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24

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122 ,121 ,120
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.125 ,124 ,123
,82 ,81 ,80 ,79 ,78 ,45 ,44 ,14 ,13
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.185 ,84 ,83 ,47 ,46 ,16 ,15
,52 ,51 ,50 ,49 ,48 ,20 ,19 ,18 ,17
,131 ,130 ,90 ,89 ,88 ,87 ,86 ,85
,138 ,137 ,136 ,135 ,134 ,133 ,132
.142 ,141 ,140 ,139
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,98 ,97 ,96 ,95 ,94 ,93 ,92 ,91 ,57
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13

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5
6
7
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9

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4
1
5
1
6
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7
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8

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0

*11,0*10,0*10,007,0*11,0*12,008,007,0*11,0-

**22,0**14,0**21,0**17,0*12,0*10,0**16,0**15,0**20,0-

**19,0**14,0**18,0**14,0**14,0**13,0**14,0*12,0**18,0-

**13,0-

**22,0-

**20,0-

* 05,0
** 01,0



)
(01,0
) (05,0
.


.



193


.





.


.




.


.

) (





.


194


)( .







) .
2000 : (145





.




.
)(Charles & Rudolph : 1991 , 365



) (

) :
.
1995 (501
195




((Stroebe et al : 1996 , 1209 .

) 2000 :
1998 : 1997 :
1996 :( (Hoorens : 1992) & Buunk

.






.



)
( .
_
"


"
.
196





) (22 .
)(22


) =(400

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1

*11,0" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
*11,0-

" "
**15,0" "
**20,0*10,0" "
*10,0**16,0**15,0**15,0-

*11,009,000,0*12,0*11,008,006,010,0*11,0**15,0-

" "

**15,0-

03,0-

" "

*11,0-

04,0-

*12,0-

**18,0-

**17,0-

**15,0-

**23,0-

**22,0-

" "

*13,0-

*11,0-

" "

**17,0-

**15,0-

**14,0-

**15,0-

**17,0-

*10,0-

*10,0-

*12,0-

" "

**18,0-

*11,0-

**14,0-

**20,0-

**21,0-

" "

**21,0-

**16,0-

* 05,0
** 01,0



197

)
(05,0) (01,0
.



.




.





.





.






.
198







(Rutter : 1990 , 182) .







Buunk & Hoorens :) .
(1992 , 453


) 1998 :
1997 : 1997 :
1995 : 1990 :( )Grassi et al :
& 2000 : 1999 , Grassi & Rosti : 1996 , Shima : 1994 , Furnham
(Sheikh : 1993 , Rudolph & Charles : 1991



) (


.


199


.







) .
1994 : (37



.
_
"


" .

)( t.test



) (23 .
)(23


200

)=(400

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0

) =(101

40,34 73,98
18,10
16,34
7
25,10 39,33
81,6
00,15
64,10 71,33
00,11 72,35
18,6
80,16
62,20 59,59
45,25 14,88
49,12 27,48
6
8

) =(105

11,32 69,85

)(

815,2

01,0

02,94

80,32

821,2

01,0

05,29
43,13
03,29
72,30
13,14
60,53
66,76
32,42
6

99,9
46,6
64,10
36,10
12,6
26,17
48,22
07,11
4

077,3
701,1
159,3
359,3
113,3
266,2
435,3

01,0
" "
01,0
01,0
01,0
05,0
01,0

694,3

01,0





)(
) (05,0) (01,0
) ( )(




.




.
201



.





.

)
(

.

) 2000 : 1998 :
1997 :
1998 : 1995 :( Zhang
et al
): 1999 , Suganuma & Ura : 1997

(Freeman et al : 2000 ,







.




(Buunk & Hoorens : 1992 , 451) .
202


)
1994 :
1999 : ( Sarason & Sarason :) )

1986 .
_
"


" .

)( t.test



) (24 .

