K THUT TRNG LA C BN

1.Thi v v nhm ging la theo vng sinh thi

C th s dng cc ging la khc nhau gieo thng. Trong thc t, thng gieo thng
cc ging la ngn ngy, thp cy, kh nng chng tt.

a) Vng ng bng sng Hng
V xun:
* Xun sm: Gieo m 15- 25/11; cy: 15 - 25/ 1 vi cc ging la: DT10, DT13, X21, Xi23,
VN10, NX30, 17494, MT163, M6
* Xun chnh v: Gieo m 1/12- 20/12; cy: 20/1- 20/ 2 vi cc ging la: C70, C71, P1, P6,
BM9855, N1-9, TK106
* Xun mun: gieo 5/2- 25/2 vi cc ging la: B5, B6, Q5, KD18, BT7, HT1, LT2, AC5,
IRi352, BM9820, PD2, Nh u 838, HYT83, TH3-3, Vit lai 20
* Gieo m trn nn t cng v xun mun: Gieo m 25/1- 10/2; cy t 10/2 tr i. Tui
m t 10- 15 ngy, tng ng 3- 4 l.
V ma:
* Ma sm: gieo 10/6- 20/6 vi cc ging la: B5, B6, Q5, KD18 ,HT1, LT2, AC5, IRi352,
BM9820, PD2, Nh u 838, Bacu 64, Bacu 903, HYT83, TH3-3, Vit lai 20
* Ma trung: gieo 15/6- 25/6 vi cc ging la: X21, Xi23, VN10, NX30, 17494, MT6, M6,
P1, P6, TK 106
* Ma mun: Gieo m 25/ - 5/ 6; cy: 25/6 - 5/7 vi cc ging la: Np Hoa vng, D, Mc
tuyn, Bao Thai, Tm thm cc loi.

b) Vng ng bng ven bin Trung b
* V ng xun (v ba): Gieo m 25/10;cy: 20/11- 5/12 vi cc ging la: Tp lai, X21,
Xi23, M6, CM1, BM9830
* V h thu ( v Tm): Gieo m 25/4; cy 10/5 tr i, vi cc ging la: Xi23, 9830, P1, P6,
17494.
* V ma ( v mi): Gieo m 25/5- 10/6; cy: 10/6- 30/6 vi cc ging la: Xi23, 9830, P1,
P6, 17494.

c) Vng ng bng sng Cu Long
V ng xun: Gieo u thng 11 n 25/11. S dng cc ging la OMCS 2000, OMCS21,
TNB100, ML48, OM1706, OM1633, VND404, VND95- 19, MTL250, MTL392, MTL449,
OM4498, OM4495, OM2395, OM2517, OM3405...
V h thu: Gieo u thng 4 n 25/4. S dng cc ging la OMCS 2000, OMCS21,
TNB100, ML48, OM1706, OM1633, VND404, VND95- 19, MTL250, MTL392, MTL449,
OM4498, OM4495, OM2395, OM2517, OM3405...
V ma: Gieo 5/5- 30/5. S dng cc ging la VND404, VND95-19, MTL250,MTL392,
MTL449, OM4498, OM4495,OM2395, OM2517, OM3405, Khao105, Nng thm ch o 5,
Nng Hng 2...


2.Chun b ht ging
Nh nng c cu Tt ging tt m, tt m tt la. Yu t u tin m bo cho cy la
kho cn phi c ht ging tt. Gieo trng ht ging tt l iu kin cn thit cy la
kho. c kh nng chng chu su b nh v vt qua c bin ng bt li ca iu kin
mi trng t mi c th cho nng sut, cht lng cao.
c ht ging tt i vi nhng h nng dn t lm ging phi tun th quy trnh sn xut
v bo qun ging do B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn quy nh.

Nu khng t sn xut c th phi mua ht ging ti nhng c s cung cp ging tin cy.
Ht ging khe phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
* Ht ging phi kh, sch, chc my, thun, ng ging, ng nht v kch c, khng b ln
nhng ht ging khc, khng b ln ht c v tp cht, khng c ht lem, lp v khng b d
dng.
* Ht ging khng b cn trng ph hoi (su mt), khng mang mm bnh nguy him.
* T l ny mm cao, t 85% tr ln.

