Seismic Isolation of Seismic Isolation of Transformers Transformers

SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON OF SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON OF
TRANSFORMERS TRANSFORMERS
M.C. Constantinou, A.M. Reinhorn
K Oikonomou and C Yenidogan K. Oikonomou and C. Yenidogan
Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental
Engineering
NEES & MCEER MEETING JUNE 9-11, 2011 Civil, Structural & Environmental Eng. , University at Buffalo
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
SEI SMI C PROTECTI VE SYSTEMS SEI SMI C PROTECTI VE SYSTEMS
S t
Seismic
Isolation
Passive
Damping
Semi-Active
and Active
Systems
Smart
Materials,
Adaptive
Systems
Hybrid
Systems
Systems,
Self-
centering
Systems
Systems
Systems
Elastomeric
M t lli V i bl Stiff
ER Fl id
Elastomeric
Lead-rubber
Sliding (FP)
Sliding with
Restoring
Metallic
Friction
Viscoelastic
Viscous
M ti
Variable Stiffness
Variable Damping
Active Bracing System
ER Fluid
MR Fluid
SMA
Adaptive
D i
Restoring
Force
Elastoplastic
Magnetic
Devices
Self-centering
SCOPE OF PRESENTATI ON SCOPE OF PRESENTATI ON
Presentation of basic concepts of seismic
isolation isolation
Presentation of selected implementations of
seismic isolation in industrial structures seismic isolation in industrial structures
Discussion of application of seismic isolation
in electrical equipment and its difficulties in electrical equipment and its difficulties
Presentation of work at UB for the seismic
isolation of transformers isolation of transformers
SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON
Amethod of construction A method of construction
and a technology in which
a system is used to provide
period lengthening and ability
to absorb energy
isolator flexibility isolator flexibility
force reduction
displacement increase
displacement concentrated displacement concentrated
in isolation system; small
structural drift
SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON
Di l t Displacements
isolator flexibility
period shift period shift
increased isolator
displacement
di i ti energy dissipation
reduced structural
displacement
damage reduction
complexities with utility
p y
lines
SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON SEI SMI C I SOLATI ON
Energy dissipation
hysteretic
high damping r bber high-damping rubber
yielding of lead
friction
viscous
external hardware- external hardware
fluid viscous dampers
I SOLATI ON HARDWARE I SOLATI ON HARDWARE
Lead-rubber bearing
I SOLATI ON HARDWARE I SOLATI ON HARDWARE
Single FP bearing
I SOLATI ON HARDWARE I SOLATI ON HARDWARE I SOLATI ON HARDWARE I SOLATI ON HARDWARE
Triple FP Bearing p g
COMPACT SIZE WITH LARGE
DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY
REDUCED SLIDING VELOCITY
ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C
I SOLATI ON I N LNG TANKS I SOLATI ON I N LNG TANKS
65,000 m
3
CAPACITY, 75m DIAMETER,
35m HEIGHT (ISOLATOR TO ROOF)
9% NICKEL INNER TANK
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OUTER TANK
1 PERLITE INSULATION WITH CURTAIN 1m PERLITE INSULATION WITH CURTAIN
TO ALLOW THERMAL BREATHING
1m INSULATION AT BOTTOM
1m THICK CONCRETE SLAB
UNANCHORED INNER TANK
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION FOR
SAFETY REASONS (CONTAINMENT OF SAFETY REASONS (CONTAINMENT OF
SPILLAGE, LOW PROFILE TARGET) AND
AESTHETIC REASONS
ISOLATION ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION
LNG TANKS, REVITHOUSSA, GREECE, 1996
OF SLENDER TANK WITH REDUCED
FOOTPRINT AND SMALLER SIZE
FOUNDATION
I SOLATORS I N LNG TANKS I SOLATORS I N LNG TANKS
FP ISOLATOR
Inspection, January 2002
FP ISOLATOR
I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C
UTILITY LINES REQUIRE FLEXIBILITY TO
ACCOMMODATE LARGE
DISPLACEMENTS
I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C I MPLEMENTATI ON OF SEI SMI C
LNG TANKS, IN-CHON, KOREA, 2006
UTILITY LINES REQUIRE FLEXIBILITY TO
ACCOMMODATE LARGE
ELASTOMERIC ISOLATOR
ACCOMMODATE LARGE
DISPLACEMENTS
SAKHALI N I SLAND GAS/OI L SAKHALI N I SLAND GAS/OI L
PLATFORMS PLATFORMS
PI LTUN AND LUNSKOYE PLATFORMS PI LTUN AND LUNSKOYE PLATFORMS
SAKHALIN II PROJ ECT
LOCATION OF SEISMIC LOCATION OF SEISMIC
ISOLATION SYSTEM ON
TOP OF CONCRETE
GRAVITY BASE IN
PILTUN AND
LUNSKOYE
PLATFORMS
GOAL IS TO
PROTECT
ENTIRE STRUCTURE ENTIRE STRUCTURE
ABOVE CONCRETE
GRAVITY BASE
FP BEARI NG OF SAKALI N I I FP BEARI NG OF SAKALI N I I FP BEARI NG OF SAKALI N I I FP BEARI NG OF SAKALI N I I
PLATFORMS PLATFORMS
Salkhalin II bearings
Largest seismic isolators
700mm displacement
87,400kN gravity load
130,000kN max load ,
Full-scale testing
Reduced scale dynamic
testing (load of up to testing (load of up to
13,000kN, velocity of
1m/sec).
