Do an Say CA Com HOÀN CHỈNH

n mn hc my v thit b thy sn GVHD: Th.
S inh Hu ng

SVTH: Nguyn Th Bnh 1

LI M U

Sy l mt qu trnh trao i nhit v m, dn n vic loi b mt phn nc v
m ra khi vt liu sy bng phng php sy nng hoc sy lnh.
K thut sy c s dng rng ri lm kh hu ht cc loi dc phm, ng
cc, cc loi ht, nhiu thc phm khc v cc sn phm thy hi sn, lm tng hiu qu
kinh t trong sn xut. Qu trnh sy khng ch n thun l qu trnh tch nc v hi
nc ra khi vt liu m l mt qu trnh cng ngh. N i hi sau khi sy vt liu sy
phi m bo cht lng cao, tiu tn nng lng t v chi ph vn hnh thp.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php sy khc nhau, i vi c ngi ta c th dng
cc phng php sy nh: phi nng t nhin, sy hm, sy bung, sy t, sy tnh v
ngang Vi ti n: Tnh ton, thit k my sy c cm cng sut 300kg/ m, em
chn thit b sy bung thch hp vi quy m sn xut nh, nng sut khng ln.
Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng do kin thc v ti liu tham kho cn nhiu hn
ch nn n chc chn khng trnh khi cn nhiu thiu st. Em mong nhn c kin
ng gp ca thy, c n ca em c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy inh Hu ng, thy Nguyn Cng Bnh cng cc
thy gio hng dn tn tnh em hon thnh c n ny.

n mn hc my v thit b thy sn GVHD: Th.S inh Hu ng


Hnh 1: C cm sn

CHNG I: TNG QUAN
I.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu c cm
I.1.1. Gii thiu chung
C cm (Stolephorus) thuc h c Trng (engraulidae) ch yu sng trong nc
mn (c mt s loi sng trong nc ngt hay nc l), c kch thc nh, l h c ng
u v sn lng trong ngnh khai thc hin nay trn th gii v l i tng nh bt
quan trng trong ngh c ni ven bin phn b rng t Bc n Nam nc ta. Theo c
tnh ca Vin nghin cu bin Nha Trang tr lng c cm ca nc ta vo khong 5060
vn tn. Vi ngun nguyn liu di do, gi thnh r v thi gian thy phn nhanh hn so
vi mt s loi c khc nn c cm tr thnh nguyn liu sn xut nc mm chnh ca
cc hng nc mm ni ting nh Ph Quc, Nha Trang, Phan Thit
C cm thng sng thnh tng n ch yu tp trung cc vng ven bin ( su
di 100m) ca bin nhit i v cn nhit i, c mt s loi phn b rng vo cc ca
sng. Cc ni c sn lng c cm cao l: Qung Ninh, Ca L, Bnh nh, Qung Nam,
Nng, Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Thit. Cc loi chim u th trong khai thc l: c
cm than-stolephorus heterolobus Ruppel Ph Quc, c cm trng ( hay c cm n )-
stolephorus indicusBleeker Bnh nh, c cm -Stolephorus zollingeri Bleeker v c
cm sng-Stlephorus tri bleeker Nha Trang. Vit Nam ging c cm c khong 140
loi.
I.1.2. Mt s loi c cm ph
bin
I.1.2.1. C cm sn
Tn khoa hc: Stolephorus
tri (Bleeker, 1852)
Tn ting Anh: Spined anchovy
c im hnh thi: Thn di,
dp bn. u tng i to. Mm ngn.
Chiu di thn gp 4,8 ln chiu cao
thn v 4,6 ln chiu di u. Mt
tng i to, khng c mng m mt,
khong cch hai mt rng. Trn hm,
xng l ma, xng khu ci u c rng nh. Khe mang rng, lc mang di v nh.
Vy trn, nh, d rng. C mt vy lng, khi im nm sau khi im ca vy bng,
trc khi im ca vy hu mn. Thn mu trng, bn thn c mt sc dc mu trng
bc. cc vy mu trng, ring vy ui mu xanh lc.


Phn b: n , Malaixia, Innxia, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Philippin, Vit
Nam.
Ma v khai thc: Quanh nm.
Ng c khai thc: Li vy, mnh, li ko y.
Kch thc khai thc: 40 - 55 mm.
Dng sn phm: n ti, phi kh, lm nc mm.
I.1.2.2. C cm
thng
Tn khoa
hc: Stolephorus
commersonii (Lacepede, 1803)
Tn ting
Anh: Commerson's anchovy
c im hnh
thi: Thn di, dp bn. u
tng i to. Mm hi nhn.
Chiu di thn gp 4,4 - 5,2 ln
chiu cao thn v 4,2 - 5,0 ln
chiu di u. Mt to, khng c
mng m mt, khong cch hai
mt rng. Trn hm, xng l
ma, xng khu ci u c rng
nh. Khe mang rng, lc
mang dp, mng v cng. Vy
trn, to va, rt d rng. Khi im ca vy lng nm sau khi im ca vy bng, gn
ngang bng vi khi im ca vy hu mn. Vy hu mn to, di. Thn mu trng, trn
u c hai chm mu xanh lc, bn thn c mt sc dc mu trng bc.
Phn b: ng Phi, n , Thi lan, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Philippin, Vit Nam.
Ma v khai thc: Quanh nm, tp trung vo thng 9 - 3.
Ng c khai thc: Li vy, mnh, li ko y
Kch thc khai thc: 50 - 70 mm.
Dng sn phm: n ti, phi kh, lm nc mm.
I.1.2.3.C cm sng
Tn khoa hc: Corica sorbonna (Whitehead, 1895)
Tn ting Anh: Ganger River Sprat