S lng ht ging / n v din tch: Tu theo ma v v trng lng 1000 ht ca ging
tnh lng ht ging cn cy ( Trng lng 1000 ht ln, lng ht ging cn nhiu hn
ht ging c trng lng 1000 ht thp). Thng thng l ng ht ging cn thit:
* V xun: 2- 2,5 kg ht ging/ so Bc b
* V ma: 1,5- 2 kg ht ging/ so Bc b

Lu : i vi la lai ch cn 1 kg ht ging/ so Bc b


3.Ngm ht ging
Thc hin tt cc khu k thut ngm ht ging s c t l ny mm cao, loi b c
mt s loi bnh hi v k sinh trn ht

* Phi li ht ging: Ht ging cn phi li 6- 8 gi trong nng nh (khng phi trc tip trn
sn gch hay sn xi mng). Phi li c tc dng lm cho ht ht nc nhanh, xc tin hot
ng ca h thng men, tng kh nng ny mm.
* Th t l ny mm
* Chn ht tt, loi b ht lp lng bng nhiu cch : Bng qut gi, sng sy hoc trong
qu trnh ngm nc cn vt ht nhng ht ni v gi li ht chm (ht tt).
* X l ht ging : C th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau:

+ X l bng nc nng 540c ( pha t l 3 si 2 lnh): Ngm ht vo nc lnh 24 gi, sau
a vo nc nng 45- 470c trong 5 pht v cui cng l nc nng 54- 550c trong 10
pht. Phng php ny n gin nht, c tc dng tr nm bnh v tuyn trng trn ht,
to cho ht ht nc nhanh
+ X l bng nc vi: Ha tan 1kg vi sng vo 100 lt nc, ngm 1-2 ngy v ma, 3-4
ngy v xun, i sch ri thc mm.
+ X l bng ho cht Formalin: Dung dch 2% phun vo ht ging ( 5 lt dung dch cho 50
kg ht ging), kn 3 gi, i sch ri thc mm.

i vi ht ging mi thu hoch mun gieo ngay cn p dng phng php x l ph ng
tng ny mm. Dng a xt nitric 0,2% (lng dng 100 ml dung dch cho 1,2- 1,4 t
ht ging) x l ph ng hoc dng supe ln thay th.

Ngm ht ging
* Ngm ht: ht ny mm cn phi ngm ht ht m cn thit. Thi gian ngm ty
thuc nhit , 1-2 ngy v ma, 2-3 ngy v ng xun. Trong qu trnh ngm, ht h
hp ym kh, thiu xy lm nc chua, cn phi thay nc mi ngy mt ln.
* thc mm: Sau khi ht ht nc, em , ht ny mm. Trong qu trnh , nn
nh k vy nc v trn o ht ht ny mm u.
* Khi ht nh mm, nn xen k ngy ngm m pht trin cn i mm v r. V
ma, h thu ch cn nt nanh, v ng xun cn c mm di hn.


4.Cc phng thc lm m
Ty iu kin t ai v thi tit, c th lm m bng nhiu phng php khc nhau:

M dc:
L hnh thc ph bin nht. Rung m c gi nc, lm t k, trang phng ri ln
lung, gieo ht ny mm, gi m thi k u sau mi ti nc cho n lc cy.

M sn (m nn):
Nhng nm rt nhiu v xun, m dc thng cht gy thiu m, phI khc phc bng
lm m sn (Thng l v xun mun).

Xut pht t kinh nghim lm m Dapog ca Philippin. Lm t kh trc khi gieo, lt giy
PE hoc l chui, ri mt lp t bt mng ri gieo ht, ti m. M Dapog gieo dy (2-2,5
Kg/m2), tui m 10-15 ngy.