)(24

)=(400

1
2
3
4

) =(101

40,2
40,3
59,3
02,4

89,1
03,3
28,3
46,2

203

) =(105

)(

63,1
80,2
04,3
37,2

579,2
068,1
165,0
981,1

01,0
" "
" "
05,0

76,1
96,2
67,3
35,3

5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1

92,1
17,1
38,2
34,2
86,1

20,2
44,1
44,2
31,2
70,1

37,1
89,0
09,2
02,2
28,1

59,1
27,1
09,2
96,1
40,1

049,2
500,1
918,0
067,1
691,2

05,0
" "
" "
" "
01,0

55,1

30,2

79,0

32,1

905,2

01,0

07,2

91,1

05,2

81,1

084,0

" "

67,2

00,2

53,2

91,1

514,0

" "

27,3

63,2

12,2

22,2

399,3

01,0

62,1

75,1

78,0

16,1

060,4

01,0

04,2

82,1

50,1

55,1

316,2

05,0

39,2

86,1

74,1

77,1

547,2

01,0

19,2

22,2

38,1

77,1

879,2

01,0

90,1

00,2

41,1

59,1

948,1

05,0

37,29

84,19

75,2
4

75,1
5

844,1

" "

42,13

37,9

93,8

43,7

793,3

01,0

78,42

69,26

69,3
3

92,1
9

764,2

01,0






)(
) (05,0) (01,0 )
(12 11 8 7 6 3 2


.




204



.





.



) . 1997 : . (225

) 2000 : :
1997 1996 : :
1994( ) Grassi et al : 2000 , Uchino & Garvey : 1997 , Grassi
(& Rosti : 1996 , Kirschbaum et al : 1995 , Karen : 1987





.



205


) . 2000 : (67




.
_
"



" .

)(ONE WAY ANOVA

) (1 ) (25
.

:
)(25


)=(400
206

029,4287

515,2143

65,394914

397

747,994

68,399201

399

188,3657

594,1828

19,246885

397

877,621

38,250542

399

591,10751

795,5375

52,875009

397

254,2204

11,885761

399

)(

16,2

94,2

44,2

"
"

01,0

"
"

)(

) (



)
( )(
) (01,0
)(Scheffe
) (26
.
)(26


)=(400


_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_35
40
=102

_40
45
=110

=02,137

=10,141

=80,132

09,4
22,4

31,8

_30
35
=188

207


)
(01,0
)_35 (40
.


) (


.
)
_35 (40

.
) :
1996 1996 : :
1995(
.
:
)(27


)=(400

289,1734

144,867

71,433959

397

00,435694

399

)0)0 , 01

208

098,1093

)(

79,0

"
"

____

422,22147

612,11073

22,432592

397

653,1089

44,454739

399

795,47

898,23

915,40730

397

597,102

710,40778

399

270,306

135,153

480,16475

397

500,41

750,16781

399

61,745

805,372

229,44154

397

220,111

910,44899

399

95,77

977,38

486,47220

397

94,118

440,47298

399

131,28

065,14

579,16036

397

394,40

710,16064

399

869,109

934,54

09,132211

397

025,333

96,132320

399

424,2839

712,1419

51,240830

397

626,606

94,243669

399

420,78220

210,39110

8,5603253

397

989,14113

2,5681474

399

16,10

23,0

69,3

35,3

33,0

35,0

17,0

34,2

07,2

01,0


)
_30
(35

"
"

05,0

05,0

____


)
_30
(35

)
_30
(35

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

"
"

)(

209

____

____

____

____

____





)( )
(05,0) (01,0
) (Scheffe
) (28 .

)(28


)=(400


_30
35
_35
40
_40
45

_30
35
_35
40
_40
45

_30
35
_35
40
_40

_30
35
=188
=51,108

_35
40
=102

_40
45
=110

=17,97

=44,91

*34,11
*07,17

73,5

=74,14

=80,13

=65,12

94,0
*09,2

16,1

=65,32

=41,30

24,2
83,0

07,3

210

=58,29

* 05,0



)_30 (35
)_35 (40


)_30 (35 )
_40 (45

) (05,0
)
_30 (35
.
)_30
(35 )
_35 (40 )_40
(45


.






