIDE Subject NUMBER OF PALMAR TRIRADII
4 5 6 7 8 9
R CAD 11 93 32 12 2 0
CONTROL 2 91 47 5 4 1
Chi Sq 5.15 0.01 3.87 2.24 0.17 0.00
P-Value 0.0232990 0.9056273 0.0492679 0.1340594 0.6800514 1.0000000
Remark S NS S NS NS NS
L CAD 8 90 32 16 4 0
CONTROL 2 76 57 12 2 1
Chi Sq 2.59 2.28 9.20 0.35 0.17 0.00
P-Value 0.1077982 0.1311139 0.0024178 0.5515673 0.6800514 1.0000000
Remark NS NS S NS NS NS
Table 37 shows frequency distribution of number of palmar triradii in total

CAD and controls. Table 38 shows statistical comparison of number of palmar
triradii between CAD and controls in (a) Males and Females and (b) Right
hand and Left hand.
In CAD males, there is increase in the frequency of ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’
palmar triradii and decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to the controls
males with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘4’ palmar triradii
(P<0.01), ‘6’ palmar triradii (P<0.01) and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.05).
In CAD females, there is increase in the frequency of ‘5’ palmar triradii
and decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to the controls females with
statistically significant difference is seen in ‘5’ palmar triradii (P<0.05) and ‘6’
palmar triradii (P<0.05).
In CAD (M+F) combined series, there is increase in the frequency of

‘4’, ‘5’, and ‘7’ palmar triradii and decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii as compared to
the controls (M+F) with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘4’ palmar
triradii (P<0.01) and ‘6’ palmar triradii (P<0.001).
In Right hand, there is increase in the frequency of ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’
palmar triradii and decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD as compared to the
controls with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘4’ palmar triradii
In Left hand, there is increase in the frequency of ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’ palmar
triradii and decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD as compared to the controls
with statistically significant difference is seen in ‘6’ palmar triradii (P<0.01).
VI. ab RIDGE COUNT:
Table 39: Statistical Calculation of ab-ridge count in different Groups of

CAD and Controls
Groups RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
MEAN SD SE-M CV MEAN SD SE-M CV
Controls 39.54 5.28 0.43 13.36 40.63 5.20 0.42 12.81
SVD 39.40 4.73 0.65 12.00 40.04 4.90 0.67 12.24
DVD 39.44 4.86 0.76 12.32 40.41 5.31 0.83 13.14
TVD 39.45 5.20 0.70 13.19 40.38 5.58 0.75 13.83
Table 39 shows statistical calculation of ab ridge count in different groups of

CAD and controls. The mean value of ab ridge count in different groups of
CAD is slightly lower in both right and left hand as compared to the controls.
The mean value of ab ridge count in right hand is slightly lesser as
compared to left hand in all group of CAD and controls.
Table 40: Test of Significance for ab- ridge count for comparison
between different Groups of CAD and Controls
Comparison RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
with t- Std T- P Remark t- Std T- P Remark
Controls value value value value value value
SVD 0.170 1.972 0.865 NS 0.721 1.972 0.472 NS
DVD 0.109 1.973 0.913 NS 0.239 1.973 0.811 NS

TVD 0.109 1.972 0.913 NS 0.301 1.972 0.764 NS
Table 40 shows t-value for ab ridge count for comparison between different
groups of CAD and controls. There is no statistically significant difference in
the mean value of ab ridge count in different groups of CAD when compared
to the controls.
Table 41: Frequency distribution of a-b ridge count in total CAD and
Controls
ab MALE FEMALE
Ridge CAD CONTROL CAD CONTROL
Count R L T % R L T % R L T % R L T %
26-30 2 2 4 1.7 4 2 6 2.5 1 1 2 3.3 2 2 4 6.7
31-35 17 16 33 13.8 24 15 39 16.3 7 8 15 25.0 4 2 6 10.0
36-40 52 54 106 44.2 48 48 96 40.0 12 6 18 30.0 6 6 12 20.0
41-45 39 29 68 28.3 32 40 72 30.0 7 5 12 20.0 13 16 29 48.3
46-50 7 16 23 9.6 7 10 17 7.1 2 8 10 16.7 4 4 8 13.3
51-55 3 2 5 2.1 5 3 8 3.3 1 2 3 5.0 1 0 1 1.7
56-60 0 1 1 0.4 0 2 2 0.8 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Table 41 shows frequency distribution of ab ridge count in total CAD and

controls. In CAD males, maximum percentage of ab ridge count is seen
between 36-40 (44.2%) as compared to control males where it is seen
between 36-40 (40%). In CAD females, maximum percentage of ab ridge
count is seen between 36-40 (30%) as compared to control females where it
is seen between 41-45 interval (48.3%).
Table 42: Statistical Calculation for a-b Ridge Count in total CAD and
Controls
Subject Sex Side MEAN SD SE-M CV
CAD M R 39.68 4.78 0.44 12.05
(Cases) L 40.17 4.91 0.45 12.24
R+L 39.93 4.85 0.45 12.15
F R 38.43 5.39 0.98 14.01
L 40.67 6.47 1.18 15.91
R+L 39.55 5.93 1.08 14.96
M+F R 39.43 4.91 0.40 12.46
L 40.27 5.24 0.43 13.02
R+L 39.85 5.08 0.41 12.74