Hnh 2: c cm thng


c im hnh thi: Thn
thon di, khe ming su, gc ming
di cha n b trc ca mt.
Phn gia hm trn dp ng. Hm
di nh ra. Mt to. Vin bng
cong v ln bng khng sc cnh.
Vy trn trn thn d rng. Vy
lng hi trc vy bng. Vy hu
mn thp v c 2 vy l pha sau. C c mu trng bc. Vy lng, vy hu mn v vy
ui ri rc c cc chm sc en li ti.
Phn b: Thi Lan, Philipin, Malaixia, Innxia, Lo, Campuchia. Vit Nam
gp nhiu ng bng Nam B.
Kch thc khai thc: Nh, ti a 5cm.
Ng c khai thc: Li, cu, v, mnh, ng...
Dng sn phm: n ti, phi kh.
I.1.2.4. C cm sc tiu
Tn khoa hc: Stolephorus
tri (Bleeker, 1852)
Tn ting Anh: Spined
anchovy
c im hnh thi: Thn hnh
thon di, hi dp ngang. Mm nh ra
v hi nhn. im cui cng ca
xng hm trn nhn v di n khe
mang, eo mang ko n vin sau ca mng mang. Ln bng c t 5 - 7 vy gai gia vy
ngc v vy bng, trong c mt gai nm gia hai vy bng. Thn ph vy trn, d rng,
khng c ng bn. Thn c mu kem nht (khi mt vy), mt sc nh bc dc hng.
Phn b: Thi Lan, Malaixia, Philipin, Lo, Campuchia, Innxia, ng bng
sng Cu Long Vit Nam
Kch thc khai thc: 9 - 10cm, ti a 12cm.
Ng c khai thc: Li, v, rng...
Dng sn phm: n ti, phi kh.

Hnh 3: C cm sng
Hnh 4: C cm sc tiu


I.1.3. Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca c cm
Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca c cm thng
STT Thnh phn (%) C ti
1 m 74,22
2 Protein 19,5
3 Lipit 1,7
4 Khong 1,2
5 NH
3
(mg %) 4,65
6 N
TQ
3,7
7 Histamin (ppm) 3
Bng 2: Thnh phn hc hc ca c cm sn
STT Thnh phn (%) C ti
1 Lipit 2,5
2 Carbohydrate 0
3 Tro 2,4
4 Ca (mg %) 279
5 P 246
6 Fe 1,2
7 Na (mg %) 147
8 K 447
9 Vitamin B (mg %) 0,01
10 Vitamin B
2
(mg %) 0,8
11 Niacin 3,5
12 Protein 20,7
I.2. Tng quan v k thut sy
Nguyn liu thy sn ni chung v nguyn liu c cm ni ring l loi nguyn liu
cha nhiu nc v giu cht dinh dng do vy rt d b h hng trong qu trnh ch bin
v bo qun. ko di thi gian bo qun ngi dn ngh ra phng php n gin l
lm kh nguyn liu nh vo nh sng mt tri hoc sy nng bng khng kh nng t ci,
l hi.
I.2.1. Khi nim v sy
Sy l mt phng php bo qun thc phm n gin, an ton v d dng. Sy lm
gim m ca thc phm n mc cn thit do vi khun, nm mc v nm men b c
ch hoc khng pht trin v hot ng c, gim hot ng cc enzyme, gim kch
thc v trng lng ca sn phm.