). (05,0

211


) ( .




)
( ) . 1998 : (103

) 2000 : :
1999 1998 :
1997 :(

) 1987 :(


.
:
)(29


)=(400

300,3

650,1

290,1484

397

590,1487

399

959,6

479,3

831,3435

397

654,8

212

739,3

)(

44,0

40,0

"
"
"
"

____

____

790,3442

399

615,125

385,3750

397

000,3876

399

078,75

632,2423

397

710,2498

399

795,60

982,1391

397

778,1452

399

075,7

502,758

397

578,765

399

755,11

635,2110

397

390,2122

399

074,4

916,1711

397

990,1715

399

381,0

217,955

397

598,955

399

111,4

987,1189

397

098,1194

399

835,32

475,1299

397

310,1332

399

374,18

936,1619

397

310,1638

399

517,121

808,62
447,9

65,6

01,0

539,37
105,6

15,6

05,0

398,30
506,3

67,8

01,0


)_35 (40

)_40
(45

)_35 (40

)_40
(45

)_35 (40

)_40
(45

538,3
911,1

85,1

"
"

____

877,5
316,5

11,1

"
"

____

037,2
312,4

47,0

"
"

____

190,0
406,2

08,0

"
"

____

055,2
997,2

69,0

"
"

____

418,16
273,3

01,5

05,0


)_40 ( 45

187,9
080,4

759,60

213

25,2

30,10

"
"
001,0

____

880,2341

397

397,2463

399

384,11

456,907

397

840,918

399

275,1

803,1170

397

078,1172

399

007,10

691,1172

397

698,1182

399

085,27

355,1811

397

440,1838

399

669,3

691,1426

397

360,1430

399

900,2295

14,12311
2

397

950,1147

399

214,612

264,3077
4
478,3138
6
772,603
33,22643
6
10,22704
0

899,5
)_30 (35

692,5
286,2

49,2

"
"

____

637,0
949,2

22,0

"
"

____

003,5
954,2

69,1

"
"

____

542,13
563,4

97,2

05,0


)_30 (35

835,1
594,3

51,0

"
"

____

950,1147
106,310

70,3

05,0


)_40 (45

107,306

397

517,77

95,3

05,0


)_30 (35

399
886,301

2
397

369,570

53,0

"
"

____

399

)(




214





)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (30 .
)(30


)=(400




_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40
_40 45

_30 35
_35 40

_30
35
=188
=01,3

_35
40
=102
=16,4

_40
45
=110
=10,4

*-1515,1
*-0947,1
=16,3

005,0
=93,3

=10,4

*-7718,0
*-9404,0
=30,1

-1686,0
=99,1

=15,2

*-6923,0
*-8476,0
=77,1

-1553,0
=25,2

=40,2

-8449,0
*-6340,0
=25,3

-1451,0
=33,2

=02,2

*9167,0
*2318,1
=10,2

3152,0
=70,1

=50,1

3997,0
5957,0

1961,0

=53,24

=25,29

7158,4

215

=40,29

_40 45


_30 35
_40 45
_40 45

8734,4

-1549,0

=53,12

=59,10

9384,1
*8175,2

3152,0

* 05,0

=71,9




)_30 (35 )
_35 (40
)_40
(45 .


)_30 (35
)_40 (45

.


) (05,0
)
_30 (35
)
_40 (45
.
)_40
(45
)_30 (35


.
216







.
) :
2000(
.


.
) 2000 :
2000 :(






)_12 (21



) (38_17 .

* )_30 (35
: *

217

)_35 (40
)_30
(35 )_40 (45


.





.

_
"



" .

)(ONE WAY ANOVA

) (1 ) (31 .
:
)(31


.