Controls M R 39.33 5.21 0.48 13.26
(Normal) L 40.43 5.23 0.48 12.93
R+L 39.88 5.22 0.48 13.10
F R 40.40 5.54 1.01 13.72
L 41.40 5.11 0.93 12.34
R+L 40.90 5.33 0.97 13.03
M+F R 39.54 5.28 0.43 13.36
L 40.63 5.20 0.42 12.81
R+L 40.08 5.24 0.42 13.08
Table 42 shows statistical calculation of ab ridge count in CAD and controls.
There is slight increase in the mean value of ab ridge count in CAD males and
decrease in CAD females and CAD (M+F) as compared to the controls.
There is also decrease in the mean value of ab ridge count in both right
and left hand in CAD as compared to the controls.
Table 43: Test of Significance for a-b Ridge Count for comparison
between total CAD and Control
t- Std T- P Remark
Comparison value value value
NMRxCMR 0.542 1.970 0.588 NS
NMLxCML 0.397 1.970 0.692 NS
NM(R+L)xCM(R+L) 0.098 1.965 0.922 NS
NFRxCFR 1.396 2.002 0.168 NS
NFLxCFL 0.485 2.002 0.630 NS
NF(R+L)xCF(R+L) 1.312 1.980 0.192 NS
NTRxCTR 0.187 1.968 0.852 NS
NTLxCTL 0.597 1.968 0.551 NS
NT(R+L)xCT(R+L) 0.546 1.964 0.585 NS
Table 43 shows t-value for ab ridge count for comparison between total CAD
and controls. There is no statistically significant difference in the mean value
of ab ridge count in CAD males, CAD females and CAD (M+F) when
compared with the controls. Also no statistically significant difference in the
mean value of ab ridge count in both right and left hand in CAD when
compared with the controls.
VII. atd ANGLE
Table 44: Statistical Calculation of atd angle in different Groups of CAD

and Controls
Groups RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
MEAN SD SE-M CV MEAN SD SE-M CV
Controls 39.72 4.1 0.33 10.33 39.85 4.34 0.35 10.9
SVD 39.89 4.67 0.64 11.71 40.77 5.01 0.69 12.28
DVD 41.07 5.37 0.84 13.08 41.61 5.37 0.84 12.91
TVD 41.21 4.75 0.64 11.54 41.61 4.88 0.65 11.74
Table 44 shows statistical calculation of atd angle in different groups of CAD

and controls. There is increase in the mean value of atd angle in all groups of
CAD in both right and left hand as compared to the controls.
There is increase in the mean value of atd angle in left hand in all
groups of CAD as compared to right hand.
Table 45: Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between
Comparison RIGHT HAND LEFT HAND
with t- Std T- P Remark t- Std T- P Remark
Controls value value value value value value
SVD 0.250 1.972 0.803 NS 1.272 1.972 0.205 NS
DVD 1.741 1.973 0.083 S 2.182 1.973 0.030 S
TVD 2.220 1.972 0.027 S 2.502 1.972 0.013 S
Table 45 shows t-value for atd angle for comparison between different groups
of CAD and controls. There is statistically significant difference in the mean
value of atd angle in DVD (P<0.05) and TVD (P<0.05) of both right hand and
left hand when compared with controls.
Table 46: Frequency distribution of atd angle in total CAD and Controls
atd MALE FEMALE
angle CAD CONTROL CAD CONTROL
R L T % R L T % R L T % R L T %
26-30 0 1 1 0.4 1 1 2 0.8 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
31-35 13 11 24 10.0 19 16 35 14.6 5 4 9 15.0 5 4 9 15.0
36-40 54 48 102 42.5 61 62 123 51.3 11 7 18 30.0 12 12 24 40.0
41-45 37 43 80 33.3 30 34 64 26.7 9 11 20 33.3 10 8 18 30.0
46-50 11 10 21 8.8 8 5 13 5.4 5 6 11 18.3 2 5 7 11.7
51-55 3 5 8 3.3 1 1 2 0.8 0 2 2 3.3 1 1 2 3.3
56-60 2 2 4 1.7 0 1 1 0.4 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0
Table 46 shows frequency distribution of atd angle in total CAD and controls.
In CAD males, maximum percentage of atd angle is seen between 36-40
(42.5%) as compared to control males where it is seen between 36-40
(51.3%).
In CAD females, maximum percentage of atd angle is seen between
41-45 (33.3%) as compared to control females where it is seen between 36-
40 (40%).
Table 47: Statistical Calculation for atd angle in total CAD and Controls
Subject Sex Side MEAN SD SE-M CV
CAD M R 40.77 5.02 0.46 12.32
(Cases) L 41.09 5.01 0.46 12.19
R+L 40.94 5.02 0.46 12.26
F R 40.47 4.49 0.82 11.08
L 42.20 5.18 0.94 12.26
R+L 41.34 4.84 0.88 11.67
M+F R 40.71 4.91 0.40 12.06
L 41.31 5.04 0.41 12.21
R+L 41.01 4.98 0.41 12.14
Controls M R 39.61 4.07 0.37 10.27
(Normal) L 39.54 4.21 0.38 10.64
R+L 39.58 4.14 0.38 10.46
F R 40.17 4.28 0.78 10.64
L 41.10 4.72 0.86 11.49

