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Origin of Eukaryotes
First eukaryotic organism thought to
have evolved about 1.5 billion years
ago
Protozoans possible evolved from the
1st eukaryotes by Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis process where one
prokaryote lives inside another
becoming dependent upon each other

Introduction to Protists

Origin of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cell more complex than prokaryotic cell:

Prokaryotic
Cells

Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone
proteins and occur in pairs.
Protists, fungi, plants & animals are
composed of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Typical Animal Cell

Typical Plant Cell

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Animal

Vacuole Functions

Origin of Eukaryotes

Storage
Support
Water Regulation

Endomembrane infolding

vacuole
Plant
mitochondria
chloroplasts

Infolding of membrane
system forming nucleus
and ER

Both cell types have

membrane-bounded
organelles

Origin of Eukaryotes
Origin of Eukaryotes
Evolution of eukaryotic cellEndosymbiosis
Theory proposed by Mereschkovsky
and refines by Margulis- serial
endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and plastids were
prokaryotes that invaded larger cells
Endosymbiont, ancestral
mitochondria:
Aerobic, heterotrophic & prokaryotic

Ancestral chloroplasts were

photosynthetic, prokaryotes that
became endosymbionts
Relationship began as parasitic or
undigested prey
Assumed here that endomembrane
infolding evolved first, i.e., cell
already evolved nucleus, ER,

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

A prokaryote ingested some aerobic bacteria. The

aerobes were protected and produced energy for
the prokaryote
A

Aerobic bacteria

B
Mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts

Over a long period of time the aerobes

became mitochondria, no longer able to
live on their own

A
Aerobic bacteria

Plant cell

Prokaryote
N

Mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts

Plant cell

Prokaryote
N

Animal Cell

Animal Cell

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Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
C

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

Some primitive prokaryotes also

ingested cyanobacteria, which contain
photosynthetic pigments

Aerobic bacteria

Mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts

Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts,

unable to live on their own

Aerobic bacteria

Plant cell

Prokaryote

Mitochondria

Cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts

Plant cell

Prokaryote

Animal Cell

Animal Cell

Fig. 28-02-2

Secondary Endosymbiosis and

Origin of Algal Diversity

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Plastid
Dinoflagellates

Secondary
endosymbiosis

Algae AB
Cyanobacterium

Apicomplexans

Red alga

Secondary endosymbiosis
Primary
endosymbiosis

Heterotroph C
Algae ABC

Stramenopiles

Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Over the course
of evolution,
this membrane
was lost.

Secondary
endosymbiosis

Euglenids
Secondary
endosymbiosis

Green alga

Many membrane layers

LUCA model places

the archaea as
more closely
related to
eukaryotes than
they are to
prokaryotes.

Plastid

Chlorarachniophytes

Common ancestral community of

primitive cells model
All three domains
seem to have
genomes that are
chimeric mixes of
DNA that was
transferred across
the boundaries of
the domains.

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Five Supergroups
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

Euglenoids
Dinoflagellates, diatoms, golden and
brown algae
Forams and radiolarians
Red and green algae
Slime molds

Fig. 28.8
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Kingdom Protista
Plantae Fungi Animalia

Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotic
Mostly unicellular
A very heterogeneous group include both
heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms

eukaryotic

Protista

11 phyla
Lots of disagreements

prokaryotic

Monera

Reproduction:
binary fission splits into two asexually
multiple fission producing more than two
individuals
sexually by conjugation (opposite mating
strains join & exchange genetic material)

Whittaker = leftovers

Kingdom Protista
3 informal groups
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Plant-like (algal) protists
Misleading: some change
~ 45,000 species

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Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Animal-like Protists
Amoeba

Kingdom Fungi

Cilliates
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta

Myxomycota

Ciliophora

Flagellates
Mastigophora

Rhodophyta

Sarcomastigophora

Chrysophyta

Apicomplexa

Euglenophyta
Pyrrophyta

Kingdom Protista
13,000 species

Animal-like Protists
Classified by the way they move

cilia

flagella

Heterotrophs ingest small food particles

& digest it inside food vacuoles
containing digestive enzymes

pseudopodia

Animal-like protists

Animal-like Protists
Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Sarcomastigophora (amoebas,
forams, radiolarian)
Ciliophora (paramecium)
Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)
Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)

Amoeba
Shell-like glass or
calcium carbonate
structures
Radiating projections
13,000 species

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Foraminifera
Tropics = beaches
Most have symbiotic algae

Note:
glass projections

Foramenifera:
Globigerina ooze

Animal-like Protists
Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)
Largest, most homogeneous

Covers about 36%

of the ocean floor

Share few characteristics

with others
Movement coordinated
Sex: 8 mating types
8,000 species

Paramecium

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Asexual reproduction
Binary
fission

