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Muscle Anatomy

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Muscle Attachment

All muscles are attached


to at least two points:

The origin is an
attachment to a
immoveable bone.
The insertion is an
attachment to an movable
bone.

Types of Muscle Movement

Flexion

Extension

Most often found in hinge joints.


Brings two bones closer together.
Opposite movement of flexion.
Pulls two bones farther apart.

Hyperflexion or hyperextension

Flexion beyond the normal position.

Types of Muscle Movement

Types of Muscle Movement

Abduction

Adduction

Pulls a limb toward the midline of the body.

Elevation

Pulls a limb away from the midline of the


body.

Movement upwards, toward the head.

Depression

Movement downwards, towards the feet.

Types of Muscle Movement

Types of Muscle Movement

Rotation

Movement of a bone in a circular direction


around a central axis.
Medial rotation is toward the midline.
Lateral rotation is away from the midline.

Types of Muscle Movement

How Are Muscles Named?

Direction of muscle

Relative size of the muscle

Rectus abdominis Muscle fibers travel in a


straight direction.
Gluteus maximus Largest muscle in the
gluteus group.

Location of the muscle

Temporalis Covers the temporal bone of the


cranium.

How Are Muscles Named?

Number of origins

Location of the muscles origin and/or


insertion.

Sternocleidomastoid Origin is the sternum.

Shape of the muscle

Biceps brachii Two origin attachment sites.

Deltoid Triangular

Action of the muscle

Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes the wrist.

Frontalis

Zygomatic
Bone

Temporalis

Orbicularis Oculi
Zygomaticus

Trapezius
Orbicularis
Oris

Sternocleidomastoid
Buccinator

Masseter

Head and Neck Muscles

The frontalis raises the eyebrows.


The masseter and temporalis both elevate the mandible.

Chewing muscles

The buccinator flattens the cheeks during chewing, holding


them against the teeth.
The orbicularis oculi performs all eyelid movements,
including opening, closing, blinking, etc.
The orbicularis oris closes the mouth with the lips.
The zygomaticus raises the corners of the mouth when
smiling.
The sternocleidomastoid rotates the head and flexes the
neck.

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

Clavicle
Sternum

Pectoralis Major

Deltoid

Serratus Anterior
Latissimus Dorsi

External Abdominal
Oblique
Rectus Abdominis

Internal Abdominal
Oblique

Muscles of the Trunk

The pectoralis major adducts the humerus.


The rectus abdominis flexes the vertebral
column and compresses the contents of the
abdomen.

The pushing muscle of defecation, childbirth, and


forced breathing.
The transversus abdominis also performs this
action.

The external and internal obliques rotate the


trunk.

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres Major

Latissimus Dorsi

External Oblique

Muscles of the Dorsal Trunk

The trapezius elevates and depresses the


scapula.
The latissimus dorsi adducts the humerus.
The deltoid abducts the arm.
The triceps brachii extends the arm.

Deltoid

Biceps

Triceps

Bracioradialis
Extensor Carpi Radialis

Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Anterior Muscles of the Arm

The biceps brachii flexes the arm.

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Semitendinosus

Posterior
Muscles
of the
Leg

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Gluteus medius
Tensor Fascia
Latae
Gracilis

Anterior
Muscles
of the
Leg

Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis

Fibularis
Tibialis Anterior
Soleus

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The gluteus maximus adducts and


extends the leg.
The gluteus medius abducts the leg.
The hamstring group flexes the knee.

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

The gastrocnemius extends the foot,


the soleus flexes it.

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The sartorius flexes, abducts, and laterally


rotates the thigh.

Look at the bottom of your foot while standing


to demonstrate these actions.

The quadriceps group extends the knee.

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis (a deep muscle)

Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg

The tibialis anterior and fibularis muscles


flex the foot.

Temporalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis Oris

Frontalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis Major
Deltoid
Biceps Brachii
Rectus Abdominis
Internal Oblique

External Oblique
Gluteus Medius
Tensor Fascia Latae

Adductor Longus
Gracilis
Sartorius

Tibialis Anterior

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis

Fibularis Longus
Soleus

Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps Brachii
Latissimus Dorsi
External Oblique
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

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