UMTS LTE

Topic 5
EPL657

1
Part of this lecture is adapted from:
UMTS LTE
Lawrence Harte
Althos Publishing
web: www.Althos.com
UMTS LTE
Universal mobile telecommunications
system - UMTS - Long Term Evolution - LTE
set of projected improvements to the 3rd
generation wireless systems - 3G, including:
100 Mbps+ data transmission rates,
reduced transmission delays (reduced latency),
increased system capacity and
shorter transmission latency times
IP-based OFDMA technology
Address increase mobile data usage and new
multimedia applications
2
UMTS LTE SYSTEM
allows cellular carriers to offer a very efficient
(more subscribers per cell site) mix of
multimedia services (voice, data, and video)
for existing (mobile telephone) and new
(Internet and television) customers.
designed to permit advanced and reliable
services including media streaming and large
file transfers.
new services offer potential of higher average revenue per user
than existing 1
st
and 2
nd
generation mobile customers.
for existing mobile carriers that upgrade to LTE, marketing is
geared towards acquiring new data-only and mobile television
customers.
3
UMTS LTE
natural evolution of 3GPP GSM and UMTS WCDMA networks.
Since LTE provides services above the original 3rd generation (3G)
requirements, but does not provide service levels for 4th generation
(4G) requirements, it is sometimes called Beyond 3G.

key attributes include a variable bandwidth (1.25 MHz up to 20
MHz) OFDM radio channel, the co-existence of multiple physical
channels on the same frequency using channel codes, many
logical (transport) channels, separate signaling channels,
multiple service QoS types, multi-system operation, and other
advanced operational features.

Each wide (20 MHz) UMTS LTE RF channel can have more than
800 simultaneous communication channels. Some of the channels
are used for control purposes, while others are used for voice (audio)
and user data transmission.

4
UMTS LTE Performance Metrics
LTE, in addition to be based on OFDMA, it includes MIMO
techniques and smart antennas.








Optimal performance at 0-15km/h
High performance at 15-120km/h
Maintain mobility at 120-500 km/h

5
Peak data rate DL/UL: 100/50 Mbps for 20MHz
Full Mobility Up to 500km/h
Latency in
control/user plane
<100ms(idle to active)/ 5ms
Capacity >200 users per cell (5MHz)
Cell size 5-100km
Spectrum 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz
Recall: what is UMTS
6
Mobile Communication System - Universal Mobile Telephone System - UMTS - is
a wide area broadband wireless communications system that uses digital radio
transmission to provide voice, data, and multimedia communication services.
Recall: What is UMTS?
A UMTS system coordinates communication between mobile devices (user
equipment), radio access radio sites (UTRAN), and uses a packet switching core
network to connect UMTS devices to other devices or networks.
Digital Media Formats - LTE is designed to transfer digital information in packet
data format through the Evolved-UTRAN; supported by the Evolved Packet Core.
Functional Sections - The LTE architecture is composed of three key
parts:
User Equipment (UE) - A device that converts media to and from UMTS LTE radio
signals.
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) - Assemblies that
convert digital signals to radio signals that can be sent to mobile devices and receive
radio signals that can be converted back to their digital form.
Contains solely base stations (aka eNodeB or eNB)
Evolved Packet Core Contain a mobility management entity, a system architecture
evolution gateway and a packet data network gateway.

7
LTE architecture


8
MME S-GW PDN GW
Internet
eNB eNB
eNB
UE
UE
UE
UE
UE
ePDG
non
3GPP
trusted
IP
access
non 3GPP
non-
trusted IP
access
UMTS LTE key features