218

)=(400

403,752
27,39844
9
68,39920
1
288,7297
09,24324
5
38,25054
2
521,4135
59,88162
5
11,88576
1

202,376

397

651,1003

)(

68,0

" "

399
2

644,3648

397

708,612

96,5

01,0

399
2

760,2067

397

719,2220

93,0

" "

399

)(

) (


)
(
)(
) (05,0


)
(Scheffe ) (32
.
)(32
219


)=(400


3 _1
4 _

3 _1
=196

4_

=181

=23

=83,139

=50,132

=48,146

*3293,7
-6517,6

*-9810,13

* 05,0


)_1
3( )4_(

)3_1( .

)4_(

.


)3_1(

) 4 _( .


.


220



.



.

)3_1(


.




) . 2001 : (111
) (Dianne : 2000

.

:
)(33


)=(400

221

)(

735,468
4
26,4310
09
00,4356
94
849,115
87

2
368,2342
397

666,1085

399
2

925,5793

59,4431
51

397

251,1116

44,4547
39
129,283
6

399
2

065,1418

581,379
42

397

573,95

710,407
78
473,201

399
2

737,100

277,165
80

397

764,41

750,167
81
493,271

399
2

747,135

417,446
28

397

414,112

910,448
99
303,108
1

399
2

652,540

137,462
17

397

416,116

440,472
98
771,342

399

939,157
21

16,2

"
"

____

386,171

397

602,39

222

19,5

84,14

41,2

21,1

64,4

33,4

01,0

0001,
0

"
"

"
"

01,0

01,0

)3_1(



)3_1(
)4 _
(

____

____

)3_1(

)3_1(

710,160
64
809,549

399
2

904,274

15,1317
71

397

917,331

96,1323
20
282,180
9

399
2

641,904

66,2418
60

397

221,609

94,2436
69
64,1584
8

399
2

322,5792
4

5,55656
25

397

208,1401
9

2,56814
74

399

83,0

49,1

13,4

"
"

____

"
"

01,0

____

)3_1(

)(





)( )
(05,0 ) (01,0 ) (001,0
)(Scheffe
) (34
.
)(34


)=(400

3_1

223

=196

4
_
=181

=35,106

=09,96

3_1
4 _

*2581,10
7433,13

8452,3

=24,31

=86,31

3_1
4 _

-6221,0
*0659,11

=06,35

=20,33

3_1
4 _

8568,1
*8004,6

9436,4

=96,15

=19,15

3_1
4 _



3_1
4 _

7709,0
*0078,4
=56,470
4507,24
*1699,64

* 05,0

=23
=
61,92

=
17,20

6880,11
*

2368,3
=
11,446

=
26,28

=
96,11

=
39,406

7192,39


)_1
3( )4_(
)_1
3(

.

)
3 _1( )4_(
)3_1( )
4_(.
224




.

)_1
3(
)3_1( .
)3_1(
.

)3_1(

)3_1( .
)3_1(

.

)3_1(
)_1
3(
.
)3_1(
)
)
(
4_( .
225








.


) :
2001( .
) :
1990(


.



.
:
)(35


)=(400

)(

816,17

908,8

41,2

226

"
"

____

702,3

774,146
9

397

590,148
7

399

302,19

488,342
3

397

790,344
2

399

722,13

278,386
2

397

000,387
6

399

827,2

883,249
5

397

710,249
8

399

213,9

564,144
3

397

778,145
2

399

290,0

288,765

397

578,765

399

949,8

441,211
3

397

390,212
2

399

211,1

779,171
4

397

651,9
623,8

861,6
729,9

71,0

"
"

____

414,1
287,6

23,0

"
"

____

607,4
636,3

27,1

"
"

____

145,0
928,1

990,171
5
289,2

12,1

"
"

____

08,0

"
"

____

474,4
324,5

84,0

"
"

____

606,0
319,4

14,0

"
"

____

399
2

227

144,1

48,0

"
"

____

401,2
309,953

397

598,955

399

003,15

094,117
9

397

098,119
4

399

895,4

415,132
7

397

310,133
2

399

024,5

286,163
3

397

310,163
8

399

278,68

120,239
5

397

398,246
3

399

494,17

346,901

397

840,918

399

037,12

040,116
0

397

078,117
2

399

914,8

784,117
3

397

502,7
970,2

448,2
344,3

73,0

"
"