C th ci tin phng php ny bng cch trc khi gieo mm, rI mt lp bn mng ln
sn hay ln nn t cng b mng, ven ng. Nu t xu c th trn thm phn
chung mc vi ln. Gieo ht x l, ngm . Mt gieo t 1,0-1,5 kg/m2 . Ti gi
m, che nilon trnh gi lnh. Khi m 2,5-3 l l nh cy c. Khi ly m bng c mng. Khi
cy tch thnh cc khm nh. M sn bn r nhanh, khng thua km m dc.

M kh (m i, m nng):
Lm t kh, gieo su 2-3 cm (hoc chc l b ht) dng co, ba rng lp ht. . . ng
bng, lm t nh ln lung, gieo ht, lp mt lp t bt mng v ti m. Loi m ny,
sau cy bn r nhanh, mc khe.

M ni (m b):
Ph bin vng t trng khng lm c m dc (m nc). Ly rm c kt thnh b
rng 1-1,2 m, ni ln 3-5 cm, dng t st, bn long ri ln ri gieo mm.


5.Lm t gieo m
a. M dc:
Chun b rung m : Chn chn rung cao, ch ng ti tiu, t ct pha hoc tht nh v
tin chm sc.

Lm t:
* t cy ng sm, ba 4-6 ln, nhuyn v sch c. Nu t chua c th bn vi 15-20 kg/
so Bc B. Bn lt 3- 4 t phn chung, 7-10 kg supe ln, 2 kg ur v 3kg kali/ so.

* Ln lung rng 1,2 - 1,4 m, c rnh thot nc, mt lung phng v ng xun, mt
lung hi vng v ma d thot nc.
Gieo m: Ht ging sau khi x l, ngm ny mm u l em gieo

* Mt v k thut gieo: V ng xun gieo 40-45 kg/ so Bc b, v ma t hn( ty theo
ging, thi v v khi lng ht). Gieo hi chm ht, nht l v ng xun chng rt, sau
gieo c th ph mt lp tro mc ( 8-10 kg/so).

b. M sn, m trn nn t cng:
L gii php tnh th trc y khc phc hin tng thiu m trong v ng xun, do
thi tit rt m ko di, m dc b cht nhiu. Song hin nay bin php ny tr thnh
tin b k thut c p dng rng ri. Lm m sn hay m trn nn t cng khng phc
tp ch cn chn c nn t cng (b mng, ven ng, sn, vn..), lm cho mt t
phng, ri mt lp bn hoc t bt mng ln sn hay nn t cng ( Nu t xu nn trn
thm vi phn chung hoai mc c vi ln m bo dinh dng cho m) , gieo
ht x l, ngm , ny mm u.
Lng gieo: 1,0 -1,5 kg ht ging/m2. Ti nc gi m.


6.Chm sc v qun l rung m
Chm sc m dc:
Nc: thi k m non (t gieo n 3l), mt lung cn c gi m r pht trin
thun li. Khi m c 4 l n nh cy ty theo thi tit v sinh trng ca m quyt nh
ch ti nc. Khi cn ch ti nc vo rnh lung m m. Trc khi nh c th
ti trc 5-7 ngy cho t mm, d nh, trnh t r.

Phn bn: Bn thc vo thi k m 3-4 l, Lng bn t 0,5- 1,0 kg Ur/ so Bc b ty
theo ging v ph t. Trc khi nh cy 3-5 ngy, c th bn tin chn gip cy m ra
r mi. M tt, m gi khng nn bn thc nhiu.

Phng chng rt: Dng cc ging chu rt. Gieo ng thi v, gieo vo lc tri m, gieo mt
dy, tng phn chung v ln, khng bn m vo lc tri rt, iu tit nc v che ph
Nilon cho m trong nhng t rt.

Phng chng m gi, m ng: M ng xun rt mn cm vi nhit . Cn phng m
ng khi thi tit m, nhit bnh qun trn 200c ko di v tch n t 5000c . iu kin
t tt, nc nhiu, gieo dy cng dn ti m ng.

Bin php chng m gi v ng: Rt nc rung m kh, khng bn m, b tr thi v
thch hp v trnh tnh trng m ch rung.

Phng chng su bnh cho m: Tin hnh phng tr khi su bnh pht sinh r.

