CREDITING SOURCES

Alexa Albrecht

Ryan Jones
Sarah Penn
Jamie Wangler

ROAD MAP
When to Cite

Quoting and Paraphrasing

In-text Citations

WHEN TO CITE
Works that have directly affected your piece of writing

Credit others ideas that helped build your argument

Cited material should illustrate, not substitute

KEEP IN MIND
Aim to cite one or two key sources for each point

Repetitive direct quotations bad

Paraphrasing - good

PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism - the practice of claiming credit for words, ideas, and concepts of others

Paraphrasing? Quoting an author directly? Describing an influential idea?

CITE IT!!!

Keep careful notes . . . Constant Vigilance!

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING

QUOTING
Remember to PAY it forward

Page number
Author
Year

No page? No problem! Use paragraphs or headings.

DO FRATERNITIES AND SORORITIES ENHANCE

SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP?
Although some educators disparage fraternities and sororities (e.g., Essig, 2011;
Maisel, 1990; Strange, 1986) and others only anecdotally highlight the leadership,
philanthropic, and community service opportunities these organizations provide
members (e.g., Gregory, 2003; Binder, 2003), this research offers evidence of fraternal
memberships positive contributions to socially responsible leadership. The results of
this study suggest that membership in a fraternity or sorority has a significant, if modest,
influence on students development of socially responsible leadership attitudes in the
first year of college.
-Martin, Hevel, and Pascarella, 2012, p. 278

QUOTING
Mid sentence
Interpreting these results, Hevel et al. (2012) suggest that membership in a fraternity or
sorority has a significant, if modest, influence on students development of socially
responsible leadership attitudes in the first year of college (p. 278), contributing to the debate
of fraternal life on campus.

End of sentence
Interpreting these results, Hevel et al. (2012) suggested that membership in a fraternity or
sorority has a significant, if modest, influence on students development of socially
responsible leadership attitudes in the first year of college (p. 278).

More than 40 words?

NOTES ON QUOTES
Must follow wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even if the
source is incorect (sic, right?)
Changes with no explanation
Capitalizing the first letter of the first word

Changes with explanation

Omitting material . . .
[Inserting material]
Adding emphasis

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

Author-date citation system

Listed alphabetically in reference list

If cited, must be in reference list & vice versa

ONE AUTHOR
If name is part of the narrative
EX: Kessler (2003) found that
EX: In 2003, Kesslers study of

Otherwise:
EX: and server course(Kessler, 2003).

Needs to be identifiable in reference page

MULTIPLE AUTHORS
If 2 authors: cite both names every time
If 3, 4, or 5 authors:
cite all first time
EX: Kisangua, Lyaruu, Hosea and Joseph (2007)

then only first authors last name, followed by et al.

EX: Kisangua et al. (2007)

If 6+ authors:
cite only first authors last name followed by et al. and the year for all citations

AUTHORS WITH THE SAME SURNAME

Include first authors initials in all citations
Even if the year of publication differs

Example reference page:

EX: Light, I. (2006)
EX: Light, M. A. & Light, I. H. (2008)

Example citation:
- EX: we review M. A. Light and Light (2008) and I. Light (2006)

ANONYMOUS OR NO AUTHOR

No author: cite first words of reference & year

Double quotations: article, chapter or webpage titles

EX: on free care (Study Finds, 2007)

Italicize: periodical, book, brochure, or report title

the book College Bound Seniors (2008)

Treat legal material like works with no author

Anonymous author: EX: (Anonymous, 1998)

Ref page: alphabetized by word: anonymous

CITING SPECIFIC PARTS OF A SOURCE

Give page, chapter, figure, table or equation
EX: Page
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10)

EX: Chapter
(Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Letter, memo, e-communication, phone calls, interviews, etc
Do not provide recoverable data
DO NOT INCLUDE IN REFERENCE LIST
(if non-recoverable)

Initials, surname, and exact date

EX: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001)