____

512,2
114,4

61,0

"
"

____

139,34
033,6

66,5

01,0
""

)_1
3(

223
747,8
270,2

697,118
2
925,24

53,2

"
"

____

85,3

05,0
""

)_1
3(

060,6
922,2

06,2

"
"

____

457,4
957,2

51,1

"
"

____

399
2

228

462,12

73,2

"
"

____

568,4

515,181
3

397

440,183
8

399

279,19

081,141
1

397

360,143
0

399

563,381

48,1250
26

397

04,1254
08

399

400,781

077,306
05

397

477,313
86

399

639,180
6

46,2252
33

397

10,2270
40

399

639,9
554,3

71,2

"
"

____

782,190
928,314

61,0

"
"

____

700,390
091,77

07,5

01,0
""

)_1
3(

319,903
339,576

59,1

"
"

____

)(






)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (36 .
229

)(36



)=(400




3_1
4_

3_1
4_



3_1
4_

3_1
=196
=10,3

4_

=181
=25,2

*8528,0
6622,0
=42,1

-1806,0
=00,1

*4184,0
-001,0

-4348,0

=65,12

=77,9

*8796,2
6096,1

-2700,1

* 05,0

=23
=43,2

=43,1

=
04,11



)
)3_1(
4_( )_1
3( .

)_1
3( )4_(
)3_1( .




.



230

) (

.



)3_1( )4_(
)3_1( .







) ( .










.

)3_1(



)4_( .
231

_
"



" .

)(ONE WAY ANOVA

) (1 ) (37
.
:
)(37


)=(400

159,625
1

52,3929
50

395

68,3992
01
505,120
57

399

790,156
2
811,994

376,301
4

87,2384
84

395

759,603

38,2505
42

399

232

)(

57,1

99,4

"
"

001,0

474,245
23

869,613
0

64,8612
37

395

348,218
0

11,8857
1

399

81,2

05,0

)(
)
(




)
(
)( )) (001,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (38 .
)(38


)=(400

=89

=81

=90

=70

=70

=
35,136

=67,134

=
18,129

=
33,142

=
64,144

6816,1
1705,7
-9803,5

-4889,5
6619,7

-2945,8

9762,9
233

1508,13
*
4651,15

3143,2

=
13,191
-9022,8
6904,4
3652,11
9366,16
-

=03,200

5926,13
-4630,2
-0344,8

05,0

*
=
186,44

0556,16
6270,21
-

=
50,202

=
07,208

-5714,5







) (05,0





.






) ( ) ( .



234


.
:
)(39


)=(400

372,185
3

343,463

63,4338
40

395

331,109
8

00,4356
94
084,265
92

021,664
8

36,4281
47

395

917,108
3

44,4547
39
550,595

)(

42,0

"
"

_____

399

13,6

0001
,0

399
887,148
4

160,401
83
710,407
78
341,119

730,101
395

46,1

"
"

_____

399
835,29
4

409,166
62
750,167
81
259,102
9

183,42
395

71,0

"
"

_____

399
4

315,257

235

32,2

"
"

_____

651,438
70

065,111
395

910,448
99
987,126
5

453,460
32

395

440,472
98
887,294

399
497,316
538,116

72,2

01,0

399
722,73
4

823,157
69

924,39
395

710,160
64
517,175
4

44,1305
66

395

399
629,438
548,330

96,1323
20
968,486
7

97,2388
01

395

33,1

"
"

_____

399
992,121
6
562,604

94,2436
69
30,1427
18

9,55387
55

395

2,56814
74

85,1

"
"

_____

01,2

"
"

_____

399
575,356
79
167,140
22

55,2

05,0

399

)(



236


)(
) (05,0) (01,0) (0001,0


) (Scheffe )
(40 .
)(40


)=(400

=89

=81

=90

=70

=70

=
66,108

=07,88

=
62,95

=
01,10
5

=
66,108

*59,20
04,13
65,3
005,0
=
20,36

55,7
*94,16
*58,20
=78,30

*42,5
35,2
00,2
26,2

08,3
42,3
008,0

=
29,481

=
40,424

*90,56
86,29
36,21
03,20

04,27
53,35
86,36

* 05,0

39,9
03,13
=
34,33

34,0
03,13
=
43,45
1

50,8
82,9

64,3
=
20,34

26,0
=
93,45
9

=
84,33

=
26,461

33,1



237



.