UMTS LTE key features include high speed data transmission, low
latency packet data transmission, flexible frequency allocation, self-
configuration capability, all IP core network, and multibeam transmission.
UMTS LTE data transmission rates can reach up to 100 Mbps for the
downlink and up to 50 Mbps for the uplink.
UMTS LTE packet data transmission is significantly low allowing for
low latency applications (such as VoIP Internet Telephony).
The UMTS LTE system can use a mix of radio channel frequency
bandwidths and duplex transmission types allowing for UMTS to be
deployed in small amounts of spectrum.
The UMTS LTE system was designed for automatic configuration and
radio transmission optimization reducing the operational complexity
and cost.
The UMTS LTE switching system (the core network) only uses IP
connections between network components simplifying design and
deployment. This standardizes the equipment and service requirements
simplifying design complexity and lowering support costs.
UMTS LTE can use multibeam transmission to increase distance,
reliability, and provide more capacity.
9
LTE: UMTS evolution
10
LTE: UMTS evolution
UMTS LTE natural evolution of 3GPP GSM and UMTS WCDMA
networks. Because LTE provides services above the original 3
rd
generation (3G) requirements but does not provide service levels for 4th
generation (4G) requirements, it is sometimes called Beyond 3G.
0G - Mobile Telephone before cellular
1G - Analog Cellular
2G - Digital Cellular
2.5G - High Speed Packet Data
3G UMTS WCDMA - Multimedia
3G UMTS LTE - Ultra Broadband Packet Data
(cellular) mobile communication evolved from single user per radio
channel (analog) to shared high-speed multimedia broadband channels.
One key benefit of evolution is ability of a mobile carrier to provide more
services in same amount of radio channel bandwidth. If carrier upgrades
system radio equipment and adds customers with new mobile
technologies (and eventually gets rid of the old), they lower service costs
(or make more money).


11
UMTS LTE services
12
UMTS LTE services
GSM voice service started as a full rate voice service that allowed 8
users per GSM radio channel. The original design allowed for the use of
a half rate voice service (lower quality audio) to increase the number of
simultaneous GSM voice users to 16 per radio channel.
GSM Data services started as low speed circuit switched data (9.6
kbps). The GSM system evolved to allow the combination of multiple
circuit switched data connections to provide high speed circuit
switched data services - HSCSD.
GSM short messaging service - SMS messaging service for extremely
short text messages (140 characters). SMS evolved into executable
messages that allow for advanced two-way messaging features.
GSM Multicast - GSM has capabilities of one to many type services
such as group call (dispatch type services) and voice broadcast (such
as traffic alerts).
GSM Packet Data - GPRS - The GSM system evolved allowing users to
dynamically share packet data resources on one or more GSM channels
for services such as Internet browsing.

13
UMTS LTE devices
14
UMTS LTE devices
UMTS LTE devices range from fixed adapters (e.g. home network
termination units) to network termination adapters that allow a mix of
device types to connect to the UMTS LTE system.
UMTS LTE mobile telephones may include the capability to use UMTS LTE
radio channels and other types of radio signals (such as WCDMA, GSM,
CDMA2000, and WiMAX) 3 iphone 5 models for LTE.
Multimode UMTS LTE mobile device allows service providers to gradually
migrate users in their systems to areas that can provide UMTS LTE radio
services.
Mobile Telephones - Portable devices that can be used for voice
communication.
PCMCIA Air Cards - Cards that can slide into computers to provide data
services.
Embedded Radio Modules - Radio assemblies that can be built-in or
installed in devices such as laptop computers, video cameras, or digital
signage displays.
15
UMTS LTE devices
External Radio Modems - Assemblies that can be connected to other
devices through USB, Ethernet, or other connection types to provide
data services.
Network Termination Units (NTUs) - A receiver assembly that can
produce one or more outputs that can be connected to devices such as
home telephones, computers, or television sets.
Media Players - Portable devices that can receive and display
multimedia.
Location Devices - Devices that can capture and/or display position
location information.

16
UMTS LTE Radio
17
UMTS LTE Radio
18
UMTS LTE radio is the transmission of control and user
information in packet data format through a wide RF
channel which usually operate on frequency bands
around the world ranging from 800 MHz to 2 GHz.
UMTS LTE was designed as a Multimode system which
allows mobile devices to transfer between the UMTS LTE
system and other types of systems such as GSM,
WCDMA, or even CDMA2000.
Multiple Types of Modulation - The UMTS system can
transmit using different types of modulation - QPSK and
QAM - to allow the system to increase the data
transmission rate when low distortion radio conditions
exist.
UMTS LTE Radio
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) - UMTS systems can use
multiple transmission paths to increase the distance and reliability of
radio transmission.
Variable Channel Bandwidth - The RF channel bandwidth can be
dynamically assigned to allow LTE THE flexibility for bandwidth
assignment (narrow channels) and increasing data transmission rates
when bandwidth is available.
FDD or TDD Operation LTE system can used paired frequencies -
FDD - or shared single frequencies - TDD to allow systems to operate
in a mix of frequency bands.