Qu trnh sy l qu trnh lm kh cc vt th, cc vt liu, cc sn phm bng
phng php bay hi nc. Nh vy, qu trnh sy kh mt vt th din bin nh sau: Vt
th c gia nhit a nhit ln n nhit bo ha ng vi phn p sut ca hi
nc trn b mt vt th. Vt th c cp nhit lm bay hi m. Vn chuyn hi m
thot ra khi vt th vo mi trng.
Tm li, trong qu trnh sy xy ra cc qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht c
th l qu trnh truyn nhit t cht ti nhit cho vt sy, qu trnh truyn m t trong vt
sy ra ngoi b mt sy, qu trnh truyn m t b mt vt sy ra ngoi mi trng. Cc
qu trnh truyn nhit truyn cht trn xy ra ng thi trn vt sy, chng c qua li ln
nhau.
I.2.2. c im qu trnh sy
c im ca qu trnh sy i vi vt th c m tng i cao, nhit sy v
tc chuyn ng ca khng kh khng qu ln xy ra theo ba giai on l giai on
lm nng vt, giai on sy tc khng i, giai on tc sy gim dn. i vi cc
trng hp sy vi iu kin khc th qu trnh sy cng xy ra ba giai on nhng cc
giai oan c th an xen kh phn bit hn.
Giai on lm nng vt: Giai on ny bt u t khi a vt vo bung sy tip
xc vi khng kh nng cho ti khi nhit vt t c bng nhit k t. Trong qu
trnh sy ny ton b vt c gia nhit. m lng trong vt c gia nhit cho n khi t
c nhit si ng vi phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng khng kh trong bung
sy. Do c lm nng nn m ca vt c gim cht t do bay hi m cn nhit ca
vt th tng dn cho n khi bng nhit k t. Tuy vy, s tng nhit trong qu trnh
xy ra khng u phn ngoi v phn trong vt. Vng trong vt t n nhit k t
chm hn. i vi vt d sy th giai on lm nng vt xy ra nhanh.
Giai on sy tc khng i: Kt thc giai on gia nhit, nhit vt bng nhit
k t. Tip tc cung cp nhit, m trong vt s ha hi cn nhit ca vt gi khng
i nn nhit cung cp ch lm ha hi nc. m s ha hi lp vt liu st b mt
vt, m lng bn trong vt s truyn ra ngoi b mt vt ha hi. Do nhit khng
kh nng khng i, nhit vt cng khng i nn chnh lch nhit gia vt v mi
trng cng khng i. iu ny lm cho tc gim ca cha m vt theo thi gian
cng khng i, c ngha l tc sy khng i.
Giai on sy tc gim dn: Kt thc giai on sy tc khng i m t do
bay hi ht, cn li trong vt l m lin kt. Nng lng bay hi m lin kt ln hn m
t do v cng tng ln khi m ca vt cng nh. Do vy tc bay hi m trong giai
on ny nh hn giai on sy tc khng i, ngha l tc sy trong giai on ny
nh hn v cng gim i theo thi gian sy. Qu trnh sy cng tip din, m ca vt


cng gim, tc sy cng gim cho n khi m ca vt gim n bng m cn
bng vi iu kin mi trng.
I.3. La chn thit b sy
I.3.1. S cu to h thng bung sy

1
2
3
4
5
10
12 13 11
B-B
6
7
9
8


Trong :
1 - ng gi thi. 2 - Trn bung sy.
3 - Qut gi. 4 - Calorifer.
5 - Knh dn TNS vo bung sy. 6 - Ca bung sy.
7 - Cht gi then chn ca. 8 - Tng bn.
9 - ng ray. 10 - Tng sau.
11 - Xe gong. 12 - Nn bung sy.
13 - Khay sy. 14 - ng c qut.
15 - ng gi cp.
I.3.2. S nguyn l
A-A
kk
14
15
1
2
3
4
5


Trong :
1 - ng thi tc nhn sy v hi m.
2 - khay ng c sy.
3 - qut cp khng kh vo calorifer.
4 - calorifer gia nhit cho TNS khng kh.
5 - knh dn tc nhn sy l kh nng.
6 - ming phn phi TNS.
7 - xe gong vn chuyn c.
I.3.3. Nguyn l hot ng
C c ri u trn cc khay sy 2 t trn xe gong 7 ri cho vo bung sy.
Khng kh c qut 3 ht thi vo calorifer ti y c hi nc nng gia nhit lm cho
khng kh nng ln n 50
0
C th c thi qua knh dn 5 a vo bung sy qua ming
phn phi 6, khng kh nng n gia nhit cho c v nhn m ri vn chuyn n ng gi
thi 1 thot hon ton ra ngoi mi trng.

1
2
3 4
5
6
7
1
2
3 4
5
6
7


CHNG II: TNH TON, THIT K H THNG BUNG SY
II.1. S liu u vo.
Tnh ton, thit k h thng thit b sy c cm gm:
Thit b: bung sy.
Phng thc: i lu cng bc khng hi lu.
Tc nhn sy: khng kh nng.
Vt liu sy: c cm.
Nng sut: 300kg/m.
m ban u: 80%.
m cui: 20%.
Thi gian sy: 8h.
II.2. Tnh cn bng vt cht
Ta k hiu cc i lng nh sau:
G
1
, G
2
- khi lng vt liu vo, ra thit b sy, kg.
1
,
2
- m tng i vt liu vo, ra thit b sy, %.
W - lng m bay hi, kg.
G
k
- khi lng vt liu kh tuyt i, kg.
Lng vt liu a vo:

Lng m cn bc hi:

Lng vt liu kh tuyt i:

II.3. Cn bng nng lng
II.3.1. Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt


Hnh 5: th biu din qu trnh sy l thuyt
Cc cng thc tnh ton v bng tra xc nh cc thng s ca TNS
Phn p sut bo ha hi nc P
bh
(bar): Tra bng tnh cht bo ha hi nc
(theo nhit ).
cha m ca khng kh d (kg m/kg kkk): d = 0,621