.



.


.





.



.

) 1999 : 1998 :
1998 :
1997 : 1994 :
1994 :(
)
(
238

:
)(41


)=(400

116,7

779,1

474,1480

395

590,1487

399

894,45

896,3396

395

790,3442

399

663,79

337,3796

395

000,3876

399

472,21

368,5

238,2477

395

271,6

710,2498

399

041,31

760,7

736,1421

395

599,3

239

748,3

)(

48,0

"
"

____

473,11
600,8

33,1

"
"

____

916,19
611,9

07,2

86,0

16,2

"
"

"
"
"
"

____

____

____

778,1452

399

309,10

269,755

395

578,765

399

787,38

603,2083

395

390,2122

399

115,22

875,1693

395

990,1715

399

498,16

100,939

395

598,955

399

128,8

970,1185

395

097,1194

399

343,30

967,1301

395

310,1332

399

455,11

855,1626

395

310,1638

399

618,50

779,2412

395

398,2463

399

595,10

245,908

395

840,918

399

630,25

240

577,2
912,1

35,1

"
"

____

697,9
275,5

84,1

"
"

____

529,5
288,4

29,1

"
"

____

124,4
377,2

74,1

"
"

____

032,2
002,3

68,0

"
"

____

586,7
296,3

30,2

"
"

____

864,2
119,4

70,0

"
"

____

655,12
108,6

07,2

"
"

____

649,2
299,2

407,6

15,1

21,2

"
"
"
"

____

____

448,1146

395

077,1172

399

061,27

636,1155

395

698,1182

399

527,57

913,1780

395

913,1780

399

472,11

888,1418

395

360,1430

399

015,1555

03,123853

395

04,125408

399

440,825

038,30561

395

478,31386

399

381,2379

72,224660

395

10,227040

399

902,2

765,6
926,2

31,2

"
"

____

382,14
509,4

19,3

01,0

868,2
592,3

80,0

"
"

____

754,388
522,313

24,1

"
"

____

360,206
370,77

67,2

05,0

845,594
761,568

05,1

"
"

)(





)(
) (05,0) (01,0
)

241

____

(Scheffe )(42
.
)(42



)=(400

=89

=81

=90

=
13,2

=21,1

=
92,1

93,0
21,0
53,0
-14,0
=
80,12

-71,0
-39,0
-06,1
=88,8

92,3
02,1
44,2
51,0

-90,2
-48,1
-41,3

32,0
-35,0
=
78,11

42,1
-51,0

=70

=70

=
60,1

=27,2

-67,0
=
36,10

=
29,12

-93,1



) (05,0


.





.

242


.
) :
2000(

.


) (05,0



.


.
) :
2000 2000 : :
1994 1992 :(



.
_
"



" .
243


)(ONE WAY ANOVA

) (1 ) (43
.
:
)(43


)=(400

229,1112
45,39808
9
68,39920
1
246,2337
13,24820
5
38,25054
2
176,1203
93,88455
7
11,88576
1

743,370

396

276,1005

)(

37,0

"
"

399
3

082,779

396

781,626

24,1

"
"

399
3
396

059,401
732,2233

18,0

"
"

399

)(

)
(
244


.




.




.
) 2000 :
1996 :(



.