The UMTS LTE system can use multiple types of modulation. The
lowest level modulation type (and most robust) is Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying - QPSK modulation. When radio conditions permit, 16-
QAM can be used to increase transmission capacity. If radio conditions
permit, 64-QAM may be used. Complexity and cost of 64-QAM, mobile
devices may not include a 64-QAM transmission option.

19
UMTS LTE MIMO radio transmission
20
A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission system transmits signals over
multiple paths to a receiver where they are combined to produce a higher quality
signal.
example shows that a single beam transmission signal can have deep signal fade
levels. When two or more beams are used, the signal fades are minimized,
resulting in a more even (error free) signal.
UMTS LTE system can use multiple input multiple output - MIMO - radio
transmission to provide increased transmission reliability and higher data
transmission rates.
UMTS LTE dynamic bandwidth
configuration
21
UMTS LTE system can dynamically change its transmission bandwidth up to 20 MHz
by adding or removing sub-carrier channels.
Figure shows how UMTS LTE system can dynamically assign bandwidth through the
allocation of sub-carriers. This diagram shows that the RF channel bandwidth can be
up to 20 MHz wide. The RF channel can be divided into 15 kHz sub-channels and
bandwidth configuration (allocated sub-carriers) is a portion of the RF channel.
UMTS LTE system
22
The key parts of a UMTS LTE system include the
user equipment - UE - can be many types of devices
ranging from simple mobile telephones to digital televisions.

radio access network RAN, can use a mix of radio
transmission technologies which may include GSM,
WCDMA, and UMTS LTE wide radio channels

evolved packet core EPC, uses an IP packet system
which can connect to other types of networks such as the
public switched telephone network - PSTN through the use
of gateway - GW - devices.
UMTS LTE system
23
simplified diagram of a UMTS LTE system, includes mobile communication
devices (user equipment - UE) that can communicate through an evolved
node B (eNB) enhanced packet core (EPC) packet switching system.

UMTS LTE system is compatible with both the new variable width LTE channels, 5
MHz wide WCDMA radio channels, and narrow 200 kHz GSM channels.
This example also shows that the UMTS LTE system can provide broadcast video,
multimedia (mixed data), and voice services.
UMTS LTE evolved Node B (eNB)
24
An evolved Node B - eNB - is the radio
access part of the UMTS LTE system.
Each eNB contains at least one radio
transmitter, receiver, control section and
power supply.
In addition to radio transmitters, and
receivers, eNBs contain resource
management and logic control functions
that have been traditionally separated into
base station controllers (BSCs) or radio
network controllers (RNCs).
This added capability allows eNBs to
directly communicate with each other,
eliminating the need for mobile switching
systems (MSCs) or controllers (BSCs or
RNCs).
UMTS LTE evolved Node B (eNB)
25
eNB functions include radio resource management - RRM,
radio bearer control, radio admission control - access
control, connection mobility management, resource
scheduling between UEs and eNB radios, header
compression, link encryption of user data stream, packet
routing of user data towards its destination (usually to EPC or
other eNBs), scheduling and transmitting paging messages
(incoming calls and connection requests), broadcast
information coordination (system information), and
measurement reporting (to assist in handover decisions).

Each eNB is composed of an antenna system (typically a radio tower),
building, and base station radio equipment. Base station radio equipment
consists of RF equipment (transceivers and antenna interface equipment),
controllers, and power supplies.
UMTS LTE Gateways
26
UMTS LTE gateways are devices that adapt media
transmission between the LTE system and other systems
such as the Internet or the public switched telephone
network - PSTN.
UMTS LTE Gateways
27
UMTS LTE system uses serving gateways - S-GW and
packet gateways - P-GW

A serving gateway, S-GW is a device or assembly that coordinates the
control and adapts data transmission between a device and a system.
may adapt communication processes and underlying data to access method
used by device or system with which it is communicating.
also functions as a mobility anchor point (fixed connection route during a
communication session) for handovers between eNBs (inter-eNB
handovers), and an anchor point for inter-3GPP mobility.