R+L 40.64 4.50 0.82 11.07
M+F R 39.72 4.10 0.33 10.33
L 39.85 4.34 0.35 10.90
R+L 39.79 4.22 0.34 10.62
Table 47 shows statistical calculation of atd angle in CAD and controls. There
is increase in the mean value of atd angle in CAD males, CAD females and
CAD (M+F) as compared to the controls.
There is also increase in the mean value of atd angle in both right and
left hand in CAD as compared to the controls.
Table 48: Test of Significance for atd angle for comparison between total
CAD and Controls
t- Std T- P Remark
Comparison value value value
NMRxCMR 1.983 1.970 0.048 S
NMLxCML 2.595 1.970 0.010 S
NM(R+L)xCM(R+L) 3.240 1.965 0.001 S
NFRxCFR 0.265 2.002 0.792 NS
NFLxCFL 0.860 2.002 0.393 NS
NF(R+L)xCF(R+L) 0.821 1.980 0.413 NS
NTRxCTR 1.895 1.968 0.059 NS
NTLxCTL 2.688 1.968 0.008 S
NT(R+L)xCT(R+L) 3.252 1.964 0.001 S
Table 48 shows t-value for atd angle for comparison between total CAD and
controls. There is statistically significant difference in the mean value of atd
angle in CAD males (P<0.001), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001) and CAD left hand
(P<0.01) when compared with the controls. There is no statistically significant
difference in atd angle in CAD females.
Distribution of Groups of CAD
38% 35%
27%
SVD DVD TVD

Frequency distribution of Finger Tip Pattern
900
870
800
779
700
600
Frequency
619
500 506
400
300
200
100 102 124
0
Loops Arches Whorls
CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of TFRC

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0-25 26- 51- 76- 101- 126- 151- 176- 201- 226- 251- 276- 301- 326- 351- 376- >401
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of AFRC

30
25
20
15
10
0
0-25 26- 51- 76- 101- 126- 151- 176- 201- 226- 251- 276- 301- 326- 351- 376- >401
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of True Palmar Patterns
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Hypo Th ID1 ID2 ID3 ID4
CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of Number of Palmar Triradii

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4 5 6 7 8 9
CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of ab Ridge Count

140
120
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0
26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
Class Interval CAD Controls
Frequency distribution of atd Angle

160
140
120
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0
26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
Class Interval CAD Controls
DISCUSSION:
Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic tool is now well established in a
number of diseases which have strong hereditary basis. Coronary Artery
Disease being the hereditary background, certain dermatoglyphic variation is
to be expected in it.
The present study is carried out in the department of Anatomy. The
study consists of 150 patients of CAD diagnosed after coronary angiography
and equal numbers of normal healthy individual were included as controls for
comparison. The prints were obtained by “ink method” on the map litho paper
and analysed to find out variations in dermatoglyphic features among CAD
and control group.
The dermatoglyphic patterns are analysed under following heading:
a. Loops
b. Arches
c. Whorls
a. Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC)

b. Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC)
VI. a b Ridge Count
VII. atd Angle

The observed values in the current study were first subjected to the
test of statistical significance and the findings were then compared with the
available literature of previous workers.
In the present study, there are 120 males and 30 females in both CAD
and control groups. The mean age of male and female is 55.18 years and
53.83 years respectively in CAD as compared to 41.29 years and 43 years
respectively in controls.
The CAD patients in the present study were classified into three groups
as SVD, DVD, TVD depending on the number of vessels involved due to
atherosclerosis, and it is found that 35.3% of the patients have SVD, 27.3%
have DVD and 37.3% have TVD. This finding is similar to Fuster V et al.
(2001)37 and Harsh Mohan (2006)50. Fischer et al. (2005)35 noticed SVD in
23.1%, DVD in 33.1% and TVD in 40.3% cases.
LOOPS:
In the present study, there is significant decrease in the percentage of
loops in SVD (P< 0.001) and TVD (P< 0.01) with slight increase in DVD when
compared to the controls. There is predominance of ulnar loop pattern as
compared to radial loop in both sexes in CAD and control group. The
percentage of loops is decreased in CAD in both sexes and in both hands
with significant decrease in CAD males (P< 0.01), CAD (M+F) (P< 0.001) and
CAD left hand (P<0.01). The frequency of loop is decreased in all digits of
CAD patients in both sexes and in both hands with significant decrease in
index finger (D1) (P<0.05) in males when compared with controls.
Rashad and Mi (1975)100 reported significantly lower frequency of ulnar
loops in myocardial infarction patients. Rashad et al. (1978)101 had observed