Tiu chun m tt: M cng cy, khe, t l b / l cao, anh dnh, mu sc l xanh vng, t
l C/N thch hp, m khng b ng, c sc ra r mnh v khng c su bnh.

ng tui: Tui m cy ty thuc vo ging, thi v v phng php lm m. tnh tui
m c th dng ngy tui hoc s l. Th d, v ma tnh tui m theo ngy tui, cn v
ng xun theo s l (m dc 5-6 l, m sn hoc m trn nn t cng 2-3 l).

Chm sc m sn:
i vi m sn, sau khi gieo ht cn t bit iu tit nc v gi m cho m. S ln ti
nc ph thuc vo nhit v cng nh sng trong ngy. v ma s ln tc
nc i hi nhiu hn v xun, c bit vo nhng ngy nng nhiu v nhit cao. Khi
, c 20- 30 pht cn ti nc mt ln gi m. Khi m c 2,5 - 3 l l tui nh
cy.


7.K thut lm t cy

t trng la
t trng la c hai dng c bn :
t chuyn canh la: Thng c chn vn hoc chn trng kh thot nc. Loi t ny
thng lm dm, khi c iu kin th ch rt nc phi i sau khi thu hoch xong v la
ma.
t lun canh la-mu: L t chn cao, cy v ma v lm mu v ng xun. t ny
khng phi i m ch lm dm.

K thut lm t
t la cn phi cy sm, rung lm dm phi gi nc. Rung lm i cn c phi k,
gia t cy o i. Lm i c tc dng cho t thong, tiu dit c mt s loi dch hi
trong t. Nu phi i gp ma ln khng c kh nng phi li th phi gi nc, chuyn
sang lm dm.
Lm t la phi cy su, ba k cho t nhuyn, mt rung phi phng thun li cho khi
cy ng u v iu tit nc.
Cy su to iu kin cho b r la pht trin tt, tng ngun d tr dinh dng, c li cho
cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt vng r phn gii cc cht hu c kh phn hu, tng cng
dinh dng cho la.
Yu cu t la trc khi cy phi sch gc r, c di. t la cy m sn cng phi c
lm k hn, mt rung phng hn v mc nc nng la cy xong pht trin thun
li.

Bn lt
Trong qu trnh lm t s kt hp vi bn lt. Bn lt phn chung, phn xanh, vi v cc
lo phn v c nh ln, kali, mBn lt su v hp l :
Bn lt phn xanh v vi (nu c) vo lc cy ng, phn chung v phn ln bn vo lc
cy li, m v kali bn trc khi ba cy.
V chim xun nhit u v thp cn quan tm bn lt nhiu hn v ma.


8.K thut cy
Mt v khong cch cy
Mt c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh hnh thnh s bng. Xc nh mt cy hp
l cn da v

Thi v cy: v c nhit thp cy dy hn v c nhit cao.

* V xun cy mt : 45-55 khm/m2, 2-3 dnh /khm
* V ma cy mt : 40- 45 khm/m2, 2-3 dnh / khm
Khong cch:
* V xun: 20 cm X 11cm hoc 18 cm X 11 cm
* V ma: 20 cm X 11 cm.
Ging: loi hnh nhiu bng cy dy hn loi hnh to bng.
* Ging nhiu bng cy 200 -250 dnh c bn /m2
* Ging to bng: cy 180 -200 dnh c bn /m2
t v dinh dng: t xu, t phn cy dy hn ni t tt v nhiu phn.
Tui m, cht lng m: M gi cht lng km cy dy hn m non, m tt.
Trnh thm canh: Ni c trnh thm canh thp cn cy dy hn ni c trnh thm
canh cao.

K thut cy
Cy thng hng, cy nng 3-4 cm( cy su 5-6cm la s pht sinh 2 tng r), v chim
xun cy su hn v ma.
cy nng, cn lm t k, gi nc nng, cy nga tay. Cy thng hng d kim tra,
bo m mt v to iu kin thun li cho khu chm sc sau ny.


