R E V I E W

5(3):151163

Hellenic Journal of Atherosclerosis 5(3):151163

-2014

Updated guidelines
of the Hellenic Society
of Atherosclerosis
for the diagnosis
and treatment
of dyslipidemia-2014

. ,1 . ,2
. ,3 . ,4
. 5

M. Elisaf,1 Chr. Pitsavos,2

Ev. Liberopoulos,3 K. Tziomalos,4
V. Athyros5

, ,
, ,
2
, ,
, ,
3
, ,
, ,
4
, ,
, , ,
5
, ,
,

Professor of Medicine, Medical School,

University of Ioannina, Ioannina,
2
Professor of Cardiology, Medical School,
University of Athens, Athens,
3
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medical School,
University of Ioannina, Ioannina,
4
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medical School,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,
5
Associate Professor of Medicine, Medical School
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

: ,
.

.

ABSTRACT: Dyslipidemia comprises a major risk

factor for cardiovascular disease, while its early diagnosis and effective treatment reduce cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality. The present article presents
the 2014 updated Hellenic guidelines for the diagnosis
and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults.

: , ,
, ,
, , , .

Key words: Dyslipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, chylomicronemia, statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, cardiovascular disease.


.
, ,
, 451 10
: 2651 0 97509, Fax: 2651 0 97016
e-mail: egepi@cc.uoi.gr
2014

Prof. M. Elisaf
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina,
GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
Tel: (+30) 2651 0 97509, Fax: (+30) 2651 0 97016
e-mail: egepi@cc.uoi.gr

152

1.
(
,
) ( ).
( ) [ (LDL),
, (HDL),
(VLDL)]
.

2.
2.1.
:
1. ( ):
(>1000 mg/dL) ( )
2.
. (1/160.000-1/1.000.000 ):
LDL
. (1/200-500 ): LDL
3.
. (1/300 ): LDL , , HDL
. (
) (1:10.000 ):
LDL , , HDL
4. (1/2.000 ):

5. HDL : HDL

2.2
,
:
1.
2.
2014

3.
4. -
5.
6.
7.
.
.
.
.
. -
.
. -
.
. -
. -everolimus-tacrolimus.
.

3.


( , HDL
)
1. LDL : LDL =
HDL /5.
LDL , (>200 mg/dL), >350 mg/dL.

4.
4065

10 .
SCORE
(Hellenic Heart
SCORE). Hellenic Heart SCORE (http://www.heartscore.
org/greece/Pages/Welcome.aspx http://www.hellenicscore.gr/) ( 1).
:
1. -

153

1. .
40 -

[ -

(eGFR) <60 mL/min/1,73 m2

]

(
, ,
)


(BMI) >27 kg/m2

SCORE
.
2. ( )
Heart SCORE, , , .
3. ( <65
<55 ),
Heart SCORE
2 1,7 .
4. [ , HDL , (a)]
(.. )

Hellenic Heart SCORE.
5. (<40 )
Hellenic Heart SCORE
.

1. SCORE
10
.
2014

154

6.
(.. Pooled Cohort Equation

).

5.
( 2 3)
5.1.

[ ,
, (>50%)
2. .

( )

, , , ].
. 2
1>40 .
. (eGFR<60 mL/
min/1,73 m2 / 3 )
. Hellenic Heart SCORE >10%.

( 4) LDL >50%
LDL <70 mg/
dL. .

5.2.
. Hellenic Heart SCORE 510%.
. (.. 3 ,
)
Hellenic Heart SCORE.
. .
. ( , , , ).

3. .




[ (>50%)
, ,
]
2 1>40
(eGFR <60 mL/min/1,73 m2 3 )
Hellenic Heart SCORE >10%

Hellenic Heart SCORE 510%

(.. 3 , ) Hellenic Heart SCORE


-
Hellenic Heart SCORE <5%
(.. 3 ,
)
2014

:
LDL

LDL
>50% <70 mg/dL.

.

LDL <100 mg/dL 3

LDL <115 mg/dL 3-6

LDL <100
mg/dL. 3 ( 4) , .

5.3. -
Hellenic Heart SCORE <5%
(.. 3 , ).
LDL <115
mg/dL. 36 ( 4)
, .

6. Y

2.

6.1.
( 3 5). ,
(


).
>500 mg/dL (
),
,
( 2).
4. .

( trans -

, )
/ ( LDL ~10%)
( 10% 6 )
( 30
60 min/ )

155

(
, , HDL
LDL )
1214 , , ( eGFR), (TSH)
( ),
(AST/ALT) - (CK).
(ALP)
( 6).
[
,
CK ( )
] 12 : ALT
>3 (ULN)
CK>5 ULN .
CK,
.

( 6).
-- (GT)
.
LDL
( 3),
. .

.

LDL 6%.
. LDL
( 3)
.
:
1. non-HDL =
HDL ,
2014

156

**

LDL CHOL

LDL CHOL

Y
HDL CHOL
TIT
***

LDL CHOL

DL CHOL

+
-3

LDL CHOL, TA T
DL CHOL

* >500 mg/dL / -3
**

*** 6% LDL CHOL
LDL CHOL=LDL , HDL CHOL=HDL , RG =
2. .

(>200 mg/dL).

,
. non-HDL 30 mg/dL LDL .
2. (<150 mg/dL)
HDL (>40 mg/dL >50 mg/dL ) .
. :
. ( 2014

,
)


.
.
1. .


.
, -

157

3. LDL .

5. .

1080 mg
2080 mg
14 mg
1040 mg
540 mg
540 mg
2080 mg

(10/10, 10/20 10/40 mg), (40/145 mg), (20/145 40/145 mg).

.
2. .
(>3 ULN)
.

.



.
3. .
>75 ,
.

6. .
: , , HDL , LDL , , , , , AST, ALT, CK, TSH,

48 : , ,
HDL , LDL , , , , ALT, CK ( )

612 : , , HDL
, LDL , ,
, ,
ALT, CK ( )

12 : , , HDL
, LDL , ,
, ,
ALT, CK ( ), TSH

4. . ( 810 )
LDL
.
.
.
5. :
2014

158

.
.
3
.
.
.
1. >3 ULN. . 7.
2. CK>5 ULN, , .
. ,
, , ,
,

( 8)
. ( )
, +

7.
7. .
1. .
2. (10 mg/).
3. (10 mg/ )
(3,8 g/ ).
LDL 30%. .
4. 20
mg/ 40 mg/.
5. 5 mg 10
mg
, .
6. 25(OH)D3
.
7. (ARMOLIPID, 1 )
( ).
, (red
yeast rice) ,
.
.
2014

8. .
1. ( - )
2.
3.
4. ()
5.
6. (nefazodone)
7.
8. , / ( )
9. ( /)
10. grapefruit
11. CYP3A4
(, )

3. CK.
510%
.

7.
4. (
). 9%
.
,

.
,

.

/ .
5. . , .
6. . , .

6.2.
6.2.1. . 10 mg
(10, 20, 40 mg). -

(10 mg ) LDL ~20%

. ,
,
(>20%) LDL
( 1).
6.2.2. . 625 mg.
(3,8 g/, 6
12 ) LDL ~20%
( ). H
( 1) ( +
).
(..
) , , ,
.
.
6.2.3. -3 . -3
: () (1 g/)
() 24 g/ ( 2). -3
30%
HDL ~3%.
-3 . -3


.
6.2.4. . HDL .

159

(>500 mg/dL),
-3 ,
.


( ).
(eGFR<60
mL/min/1,73 m2).
6.2.5. - ( ) ( 2). LDL ( , ,
, , )
,
.
[ ,
(apoB), LDL HDL ].
( LDL ) ( HDL )
.
-
. ACCORD
()
.

. , () 70%

.


31%
. , 2014

160

(

) ,

( ). ,

- .

. .

7.


LDL ,

apoB PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/
kexin 9). 1:160.0001:1.000.000, 1:2001:500. .
40.000
.

LDL
( >500 mg/dL) . 2
.
LDL ( >190
mg/dL) 3
4 .
H
: () (
1 ) ()
LDL 95 . ,
, /
,

2014

. .
Dutch Lipid Clinic Network
,
( 9).
LDL
<135 <100 mg/dL .
,
, <70 mg/dL.
LDL
( 4080 mg 40 mg
4 mg). , ,
. ,
/
. , (
,
/ ).
, ,
(MTP) VLDL
, LDL
. , 29
26
LDL 50%.
, () .

LDL
( 5
8 ). , LDL .

161

9. Dutch Lipid Clinic Network .

Score
1 :
( <55 ;

<60 )

1
1
2

1 <18 LDL >95

LDL > 95

( )

( )

2
1

45

6
4

LDL , mg/dL (mmol/L)

330 (8,5)
250330 (6,58,4)
190250 (5,06,4)
159190 (4,04,9)

8
5
3
1

LDL , PCSK9

DNA
score
8
67
35

LDL = ; PCSK9=proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin9

.
apoB-100
LDL .
,
,
.

.


. ,

. -

:
,
,
, .


.

8.

,
LDL LDL
. PCSK9
2014

162

2 4 . :
evolocumab alirocumab.
5060% LDL

, .
,

LDL .

1. Prospective Studies Collaboration, Lewington S, Whitlock G,

Clarke R et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age,
sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from
61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet 2007,
370:18291839
2. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on
Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol
in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on
Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol
in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation
2002, 22:31433421
3. European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &
Rehabilitation, Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G et al; ESC
Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) 2008-2010 and 20102012 Committees. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management
of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and
the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011,
32:17691818
4. Anderson TJ, Grgoire J, Hegele RA et al. 2012 update of the
Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis
and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 2013, 29:151167
5. Elisaf M, Pitsavos C, Liberopoulos E, Athyros VG. Guidelines of
the Hellenic Society of Atherosclerosis for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia. Hellen J Atheroscler 2011, 2:163168
6. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH et al. 2013 ACC/AHA
Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013, Nov
7. pii: S0735-1097(13)06028-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002
(Epub ahead of print)
7. Lloyd-Jones DM, Goff D, Stone NJ. Statins, risk assessment, and
the new American prevention guidelines. Lancet 2013, Dec 3. pii:
S0140-6736(13)62348-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62348-X.
(Epub ahead of print)
2014

.
8. Ridker PM, Cook NR. Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2013, 382:1762-1765
9. Ioannidis JP. More Than a Billion People Taking Statins? Potential
Implications of the New Cardiovascular Guidelines. JAMA 2013,
Dec 2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284657 (Epub ahead of print)
10. Brindle P, Beswick A, Fahey T, Ebrahim S. Accuracy and impact of
risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart 2006, 92:17521759
11. Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G et al. Triglycerides and the risk
of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525
participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation 2007,
115:450458
12. Panagiotakos DB, Fitzgerald AP, Pitsavos C, Pipilis A, Graham I,
Stefanadis C. Statistical modelling of 10-year fatal cardiovascular
disease risk in Greece: the HellenicSCORE (a calibration of the
ESC SCORE project). Hellen J Cardiol 2007, 48:5563
13. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rnnemaa T, Pyrl K, Laakso M. Mortality
from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and
in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:229234
14. Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rnnemaa T, Pyrl K, Laakso M. Type
2 diabetes as a "coronary heart disease equivalent": an 18-year
prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes
Care 2005, 28:29012907
15. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM et al. Statins and risk of incident
diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials.
Lancet 2010, 375:735742
16. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney
disease in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298:20382047
17. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic
kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and
hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:12961305
18. Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium, Matsushita K,
van der Velde M, Astor BC et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative
meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375:20732081
19. Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A et al; Alberta Kidney Disease
Network. Risk of coronary events in people with chronic kidney
disease compared with those with diabetes: a population-level
cohort study. Lancet 2012, 380:807814
20. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V et al; TNT (Treating to New
Targets) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin
in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol
2008, 51:14481454
21. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN,
Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI et al. The effect of statins versus
untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin
and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin
Pathol 2004, 57:728734
22. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney
disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins


in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)
trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 55:12661273
23. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C,
Blackwell L, Emberson J et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive
lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000
participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010, 376:16701681
24. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, Griva T, Anagnostis P,
Kargiotis K, Pagourelias ED, Theocharidou E, Karagiannis A,
Mikhailidis DP; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Safety and
efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in
patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in
the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation
(GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet 2010, 376:1916
1922
25. Tikkanen MJ, Fayyad R, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Wun CC,
Laskey R, Kastelein JJ, Holme I, Pedersen TR; IDEAL Investigators.
Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-tomoderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels.
Int J Cardiol 2013, 168:38463852
26. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M et al; Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic
acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients
(JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis.
Lancet 2007, 369:10901098
27. ACCORD Study Group, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC et al.
Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N
Engl J Med 2010, 362:15631574
28. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al; SHARP Investigators. The
effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and
Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet
2011, 377:21812192

163
29. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statin
Potency, LDL Receptors and New Onset Diabetes. Curr Vasc
Pharmacol 2014 Aug 19 (Epub ahead of print)
30. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE et al. Familial
hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated
in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent
coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European
Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 2013, 34:34783490a
31. Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HN et al; for the European
Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel on Familial
Hypercholesterolaemia. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve
detection and clinical management. A position paper from the
Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the
European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 2014, 35:21462157
32. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova
B, Emberson J, Blackwell L et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials.
Lancet 2012, 380:581590
33. Cuchel M, Bloedon LT, Szapary PO et al. Inhibition of microsomal
triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia. N
Engl J Med 2007, 356:148156
34. Cuchel M, Meagher EA, du Toit Theron H et al; Phase 3 HoFH
Lomitapide Study investigators. Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with
homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a single-arm, openlabel, phase 3 study. Lancet 2013, 381:4046

01/08/2014
09/09/2014

2014