A packet gateway is a device or assembly that coordinates the control and
adapts packet data transmission between a communication connection and
another system.
may adapt data formats and communication processes to the system that it
is communicating with.
may allocate IP addresses or filter packets (deep packet inspection).
UMTS LTE Serving Gateway
28
SGW provides routing and forwarding of user data
packets
SGW connects to PDN GW and gets instructions from
MME
SGW is responsible for data paths, handles IP header
compression, encryption of user data streams, etc
Provides handover functions when terminal handovers
between LTE and other 3GGP/2 technologies
In case of lawful interception, it also performs replication
of user traffic
UMTS LTE Packet Data Network GW
29
PDN GW provides connectivity to external data networks
Connected to Policy and Charging Rules Function
Its the interface to the Internet and other services
including:
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
PSS (Packet-Switched Streaming Service)
Performed deep packet inspection
For QoS, packet marking is used
Anchor between 3GPP and non-3GGP technologies
LTE Mobile management entity
30
A mobile management entity - MME - is a processing element within the
UMTS LTE can be used to help find, route, and maintain and transfer
communication connections to e.g. WiMAX wireless devices.

The MME can perform end to end connection signaling and security
services between core networks (Inter CN node signaling). It can perform
mode access control to the UE when it is not connected.

The MME can maintain location information about devices and determine
which gateway will be used to connect mobile devices to other networks.

Selecting SGW for a UE at the network entry
Performing intra-LTE handover
Paging-distribution of messages to eNBs
Handling security key management
Providing mobility support in idle state
Allocating temporary IDs to UEs
Ciphering and integrity protection of NAS signaling
LTE Evolved Packet Core
31
The UMTS LTE system uses two basic types of network
elements; enhanced node B - eNB base stations and
media gateways.

No switch is needed as network elements can communicate
with each other to setup connections and connection
transfers (handovers).

The UMTS system uses an evolved packet core - EPC - to
receive, process, and forward packets towards their
destinations. The use of an EPC allows for the rapid
processing of packets, which increases data throughput
while reducing packet delays.
LTE Evolved Packet Core-EPC
32
Figure shows the key functional parts of an evolved packet core - EPC - system.

Example shows several types of packet flows (voice, Internet browsing, and
video) that are transferred to a user equipment device in a UMTS LTE system.

The serving gateway categorizes each incoming packet and routes it to a
mobility tunnel that reaches the eNB (base station). The eNB maps and
manages the data transmission to the UE on appropriate radio bearer channels.
LTE network architecture
33
key network elements include
user equipment (UE)
base stations (eNBs)
serving gateway (S-GW) and mobile management entity (MME)
subscriber databases (HSS) and packet gateway (P-GW).

UEs communicate with eNBs (base stations) through the Uu radio interface.
eNBs can directly communicate with each other using an X2 interface or with
MMEs using the S1 interface.
The MME sets up and manages mobile connections using information from
HSS.
Calls are controlled by an S-GW and the call or session event information from
the S-GW is provided to a policy control and charging function (PCRF) which
translates the information into billing records.
The S-GW can also link to a serving general packet radio service support node
(SGSN) to allow the UMTS system to interoperate with other mobile
communication systems including GSM, GPRS, and WCDMA.
LTE network architecture
34
The UMTS LTE network architecture uses a modular
system design called the system architecture evolution -
SAE, which is composed of separate components that
may be added, removed, or connected together to
evolve or improve the capabilities of an existing system.

The LTE system uses SAE to transition from a voice
centric switched network to a universal broadband
communications access system.
LTE protocol architecture
35
LTE protocol architecture
36
Control Plane
User Data Plane
LTE protocol architecture
37
The UMTS LTE can use multiple protocols that are divided into
processing layers. Each protocol layer performs specific functions.
Each protocol layer may also use one or more protocols. The layered
approach simplifies for the adding of new functions without requiring
significant changes to the system.

