o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62%

TS. Nguyn Vn Dng, KS. V Hng Sn

Tm tt:
H thng tip t ca mng Vin thng l rt quan trng, n thc hin chc nng
tip t cng tc cho thit b v tip t bo v v tip t chng st. Vic o c chnh
xc tr s in tr tip t l rt quan trng nh gi hiu qu v cht lng ca h
thng tip t. Bi bo ny s phn tch v nh gi cc yu t c nh hng n tnh
chnh xc ca kt qu o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62%.
1. Khi qut.
H thng tip t l thnh phn bt buc phi c bo m hot ng v an ton
cho h thng vin thng. Vic o kim nh gi cht lng h thng thng tip t l
cng vic thng xuyn phi thc hin v gi tr in tr tip t l thng s c quan
tm nht. Tuy nhin vic o c chnh xc tr s in tr tip t cn phi thc hin y
mt s yu cu v thit b o v phng php o.
Bt k mt t tip t gm n in cc no cung c th quy v thnh 1 in cc
bn cu tng ng (lc ny t tip t c coi nh 1 in cc bn cu) c bn knh r
(xem hnh 1) Mi im trong in cc bn cu tng ng ny c in tr v in th
bng nhau.
Nu t tip t c in tr tip t l R (), in tr sut ca khu vc t tip
t l (.m) th bn knh ca bn cu tng ng c tnh bng cng thc:

r=

, m (1)
2 R
Li tip t

r
in cc bn cu tng
ng

Hnh 1. in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t

2. Phng php im ri in p 62%.

2.1 Cu to my o in tr tip t
My o in tr tip t hot ng trn nguyn l Vn - Ampe, my gm c ngun
pht dng v mch o in p. Ngun pht dng in ni ra ngoi bng 2 in cc C1 v
C2 (hay E v H). Mch o in p ni ra ngoi bng 2 in cc P1 v P2 (hay ES v S).
i vi my 3 in cc th in cc C1 v P1 (hay E v ES) ni chung vi nhau thnh
in cc E.

C1
(E)

P1
(ES)

P2
(S)

C2
(H)

Hnh 1. Cu to ca my o in tr tip t
2.2 M t cch b tr o:
ng in cc dng C2 (in cc ph) v in cc p P2 trn mt ng thng vi t
tip t cn o vi iu kin khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc dng C2 bng 3
n 5 ln ng cho D ca t tip t v khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc p
P2 bng 62% khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc dng C2.

C1 P1 P2 C2

ng cho
ca li D
O

in cc p P2

C2 in cc dng

D2
in cc bn cu
tng ng

D1=(35)D

Hnh 2. Nguyn l b tr o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p

62%
Trong phng php o m t trn cn phi m bo khong cch t tm ca t
tip t n in cc dng C2 bng t 3 n 5 ln ng cho ca t tip t m bo
in cc p P2 nm ngoi in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t.

Nguyn l o hot ng theo nguyn l Vn - Ampe. My o pht 1 dng in vo t

tip t qua mch dng in C1, C2, dng in pht vo l dng xoay chiu c tn s khc
vi tn s ca ngun in li trnh nh hng nhiu ca dng in li gy ra, thng
thng ngi ta chn tn s l 128Hz (xem bng 1). Mch in p s o in th dng
ln ca t tip t bng mch in p P1 v P2, gi tr in tr ca t tip t o c xc
nh bng in th dng ln ca t tip t chia cho dng in my o to ra chy vo t
tip t.
2.3 nh hng ca b tr in cc ph P2 v C2 n kt qu o
Vic b tr cc in cc ph C2 v P2 phi m bo theo quy nh l D2=0,65D1 v
m bo in cc ph C2 v P2 nm ngoi vng nh hng ca t tip t. Trn hnh 3
M t nh hng ca t l D2/D1 ti tnh chnh xc ca kt qu o in tr. Nh vy nhn
vo th trn hnh 1 ta thy vi t l D2/D1 = 0,62 s cho kt qu ng vi tr s tht
nht. Nhn vo th trn ta cng nhn thy trn trc D2/D1 ti ln cn gi tr 0,62 ng
gi tr in tr o c gn bng ng gi tr chnh xc ca t tip t v thc t
chng minh cho php sai s D2/D1 dao ng cng tr 10%.

Gi tr
in tr
o c

Gi tr chnh xc
ca t tip t

0,62

D2/D1

Hnh 3. S nh hng ca kt qu o do b tr in cc.

Nhn vo th hnh 3 ta s suy ra c nu ta dch in cc p P2 li gn t tip t tr
s in tr tip t o c s nh hn tr s chnh xc, nu dch in cc p P2 ra xa t
tip t (gn in cc dng C2) s o c tr s ln hn tr s chnh xc.
2.4 nh hng ca vic b tr in cc khng m bo khong cch t in cc p C2,
dng P2 n t tip t
Thc t hin nay cc t tip t cho cc trung tm Vin thng thng c quy m ln,
din tch ca t tip t c th ln n vi nghn m2 v ng cho D ca li tip t
thng vo khong 50 n 100 m. Nh vy m bo khong cch t li tip t n
in cc dng phi b tr ic cc dng cch t tip t n hng trm m, tuy nhin hin
nay cc my o in tr tip t trn mng li c dng pht tng i nh, ch yu l
pht dng di 10 mA, v vy my o khng th o c khong cch ln ln n hng

trm mt c, ng thi cc my o ny thng ch trang b cc dy o ngn, khong 30

n 50 m., c bit c 1 loi my dng ph bin nht trn mng li ca VNPT l my
Kyoritsu 4102 v 4105 c dy o di nht ch l 15m. Khi s dng my o pht dng
nh, khng th o c khong cch di dn n vic b tr in cc dng v in cc p
ngay bn trn t tip t hoc trong bn cu tng ng ca t tip t, nh vy gi tr
in th o c trn mch in p ca my o ch l chnh lch in p gia cc im
khc nhau trong in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t. Nh phn trn trnh
by in th ca cc im khc nhau trong in cc bn cu tng ng khi c dng
chy vo c in th bng nhau, nh vy gi tr in p trn mch in p o c nh
hn rt nhiu so vi chnh lch in p ca t tip t v t chun v nh vy gi tr
in tr o c cng nh hn rt nhiu so vi gi tr tht ca t tip t. Qua s liu so
snh gia kt qu o ca cc Bu in tnh v kt qu o kim ca nhm o kim tip t
chng st Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in cho thy sai s do b tr in cc p trn t
tip t so vi cch b tr chnh xc ln n 30, 40 ln.
Bng 1. Mt s loi my o in tr tip t ph bin v cc thng s chnh

TT

M my o

Hng sn xut

S cc

Dng o,
mA

Tn s,
Hz

01

4500

AEMC

2; 10; 50

128

02

4610, 4610 Kit

AEMC

0,1; 1; 10

128

03

4620, 4630

AEMC

0,1; 1; 10

128

04

3610

AEMC

3,2

325

05

3620 Kit

AEMC

10

128

06

CA6421, CA6423

Chauvin Arnoux

128

07

CA6460, 6462

Chauvin Arnoux

0,1; 1; 10

128

08

EM4055

Duncan Instruments

3,5

2701/
14701

09

No. 250260

Avo Int

135

10

No. 250261

Avo Int

121,6

11

DET2/2

Avo Int

50

128

12

DET 3/2

Avo Int

0,1; 1; 10

128

13

DET 5/4D, 5/4R

Avo Int

0,1; 1; 10

128

14

DET 62D

Avo Int

0,1 ; 1

128

15

4102 (ch th kim)

Kyoritsu

16

4105 (ch th s)

Kyoritsu

3. Kt lun
o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62% l phng php ph bin
nht trn th gii v cng l phng php ph bin nht Vit Nam. Bi bo ny trnh
by nguyn l c bn ca phng php o v cc nh hng n kt qu o khi thc hin
khng chnh xc cc yu cu bt buc ca phng php cho c gi c c thng tin
y v su sc v phng php o p dng phng php o mt cch chnh xc.

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Tagg, G. F.: "Measurement of earth-electrode resistance with particular
reference to earth-electrode systems covering a large area", PROC. IEE, Vol. III, No.
12, December 1964.
2. Manuel J. Leibovich, "Analytical study of the 1.11 rule for earth resistance
measuring.
3. Ti liu ca mt s hng sn xut my o in tr tip t nh AEMC,
Chauvin Arnoux, Duncan Instruments, Avo Int v.v.