4
less frequency of ulnar loops in MI patients. Anderson MW et al. (1981)
found decrease in the loop pattern in MI but not statistically significant
difference when compared with the controls. Bhatt (1996)13 revealed lower
incidence of loops in MI. Dhall et al. (2000)30 observed that the loop pattern
was significantly lower in MI patients as compared to the control group (P<
0.001). Jalali et al. (2002)58 also revealed significant decrease in the
percentage of loops in MI.
Thus the finding of decreased frequency of loops in the present study
coincides with the finding of above workers. However, Shamsadini S et al.
(1997)110 reported significant increase in the frequency of loops in MI patients
(P< 0.001).
Dhall et al. (2000)30 also noticed lower percentage of loops in all the
digits of the patients with statistically significant in right thumb (D1) and left
ring finger (D4). These findings correlated with the present study finding but
not statistically significant.
Significant decreased percentage of loops in SVD and TVD and slight
increase percentage of loops in DVD could not be compared as none of the
workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and TVD for dermatoglyphic
study. However, Shamsadini et al. (1997)110 and Jalali et al. (2002)58 had
classified Myocardial Infarction patients into Q-wave MI and non-Q-wave MI.
Jalali et al. (2002)58 noticed that the percentage of loops tended to be greater
in Q-wave MI as compared to non-Q-wave MI. In the present study, the
frequency of loops is higher in DVD as compared to SVD and TVD.
ARCHES:
In the present study, the percentage of arches is decreased in DVD
and TVD but not significant. The percentage of tented arches is almost
doubled as compared to the plain arches in both CAD and control groups. The
percentage of arches is decreased in CAD in both sexes and in both hands
but not significant. The frequency of arches is decreased in all digits of CAD
patients in both sexes (except D1 in males and D4 and D5 in females) and in
both hands (except D3 in left hand) with significant difference in arches in D5
in males (P<0.01) and D1 (P<0.01) and D5 (P<0.05) in females when
Rashad et al. (1978)101 had observed less frequency of tented arches
in MI patients. Anderson MW et al. (1981)4 studied an association of
dermatoglyphic features and MI but found no statistically significant difference
in finger pattern type when compared with the controls. Dhall et al. (2000)30
observed decrease in the frequency of arches in MI patients but not
statistically significant. Jalali et al. (2002)58 found that arch type of fingerprint
was significantly increased roughly two times in MI patients (P<0.0001) as

Thus the finding of decreased frequency of arches in CAD in the
present study is similar to the finding of above workers except Jalali et al
(2002)58 who found two fold increase in the frequency of arch pattern in MI
patients.
Jalali et al. (2002)58 also noticed that the percentage of arches was
increased in all digits of MI patients with significant increase in left thumb
(D1), left index (D2) and left ring finger (D4) (P<0.0001). These findings do
not correlated with the present study finding in which there is slight decrease
in the frequency of arches in all digit of CAD in both hands except D3 of left
hand but not statistically significant. However there is significant decrease in
arches in little finger (D5) in males; and thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) in
females.
Decreased percentage of arches in DVD and TVD could not be
compared as none of the workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and
TVD. However, Jalali et al. (2002)58 noticed that the percentage of arch type
was significantly increased in both Q-wave and non-Q-wave MI as compared
to the controls (P<0.0001), but the percentage was higher in non-Q- wave MI
in contrast to Q-wave MI. In the present study, the percentage of arches is
highest in SVD as compared to DVD and TVD.
WHORLS:
In the present study, the percentage of whorls is increased in all group
of CAD with statistically significant in SVD (P< 0.001) and TVD (P< 0.0001)
when compared to the controls. There is predominance of simple whorls as
compared to double loop whorls and other composite whorls in both sexes in
CAD and control group. However, there is significant increase in the
percentage of total composite whorls in CAD (12.6%) as compared to the
controls (8.9%). The percentage of whorls is increased in CAD in both sexes
and in both hands with significant increase in CAD males (P< 0.001), CAD
(M+F) (P< 0.0001) and CAD left hand (P< 0.01). The percentage of whorls is
increased in all digit of CAD in both sexes (except D4 in females) and in both
hands with significant increase in D5 in males (P< 0.01) and D1 and D5 of left
hand (P< 0.05).
Rashad and Mi (1975)100 reported significantly higher frequency of
whorls in myocardial infarction patients. Rashad et al. (1978)101 also reported
significantly higher frequency of true whorls in MI patients. Anderson MW et
al. (1981)4 found increase in the whorl pattern in MI but not statistically
significant difference when compared with the controls. Bhatt (1996)13
revealed higher incidence of whorls in MI. Dhall et al. (2000)30 observed that
the whorl pattern was significantly higher in MI patients as compared to the
control group (P< 0.001). Jalali et al. (2002)58 also revealed slight increase in
the percentage of whorls in MI but not statistically significant.
Thus the finding of increased frequency of whorls in the present study
is similar with the finding of above workers.
Dhall et al. (2000)30 also noticed higher percentage of whorls in all the
digits of the patients with statistically significant in right thumb (D1), right little
finger (D5) and left ring finger (D4). These findings correlated with the present
study finding with significant increase in D1 and D5 of left hand.
Increased percentage of whorls in all groups of CAD could not be
compared as none of the workers had classified CAD into SVD, DVD and
TVD. However, Jalali et al. (2002)58 observed slight increase in the
percentage of whorls in both Q and non-Q wave MI patients but the
percentage of whorls was increased in non-Q-wave MI in contrast to Q-wave
MI. in the present study, the percentage of whorls is highest in TVD in
contrast to SVD and DVD.
Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC): In the present study there is increase in
the mean value of TFRC in all groups of CAD as compared to the controls but
not statistically significant.
There is increase in the mean value of TFRC in CAD males, CAD
females and CAD (M+F) when compared to the controls but not statistically
significant.
Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC): In the present study there is increase
in the mean value of AFRC in all groups of CAD as compared to the controls
with statistically significant in TVD (P<0.05).
There is also increase in the mean value of AFRC in CAD males, CAD
females and CAD (M+F) when compared with the controls but not statistically
significant.
Rashad and Mi (1975)100 observed significant increase in TFRC and
AFRC in myocardial infarction patients. Rashad et al. (1978)101 also reported
significant increase in TFRC and AFRC in MI patients. Total and Absolute
ridge count were significantly higher (P<0.05) in all digits in favour of MI
patients. Anderson MW et al. (1981)4 observed no statistically significant
increase in TFRC and AFRC in MI patients.
Thus the finding of increased mean value of TFRC and AFRC in CAD
in the present study is similar with the finding of above workers.
In the present study, palmar patterns are predominantly seen in
hypothenar area followed by ID4 and ID3 area in all groups of CAD and
controls. In SVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true palmar pattern in
all areas except hypothenar and ID1 area with statistical significant in ID3
area (P<0.05). In DVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true palmar
pattern in all areas except hypothenar and ID2 area with statistical significant
in thenar area (P<0.05). In TVD, there is decrease in the percentage of true
palmar pattern in all areas except ID1 and ID2 area but not statistically
significant in any areas.
Also the frequency of total palmar pattern in CAD is decreased in both
sexes and both sides as compared to the controls. There is decrease in the
frequency of palmar pattern in all areas except ID2 area in CAD males;
hypothenar area in CAD females; hypothenar, ID1, ID2 area in CAD (M+F);
hypothenar, ID1, ID2, ID4 in right hand; and ID2 area in left hand with
significant decrease in palmar pattern in thenar area in CAD females
(P<0.05), ID3 area in CAD (M+F) and CAD right hand (P<0.05) and ID4 area
in CAD left hand (P<0.05)
No previous workers has carried out the study on palmar pattern in
CAD, hence the present study findings could not be compared. However,
Takashina et al. (1966) 116 observed significant increase in the loop pattern in
hypothenar area in acquired heart disease (33%) as compared to the
congenital heart disease (21%).
In the present study, there is decrease in the percentage of axial triradii
near wrist (t) with increase in the percentage of t’, tt”, t’+tt’ and Distal
Displacement of Axial triradii (DDA) position in both SVD and TVD but not
statistically significant when compared with the controls.
Similarly, there is decrease in the frequency of axial triradii near wrist
(t) with increase in the frequency of t’, tt”, t’+tt’ and Distal Displacement of
Axial triradii (DDA) position in CAD in both sexes and in both hands but not
statistically significant when compared with the controls.
No study has been carried out on position of axial Triradii in CAD,
hence the present study finding could not be compared. However, Takashina
et al. (1966)116 noted significantly greater frequency of distal displacement (t’,