Trong tnh ton k thut, i lng p sut ca hn hp khng kh m xem nh
khng i v p = 1bar.
Entanpi I

(kJ/kg kkk): I

= I
k
+ I
h
= C
pk
.t + (r
o
+ C
ph
.t).d
Trong :
C
pk
= 1,005 kJ/kg.: nhit dung ring ca khng kh kh
C
ph
= 1,842 kJ/kg.: nhit dung ring ca hi nc
r
0
= 2493 kJ/kg: n nhit ha hi ca nc


Thng s ca khng kh ngoi tri (A)
Ta c t
o
= 25
o
C,
o
= 85%. T ta xc nh c:
bh0
:
P
bh0
= 0,0323 (bar)
Lng cha m d
o
:
d
0
= 0,621.
= 0,0175 (kg m/kg kkk)

Entanpy I
o
:
I
o
= 1,005.25 + ( 2493 + 1,842.25).0,0175 = 69,558 (kJ/kg kkk)
Thng s ca khng kh sau calorifer (B)
Ta c t
1
= 50
o
C, d
1
= d
0
= 0,0175 (kg m/kg kkk). T ta xc nh c:
bh1:

P
bh1
= 0,1258 (bar)
m tng i
1
:
1
=
.100 = 21,79%
Entanpy I
1
:
I
1
= 1,005.50 + ( 2493 + 1,842.50).0,0175 = 95,489 (kJ/kg kkk)
Thng s ca khng kh sau thit b sy (C)
Qu trnh sy l thuyt xy ra bn trong thit b sy l qu trnh ng entanpi nn ta
c: I
2
= I
1
= 95,489( kJ/kg kkk)
Nhit TNS sau qu trnh sy c chn sao cho m tng i khng qu b
gim tn tht nhit do TNS mang i v khng qu gn trng thi bo ha trnh hin
tng ng sng trn b mt vt liu sy.


Vy t
2
phi tha mn 2 iu kin:
t
2
=

t
u
+ t ( t = 5-10
o
C )
t
2
> t
s

Trong :
t
u
: nhit bu t ng vi trng thi khng kh vo bung sy
t
s :
nhit im sng ng vi trng thi khng kh vo bung sy
Tra th I-d ca khng kh m ti t
1
= 50
o
C,
1
= 21,79% ta c: t
u
= 27
o
C, t
s
= 20
o
C.
Chn t = 5
o
C nn ta c : t
2
=

t
u
+ t = 27 + 5 = 32
o
C.
bh2:

P
bh2
= 0,048 bar
Lng cha m d
2
:
d
2
=

= 0,0248 (kg m/kg kkk)
m tng i
2
:
2
=

100 = 80%
Vi
2
= 80% tha mn iu kin m chng ta t ra ban u va tit kim nhit
lng do tc nhn sy mang i va m bo khng xy ra hin tng ng sng.
Lng khng kh kh cn thit bc hi 1kg m l
0
:
l
0
=
= 136,986 (kg kkk/kg m)

Vy: L
0
= W.l
0
= 900. 136,986 = 123287,4 (kg kkk)
Tc nhn sy trc khi vo hm sy c t
1
= 50
0
C,
1
= 21,79%
Theo ph lc 5 ( Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy Trn Vn Ph) vi thng s
ny th tch ca khng kh m cha 1kg khng kh kh: v
B
= 0,969 (m
3
/kg kkk)
Tng t tc nhn sy sau qu trnh sy l thuyt (im C) c t
2
= 32
0
C,
2
= 80%
ta c: v
C
= 0,918 (m
3
/kg kkk)
Do :
V
B
= L
0
.v
B
= 123287,4.0,96 = 118355,904 (m
3
)


1
2
Hnh 6: Khay sy
V
C
= L
o
.v
co
= 123287,4.0,918 = 113177,8332( m
3
)
Lu lng th tch trung bnh V
o
:
V
o
=
(V
B
+ V
Co
) =
.( 118355,904+113177,8332) = 115766,8686 (m
3
)
Vi thi gian sy t = 8h nn ta c: V
o
= 4,02 (m
3
/s)
Trong qu trnh sy l thuyt th h thng sy c coi l l tng, tc l trong qu
trnh sy khng c nhit tn tht v khng c nhit b sung. Nh vy lng nhit do tc
nhn sy cung cp cho vt sy lm m bay hi th chnh l lng m ny mang mt phn
lng nhit tr li tc nhn sy.
Nhit lng tiu hao q
o
:
q
o
= l
o
(I
1
- I
0
) = 136,986 (95,986 69,558) = 3552,184 (kJ/kg m)
Q
o
= q
o
.W = 3552,184.900 = 3196965,569 (kJ/m) = 399620,6961 kJ/h
Vy Q
o
= 111kW
L
o
l mt trong hai thng s cho php ta chn qut v Q
o
l c s ta chn Calorifer
khi thit k s b h thng sy.
II.3.2. Xc nh kch thc thit b sy