Radio resource control - RRC - is a protocol used to coordinate the
operation (control) of the radio.
Packet data convergence protocol - PDCP - ensures that all the
packets are transferred and placed in correct order.
The radio link control - RLC - layer is concerned with maintaining the
radio link between the mobile device and the base station.
Medium access control layer - MAC - coordinates access requests
and assignment from the system.
Broadcast and multicast control - BMC -is responsible for receiving and
processing broadcast messages.
LTE protocol layers
38
Figure shows how the protocol layers of the UMTS LTE system can link the radio
device, through the evolved node B (eNB) base station.
The UMTS LTE radio link is divided into layers where each layer performs its
specific function and passes its data on to the next layer above or below.
Physical Layer - The physical layer converts digital packets to and from RF signals that
are sent between the UMTS LTE device and the access point.
MAC Layer - The medium access control layer (MAC) is the process used to request
and coordinate access to the system.
RLC Layer - The radio link control layer is concerned with maintaining the radio link
between the mobile device and the base station.
PDCP Layer - Ensures that all packets are transferred and placed in correct order.
Communication Channel Structure
39
Communication Channel Structure
40
Each channel is characterized by its functions and parameters.
There are logical channels that are mapped to transport channels
Transport channels are mapped to physical channels.
Logical channels are distinguished by the information carried by them
Transport channels are identified by their transmission characteristics
Physical channels are characterized by the data protection method used
Two types of logical channels: Control and traffic channels
Logical Control channels are:
BCCH: Broadcast control channel is to transmit broadcasting system
control information
PCCH: Paging Control Channel is to transmit paging information when UE
is unlocated
CCCH: Common Control Channel is used by UE when UE has no RRC
connection
MCCH: Multicast Control Channel is used to transmit MBMS control
information
DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel is a point-to-point bidirectional channel
used by UE for RRC connection
Communication Channel Structure
41
Logical Traffic channels are
DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel is a point-to-point bidirectional channel
dedicated to one UE to transfer user information
MTCH: Multicast Traffic Channel is a point-to-multipoint
Transport channels provide structure passing data, configuration of PHY
mechanisms, status indicators and higher layer peer-to-peer signaling. They
include:
BCH: Broadcast Channel
DL-SCH: Downlink Shared Channel used for HARQ, DRX, link adaptation
PCH: Paging Channel
MCH: Multicast Channel
UL-SCH: Uplink Shared Channel
RACH: Random Access Channel (collision risk)
Communication Channel Structure
42
Physical Channels include:
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel used for data and multimedia
transport. Adaptive modulation (QPSK, 16-, 64-QAM)
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel conveys UE specific
information
CCPCH: Common Control Physical Channel conveys cell information
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel for data and multimedia upload
using adaptive modulation
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel carries uplink control information
including uplink scheduling requests
LTE MAC Layer functionality
43
Scheduling (controls time/frequency resources) depends on channel
conditions and the following:
QoS parameters
Measurements
Buffered Payloads
Pending Retransmissions
CQI reports from the UEs
UE capabilities
UE sleep cycles
Measurement gaps/periods
System parameters such as bandwidth and interference levels
Types of schedulers include:
Frequency Selective Scheduler
Frequency Diverse Scheduler
Proportional Fair Scheduling

LTE MAC Layer functionality
44
HARQ
Cell Search
Power Control
Intercell Interference Mitigation
Inter-eNodeB synchronization
Physical layer measurements
Evolved Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services
Self Configuration