t” and other position) of axial Triradii in patients with congenital heart disease
(64%) as compared to the acquired heart disease (17%).
In the present study, there is increase in the percentage of ‘4’ and ‘7’
palmar Triradii in SVD; ‘4’ and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD and ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’
palmar triradii in TVD with significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii (P<0.0001)
and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.01) in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD (P<0.01).
Also, there is decrease in the percentage of ‘5’ and ‘6’ palmar triradii in SVD
and ‘6’ palmar triradii in DVD and TVD with significant decrease in ‘6’ palmar
triradii in DVD (P<0.001) and TVD (P<0.01).
Similarly in the total cases, there is increase in the frequency of ‘5’
palmar triradii in CAD females and ‘4’, ‘5’ and ‘7’ palmar triradii in CAD males,
CAD (M+F) and in both hands with significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in
CAD males (P<0.01), CAD (M+F) (P<0.01) and CAD right hand (P<0.05); and
5 palmar triradii in CAD females (P<0.05). Also there is significant decrease in
the frequency of ‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD males (P<0.01), CAD females
(P<0.05), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001), CAD right hand (P<0.05) and CAD left hand
(P<0.01) as compared to the controls.
No study has been carried out previously on number of palmar Triradii
in CAD, hence present study findings could not be compared.

VI. ab Ridge Count
In the present study, the mean value of ab ridge count in different
groups of CAD is slightly lesser in both right and left hand as compared to the
controls but not significant.
There is slight increase in the mean value of ab ridge count in CAD
males and decrease in CAD females, CAD (M+F) and in both hands as
compared to the controls but not statistically significant.
This present study findings could not be compared as no previous
study has been carried out on ab ridge count in CAD.
VII. atd Angle
In the present study, the mean value of atd angle in all groups of CAD
is increased in both right and left hand as compared to the controls with
significant increase in DVD (P<0.05) and TVD (P<0.05) in both hands.
There is increase in the mean value of atd angle in both sexes and in
both hands with significant increase in CAD males (P<0.001), CAD (M+F)
(P<0.001) and CAD left hand (P<0.01).
No study has been carried out on atd angle in CAD, hence present study
findings could not be compared.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS:
The present study is undertaken with an aim to evaluate
dermatoglyphic features in CAD. The study consists of 150 patients of CAD
diagnosed by coronary angiography and 150 normal healthy individuals as
controls. There were 120 males and 30 females in each group. The CAD
cases were again classified into 3 groups as SVD, DVD and TVD.
Dermatoglyphic prints were taken by “Ink Method” described by
Cummins and Midlo (1961)26 and further subjected to analysis to find variations
in the dermatoglyphic features among CAD patients and control group.
1. Loops are significantly decreased in SVD (P<0.001) and TVD
2. Loops are decreased in all digits of CAD in both sexes and both
hands with significant decreased in thumb (D1) in males (P<0.05).
3. Loops are decreased in CAD in both sexes and both hands with
significant decrease in CAD males (P<0.01), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001)
and CAD left hand (P<0.01).
4. Arches are decreased in DVD and TVD but not significant.
5. Arches are decreased in all digits of CAD in both sexes (except D1 in
males and D4 and D5 in females) and both hands (except D3 of left
hand) with significant decreased in little finger in males (P<0.01) and