Hnh 8: Cch b tr khay sy trn xe gong
1. Xe gong
2. Khay cha vt liu sy
Hnh 7: Xe gong


Kch thc xe gong
* Chn thit b chuyn ti l xe gong c kch thc:
- Chiu rng: B
X
= 1500 mm
- Chiu di: L
X
= 2000 mm
- Chiu cao : H
X
= H
m
+ H
x
+ x =1300 + 150 + 50 = 1500 mm
Trong :
H
m
: chiu cao cht vt liu sy
H
x
:

chiu cao bnh xe
x: khong cch t bnh xe n khung xe
Mi xe t 20 khay, mi khay cha 30 kg nguyn liu. Nh vy khi lng vt liu
sy mi xe bng: G
X
= 20.30 = 600 (kg)
* S xe gong cn thit: n =
= 2 xe
Kch thc bung sy:
- Chiu rng: B
b
= B
X
+ 2B = 1500 + 2.50 = 1600 mm
B: khong cch t xe goong n mp bn ca tng.
- Chiu di: L
b
= n.L
X
+ L + r = 2.2000 + 2.500 + 100 = 5100 mm
L: khong cch xe goong cch 2 u bung sy.
r: l khong cch gia 2 xe goong.
- Chiu cao: H
b
= H
X
+ H = 1500 + 50 = 1550 mm.
H: khong cch t nh xe goong n trn bung sy.
Kch thc ph b bung sy:
Ta c kt cu tng bao, trn v v ca bung sy nh sau:
+ Lp vt liu tn trng km mt trong v mt ngoi c cng dy l:
=
0,5mm.
+ Lp bng thy tinh cch nhit gia:
= 50mm.
- Chiu rng ph b:
B = B
b
+ 2.(
1
+
2
+
3
) = 1600 + 2.(0,5 + 0,5 + 50) = 1702 mm.
- Chiu di ph b:
L = L
b
+ 2.(
1
+
2
+
3
) = 5100 + 2.(0,5 + 0,5 + 50) = 5202 mm.
- Chiu cao ph b:
H = H
b
+
1
+
2
+
3
= 1550 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 50 = 1601 mm.


Din tch xung quanh ca bung sy:
F
xq
= 2.(B + L).H = 2.(1,702 + 5,202).1,601 = 22,11 (m
2
)
Din tch trn v nn bung sy:
F
tr
= F
n
= L.B = 1,702.5,202 = 8,85 (m
2
)
Xc nh khi lng thit b sy
Khung xe gong
Khung ca xe gong c lm t 40 thanh chiu rng di 1,5 m v 30 thanh chiu
di di 2 m; 4 thanh chiu cao di 1,5m, tt c u c lm t thp CT3 kch thc
30x30x1,5mm. C th:
Tit din khung:

Th tch thp lm khung:

Vy khi lng ca khung xe l:

Bnh xe
Bnh xe goong c lm t thp CT3 c ng knh ln 0,15 m; ng knh nh l
0,13 m. Gi s khi lng tng ca 1 bnh xe l 2 kg; bnh xe c 2 bi, mi nng 0,5
kg; khi lng trc bnh xe l 0,5 kg.
Vy khi lng tng phn bnh xe l:
= 100 + 4 =104 (kg)

Khay:
Khay c lm bng nhm c kch thc:
- Chiu di 2m
- Chiu rng 1,5m
- B dy 1mm
- G mp ngoi cao 30mm.

Khi lng 1 khung khay:


Khi lng mt xe gong khi cha cha vt liu sy

Khi lng xe lun vt liu

II.3.3. Tnh ton tn tht nhit trong h thng sy
II.3.3.1. Tn tht nhit do VLS mang i
Tnh theo cng thc:

Vi:

l khi lng vt liu sy ra, kg.

l nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kg.K.

C
vk
= 3,62 kJ/kg.K l nhit dung ring ca c kh
C
a
= 4,18 kJ/kg.K l nhit dung ring ca nc
Ta c:
kJ/kg.K)
l nhit vo ca vt liu sy, thng ly bng nhit mi trng

0
C.
l nhit ra ca vt kiu sy, nhit ra khi bung sy ca vt liu sy theo kinh

nghim ly nh hn nhit ra ca tc nhn sy i vo t 5
0
C.
Vy:
- (5 ) = 50 10 = 40
0
C.
Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i:
(kJ)
Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i tnh cho 1 kg m:
kJ/kg m)
II.3.3.2. Tn tht nhit do thit b vn chuyn


Q
ct
= Q
kh
+ Q
x

Q
kh
: tn tht nhit do khay sy mang i.
Q
x
: tn tht nhit do xe gong mang i.
Nhit ca khay sy v xe gong khi i vo bung sy ly bng nhit mi
trng:

Nhit ca khay sy v xe gong khi i ra bung sy ly bng nhit ca tc
nhn sy:

Khi lng ca khay sy v xe gong ln lt l: m
xe
= 100 kg, m
khay
=8,373 kg.
Nhit dung ring ca vt liu ch to xe (thp CT
3
) v khay (nhm) ln lt l:
C
x
= 0,5 kJ/kg.K
C
kh
= 0,86 kJ/kg.K
Tn tht nhit do xe gong mang i
Vi n
x
= 2 xe ta c:
Q
x
= n
x
.G
x
.C
x
.(
) = 2.100.0,5.(50-25) = 2500 (kJ)

Tn tht nhit do khay sy mang i
Vi n
kh
= 20.2=40 khay ta c:
Q
kh
= n
kh
.G
kh
.C
kh
.(
) = 40.8,373.0,86.(50-25) = 7200,78 (kJ)

(kJ)
10,78 (kJ/kg m)
II.3.3.3. Tn tht nhit ra mi trng
Gi thuyt v tc TNS
tnh c tn tht nhit ra mi trng ta phi gi thuyt tc TNS trong
bung. Khi kt cu bung c xc nh v chiu di xe bng chiu di khay v chiu cao
khay ly bng 30mm th ta c th tnh c tit din t do ca bung sy bng:


Do tc sy ti thiu s bng lu lng th tch trong qu trnh sy l thuyt
V
0
chia cho tit din t do
m/s)
V lu lng trong qu trnh sy thc phi ln hn trong qu trnh sy l thuyt nn
tc TNS gi thit tnh ton cng phi ln hn w
o
. Ta chn w = 2,7 (m/s), chng ta s
kim tra li gi thuyt ny sau khi tnh c lu lng th tch thc t.
Cc d liu dng nhit truyn qua hai bn tng bung sy:
+ Nhit th nng
trong trng hp ny l nhit trung bnh ca TNS:

+ Nhit th lnh l nhit mi trng
.
Mt dng nhit q (W/m
2
) truyn qua mt n v din tch b mt truyn nhit c
th tnh bng mt trong cc cng thc su y:
q = k. = k.(
, [W/m
2
]
Chng ta xem TNS chuyn ng cng bc vi tc 2,7 m/s v khng kh ngoi
i lu t nhin chy ri.
Ta tnh
1
theo cng thc:
W/m
2
.K.
Ta c cc phng trnh nhit sau:
Mt dng nhit trao i nhit i lu gia TNS v mt trong ca tng q
1

bng:

Mt dng nhit do dn nhit q
2
:



Mt dng nhit do i lu t nhin t mt ngoi ca tng vi khng kh
xung quanh bng:

0,333

T gi thuyt truyn nhit l n nh ta c q
1
= q
2
, vy tw
2
s c tnh:

Kt cu tng bao, trn v ca bung sy nh sau:
+ Lp vt liu tn trng km mt trong v mt ngoi c cng dy l:
=
0,0005m,
= 45,5 W/m.K;
+ Lp bng thy tinh cch nhit gia:
= 0,05 m,
= 0,05 W/m.K.

Vy:
.1
Bng php tnh lp, ta c th gi thit trc nhit tng pha nng

v tnh
c mt dng nhit truyn t TNS vo vch q
1
. T dng nhit ny v t

ta c th
tnh c nhit mt ngoi ca vch

. T nhit

v nhit mi trng t
f2
ta
tnh c nhit lng q
3
do truyn nhit i lu t nhin gia vch ngoi ca bung sy v
mi trng. Sau so snh kt qu q
1
vi q
3
, sai lch khng qu 5% th xem kt qu tnh
ton l chp nhn c vi iu kin t
w1
>t
w2.

Bng 3: Tnh ton tm mt dng nhit cho tng gi tr tng ng ca t
w1

t
w1
(
0
C)
q
1
(W/m
2
)
t
w2
(
0
C) q
3
(w/m
2
)
40,15 14,798 25,352 0,426
40,20 13,927 26,273 2,366
40,25 13,057 27,193 4,885
40,30 12,186 28,114 7,796
40,35 11,316 29,034 11,008
40,40 10,445 29,955 14,48


Theo bng trn ta c th chn nhit 2 vch ca h thng sy: t
w1
= 40,35
o
C v t
w2

= 29,034
o
C. H s trao i nhit
1
= 17,409 W/m
2
.K ,
2
= 1,591 W/m
2
.K.
Kim tra kt qu tnh ton bng cch tnh sai s nh sau:

|
||
= 0,0272= 2,72 % < 5%

Vi sai s ny tha mn iu kin nn kt qu tnh ton trn hon ton c th chp
nhn c.
Tn tht nhit qua tng v ca
Ta c:
(W/m
2
.K)
) =
6041,655 kJ/m
kJ/kg m)
Tn tht nhit qua trn
Theo gio trnh truyn nhit th b mt nng quay ln nh trn bung sy th h s
trao i nhit i lu
2tr
= 1,3
2
= 1,3.1,591= 2,0683 W/m
2
.K.
Nh vy h s truyn nhit tnh cho trn bng:
W/m
2
.K
Do :
) =
2646,672 kJ/m
kJ/kg m)
Tn tht nhit qua nn
Vi nhit trung bnh ca TNS l 41
0
C, gi s tng bung sy cch tng bao
che phn xng l 1m theo sch Thit k h thng sy (Trn Vn Ph) ta c: q = 35,65
W/m
2
.