CLOSE VIEW OF ISOLATION INTERFACE
FP ISOLATOR
UTILITY LINES CROSSING
ISOLATION INTERFACE
I SOLATI ON I N BUI LDI NGS
Utility lines
connecting parts of connecting parts of
structure above and
below isolators
require flexibility to
accommodate large
di l t displacements
I SOLATI ON I N ELECTRI CAL I SOLATI ON I N ELECTRI CAL
EQUI PMENT EQUI PMENT
230kV Circuit Breaker, CA,
around 1975
GAPEC isolators, France, rather , ,
stiff low damping elastomeric
bearings
Based on studies and
recommendations of Charlie recommendations of Charlie
Kircher who, as a graduate
student at Stanford, studied the
dynamic characteristics of
electrical equipment electrical equipment
Performed well in earthquakes
when nearby identical
equipment were damaged
APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C
I SOLATI ON I N ELECTRI CAL I SOLATI ON I N ELECTRI CAL
EQUI PMENT EQUI PMENT
Complexities
Very light weight structures so that significant isolation
effect is difficult to accomplished with elastomeric p
systems. However, benefits may be realized by relative
stiff and highly damped systems
Concerns with behavior of cables, etc. that connect
equipment to other structures
Isolator displacements should be limited to less than
12inch to accommodate cables
EXAMPLE OF ELECTRI CAL EXAMPLE OF ELECTRI CAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
ABB 500kV TRANSFORMER
410kip WEIGHT
HIGHLY ASYMMETRIC
LIGHT WEIGHT
APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C APPLI CATI ON OF SEI SMI C
I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS
O f Objectives of BPA project
Develop seismic isolation designs for transformers
that can be readily implemented. y p
Verify effectiveness of isolation designs.
Work with manufacturers of seismic isolation
technologies to adapt their technologies for application g p g pp
to transformers. This would require modification of
designs due to light weight supported. Concept that
deviate from traditional isolation may be most useful.
Test of electrical equipment on shake table at reduced
and full scale.
Selected lead-rubber and Triple FP isolators
D l d d l f t f f h k t bl Developed a model of transformer for shake table
testing-weight about 45kip
Selected stiff and highly damped lead-rubber Se ected st a d g y da ped ead ubbe
isolators
Selected more flexible but high friction triple FP
isolators isolators
Isolators not bolted to structure above for ease in
installation-only kept by friction
Tested at length scale 3-therefore prototype
weight of about 400kip
Built and tested full size triple FP isolators and
Built and tested full size triple FP isolators and
tested at length scale 1
FULL SIZE TRIPLE FP ISOLATORS
LEAD-RUBBER ISOLATORS
FRICTION
CONNECTION
ASYMMETRIC RESPONSE
DUE TO HIGHLY ECCENTRIC MASS
DISTRIBUTION
PERMANENT OFFSETS DUE TO
SLIDING AT INTERFACE
OF FRICTION CONNECTION
BOLTED
CONNECTION