thumb in females (P<0.01) and increased in little finger in females
(P<0.05).
6. Arches are decreased in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
7. Whorls are significantly increased in SVD (P<0.001) and TVD
(P<0.0001).
8. Whorls are increased in all digits of CAD in both sexes and both
hands with significant increase in little finger (D1) in male (P<0.01)
and thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) of left hand (P<0.05).
9. Whorls are increased in CAD in both sexes and both hands with
significant increase in CAD males (P<0.001), CAD (M+F) (P<0.0001)
and CAD left hand (P<0.01).
10. Mean value of TFRC and AFRC in all groups of CAD is increased
with significant increase in the AFRC in TVD (P<0.05).
11. Mean value of TFRC and AFRC is increased in CAD in both sexes as
compared to the controls but not significant.
12. The true palmar pattern is significantly decreased in ID3 area in SVD
(P<0.05) and thenar area in DVD (P<0.05).
13. The true palmar pattern is significantly decreased in thenar area in
CAD females (P<0.05), ID3 area in CAD (M+F) (P<0.05) and CAD
right hand (P<0.05), and ID4 area in CAD left hand (P<0.05).
14. The percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t) is decreased with
increase in distal displacement (t’, tt”, t’+tt’) of axial triradii in both

SVD, TVD and in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
15. There is significant increase in frequency of ‘4’ palmar triradii
(P<0.0001) and ‘7’ palmar triradii (P<0.01) in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar
triradii in DVD (P<0.01) with significant decrease in frequency of ‘6’
palmar triradii in DVD (P<0.001) and TVD (P<0.01).
16. There is significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in CAD males
(P<0.01), CAD (M+F) (P<0.01) and CAD right hand (P<0.05); and ‘5’
palmar triradii in CAD females (P<0.05) with significant decrease in
‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD males (P<0.01), CAD females (P<0.05),
CAD (M+F) (P<0.001), CAD right hand (P<0.05) and CAD left hand
17. Mean value of ab ridge count in different groups of CAD is slightly
decreased in both hands, and in CAD females and CAD (M+F) with
slight increase in mean value in CAD males.
18. Mean value of atd angle is significantly increased in DVD (P<0.05)
and TVD (P<0.05) in both hands.
19. Mean value of atd angle is significantly increased in CAD males
(P<0.001), CAD (M+F) (P<0.001) and CAD left hand (P<0.01).
Conclusions:
In the present study, it is concluded that:
1. There is significant decrease in loops with corresponding increase in
whorls in SVD and TVD.

2. There is decrease in loops and increase in whorls in all digits of CAD
in both sexes and both hands.
3. There is significant decrease in loops in thumb in males with
significant increase in whorls in little finger in males, and thumb and
little finger in left hand in CAD patients.
4. There is significant decrease in arches in little finger in males and
thumb in females with significant increase in arches in little finger in
females in CAD patients.
5. There is significant decrease in loops with corresponding increase in
whorls in CAD males, CAD (M+F) and CAD left hand as compared to
the controls.
6. No significant decrease in the arches in DVD, TVD and in CAD in
both sexes and both hands.
7. There is increase in the mean value of TFRC and AFRC in SVD,
DVD, TVD and in CAD in both sexes with significant increase in
AFRC in TVD.
8. There is significant decrease in true palmar pattern in thenar area in
DVD and CAD females; ID3 area in SVD, CAD (M+F) and CAD right
hand; and ID4 area in CAD left hand as compared to the controls.
9. There is decrease in the percentage of axial triradii near wrist (t) with
increase in distal displacement (t’, tt”, t’+tt’) of axial triradii in both
SVD, TVD and in CAD in both sexes and both hands but not
significant.
10. There is significant increase in frequency of ‘4’ palmar triradii and ‘7’
palmar triradii in SVD; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in DVD with significant
decrease in frequency of ‘6’ palmar triradii in DVD and TVD.
11. There is significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in CAD males, CAD
(M+F) and CAD right hand; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in CAD females
with significant decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii in CAD in both sexes
and both sides as compared to the controls.
12. No significant differences in the mean value of ab ridge count in CAD
in either sexes or in any groups of CAD.
13. There is significant increase in the mean value of atd angle is in DVD
and TVD in both hands and in CAD males, CAD (M+F) and CAD left
hand.
Thus from the present study, it appears that there do exists a variation
in the dermatoglyphic patterns in CAD and its groups with an advantage of
being very simple and economical ‘ink’ method. Moreover the materials
required for the dermatoglyphic procedure are easily available and portable.
As the specific features of dermatoglyphic patterns are present in the CAD
and its groups, it can be use for mass screening program for prevention of
CAD.
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ANNEXURE:
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN MASTER SHEET
A : Arches
A.C : Associated Conditions
A.F : Angiography Findings
a-b RC : ab ridge count
AFRC : Absolute Finger Ridge Count
Ap : Plain Arch
A-r : Arch Radial
At : Tented Arch
atd ang : atd angle
Au : Arch Ulnar
D1 : First Digit/ Thumb
D2 : Second Digit/ Index Finger
D3 : Third Digit/ Middle Finger
D4 : Fourth Digit/ Ring Finger
D5 : Fifth Digit/ Little Finger
DVD : Double Vessel Disease
F : Female
Hypo : Hypothenar
ID1 : First Inter-digital area
ID2 : Second Inter-digital area
ID3 : Third Inter-digital area
ID4 : Fourth Inter-digital area
L : Loop
L-c : Loop Carpal/ Proximal
L-d : Loop Distal
L-r : Radial Loop
Lu : Ulnar Loop
M : Male
Name : Initials of individuals
NOPT : Total Number of Palmar Triradii
O : Open
POAT : Position of Axial Triradii

