Presentation of logic and Critical

Thinking:


Presented By:


Javed Iqbal
M Zeeshan Ellahi
M. Usman Tariq


Topic to be described:

1. Categorical Propositions and classes.
2. Quality,
3. Quantity and
4. Distribution.
1. Categorical propositions:
Categorical proposition is the base for the
Classical Logic. They are called categorical
propositions because they are about categories
or classes.
Such propositions affirm or deny that some
class S is included in some other class p,
completely or partially.
There are four types of categorical propositions which are also called
Four Fold Scheme:
1. A (Inclusion). Universal Affirmative proposition.
All politicians are liars.

2. E (Exclusion) Universal Negative proposition.
No politicians are liars.

3. I (Partially Inclusion) Particular Affirmative Proposition.
Some politicians are liars.

4. O (Partially Exclusion). Particular Negative Proposition.
Some politicians are not liars.
(b) Classes:
Classical categories (special kinds) are
three:
Class Inclusion.
Class Exclusion.
Class Partially Inclusion and Exclusion
3. (a) Quality:
Quality wise any proposition may be called
negative or affirmative.
If the proposition affirms some class inclusion,
whether complete or partial, its quality is
affirmative.
If the proposition denies some class inclusion,
whether complete or partial, its quality is
negative.
(b) Quantity:
Quantity wise any proposition is divided into Universal
& Particular.
If the proposition refers to all members of the class
designated by its subject term, its quantity is
Universal.
Thus A and E are Universal.
If the proposition refers only to some members of the
class designated by its subject term, its quantity is
Particular.
Thus I and O are Particular.
(c) Structure of standard form categorical
proposition:
The general skeleton of proposition is:
Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate.
(d) Distribution:
In distribution we check the class inclusion and exclusion in
propositions.
A:
A distribute its subject only.
E:
E distributes its subject as well as predicate.
I:
In I Both terms are not distributed.
O:
O distributes its predicate only.