FRICTION
TRIPLE FP ISOLATORS
CONNECTION
SYMMETRIC RESPONSE
DESPITE HIGHLY ECCENTRIC MASS
DISTRIBUTION
PERMANENT OFFSETS DUE TO PERMANENT OFFSETS DUE TO
SLIDING ON FRICTION INTERFACE
BUT LESS OFTEN DUE TO LOW
BEARING LATERAL FORCE
BOLTED
CONNECTION
TRIPLE FP ISOLATORS
SCALED ISOLATORS SCALED ISOLATORS
LENGTH SCALE 3
VIDEO DEMONSTRATES
BEHAVIOR IN VERY STRONG
EXCITATION WITH PERMANENT EXCITATION WITH PERMANENT
OFFSET ON TOP FRICTION
CONNECTION AND WITH IMPACT
EXCITATION IS 1994 NORTHRIDGE
SYLMAR RECORD SCALED UP
PGA=1.1g
PGV=0.9m/sec
X-Y EXCITATION
I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS I SOLATI ON I N TRANSFORMERS
TRIPLE FP ISOLATORS
FULL SIZE ISOLATORS
LENGTH SCALE 1
VIDEO DEMONSTRATES
BEHAVIOR IN VERY STRONG BEHAVIOR IN VERY STRONG
EXCITATION
EXCITATION IS 1940 EL CENTRO
SCALED UP BY FACTOR 3
3-COMPONENT EXCITATION
PGA~1.0g
PGV~1.0m/sec
SAMPLE OF PRELI MI NARY RESULTS SAMPLE OF PRELI MI NARY RESULTS
OF SHAKE TABLE TESTI NG OF SHAKE TABLE TESTI NG OF SHAKE TABLE TESTI NG OF SHAKE TABLE TESTI NG
GROUND (SHAKE TABLE) SPECTRA OF SELECTED MOTIONS USED IN TESTING
GROUND (SHAKE TABLE) SPECTRA OF SELECTED MOTIONS USED IN TESTING
ONLY STRONGEST OF 3 COMPONENTS IS SHOWN AND
COMPARED TO IEEE693-0.5g SPECTRUM
AbsoluteAcceleration(g)
IsolatorDisplacement(in)
s
h
i
n
g
T
o
p
E
W
s
h
i
n
g
T
o
p
N
S
u
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h
i
n
g
T
o
p
V
i
n
g
B
o
t
t
o
m
E
W
h
i
n
g
B
o
t
t
o
m
N
S
T
a
b
l
e
E
W
T
a
b
l
e
N
S
T
a
b
l
e
V
CONTROL
System Earthquake %
B
u
s
B
u
B
u
B
u
s
h
B
u
s
h
Fixed
1994Jensen
Filter
25% 1.22 1.49 0.55 0.68 0.65 0.15 0.25 0.09
NA
TripleFP 100% 1.14 0.97 2.18 0.75 0.73 0.56 1.41 0.35
8 35
CONTROL
POINT
p
8.35
Fixed
1940ElCentro
50% 1.24 1.68 0.42 0.71 1.02 0.13 0.19 0.12
NA
TripleFP 300% 1.88 1.80 2.70 2.19 2.25 0.89 1.11 0.76
12.96
Fixed
1971Pacoima
25% 2.17 1.95 0.75 1.28 1.12 0.29 0.23 0.19
NA
TripleFP 100% 2.24 2.19 3.07 2.82 1.60 1.61 1.27 0.87
12.33
Fixed 50% 3.56 3.72 1.63 2.25 1.85 0.34 0.31 0.26
NA
2010Chile
NA
TripleFP 100% 2.93 3.41 3.04 2.30 3.46 1.01 1.02 0.58
4.53
Fixed
1985Mexico
100% 0.37 0.29 0.07 0.26 0.16 0.17 0.09 0.04
NA
TripleFP 100% 0.27 0.18 0.10 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.11 0.04
5.52
RESULTS OBTAINED IN TESTING AT
LENGTH SCALE 3 AND THEN EXTRAPOLATED
LENGTH SCALE 3 AND THEN EXTRAPOLATED
TO PROTOTYPE (ONLY DISPLACEMENT)
3-COMPONENT EXCITATION-BUSHING AT CENTER OF PLATE
NON-ISOLATED STRUCTURE SPECTRA OF RECORDED MOTIONS AT CONTROL POINT
COMPARED TO IEEE693-0.5g SPECTRUM (X2 FOR TRANSFORMER COVER)
EXTRAPOLATED FROM RESULTS OBTAINED IN LOWER LEVEL EARTHQUAKES
ISOLATED STRUCTURE SPECTRA OF RECORDED MOTIONS AT CONTROL POINT
COMPARED TO IEEE693-0.5g SPECTRUM (X2 FOR TRANSFORMER COVER)
RESULTS AS DIRECTLY RECORDED

Seismic Isolation of Seismic Isolation of Transformers Transformers

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