Paramecium reproduction

1. Individuals fuse

Paramecium reproduction

2. Micronucleus
produces 4
haploid nuclei

Paramecium reproduction

3. One divides by
mitosis, 3
disintegrate

4. Mates swap micronuclei

Paramecium reproduction
8. After 2 cell divisions
w/out nuclear division, the
new macro and micronuclei
are parceled out into 4 new
individuals

7. Original macronucleus
disintegrates; 4 micronuclei dev
into new macronuclei

6. Micronuclei undergo
mitosis and form 8
micronuclei

5. Syngamy occurs, micronuclei fuse

Animal-like Protists
Phylum Zoomastigophora (zooflagellates)
Move using flagella:1 to thousands of flagella
Some parasites
African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness
tsetse fly
Chagas Disease kissing bug
Leishmaniasis sand fly
giardiasis
Vaccines? change protein coat!
Gave rise to animals?
1,500 species

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African
sleeping
sickness

Tsetse fly

The Kissing Bug

Chagas disease

Trypansoma

Leishmaniasis

Malaria
Mosquito & victim

Anopheles Mosquito

Africa = kills 1 million children per year

Thousands of sporozoites injected
Sand fly

Leishmania

Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria,

spends part of its life in mosquitoes and part in
humans.

Vaccine? (US support?)

Plasmodium sporozoite

gameteocyte

Travel to Malarial Infected Areas

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Malaria Prevention

Fungus-like Protists

475 species

Phylum Oomycota
(water molds; mildew, blights)

Quinine

Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae

Decomposers,parasites
Genetically modified fungus
Netting

Cell walls- cellulose

Related to algae based on cell wall
composition
Named after reproductive method
No septa

DEET

water molds

Downy Mildew

Oomycota Reproduction: the egg fungi, a

relatively large egg cell is fertilized by a smaller
sperm nucleus, forming a resistant zygote.

Mildew hyphae

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Fungus-like Protists

Fungus-like Protists

Mildew

Phylum Myxomycota
(slime molds)

Water molds
Blights

Bizarre

Downey mildew

Bright colors
Moving slime mass
Acellular body
550 species

Slime Mold Maze

Slime molds

475 species

The Blob
Unidentified Growing Object
Big as a platter, foamy and creamy
and pale yellow.
Died of sunstroke and nicotine
poisoning

The slime mold starts out evenly spread

through the maze, but when food sources are
placed at two ends, the slime mold retracts
from everywhere but the shortest path.

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cellular slime molds

Plasmabot

Diatoms

Plant-like Protists

Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Euglena
Cocolithophore
Green algae
Brown Algae
Red algae

Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Marine and Freshwater

Dinoflagellates

Some live in corals

Cause red tide

Cocolithophore
Radiolarian

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

1,100 species

Bioluminescence

Pyrocystis fusiformis

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HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in

PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)

Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

Plant-like Protists
13.8 ppm

Phylum Chrysophyta (diatoms &

golden algae)

Tertiary
consumers

Link to green algae

Secondary
consumers

2.07 ppm

13,000 species
Primary
consumers

0.23 ppm

Primary
producers

0.04 ppm

The numbers are representative values of the

concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate toxin (ppm)

HAB- diatoms
2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths

Diatom Reproduction- asexual

epithecate

hypothecate

Alfred Hitchkock
The Birds

Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea

Domoic acid

auxospore

Discards shell and

grows new one

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Division Chlorophyta

Plant-like Protists
Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids)

Green algae
Most freshwater or terrestrial
Some marine

7,000 species

800 species

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Division Phaeophyta
Brown algae
Halimeda opuntia
Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides

Caulerpa racemosa

Dictyosphaeria
cavernosa

Example:
giant kelp forests

1,500 species

Laminaria Life Cycle

Example of complex
morphology:
Macrocystis
a. holdfast - attaches
to substrate

Marine habitats

Blade

b. stipe
c. blade - main organ
of photosynthesis
d. bladder - keeps
blades near the
surface

Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast

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Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Division Rhodophyta
Red algae
Most in marine
habitats

Hydroclathrus
clathratus

Padina japonica

Turbinaria
ornata

Sargassum polyphyllum

4,000 species

Sargassum
echinocarpum

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Acanthophora
spicifera

Galaxaura
fastigiata

Ahnfeltia
concinna

Hypnea
chordacea

Asparagopsi
s taxiformis

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Acanthophora

Gracilaria

Super Sucker

Hypnea

Avrainvillae

Halimeda opuntia
Kappaphycus

Eucheuma

Inquiry
1. Identify 2 organisms that have a mutualistic
symbiotic relationship with an other
organism.
2. What threat do alien algae pose?
3. What is PSP?
4. What is biomagnification?
5. Identify 2 autotrophic bacteria.

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