Do tn tht qua nn:
= 9086,472 kJ/m
kJ/kg m
Nh vy tng tn tht qua kt cu bao che ra mi trng l:
kJ/kg m.
Tng tn tht :

(kJ/kg m)
II.3.5. Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc

Hnh 9: Cc qu trnh sy thc trn th I-d


Lng cha m:

Trong :

kkk
Entanpi sau qu trnh sy thc:
kkk
m tng i thc t:
2
=

Tiu hao khng kh thc t:

kg kkk/kg m)
Lng khng kh cn bc hi W = 900 kg m:
L = l.W = 133,333.900 = 120000 (kg)
Tiu hao nhit thc t:
q = l.(I
1
I
0
) = 133,333.(95,489 69,558) = 3457,458 (kJ/kg m)
Nhit lng c ch q
1
:
m
Tn tht nhit do TNS mang i q
2
:
m
Tng lng nhit c ch v cc tn tht:

m


Sai s tuyt i:
|
| | | m
Sai s tng i:

Bng 4: Cn bng nhit
STT i lng K hiu kJ/kg m %
1 Nhit lng c ch q
1
2447,444 70,79
2 Tn tht nhit do TNS q
2
968,051 27,999
3 Tn tht nhit do VLS q
v
18,66 0,539
4 Tn tht nhit do TBCT q
ct
10,78 0,311
5 Tn tht ra mi trng q
mt
19,723 0,570
6 Tng lng nhit tnh ton q' 3464,658 100
7 Tng lng nhit tiu hao Q 3457,458 100
8 Sai s tng i 0,21
T bng cn bng nhit ta c my nhn xt:
-
Hiu sut nhit ca TBS:

- Trong tt c cc tn tht th tn tht do TNS mang i l ln nht, tip theo l
tn tht ra mi trng. Tn tht do VLS v TBCT l rt b v coi nh khng
ng k.
By gi ta s kim tra gi thuyt v tc TNS trong bung sy:
Th tch TNS sau khi ra khi bung sy: vi thng s
, tra
ph lc 5 sch Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy thy Trn Vn Ph, th gi tr
kkk.


Do lu lng th tch TNS sau hm sy V
C
bng:

Th tch TNS trc khi vo hm sy. Ta c
v
B
= 0,969 (m
3
/kg kkk)

Lu lng th tch trung bnh TNS i trong hm sy V bng:

=14152,5 m
3
/h
Hay

Kim tra gi thuyt v tc sy:
Tc trung bnh TNS trong qu trnh sy thc bng:

Tc sy khi chng ta gi thuyt khi tnh thi gian sy v tn tht l 2,7 m/s. So
vi tc thc sai s l 8% < 10 %. Sai s ny chp nhn c. Nh vy mi tnh ton c
th xem l ng.



Chng III: TNH CHN CALORIFER, L HI V QUT
III.1. Tnh chn Calorifer
Ta chon calorifer kh - hi l loi thit b trao i nhit c vch ngn. Trong ng l
hi bo ha ngng t v ngoi ng l khng kh chuyn ng. Do h s ta nhit khi
ngng t
N
ca hi ln hn h s trao i nhit i lu gia mt ngoi ca ng vi khng
kh
k
, theo l thuyt truyn nhit pha khng kh thng c lm cnh (hnh ch nht)
tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit. Nh vy, calorifer kh hi trong k thut sy thng
l loi vch ngn c cnh.
Tnh ton calorifer kh hi l tnh ton b mt truyn nhit F cn thit khi bit lu
lng v nhit vo, ra ca khng kh. Nhit khng kh vo calorifer thng ly bng
nhit mi trng t
0
= 25
0
C. Nhit ca khng kh ra calorifer

cng l nhit TNS
vo TBS xc nh theo yu cu cng ngh sy t
1
= 50
0
C.
Nhit lng m Calorifer cn cung cp cho tc nhn sy:

= 120000.(95,489 69,558) = 3111720 kJ/m = 388965 kJ/h

L (kg/h): khi lng khng kh kh cn thit cho qu trnh sy thc t.
I
1
, I
0
: entanpy ca TNS trc v sau khi ra khi Calorifer.
Vy: Q = 108,0458 kW
Chn nhit ca hi nc bo ha t
N
=100
0
C ta c: r =2257kJ/kg, p
N
= 1,0132bar
Gi s hiu sut calorifer
, lu lng hi cn cung cp l:

= 229,783 kg/h
Chon l hi c cc thng s lm vic: p sut lm vic 1,0132 bar, nng sut lm
vic 229,783 kg/h.
Tiu hao hi cho mt calorifer:
D
1
=

Khi b mt truyn nhit ca Calorifer bng:


Vi: k l h s truyn nhit ca Calorifer.

l chnh lch nhit trung bnh gia kh v hi.
l hiu sut nhit ca Calorifer.