LTE PHY Layer functionality
45
Offers data transport to higher layers
Performs the following:
Error detection on the transport channel
FEC encoding/decoding
Hybrid ARQ soft-combining
Rate matching
Mapping of the coded symbols to physical channels
Power weighting of physical channels
Modulation and demodulation
Frequency and time synchronization
Radio characteristics measurements
MIMO/transmit diversity beamforming support
RF processing
LTE network interfaces
46
LTE network interfaces
47
This figure shows key UMTS LTE network elements and how they
interface with each other. UMTS network interfaces define the
characteristics and processes that are used to connect network elements to
each other or to other systems.
Uu Interface - User equipment - UE - communicate with evolved node B
(eNB) using the Uu interface.
S1 Interface - is used to eNBs to the serving gateway (S-GW).
X2 Interface - allows eNBs to directly connect with each other.
S6 Interface - allows mobile management entity (MME) to connect with
customer database (HSS).
S3 Interface - is used to link to existing systems (such as GSM, GPRS,
and WCDMA) to the UMTS LTE system.
S5 Interface - connects the UMTS LTE system to packet data networks
such as the Internet.
S7 Interface - connects the UMTS LTE system to operations and support
systems.
LTE system operation
48
The UMTS LTE system operates by coordinating connections with mobile
devices, managing connection transfers (mobility), setting up and managing
service sessions, keeping track of the location of mobile devices, and
coordinating the distribution of signals to groups (multicast) or to
geographic areas (broadcast).

Connection States - The LTE must identify and control the mode of each
wireless device that is operating in its system.
Connection Transfers (Mobility) - the LTE system coordinates the transfer of
connections as wireless devices move to different radio coverage areas.
Session Management (IMS) - The LTE system sets up, initializes, and
manages communication services such as voice, data, and video.
Location Based Services (LBS) - LTE systems maintain position location
information for commercial services, system management, and emergency
services.
Muticasting and Broadcasting - LTE systems coordinate the distribution of
signals to groups of users (multicast) or to geographic regions (broadcast).
UMTS LTE mobility states
49
Mobility states are the status conditions of a mobile device as it relates to a
communication network. Mobility states include detached (unknown), active
(communicating), and idle (awaiting actions).
This figure that UMTS LTE device starts in the detached (unknown status)
state when it is turned on. After it registers with the system, it changes into the
active state. If the device is inactive for a period of time (does not transfer
information), it may be moved into the idle mode. If there is data to be
transferred, the mode may be changed back to the active state. When a
device is powered off, it informs the system (deregisters) and detaches.
UMTS LTE handover (HO)
50
UMTS LTE Handover is performed by the user equipment devices
connecting directly to each other through the eNBs. No switching
equipment is required for UMTS LTE handovers to other devices in the
UMTS LTE system.
UEs can handover within a system (intra-system), to other systems (inter-
system), and to systems that use other radio access technologies (Inter-RAT
handover).
UMTS LTE handover (HO)
51
This figure shows the basic handover process that occurs in the UMTS
LTE system where the system has determined that the signal strength
and quality of the radio channel it is receiving and the serving eNB
(source eNB) is below desired levels and handover is preferred.

Process starts when the source eNB commands the UE to start measuring
the radio channel quality from a nearby base station (target eNB). Using
the information from the mobile, it is determined that the adjacent cell site
is a candidate for the handover and the direct transfer process starts.
The source eNB informs the target eNB using the X2 interface that a
handoff request has been initiated. During the handover process, the
source eNB forwards the user data to the target eNB. When the UE has
successfully connected to the target eNB, the connection is transferred
and the target eNB updates the MME of the transfer completion.
The MME then informs the serving gateway to change the users media
path (path change) from the source eNB to the target eNB.
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
52
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
53
IP multimedia subsystem - IMS - is a set of session based protocols that can
be used to provide services using Internet protocol (IP). IMS has evolved from its
first use in 3rd generation mobile telephone standards to other types of
networks including voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and IP television (IPTV).
IMS can integrate devices and services across multiple types of networks.
Set of Session Control Protocols - IMS defines the use of session control
protocols (existing and tested protocols such as SIP) to negotiate and initialize
protocols that are used for communication sessions.
Integrates Systems and Services - The IMS system can be used to integrate
different systems and services that can be addressed using IP connections.
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
54
Started 3GPP and Evolved to VoIP and IPTV - IMS protocols are so
flexible that they have been used in other types of systems such as Internet
telephony and Internet protocol Television - IPTV.