9.K thut chm sc la cy
Lm c
Khi cy la bn r hi xanh th bt u lm c kt hp vi sc bn v bn thc. Sau tu
vo ging la ngn hay di ngy c th tip tc lm c sc bn t 1-2 ln na v kt thc
trc khi la bc vo thi k lm ng. Lm c sc bn c tc dng dit c di, vi phn
trnh mt m, b sung xy cho r, lm t r gi v kch thch ra r mi. Lm c bng tay,
co rng y tay.

Tr rong ru: Nhng rung la c nhiu rong ru th nn tr bng cch tho cn nc 5-6
ngy kt hp bn vi bt (5-10 kg/ha), hoc phun CuSO4 5-10% vo ngy nng t 1-2 ln,
mi ln cch nhau 2-3 ngy, hoc dng MCPA dung dch 0,4% phun 500 lt/ ha.
Bn thc

* Bn thc nhnh: Khi la bn r hi xanh kt hp vi lm c t I, bn 50 -60 % lng
m
* Bn n ng: Trc tr 30 -35 ngy. Bn n ng c tc dng xc tin phn ha gi v
hoa nhm t s ht / bng cao.
* Bn nui ng: Tin hnh vo thi gian trc tr 12-15 ngy. bn nui ng c tc dng
tng t l ht chc v khi lng ht.
tng hiu qu ca phn bn thc nn bn su theo cch kt hp vi lm c sc bn, gi
nc va phi, khng bn khi thi tit xu . . .c th dng phn vin tng hp bn tp trung
vo gc s nng cao hiu qu ca phn.

Ti nc
Tu iu kin c th m c th m bo ch nc ph bin nh sau: duy tr mc nc <
5 cm vo thi k sau cy n thi k nhnh hu hiu, > 20cm vo thi k cui nhnh
hn ch nhnh v hiu. Nu la tt, sinh trng mnh th nn rt nc phi rung,
hn ch dinh dng cng c tc dng lm gim nhnh v hiu. Duy tr 5-10 cm nc
vo thi k lm ng n chn sa. Sau thi k chn sa c th rt nc, la tip tc vo
chc, thun li cho khu thu hoch.
Trng hp la xu hoc trn t chua , mn, phn, phi duy tr mc nc 5-6 cm hn
ch phn, mn.

Phng tr su bnh
Thng xuyn kim tra ng rung, pht hin v phng tr su bnh kp thi.


10.Thu hoch bo qun

Thu hoch la
* Thu hoch th cng: Lim cc loi l cng c ch yu v c s dng ph bin ti cc
h gia nh, trang tri nh.
* Thu hoch c gii: S dng cc my gt ci tin loi va v nh thu hoch la.
* p, tut la: p la bn tay, trc la bng trc c tru b ko, tut la bng my p
chn, bng my tut th cng nh hoc bng my tut la.

Ni p tut la phi c lt bt, hoc tc tip sn phi, nhng phi sch rc, sn v
khng c ln vi ging khc.

Phi sy, ct tr bo qun
Phi sy: yu cu phi kh ht c hm lng nc t < 13%, cng nh khng cho
mm bnh pht trin v hot ng. C th s dng 2 phng php phi sy ch yu sau:

* Phi bng nh sng mt tri: ht la ni chung c th c phi bng nh sng t nhin,
dy 3-7 cm, thng xuyn o ht ht kh u, trnh cng nh sng mnh.
* Phng php lm kh bng h thng qut khng kh nng: Ht la c th lm kh bng h
thng sy c thi khng kh nng vi nhit 40 - 450c, thi gian sy ty thuc vo m
ht khi thu hoch, nhit lng cung cp, cng nh khi lng ht cn x l.

Ct tr bo qun: Sau khi la phI kh, qut sch tru, ht lp, ng vo bao bo
qun trong kho chuyn dng. Kho bo qun phI c kh trng, dn sch trc khi ct
tr. cc h gia nh nn cho thc vo b, thng phi hoc thng tn t nI kh ro,
thong mt. Thng xuyn kim tra m mc, mt v chut. Nu b dch hi v m mc cn
phi x l ngay.