) . 1998 :
1997 :( . (Freeman et al : 2000)
) :
1999 1998 :(



245


.
:
)(44


)=(400

997,2793

332,931

00,43290
0
00,43569
4
817,2081
0
62,43392
8
44,45473
9
858,176
852,4060
1
710,4077
8
272,531
478,1625
0
750,1678
1
895,1176
015,4372
3
910,4489
9
636,371
804,4692
6
440,4729
8

396

182,1093

)(

85,0

"
"

____

399
939,6936

3
396

779,1095

33,6

01,0

399
3

953,58

396

530,102

58,0

"
"



)_1 (7

)_7 (14

____

399
3

091,177

396

037,41

32,4

01,0

399
3

298,392

396

124,110

55,3

01,0

399
3

879,123

396

502,118

399

246

05,1

"
"



)_7 (14



)_1 (7

____

390,149

797,49

320,1591
5
710,1606
4
081,2249

396

190,40

88,13007
1
96,13232
0
160,1815
78,24185
4
94,24366
9
57,10885
5
6,557261
8
2,568147
4

24,1

"
"

____

399
3

694,749

396

464,328

28,2

"
"

____

399
3

053,505

396

744,610

99,0

"
"

____

399
190,36285

3
396

268,14072

399

58,2

05,0



)_7 (14

)(





)(
) (05,0 ) (01,0
)
(Scheffe )(45
.
)(45


)=(400

247

_1
7
=101
=61,104


_1 7
-68,1
_7 14
47,6
_14 21
*54,20
21 _
=44,14

_1 7
-5088,0
_7 14
2241,1
_14 21
9454,2
21 _
=97,32

_1 7
9810,0
_7 14
7969,2
_14 21
*3133,5
21 _

=40,461

_1 7
-7012,8
_7 14
4537,12
_14 21
00,43
21 _
* 05,0

_7
14
=144
=30,106

_14
21
=104
=14,98

21
_
=51
=08,84

15,8
*22,22
=94,14

07,14
=21,13

=49,11

7329,1
*5442,3
=06,32

7213,1
=16,30

=65,27

9060,1
4224,4

5164,2

=10,470

=94,448

1549,21
7051,51

5502,30

=
39,418



)_1 (7 )21_(

)_7 (14 )
21_(
)_1
(7 )_7 (14

)21_( .



.



248


.
) :
2000(

.


)_7 (14
)21_(
)_7
(14
)
21 _(

.



.

)_1
(7 )21_(

)_1 (7

)21_( .



249



) (
) ( .

)
(05,0
)_7 (14



.
:
)(46


)=(400

069,4

356,1

521,1483

396

590,1487

399

219,16

571,3426

396

790,3442

399

247,112

753,3763

396

000,3876

399

557,95

153,2403

396

710,2498
707,31

399
3

250

746,3

)(

36,0

"
"

____

406,5
653,8

63,0

"
"

416,37
504,9

94,3

01,0

852,31
069,6

25,5

001,0

569,10

95,2

05,0

____



) _14 21
(


) _7 14(
)_14
( 21
____

070,1421

396

778,1452

399

164,13

413,752

396

578,765

399

388,22

002,2100

396

390,2122

399

513,1

477,1714

396

990,1715

399

460,3

137,952

396

598,955

399

980,13

117,1180

396

098,1194

399

081,11

229,1321

396

310,1332

399

816,4

494,1633

396

310,1638

399

067,63

330,2400

396

397,2463

399

889,9

951,907

396

840,918

399

076,11

002,1161

396

078,1172

399

562,16

135,1166

396

698,1182

399

191,27

249,1811

396

440,1838
228,4

399
3

251

589,3

388,4
900,1

31,2

"
"

____

463,7
303,5

41,1

"
"

____

504,0
329,4

12,0

"
"

____

153,1
404,2

48,0

"
"

____

660,4
980,2

56,1

"
"

____

694,3
336,3

11,1

"
"

____

605,1
125,4

39,0

"
"

022,21
061,6

47,3

01,0

____


)
_1 (7

296,3
295,2

44,1

"
"

____

692,3
932,2

26,1

"
"

____

521,5
954,2

88,1

"
"

____

064,9
574,4

98,1

409,1

39,0

"
"
"
"

____
____

132,1426

396

360,1430

399

688,1589

35,123818

396

04,125408

399

080,509

397,30877

396

478,31386

399

731,503

37,226536

396

10,227040

399

601,3

896,529
673,312

70,1

"
"