Sr. No. : Number
SVD : Single Vessel Disease
t = Triradius near wrist crease
t" = Triradius near centre of palm
t' = Triradius between t and t"
TFRC : Total Finger Ridge Count
Th : Thenar
TVD : Triple/ Multi Vessel Disease
V : Vestige
W : Whorls
Wacc : Whorl Accidental
Wc : Whorl Concentric
Wcp : Central Pocket Whorl
Wlp : Lateral Pocket Whorl
Wmix : Whorl Mixed
Ws : Whorl Spiral
Wtl : Twin Loop Whorl
MASTER SHEET OF DERMATOGLYPHICS IN CONTROL

SUBJECTS
MASTER SHEET OF DERMATOGLYPHICS IN PATIENTS

(CAD)
PATIENT’S INFORMATION SHEET

Title of Research Project: Study of Palmer Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery
Disease.
Name of the Investigator: Dr.
Address: P.G student
Dept. of Anatomy
The aim of this research project is to study the palmer dermatoglyphic pattern in the
patients of CAD & compare it with the dermatoglyphic pattern of the non-affected
general population.
The Method that will be used is ‘Ink Method’.
Palmer & finger prints will be taken on white paper by ink method.
Biological samples are not required for this project. Expected duration required to
take palmer prints by this method is about 10-15 minutes.
By participating in the study there is no risk to the patients. All these records will be
kept confidential.
Free treatment for research related injury by the investigator/ institution will NOT be
provided.
The patient can withdraw from research at any time without penalty.
INFORMATION CONSENT FORM (ICF)

(CONFIDENTIAL)
Title of Research Project: Study of Palmer Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery
Disease.
I_________________________________ resident of ____________________
_____________________________ aged ____ years, excercising my free will/choice,
without any pressure/lure of incentive in any form hereby give my consent.
I acknowledge the receipt of “ Patient’s Information Sheet” and also the
doctors have informed me about this research project suitably & sufficiently to my
satisfaction. I am ready do give my palmer & finger prints by using ink. I shall co-
operate with doctors & paramedical staff on all participation in this study. I shall not
be given any reimbursment or compensation. I have been informed of my right to opt
out of this research project at any time without giving any reason for doing so.
I hereby record my consent for participation in the research project.
1. _________________________ _____________ _________ _________

Patient’s Name Signature/Thumb Date Time
Print
2. __________________________ _____________ ________ _________
Witness Name Sign Date Time
3. __________________________ _____________ ________ _________
Investigator’s Name Sign Date Time
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1- ------------------------------------------
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fnukad osG
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled “Study
of Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery Disease” has been
carried out by Dr. Hemlata Dhanraj Chimne in the Department of

Anatomy, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre,
Nagpur, under my direct guidance and supervision as required by the
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik for award of degree of MD
in Anatomy.
I have checked her work on the subject from time to time. I am satisfied
regarding the authenticity of her observation, materials and work in this
dissertation and it conforms to the standards of MUHS, Nashik.
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
Dr. D.D. Ksheersagar

MS (Anatomy)
(PG GUIDE)
Professor and Head Department of Anatomy,
NKP SIMS & RC,
Nagpur.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled “Study
of Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery Disease” has been
carried out by Dr. Hemlata Dhanraj Chimne (Candidate) under the direct
guidance of Dr. D. D. Ksheersagar (Guide), Professor and Head, Department

of Anatomy at NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre,
Nagpur as partial fulfillment of regulations for the award of the degree of MD
in Anatomy.
We have a great pleasure in forwarding it to Maharashtra University of
Health Sciences, Nashik.
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
Dr. D.D. Ksheersagar Dr. S. Dasgupta