The figure on slide 52 shows the basic functions of the IMS system. This
diagram shows that a user equipment device (a mobile phone in this
example) is calling another device (a landline telephone). The UE sends its
connection request (an invite) to the proxy call session control function (P-
CSCF). The P-CSCF needs to find the call server so it sends a request to
the interrogatory call session control sever (I-CSCF). The I-CSCF contacts
the home subscriber server (HSS) which contains the service profile of the
user and the location of the serving call session control function (S-CSCF).
The S-CSCF will then manage the communication session with the UE
through the P-CSCF. The IMS system can then connect a call through a
media gateway (signaling processes not shown) so the connection can
reach the landline telephone.
Location based Services (LBS)
55
UMTS LTE can provide location information using different types of
positioning systems including the system itself (network positioning) or
through the use of global positioning system - GPS.
Location based Services (LBS)
56
UMTS location services include:
Commercial Location Services (Commercial LCS) - Value added services that
are performed using location determination equipment and services such as
mapping and advertising.
Internal Location Services (Internal LCS) - Position discovery activities and data
that are used for network or service operation (find and page the subscriber).
Emergency Location Services (Emergency LCS) - Discovery and transfer device
location information to emergency facilities or services. Emergency LCS provide
agencies with the identification and location of a device that has dialed an
emergency services number (such as 112 or 911).
This figure shows how mobile communication systems can use GPS signals to
provide location information. A mobile telephone has both mobile communication
and GPS reception capability. When the user dials an emergency number, the GPS
information can is sent to the public safety access point to allow emergency services
to the location of the users mobile telephone.
Lawful Intercept Location Services (Lawful Intercept LCS) - Providing of
identification and location information of a device to an authorized public safety
agency.
Evolved MBMS
57
UMTS LTE was designed to allow for shared (multicast) types of
services such as digital broadcast radio and digital video broadcast.

The eMBMS feature can simultaneously transmit the same media
signals using UMTS LTE eNBs to multiple recipients in the same
geographic region.

In addition to the shared transmission capability, the two-way
capabiltiy of the MBMS system allows users to dynamically interact
with the broadcast network. This means that the MBMS system can
provide one-way bearer services (multicasting and broadcasting
media) and user controlled media streaming.
Evolved MBMS
58
This figure shows how the MBMS system can be used to provide radio and television
broadcast services.
A television station (a or a video subscription channel) is broadcast to all the cells
within the UMTS LTE system area. Each TV subscription viewer must use a key
(previously provided) so they can receive and decode the television signal. A audio
broadcast (local radio station) is also connected to some of the UMTS LTE cells.
Voice broadcast (traffic alerts) are connected to a cells in the system area.
UMTS LTE summary
59
UMTS LTE summary
60
UMTS LTE was designed to simultaneously provide a mix of
services ranging from real time voice to high-speed Internet
browsing.The use of a single IP type of interconnection
simplifies deployment, maintenance, and reduces equipment cost.
Base stations (eNBs) can directly connect to each other with
eliminates the need for a switching system.

The radio structure is flexible (bandwidth, duplex types) which
allows UMTS LTE to be deployed in different spectrums.
IP Multimedia Subsystem - IMS - is used to setup and manage
multimedia sessions with devices in and outside of the UMTS
LTE system.
Multiple types of location based services are integrated into the
UMTS LTE system. UMTS LTE is an evolution of GSM, GPRS,
and WCDMA.
LTE ADVANCED



See SLIDES BY Toskala

IEEE Tutorial
61
Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM)
method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies.
developed into a popular scheme for wideband
digital communication, whether wireless or over
copper wires, used in applications such as digital
television and audio broadcasting, DSL
broadband internet access, wireless networks,
and 4G mobile communications.

62
Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM)
is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation
method. A large number of closely spaced
orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry
data. The data is divided into several parallel data
streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier.
Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional
modulation scheme (such as quadrature
amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a
low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates
similar to conventional single-carrier modulation
schemes in the same bandwidth.
63
Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM)
primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier
schemes is
ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for example,
attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband
interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath)
without complex equalization filters.
low symbol rate makes use of a guard interval between symbols
affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol interference
(ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (that shows up as
ghosting on analogue TV) to achieve a diversity gain, i.e. a signal-
to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the
design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where several
adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the
same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters
may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as would
typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.
64
Supplementary slides
based on ieee tutorial