Trong calorifer kh hi, dch th nng l hi nc ngng t c nhit khng i
t
N
= const.
Tnh hiu s nhit trung bnh
Hiu s nhit ca 2 dng lu cht u vo v ra ca calorifer:
t
max
= t
N
t
0
= 100 25 = 75
o
C
t
min
= t
N
t
1
= 100 50 = 50
o
C

0
C
H s truyn nhit k
F
c tnh theo cng thc gn ng i vi calorifer hi nc sau
(Sch tnh ton thit k thit b trao i nhit) :
k
F
= a.(
0
)
b
Vi : a = 10,5 14 chn a = 12
b = 0,5 0,7 chn b = 0,6
tc khng kh ti khe hp, chn = 4m/s
0
khi lng ring ca khng kh
0
=1,293 kg/m
3
Vy k
F
= 12.(4.1,293)
0,6
= 32,16 W/m
2
.K
Suy ra:
= 72,65 m
2
Ty thuc vo din tch trao i nhit mi calorifer v da vo F ta chn s
calorifer cho h thng sy. y ta chn 5 calorifer, din tch trao i nhit mi chic l:
14,5 m
2
.


Hnh 10: Cu to calorifer kh hi
III.2. Tnh chn qut.
vn chuyn TNS trong h thng sy ngi ta thng dng hai loi qut: qut ly
tm v qut hng trc. y ta chn qut hng trc.
Lu lng qut:

Th tch khng kh m iu kin tiu chun (

Vi
l khi lng ring ca khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun,
m
3

Suy ra:
= 92807,425 m
3
/h = 25,78 m
3
/s
Tng cng sut ca qut:

Trong :
l s kg khng kh kh/m
3
khng kh m.

= 1,06 kg kkk/m
3
kk m
l khi lng ring ca khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun.
m
3
ct p ton phn ca qut, chn
0


k l h s d phng ly k = (1,1 1,2)
l hiu sut ca qut.

Suy ra: N =
= 10,55 kW
Do ta chn qut c cng sut cn p ng l: N = 11 kW
.
Hnh 11 : hnh dng ca qut hng trc



KT LUN KIN NGH

H thng sy c cm bng bung sy vn hnh n gin, khng yu cu b mt
rng, ph hp vi sy nng sut nh v th cng. Sn phm sy c cht lng cao hn
phng php truyn thng. Tuy nhin sn phm sy c th khng ng u do nguyn liu
c t tnh trn cc khay.
Thc t, y khng phi l h thng chuyn dng dnh cho c, vi nn cng nghip
ngy cng pht trin, xut khu thy sn ngy cng tng cao v chim mt v tr quan trng
trong nn kinh t nc nh th vic u t nghin cu ch to h thng sy ph hp vi c
cm m bo v cht lng sn phm cng nh gim c chi ph sn xut l mt vn
ng c quan tm.



TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Bng tra cu qu trnh c hc truyn nhit truyn khi (Ti bn ln th nht),
Nh xut bn i hc quc gia Tp.HCM, 2006.
2. PGS.TS Hong Vn Chc, Thit k h thng thit b sy, Nh xut bn khoa hc
v k thut, H Ni 2006.
3. PGS.TS Bi Hi PGS.TS Trn Th Sn, K thut nhit (Ti bn ln th chn),
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut,H Ni, 2010.
4. Nguyn Vn May, K thut sy nng sn thc phm, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut (Ti bn ln th hai), H Ni 2004.
5. GS.TSKH Trn Vn Ph, K thut sy, Nh xut bn gio dc, H Ni 2008.
6. GS.TSKH Trn Vn Ph, Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy (Ti bn ln th nht),
Nh xut bn gio dc, H Ni 2008.
7. Gio trnh K thut thc phm 2, Trng i hc cng nghip thc phm Tp.HCM.

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n mn hc my v thit b thy sn GVHD: Th.

= 0,0175 (kg m/kg kkk)

= 136,986 (kg kkk/kg m)

= 100 + 4 =104 (kg)

l khi lng vt liu sy ra, kg.

l nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, kJ/kg.K.

l nhit vo ca vt liu sy, thng ly bng nhit mi trng

l nhit ra ca vt kiu sy, nhit ra khi bung sy ca vt liu sy theo kinh

) = 2.100.0,5.(50-25) = 2500 (kJ)

) = 40.8,373.0,86.(50-25) = 7200,78 (kJ)

trong trng hp ny l nhit trung bnh ca TNS:

= 0,0272= 2,72 % < 5%

= 120000.(95,489 69,558) = 3111720 kJ/m = 388965 kJ/h

l chnh lch nhit trung bnh gia kh v hi.

l hiu sut nhit ca Calorifer.

l khi lng ring ca khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun,

l khi lng ring ca khng kh kh iu kin tiu chun.

l hiu sut ca qut.

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