MS (Anatomy) MS (Surgery)
Professor and Head Dean,
Department of Anatomy, NKP SIMS & RC
NKP SIMS and RC, Nagpur Nagpur.
College Seal
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Study of Palmar
Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery Disease” has been prepared by me under
the direct guidance and supervision of Dr. D. D. Ksheersagar (Guide), in
partial fulfilment of regulations of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences,
Nashik for the award of the degree of MD in Anatomy (Subject) and it has not
been submitted previously for the award of any diploma or degree from the
university as per my best knowledge and belief.
Date:07/12/09
Place: Nagpur
Dr. Hemlata Dhanraj Chimne
(Candidate)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Having surmounted all the difficulties and reaching the share of
completing the work of this dissertation, I am feeling the limitation of language
and words while acknowledging thanks to all those who helped me in voyage.
It is with great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude that I acknowledge
my debt to my guide Dr. D.D. Ksheersagar, Professor and head, Department
of Anatomy, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre,
Nagpur, for his affectionate guidance, meticulous attention, keen interest with
which he has provided me the suggestions, knowledge and support to
construct this work.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. S.D. Nagpure and Dr. M.R. Shende,
Professors, Department of Anatomy, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences
and Research Centre, Nagpur, for their remarkable insight and expert
guidance.
I am thankful to Dr. Dasgupta, Dean and Dr. Doifode, Director PG Cell,
NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, for
permitting me to carry out this work in this institute.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Jaspal Singh Arneja, Director
Arneja Heart Institute; Dr. Uday B. Mahorkar, Director Awanti Heart Institute;
and Dr. Harshawardhan Mardikar, Incharge, Spandan Heart Institute and

Research Centre, Nagpur for permitting me to take palmar prints of the
patients in their hospitals/ institute.
I owe my obligation to Dr. Arun P. Kasote, Associate Professor,
Government Medical College, Nagpur for his invaluable support, guidance
and encouragement during this work.
I am very thankful to Dr. Deepali P. Onkar, Dr Rajesh N. Dehankar,
Dr. Manjusha K. Tabhane for their whole hearted support and guidance.
I am also thankful to Dr. S.V. Sathe, Dr. S.M. Walulkar, Dr. Mrs. R.K.
Deshpande, Dr. M.D. Huddar, Dr. Mrs. S.S. Mahajan for their kind suggestion
during this work.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. A.C. Fulse, Dr. S.H. Lade, Dr. U. G.
Shrivastav, Dr. S. Durge, and all the staff members of department for their
cooperation during this work.
I am also thankful to Mr. Dashrath Basannar, Statistician for helping in
statistical analysis.
My heartful gratitude to my husband without whose understanding and
support it would have been impossible to complete this work. I am specially
obligated and thankful to my family members and my daughter Vidhi for
incalculable cooperation during the whole work.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my patients and subjects
who were the backbone of this study without them the study would not have
been possible.
Dr. Hemlata Dhanraj Chimne

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Final Dissertation

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Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik

Thesis for MD (Anatomy)

Name of the Candidate: Dr. HEMLATA DHANRAJ CHIMNE

Topic: STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS IN

Name of the Course: MD

Name of the Subject: ANATOMY

Admission Year/ 2007

Topic: STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS IN

STUDY OF PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

For the degree of

Sr. Chapter Page No

2. Aims and Objectives 004

3. Review of Literature 005

4. Material and Methods 041

7. Summary and Conclusions 112

Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of epidermal ridges and their

means carvings (Penrose LS, 1963)87.

their formation in foetus. There is proliferation of cells in the lower zone of

epidermis which projects into the dermis as a regularly spaced thickenings

followed by the appearance of elevations formed by them on the skin surface

which gives rise to epidermal ridges. (Cummins and Midlo, 1926)24.

skin is damaged to a depth of about one millimeter (Cummins and Midlo,

Development of dermatoglyphic pattern is under genetic control. This is

evident from the clear resemblance of dermatoglyphics among related person

(Schaumann and Alter, 1976)109. There are many diseases known to be

caused by abnormal genes. Whenever there is any abnormality in the genetic

make up of parents it is inherited to the children and is reflected in

dermatoglyphic pattern. (Walkar, 1964)124.

Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic aid is now well established in a

number of diseases, which have a strong hereditary basis, and is employed

as a method of screening abnormal anomalies (Holt SB, 1961)55.

Apart from its use in predicting the diagnosis of genetic disease,

dermatoglyphics is also used in forensic science for individual identification. It

is also a valuable research tool in the field of Physical Anthropology, Human

suggest that muzzle prints of animals similar to fingerprints in human being

could be used as permanent method of identification of such animal to check

fraud particularly in insurance matter (Tarasiuk SI et al., 1997)117.

The etiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is multifactorial with

genetics playing an important role. Taking into consideration of genetic

predisposition of dermatoglyphics and coronary artery disease, the study was

undertaken to find out correlation between them. So that dermatoglyphics

may be helpful in the diagnosis of predisposition towards this disease at an

The knowledge of dermatoglyphic pattern in patients with CAD is an

relation might be important in the screening program for prevention of CAD. If

an individual with specific pattern of dermatoglyphic is present in CAD, then

early detection program.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

Coronary Artery Disease is the most important cause of mortality and

in myocardial infarction or acquired heart disease, but in spite of extensive

scanning of literature no reference was found on dermatoglyphic patterns in

angiographically proven CAD. Against this background present study is

carried out with following aims and objective:

1. To study the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics pattern in Coronary

Artery Disease and its different Groups.

2. To establish sexual and digital differences in dermatoglyphic patterns

3. To compare dermatoglyphic configurations of CAD with the Controls.

4. To find out whether a specific dermatoglyphic trait/ features exists in

CAD patients and whether it is significant.

The overview of literature is described in three parts:

II. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

III. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE