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References

Rhodes, H., Huston, A. & Society for Research in Child, D. (2012). Building the Workforce
our Youngest Children Deserve. Social Policy Report. 26(1). Society for Research in Child
Development. Retrieved from:
http://www.eric.edu.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED531540
This text relates the importance of early care providers and educators to the future
development and emotional well-being of the children in their care. It also explains the
importance of proper skills and training of those care providers. The possible variations in
these skill levels would explain the need for parents to be able to view their child while at
daycare.
This is a reliable source because it is produced by a government educational research
program.
Edelman, L. (2013). Using Digital Video in Early Care and Education and Early Intervention.
Denver:Author-Self-published workshop handout. Retrieved from
http://www.ancd.org/docs/urc/Webinars/Using/%Video%20%20EI-ECE%20(10-10-13).pdf
This text goes over the skills needed to utilize the computer equipment, illustrates uses of
video in daycares, discusses families understanding and consent to video and provides a
sample consent form.
This source is reliable because of the specific and informational nature of the information.
The author isnt trying to sell anything. He is just sharing information. It is also updated
frequently.
Lui, Z., Peng, D., Zheng, Y. & Lui, J .(2005). Communication protection in IP-based video
surveillance systems. Multimedia, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
Communication Protection in .IP-based Video Surveillance Systems. vol.8. pp 12-14. doi:
10.1109/ISM.2005.42
This text explains what real time data streaming is in detail including the elements of
security added. This will give the parents information about the technology and let them
know how the data stream is kept private to subscribed users only.
This source is reliable because it was located using UALRs Library database and was
written by professionals in the field of software and information systems for use in teaching
at a symposium of their peers.
Carlson, R., & Schumaker, R. (1999, September).Variables and risk factors associated with
child abuse in daycare settings. Child Abuse & Neglect. 23(9). Retrieved from http://0dx.doi.org.iii-server.ualr.edu/10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00057-5
This text describes different types of abuse, identifies variables associated with abuse in
daycares and identifies risk factors for abuse.

This source is reliable because it was accessed at an educational institution and is used for
informational purposes.
Mercy, J. (2014, June).Societal Burden of Child Maltreatment and Public Healths Role in
Prevention. CDC Grand Rounds:Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of Child
Maltreatment. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/grchldmalfinal16jun2011.pdf
This text identifies the potential problems that may arise throughout the life span after child
maltreatment. This sends home the message of the seriousness of abuse. It isnt for just a
moment. The effects can lasts a lifetime. It also provides statistics.
This source is reliable. It was found on the Ottenheimer website and was written by a doctor
working for the CDC as the director for the Division of Violence National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Proposal

Proposed Study:
Due to recent episodes of daycare abuse in Saline County, Arkansas, I propose to study the
potential reduction in daycare abuse through the use of live feed data streaming.
Statement of Problem
Abuse in the daycare setting is a problem in the Saline County area. My family experienced
neglect at a Bryant daycare On October 31, 2013, in which my niece was allowed to be
repeatedly bitten by another child while she was supposed to be supervised. Later, on
February 11, 2014, a daycare worker at the same facility drug a child across the carpet
giving them carpet burn. I feel my experience as a concerned family member, nurse and
concerned citizen give me enough reason to necessitate further research. My experience
with research as a nurse gives me the qualifications to research the problem.
Intended Audience: Nikki Lofty-owner of Challenger Preschool and CCP consultant to
other local preschools
Scope of Proposed Study:
1. The potential for abuse and neglect in the daycare setting.
2. The implications of abuse and neglect on childhood development.
3. The implication of live stream data feed to prevent abuse and neglect.
4. The security measures to be implemented with the data stream.

Data Sources:
Rhodes, H., Huston, A.(2012). Building the Workforce our Youngest Children Deserve.
Social policy report. 26(1). Society for Research in Child Development. Retrieved from:
http://www.eric.edu.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED531540
This text relates the importance of early care providers and educators to the future
development and emotional well-being of the children in their care. It also explains the
importance of proper skills and training of those care providers. The possible variations in
these skill levels would explain the need for parents to be able to view their child while at
daycare.
This is a reliable source because it is produced by a government educational research
program.
Edelman, L. (2013). Using Digital Video in Early Care and Education and Early Intervention.
Denver:Author-Self-published workshop handout. Retrieved from
http://www.ancd.org/docs/urc/Webinars/Using/%Video%20%20EI-ECE%20(10-10-13).pdf

This text goes over the skills needed to utilize the computer equipment, illustrates uses of
video in daycares, discusses families understanding and consent to video and provides a
sample consent form.
This source is reliable because of the specific and informational nature of the information.
The author isnt trying to sell anything. He is just sharing information. It is also updated
frequently.
Lui, Z., Peng, D., Zheng, Y. & Lui, J .(2005). Communication protection in IP-based video
surveillance systems. Multimedia, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
Communication Protection in .IP-based Video Surveillance Systems. vol.8. pp 12-14. doi:
10.1109/ISM.2005.42
This text explains what real time data streaming is in detail including the elements of
security added. This will give the parents information about the technology and let them
know how the data stream is kept private to subscribed users only.
This source is reliable because it was located using UALRs Library database and was
written by professionals in the field of software and information systems for use in teaching
at a symposium of their peers.
Carlson, R., & Schumaker, R. (1999, September).Variables and risk factors associated with
child abuse in daycare settings. Child Abuse & Neglect. 23(9).
This text describes different types of abuse, identifies variables associated with abuse in
daycares and identifies risk factors for abuse.
This source is reliable because it was accessed at an educational institution and is used for
informational purposes.
Mercy, J. (2014, June).Societal Burden of Child Maltreatment and Public Healths Role in
Prevention. CDC Grand Rounds:Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of Child
Maltreatment. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/grchldmalfinal16jun2011.pdf
This text identifies the potential problems that may arise throughout the life span after child
maltreatment. This sends home the message of the seriousness of abuse. It isnt for just a
moment. The effects can lasts a lifetime. It also provides statistics.
This source is reliable. It was found on the Ottenheimer website and was written by a doctor
working for the CDC as the director for the Division of Violence National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Paraphrase, Summarize and Quote

Carlson, R., & Schumaker, R. (1999, September).Variables and risk factors associated with
child abuse in daycare settings. Child Abuse & Neglect. 23(9).
Carlson lists and defines the various types of abuse. He also lists risk factors for abuse into
different categories such as: staff size, aspects of the caregivers intelligence and
background, how much the parents care and notice things, characteristics of the child and
how well the daycare oversees things such as whether they have an Over-reliance on
Criminal Background Checks.
Carlson tells us that having more staff in a daycare makes the children less vulnerable to
any individual abusing them. They are less also likely to be abused in the city than the
country.
Carlson states High incidence locations identified for abuse include private areas and/or
situations such the bathroom, toileting, basement, and nearby buildings. High incident times
for abuse also are those which typically involve fewer opportunities for observation such as
the beginning or end of the day, or naptime(pg. 894.)

Edelman, L. (2013). Using digital video in early care and education and early intervention.
Denver:Author-Self-published workshop handout. Retrieved from
http://www.ancd.org/docs/urc/Webinars/Using/%Video%20%20EI-ECE%20(10-10-13).pdf
Edelman emphasizes the importance of educating the parents of children about the video
system and the reason it is being used as well as the benefits. He also provides an example
of a blank consent form and tells us that every parent must sign a copy to allow their child to
be videotaped. (see pg. 9-11)
Edelman encourages the provider to engage the parents in conversations about the
reasons behind the use of videotape and to provide improvements in teamwork between all
involved.
Edelman states, Always use a consent form and obtain informed, written consent. Assure
parents that video will only be used for the specific purposes outlined in your consent form.
Lui, Z., Peng, D., Zheng, Y. & Lui, J .(2005). Communication protection in IP-based video
surveillance systems. Multimedia, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
Communication Protection in .IP-based Video Surveillance Systems. (8). 12-14. doi:
10.1109/ISM.2005.42
Lui tells us that the use of video monitoring has been around for a very long time as a
means of protection. He shows us that many different computers in one location all send

their information to a processing unit which puts them together and sends the information
out. He relates concerns about the confidential information and shows how encoding or
encryption software can be used to protect it.
Lui relates to us the vulnerabilities of the IP based video surveillance system. A major
concern is the flow of information across the internet. Hackers can break into the system if
you dont have the proper encryption software. Lui tells us that they do this to
steal information or to alter it. He shows how to ...use data encryption
schemes to provide the confidentiality of the data in the transmission mode.
Lui says Flexible and cost-efficient IP-based video surveillance systems over public
networks are becoming more and more important for protection mission.

Mercy, J. (2014, June).Societal Burden of Child Maltreatment and Public Healths Role in
Prevention. CDC Grand Rounds:Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of Child
Maltreatment. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/grchldmalfinal16jun2011.pdf
According to Mercy, there are millions of reports of child maltreatment every year. He lists a
variety of risk factors with the very young and disabled being at higher risk than the rest.
Mercy also relates how maltreatment manifests into other problems throughout the childs
life and includes statistics for these. He shows the difficulties in stopping abuse how the
CDC works to prevent abuse. (see pages 1-31)
According to Mercy there is a pyramid effect from abuse that causes psychosocial and
physical problems, high adoption of health-risk behaviors, debilitating health concerns and
shorter life terms.
Mercy states that The healthy development of all children benefits society by providing a
solid foundation for economic productivity,responsible citizenship, strong communities,
and a secure nation.

Rhodes, H., Huston, A. & Society for Research in Child, D. (2012). Building the Workforce
our Youngest Children Deserve. Social Policy Report. 26(1). Society for Research in Child
Development. Retrieved from:
http://www.eric.edu.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED531540
Rhodes relates the importance of quality care individuals to the physical safety, speech and
psychosocial development of children. She also shows us that there are millions of people
working in the field of early child care who must deal with low pay and problem children.
She breaks down child care into categories including: ... center-based, family child care,
and in-home care and tells us that there are many requirements for child care facilities.
(see pages 1-10)

Rhodes shows us that giving young children the utmost care has been proven to improve
their quality of life outcomes. Improved pay and training provide better outcomes.
Rhodes states Although many members of the early childhood care and education (ECCE)
workforce are dedicated and skilled, large numbers of them are poorly trained and badly
paid.
One result is highly variable quality of care... (p.3).

Progress Report
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Memorandum
To:
Dr. Harris
From:
Amanda Tittle
Date:
September 28, 2014
Subject: Progress Report: Reducing the potential for daycare abuse by using live feed
data streaming
Work Completed:
I have identified the potential for abuse and neglect in the daycare setting
as well as evidence of the implications of abuse and neglect on childhood development.
I have found information on live stream data feed that imply that it can be an aid to
prevent abuse and neglect as well as the security measures that must be implemented
with the data stream.
Changes from Original Plan:
During my research, I dropped some sources that came from academic textbooks and
replaced them with more professional sources. I decided to add an interview with the
owner of Challenger Preschool as part of my research to gain some perspective from
the viewpoint of the caretaker. I had some difficulty getting in touch with Ms. Lofty but
she has agreed to speak with me. I dropped defining the terms abuse and neglect from
my scope of proposed study since the intended audience is a daycare professional and
already familiar with these concepts.
Work Remaining:
I will be interviewing Ms. Lofty on September, 29 2014. In the interview I plan to ask her
professional opinion about the potential for abuse and neglect in the daycare setting. I
will also be asking her opinion on the potential benefits and problems with implementing
live feed data streaming in the daycare setting.
This project is on schedule and I will await your approval before moving on to the next
phase of the report.

Bibliography:
Carlson, R., & Schumaker, R. (1999, September).Variables and risk factors associated
with child abuse in daycare settings. Child Abuse & Neglect. 23(9).

Edelman, L. (2013). Using digital video in early care and education and early
intervention. Denver:Author-Self-published workshop handout. Retrieved from
http://www.ancd.org/docs/urc/Webinars/Using/%Video%20%20EI-ECE%20(10-1013).pdf
Lui, Z., Peng, D., Zheng, Y. & Lui, J .(2005). Communication protection in IP-based
video surveillance systems. Multimedia, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
Communication Protection in .IP-based Video Surveillance Systems. 8, pg. 12-14. doi:
10.1109/ISM.2005.42
Mercy, J. (2014, June).Societal Burden of Child Maltreatment and Public Healths Role
in Prevention. CDC Grand Rounds:Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of
Child Maltreatment. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/grchldmalfinal16jun2011.pdf
Rhodes, H., Huston, A. & Society for Research in Child, D. (2012). Building the
Workforce our Youngest Children Deserve. Social Policy Report. 26(1). Society for
Research in Child Development. Retrieved from:
http://www.eric.edu.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED531540

Body Paragraphs
Introduction
Abuse in daycare centers
This report explores the topic of abuse and neglect in the daycare setting and the
potential reduction of both by using live feed data streaming. According to the United
States Children's Bureau (2012), fourteen children were killed in United States daycare
centers in 2012 and a total of sixty-four Arkansas, daycare providers were found to have
committed crimes against children in the same year. Using scholarly research and an
interview with Ms. Lofty, the owner of Challenger Preschool and CCP Consulting firm
this report recommends that live feed data streaming start being used at Challenger
Preschool. Drawing from my research, I have found that live feed data streaming has
real potential to reduce the risk of abuse and neglect in the daycare setting.
Challenger Preschool
This report will be focus on one local daycare center, Challenger Preschool in
Bryant, Arkansas. In an interview with Ms. Lofty, she admitted that there is potential for
abuse at her facility and any other facility because you never know who youre going to
hire (personal communication, October 2, 2014). Background checks are useful, but
can only tell you so much about a person and observation comes after they are hired.
No incidents of abuse or neglect have been reported at Challenger Plus Preschool to
date.
There was however, an incident of abuse reported at another facility in Bryant on
February 11, 2014. According to Harten (2014), a writer for Arkansas Online, a daycare
employee drug a child across the floor multiple times . The parent of this child saw the
carpet burns when they picked the child up. They called police and then the daycare
worker was arrested. It would have been better if this crime could have been stopped
sooner, perhaps by a parent watching live feed data. But this facility did not have data
streaming in place, only regular cameras. This incident shows that there is a real
potential for abuse and neglect in local daycares and that new methods need to be
introduced to lessen the threat to the children.
Types of Abuse
Many types of abuse occur in the daycare setting that need to be prevented.
Some types of abuse include: physical, ritual, sexual, psychological abuse and neglect.
The different types of abuse sometimes occur alone, but more often they overlap. There
are many ways that someone who is supposed to care for a child can hurt them that
should be prevented.

The possible reasons that these incidents occur differs in relation to the abuser
and the type of daycare setting. Mercy lists many characteristics of the caregiver that
make them more likely to be abusive, including: caregiver stress, substance abuse,
having been abused as a child and mental health issues (Mercy, 2014, p. 8). Carlson
and Schumaker state in relation to sexual abuse that The husband of the primary
caregiver was a frequent perpetrator in daycare homes and peripheral staff or family of
staff in daycare centers (1999, pp. 894-895). Also stated was the fact that younger
caregivers are more likely to commit any type of abuse than their elders (Carlson &
Schumaker, 1999). Carlson and Schumaker (1999), report that in home daycares are
more dangerous than preschools or commercial daycare centers. They go on to report
that High incident locations identified for abuse include private areas and/or situations
such as the bathroom, toileting, basement, and nearby buildings (Carlson &
Schumaker, 1999, p.894). Characteristics of the abuser and the opportunities provided
by the type and layout of the facility account for variations in abuse.
Physical abuse, according to the the Childrens Bureau (2013), accounts for
18.3% of the children abused in the United States in 2012 and a total of 2,063 children
in Arkansas. When speaking of physical abuse(PA), Carlson and Schumaker state
...the most common type of PA to be overdiscipline, primarily bruising of the buttocks...
(1999, p. 892). Multiple events were identified that commonly preceded abuse such as
the child not cooperating with toilet training, crying too much, being disobedient and
many other things characteristic of small children (Carlson & Schumaker, 1999).
Harten(2014), describes one type of physical abuse found recently in Bryant, Arkansas.
It was the case of a daycare worker who on February 11, 2014, repeatedly drug a child
across the daycare centers carpet, leaving burns. The daycare worker claimed that she
did this to keep the child out of cleaning supplies. Physical abuse abuse is a very real
problem, but it is only one type of abuse that is present.
Some other types of abuse are ritual and sexual abuse. Ritual abuse is an
example of how different types of abuse often overlap as it often includes physical and
sexual abuse. Ritual abuse can include forcing children into satanic rituals, group sexual
acts, or a variety of other things that are harmful to the children and often involves more
than one abuser (Carlson & Schumaker, 1999). The most publicized type of abuse in
daycares is sexual abuse. This type of abuse involves unwanted touching, sexual
photographs being taken, forcing group sex, etc (Carlson & Schumaker, 1999). The
Childrens Bureau (2013) found that 9.3% of all abused children in the United States
during 2012 were sexually abused. This percentage includes 2,321 children in
Arkansas.
Another type of abuse is psychological abuse. The Childrens Bureau (2013)
found only 142 cases of psychological abuse of children in Arkansas in 2012, However,
psychological abuse is found along with every type of abuse, especially when the
person committing the act threatens the child to get them not to tell. Psychological
abuse can also be found by itself in the form of name calling, telling a child that they are
worthless, over-control of the childs activities and any other acts that harm the childs

psychological state .Psychological abuse is as serious as any other form and must be
prevented.
Neglect is a form of abuse that occurs when a caregiver fails to provide for the
childs needs. Needs that may be neglected can include physical needs such as food,
water, clothing and, medical care. Caregivers may also neglect psychological needs
such as providing for appropriate playtime activities to stimulate the childs development
and emotional needs such as the need for affection and attention. The Childrens
Bureau (2013) found 7,684 cases of neglect of children in Arkansas during 2012.
Children depend on their caregivers to meet all of their needs and neglect of these is
abuse.
As we can see, there are many different ways a child in Arkansas may be
abused.These include physical, ritual, sexual, psychological abuse and neglect. Each of
these has one thing in common; they can and should be prevented.
Current ways to prevent abuse and neglect
There are many things that can help to prevent abuse in the daycare setting and
there are at least as many reasons why these methods wont work on their own. Two of
these preventative measures as regulated by the Department of Human Services
(2014) include: an educated staff and laws regulating staffing in daycares, One thing
that Ms. Lofty reported doing to prevent abuse was the use of an open floor layout at
the daycare center (personal communication, October 2, 2014).
An understanding of the childs developmental level would help to decrease the
potential for physical abuse. It would allow the caregiver to understand that a two-year
old saying no is not an act of defiance to get offended by and that it is actually the
normal boundary testing that they experience at that age. Knowledge of development
would also help them with toilet training because they would know that every child
learns at their own speed and that certain methods of training are harmful to the childs
psychological development. Unfortunately, up until now, this level of education has not
often been found in low paid daycare staff. When speaking of the early childhood care
and educational workforce, Rhodes, Huston, and the Society for Research in Child
Development state that ...educational attainment and qualifications, vary by sector, with
child care workers having lower educational attainment and less early childhood
education-specific training (2012, p. 5). This lack of knowledge about the children
they are entrusted to keep safe makes them less likely to respond appropriately to the
children and more likely to abuse them.
Upcoming laws may help to address this particular issue. According to the
Department for Human Services (2014), updates to the the requirements for childcare
centers in the state of Arkansas require that the director of the facility have a degree in
Early Childhood, Child Development or a related field (p.24). If the directors degree
is in a non-related field they must have four years of experience in early childhood
education. An associates degree would have to be backed by six years of experience

and no degree would require eight years of experience with completion of an approved
credentialing program within two years of hire. Directors, assistant directors and site
supervisors will be required to do fifteen hours of approved, early childhood education
credits yearly. All staff members who work directly with the children must have a high
school diploma or GED (Department of Human Services, 2014, p. 26). They must also
fulfill the fifteen hours of approved, yearly training related to the field (Department of
Human Services, 2014). It has yet to be seen how much the additional education
requirements will help to prevent abuse and neglect, but it is definitely a step in the right
direction.
Ms. Lofty told me that the Department of Human Services requires background
checks on new employees within 10 days of being hired (personal communication,
October 2, 2014). This ensures that a criminal with a record cannot continue to work
with children but it leaves the first 9 days open for them to have the potential to abuse
children. It also opens up the potential for those that have committed crimes against
children who never got caught or were never charged to be hired. Like Ms. Lofty said,
You never know who you are hiring (personal communication, October 2, 2014). New
requirements, according to the Department of Human Services (2014), will give all staff
a probationary period of thirty days to six months. During this time they will be watched
and taught how to appropriately interact with the students. They will also receive an
evaluation of their performance. Theses steps may add to the preventative measure
provided by the background check.
An open floor layout helps to prevent abuse by allowing staff to visualize
interactions between other staff and the children. This helps to prevent abuse if the staff
are responsible enough to keep each other accountable. It fails to keep the children
safe if the staff do not think it is their problem to monitor what other staff are doing or
they do not intervene when they see abuse happening. The open floor plan also fails
with multiple abusers. If they are all abusing the children then obviously no one will
speak up for fear of being implicated as well. Current methods for abuse prevention,
such as this one, are great in theory but they leave a lot of room for abuse to still
happen. New regulations and addition of new technology may help to fill these gaps.
Live feed data streaming
A relatively, new measure to reduce the potential threat of abuse and neglect is
live feed data streaming. According to Lui, Z., Peng, Zheng, and Lui, J, live video is
streamed from a set of cameras through a switch which combines the multiple streams
into one (2005). Then it sends the information out to the internet where it reaches the
intended audience (Lui et al., 2005). The audience receiving the data feed for the sake
of this report are the parents of children in the daycare setting. They will be able to log
into the data stream at any time to check up on their childs well-being. This can reduce
the potential for abuse by adding more surveillance and acting as a deterrent.
Live feed data streaming can be used to reduce the potential for daycare abuse
by providing more surveillance of the daycare by the people who have the biggest stake

in a childs welfare; the parents. A live feed data stream allows the parents to see in
real-time what is going on at their childs daycare. If they see abuse of their child or
anyone elses, the parents can immediately call the daycare to get it stopped while it is
happening instead of doing something after the fact when the damage to the child is
already done.
Another way that the live feed data streaming would help is that it would serve as
an additional deterrent. If a daycare worker knows that all of the childrens parents have
access to see what is going on at any given time, then they know it is likely that
someone who cares is watching at that very moment. This would make them more likely
to think twice before harming a child and will prevent abuse.
Since live feed data streaming is a fairly new concept in daycare settings, an
important thing for the daycare providers to consider is obtaining consent from the
parents for their children to be taped. Edelman states Always use a consent form and
obtain informed, written consent (2013, p. 9). This consent form will allow the facility to
videotape their child and send the data through the live feed data stream.The consent
form also covers the facilitys liability issues. Edelman (2013) relates the importance of
telling the families more about why you are filming the children, how it will be used, and
who else will see the feed. This ensures a good relationship with the families and lets
them know how the live feed data stream will be a benefit to their child (Edelman, 2013).
One benefit of live feed data streaming that Ms. Lofty suggested was that It would
diminish the fears of parents (personal communication, October 2, 2014). These are
very important aspects in informed consent and are necessary when implementing new
technology.
Security of the live feed is also an issue for the facility. Lui et al. states There are
potential security threats to the IP based video surveillance systems (2005, p. 2). An
unprotected system could be hacked and unauthorized people could watch the data
stream or change it for their own purposes. To protect the data stream Lui et al.
suggests encoding and compressing the data and using security software which creates
a series of random numbers to protect the data stream (2005). Parents would have
individual access to the stream using an encrypted password and no one without a
password would be able to see the feed. These measures help to ensure the security of
the live feed.
Life-long costs of child abuse
Adding live feed data streaming to the already existing abuse prevention
measures is important because the costs of abuse are high. No amount of prevention is
too much when it can spare a child from harm. Mercy reports that in 2009, 71 children
died from maltreatment in a classroom setting (2014). Seventy-one out of the millions of
children in the United States may not sound like much but, to a parent that one child is
everything.

The children who live through abuse at daycare centers deal with the effects of it
for the rest of their lives. Mercy lists the following categories of problems that continue
throughout their lifespan, including: social, emotional and cognitive impairments,
adoption of health-risk behaviors, disease, injury and disability and an early death
(2014, p. 9). Our job is to secure the right of children at Challenger Plus Preschool to
help them live up to their potential. Abuse can rob them of this potential and must be
prevented through all available avenues; such as including live feed data streaming.

Conclusion
Abuse and neglect in the daycare setting are real problems that may be
preventable by adding new technology such as live feed data streaming. These
problems have been found already at one daycare in Bryant, Arkansas. One incident is
one too many and the costs to the children are too high. Our job as citizens, daycare
workers, and family members to protect the children in the remaining daycares such as
Challenger Plus Preschool. This research shows that using live data feed to allow
parents to watch over their children throughout the day may just be the solution we
need to fill in the gaps left by other measures of abuse and neglect prevention.

Recommendations
It is my recommendation that Challenger Preschool meet with the parents of their
students to discuss the possibility of installing a live feed data streaming system. If the
parents and staff of the preschool agree that it is a good idea, consent forms should be
signed and the system put into place. The system should include encryption and
compression software and access codes should be given to the parents so that they
can view the stream.

Front and Back Matter

10 October, 2014
2801 S. University Ave.
Little Rock, AR 72204
Ms. Lofty
Challenger Plus Preschool
21941 I-30
Bryant, AR 72022
Dear Ms. Lofty:
Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to research the potential reduction of daycare
abuse using live feed data streaming. Enclosed is my final report, Reducing the Potential
for Daycare Abuse by Using Live Feed Data Streaming. In this report, I recommend that
Challenger Plus Preschool install and implement the use of live feed data streaming.
If I can provide any other information as you review this report, please contact me at your
convenience. I look forward to meeting with you at a later date to hear your thoughts about
live feed data streaming. I hope this research is useful to you as you work to continue to
keep the children of Challenger Plus Preschool safe from abuse and neglect.
Yours Truly,

Amanda Tittle
Amanda Tittle RN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Recommendation to Reduce the Potential for Abuse and


Neglect in the Daycare Setting by Using Live Feed Data
Streaming

for
Ms. Lofty
Challenger Plus Preschool

by
Amanda Tittle RN
University of Arkansas at Little Rock

October 19, 2014

Table of Contents
Abstract..
Introduction...
Background
Methodologies of the Study...
Results of the Study
Limitations of the Study..
Conclusion..
Recommendation
References
Appendix..

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to identify the potential reduction of abuse and neglect in
the daycare setting by using live feed data streaming. Using scholarly research and an
interview with a professional in the field of early childhood education, the potential for
abuse and neglect in the daycare setting was identified. The types of abuse were
outlined, as well as the impact that abuse has on a childs future. In addition, a number
of techniques that have been used to reduce the potential for abuse and neglect were
found. However, studies have shown gaps in the preventative ability of these
techniques. These gaps indicate the need for the addition of live feed data streaming
which I will propose at the end of this report.

References
Arkansas Department of Human Services (2014, August). Minimum licensing requirements
for child care centers. Retrieved from
http://humanservices.arkansas.gov/dccece/licensing_docs/2014%20CCC%20Mark%20Up.
pdf
Carlson, R., & Schumaker, R. (1999, September).Variables and risk factors associated with
child abuse in daycare settings. Child Abuse & Neglect. 23(9).
Childrens Bureau. (2013, December 17). Child maltreatment 2012. Retrieved from
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2012.pdf
Edelman, L. (2013). Using digital video in early care and education and early intervention.
Denver:Author-Self-published workshop handout. Retrieved from
http://www.ancd.org/docs/urc/Webinars/Using/%Video%20%20EI-ECE%20(10-10-13).pdf
Harten, D. (2014, February 12). Video: Bryant daycare worker seen dragging toddler
Arkansas Online, Retrieved from http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2014/feb/12/videoreleased-child-endangerment-bryant-daycare/
Lui, Z., Peng, D., Zheng, Y. & Lui, J .(2005). Communication protection in IP-based video
surveillance systems. Multimedia, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
Communication Protection in .IP-based Video Surveillance Systems. 8, pg. 12-14. doi:
10.1109/ISM.2005.42
Mercy, J. (2014, June).Societal Burden of Child Maltreatment and Public Healths Role in
Prevention. CDC Grand Rounds:Creating a Healthier Future Through Prevention of Child
Maltreatment. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cdcgrandrounds/pdf/grchldmalfinal16jun2011.pdf
Rhodes, H., Huston, A. & Society for Research in Child, D. (2012). Building the Workforce
our Youngest Children Deserve. Social Policy Report. 26(1). Society for Research in Child
Development. Retrieved from
http://www.eric.edu.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED531540

Appendix
Terms of Proposed Project
Live Streaming: According to Lui, Z., Peng, Zheng, and Lui, J, live video is streamed
from a set of cameras through a switch which combines the multiple streams into one
(2005). Then it sends the information out to the internet where it reaches the intended
audience (Lui et al., 2005).

Peer review of Formal Report

To: Lisa Brewer


From: Amanda Tittle
Date: October 25, 2014
Subject: Review of your Report on literacy classes for adults in Saline County
I have reviewed your report to Dr. James Mason of the Saline County Literacy Council
on the subject of literacy classes for adults Saline county. Overall, you did a good of
outlining the problem of illiteracy in Saline County. The following are my suggestions.
Front Matter: In your Letter of Transmittal, you did a good job of summarizing the issue
of the need for literacy classes in Saline County. You also do a good job of targeting a
specific audience, Dr. Mason of the Saline County Literacy Council. However, I have a
suggestions for changes. You have two periods at the end of the first paragraph and an
extra space after hopefully in the second paragraph that need to be removed. All
paragraphs require a minimum of three sentences. If you want to keep the last sentence
of the page, I would recommend elaborating on that or adding it to the end of the
previous paragraph.
The title page looks very professional. I just have one thought to contribute here. Are
you doing this report in your role as a volunteer or as a student at the University of
Arkansas for Little Rock? Perhaps, it would be better to change this or to add the
University to your credentials.
In your abstract you once again did a good job of summarizing the issue of the need for
literacy classes in Saline County. Instead of saying at an already confirmed location, list
the location.
The table of contents page seems to be missing subheadings in the body. You need to
go back through and add an overall heading and subheadings for each time you added
a title to a section such as Why do we need literacy classes in Saline County? and
Who do these literacy classes need to focus on?

Body: The body of your report does a good job of outlining that there is a problem with
illiteracy in Saline County. You include many statistics, including high school, dropout
rates and teacher to student ratios that help to back up the need. I do, however, have a
suggestion. As a citizen of the Saline County area, I am aware that we already have a
Saline County Adult Education Program provided by Pulaski Technical College at 16936
I-30. Their website states that they provide services free of charge to upgrade the

educational level of the adult learner to help them pass their GED and be productive
members of society. Did you look into this to see if they are already meeting the need
for literacy and where they fall short? Perhaps you could incorporate this into your
research. I found numerous grammatical and spacing errors throughout the body of the
report, along with problems in sentence flow. I recommend reading back through it to
resolve these.
Conclusion and Recommendations: In your conclusion, you did a good job of sticking
to them points made in your paper about literacy classes and those that need them. I
do, however, have a a few suggestions for this section that will be listed under
grammar.
The section about recommendations only includes three sentences and all strong
paragraphs require a minimum of three. I recommend adding an introductory sentence,
such as The research in this report shows a growing need for literacy classes in Saline
County.
Grammar and Citations
The content of your report is good, however, there are numerous grammar issues that
need to be addressed. You need to read back through the material and see how some
of your choices of word usage and cohesiveness of sentence structure cause a problem
in flow. I have included below some of the issues that I found.
In your abstract: Since this is a formal report, I recommend taking all the forward facing
slashes out and replacing them with conjunctions, such as the word and. I also,
recommend replacing the word of in the first sentence, where you say of the need
with the word on to make it flow better.
In the body of the report: During the introduction, you say Due to the seemingly
increase, Try replacing with Due to the seemingly, increased number of or Due to
the apparent increase in to make the sentence more coherent. Since this is a formal
report, do not use abbreviations such as i.e. Replace these with phrases like such
as.
In the section, Why do we need literacy classes in Saline County?, you need a comma
after the word eventually in the second sentence. Within the last sentence in this section
you have a d on the end of the word immune that needs to be removed. You cannot
change the tense of this word itself, only the tense of the verb that modifies it. In the
next paragraph, you have an extra space after the hyperlink in the second sentence.
This needs to be removed. In the second to last paragraph, there is a sentence in
which you report the dropout rate of 3.6%. You use the word of twice. You need to
remove one.
There are multiple run-on sentences throughout the body such as in the first sentence
under Who do these literacy classes need to focus on? Try using In my work as a

volunteer, I am astounded by the number of young people that I run into who have
difficulty with the English language. The next sentence starts with The two main
groups of this population I noted are but only lists the first group. Change The two
main groups to The first group and fix verb tense as it changes. There are also areas
of redundancy. One such example, under the same heading, is in the sentence where
you say existent English speakers as a first language. Remove as a first, which will
also improve the flow. See page 464 in the text for run-on sentences and pages 109113 for writing sentences fluently.
During the next paragraph you have a sentence that includes the phrase in which.
Drop the in. It isnt necessary. All of the following changes are under the heading
Needs in order to implement these classes, In the first sentence you say first major
obstacles. Pick one or the other, but not both, to make it sound better. In the second
paragraph you say A second need to be met is and then you list two needs. Change
this to something like Other needs to be met include. Also, remove the extra space
that you have at the end of this sentence. The second to last sentence in this paragraph
has two periods. One needs to be removed.
The next paragraph says Third need is in. Since by this time you are on your fourth
point, you need to change this to either the fourth or the last. You also need to take out
the in in front of basically. Basically is an adverb and not part of a preposition. Your
third to last sentence in this section says Another great solution. Is this actually a
solution or a benefit? The main sentence mentions meeting transportation needs but
this need is not addressed with a solution.
In the conclusion and recommendations: The first sentence in the conclusion mentions
that you hope to have been able to share. You shared it whether your point comes
across or not so what I think you meant to say is that you hope to have conveyed or
shown. In your last sentence you might consider replacing the word great with growing.
Great implies something positive and illiteracy is not a positive thing.
Citations: There are many citation errors in this paper. You should not cite wikipedia in a
formal report. Within your report, you cited www.local/schooldirectory.com, but it is not
cited on your reference page. You need to cite all sources on the reference page. The
majority of the citations on your reference page site the search engine that you used to
find the source instead of the website in which you actually found them. This is not
correct. Any source you cite on the reference page should be cited somewhere within
the text whether as a direct quote, paraphrase or summary. None of yours are cited in
the text except the one not listed on the reference page. I recommend that you review
the rules for citations in the textbook in Appendix A starting on page 426. Please also
see chapter 3, which starts on page 30 of our text for acceptable sources for a formal
paper.
I hope my recommendations are helpful to you as you complete this project. Your report
is well on the way to provide a strong argument to Dr. Mason for the addition of adult

literacy classes at New Beginnings Pregnancy Resource Center in Benton, Arkansas.


Please let me know if you have any questions about my recommendations.

Action Plan

Technical Communication for Nursing Professionals


To: Technical writing design team
From: Amanda Tittle
Date: November 6, 2014
Re: Information plan for improving technical communication
As you know our team recently performed an analysis of user needs and we are now
preparing to design and draft our website about technical communication for nursing
professionals. This memo summarizes our findings and presents a plan for proceeding.
Part one- Analysis
Audience-The audience for this website will be nursing professionals. This includes
registered nurses, licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants. Some of these
professionals may be new to their field and just starting to get used to communicating in
a professional environment. Others may have been nursing professionals for years and
could gain from a refresher in proper communication techniques and new insights into
communication that have developed over time.
Purpose-This website will have several purposes
1. Inform the audience about the legal implications involved with documentation in
nursing.
2. Provide information about factual charting.
3. Provide information about accurate charting.
4. Provide information about concise charting.
5. Provide information about complete charting.
6. Provide information about using current information when charting.
7. Instruct on how to organize information in charting.
8. Instruct on how to keep the information formal and why this is important.

Part two- rough draft


Rough Outline
A.
Legal Implications
a.
List of legal implications
b.
Scenario
c.
What to do to protect yourself from legal action
d.
What not to do
B.
Factual information
.
Definition
a.
Scenario
b.
What to do
c.
What not to do
C.
Accurate information

.
a.
b.
c.
D.
.
a.
b.
c.
E.
.
a.
b.
c.
F.
.
a.
b.
c.
G.
.
a.
b.
c.
H.
.
a.
b.
c.

definition
Scenario
what to do
what not to do
Concise information
definition
scenario
what to do
what not to do
Complete information
definition
scenario
what to do
what not to do
Current information
definition
scenario
what to do
what not to do
Organizing information
definition
scenario
what to do
what not to do
keeping information formal
definition
scenario
what to do
what not to do

Production Guidelines-We will be using the Weebly website to create a webpage. We


can add photographs to add variety and keep the viewer interested. All text from one
page to the next should be formatted in the same way.
Schedule- The website must be up and running by the deadline on Sunday, November
16, 2014. We will follow the schedule as outlined on the action plan, which is also listed
below.
First website due:
Reviews of website due:
Revision of website due:
Progress Report due:
Final website due:

Monday, November 10, 2014


Wednesday, November 12, 2014
Friday, November 14, 2014
Tuesday, November 11, 2014
Sunday, November 16, 2014

Peer Review of Weebly Website

To: Ashlin Bean, Kendra Schulz, Sha'Mira Tidwell, Yasmine Armstrong


From: Amanda Tittle
Date: November 23, 2014
Subject:Technical Writing for Nurses Website
I have reviewed your website entitled Techwrit4nurses. Thank you for your professional
work. You have done an excellent job of explaining the importance of technical writing
knowledge in the nursing field. I would like to offer the following suggestions.
Audience Awareness:
You did a good job of identifying areas of technical writing that are essential to
nurses.The resume advice is very helpful for new nurses and those who are seeking a
change. The only advice I have for audience awareness pertains to the Memo section. I
feel that this section fits better into the administrative category than it does alone. As a
floor nurse, I know that I dont ever write memos. I do, however, receive them frequently
from administration.
Website Design/Navigation:
The pictures that you chose for your website go well your topic. The site is easy to
navigate and allows readers to quickly gain access to the information that they are
seeking. Supervisors can skip the information that doesnt pertain to them and go
straight to their own tab. You did a great job in this area..
Ease of Instructions:
The instructions in the resume section are clear and easy to follow. In the section
Technical writing techniques for supervisors, however, I recommend dividing some of
your sentences to make the instructions easier to follow. For example, the first sentence
contains information about technical writing and lists two examples. Then you separate
into more examples. Consider dividing the first sentence into one sentence for the
background and make another for each example. On the same page under email, the
entire paragraph is only one sentence. This makes the instructions hard to follow.
Consider revising.

Clarity of Writing:
There are some problems with run-on sentences that should be divided into multiple
sentences to make them easier to read. One example of this is found in the last
sentence at the end of the Memo section. Please consider altering this. Another
example is the email section on the Technical writing for supervisors page. On this
same page under staff meeting, when you say Appointing and Summarizing,consider
dropping the -ing to improve sentence flow and make your meaning more clear.
Another problem that I found was in the use of tense. An example of this can be found
within the same sentence when you say ...so that the readers clearly understands.
You need to either change readers to reader or you need to change understands to
understand to make the tense match. Also check for this problem in the last sentence
under Writing patient instructions. When you use the words clear and concise in this
sentence, consider switching them to the role of an adjective by adding -ly to each.This
will improve your sentence flow by creating unity between your verbs.

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