____

693,169
973,77

18,2

"
"

____

910,167
062,572

29,0

"
"

____

)(






)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (41 .
)(47


)=(400



_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _

_1 7
_7 14

_1
7
=101

_7
14
=144

_14
21
=104

21
_
=51

=86,2

=48,3

=23,4

=12,4

-6178,0
*3694,1-0
-2563,1
=06,3

-7516,0
-6385,0
=38,3

1131,0
=30,4

-3156,0

252

=00,4

_14 21
21 _

_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _

_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _

*-2387,1
-9406,0
=27,1

*-9231,0
-6250,0
=72,1

2981,0
=98,1

-45,0
-71,0
-73,0
=24,3

-27,0
-28,0
=73,2

-92,1
=38,2

5085,0
8530,0
*2180,1

3446,0
7096,0

3650,0

* 05,0

=00,2

=02,2



)_1 (7
)_14 (21

)_14 (21

.


.


)_1 (7 )_14
(21
)_7 (14 )
_14 (21 .

)_14 (21

)_1 (7 )
_7 (14

253


.

) (05,0


)21_(
)
21_(

.


.
) :
2000(
.



.

)_1
(7 )21_(

) (

) ( .


254

:
_
"
)_(

). "(T.A.T
:
_ .
_ .
_ .


) _ (

) (364_126




:
255

228

)(1
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:
256

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_ : _
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)
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(
_
:
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) (

) (

) (

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257

55

:
_ (5000) :
:
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) ( )(
) (
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:
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) (
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258

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259

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)(

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260

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:



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261

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) (T.A.T :
_
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)
(

)
(


)

(
:
) . 1979 : (356
:
) . 1979 : . (356
: .
) 1979 : . (326

262

)
(
)
(



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.
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(


)(
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(
)



263


.


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.
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: .
) 1979 : (211

264

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265

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266

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267



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270


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271



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272

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273


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(160

274



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276

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(

64

38
277

50

65

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II . An English of Ph.D. Synopsis Thesis


Title of the Study : Relationship between Social Support and
both Psychological Stresses and Psychosomatic Disorders among
a Sample Group of Working Married Saudi Women in the Cities
of Holy Makkah and Jeddah.
Introduction to the Study : Social support is considered as one
of the most important sources of the feeling of safety that people
require from the world in which they live. After invoking Allahs
help, people have recourse to social support when they feel
jeopardized, exhausted and in need of external help. Psychologists
gave much more interest to social support when they observed
how effective it is in dealing with psychological strain and how it
can reduce the effects of stress, difficult situations and
psychological problems.

302

Problem of the Study : Some people cannot keep a good


physical health and psychological performance when they are
subject to psychological stresses.
Purpose of the Study : This study aims to identify the different
types of psychological stress that a sample group of working
married Saudi women experience in Holy Makkah and Jeddah. It
also seeks to recognize the kind of relationship between social
support and psychological stress and psychosomatic disorders
among a sample group of working married Saudi women in Holy
Makkah and Jeddah. The study further identifies the difference
between the lower and the higher quartile levels of social support
through their scores on the measure of psychological stress and
through their scores on Cornells Index of Neurotic and
Psychosomatic Symptoms. Moreover, this research studies the
differences in social support, psychological stresses, and
psychosomatic disorders among a sample group of working
married Saudi women in Holy Makkah and Jeddah through the
variables of age, number of children, profession and experience.
Finally, the research also studies the responses of two cases
(maximal vs. minimal) of social support and offers a
psychological profile of both through (T.A.T) cards.
Significance of the Study : This study highlights the importance
of social support for the working married Saudi woman,
especially from the husband, the family, the friends, and the work
mates.
Design of the Study : The study employs the descriptive method
that enables the researcher to attain a better understanding of the
phenomenon in question. The researcher therefore makes use of
the following statistical methods: arithmetic mean; standard
deviation; Cronbachs Alpha; repetitions; median partitions;
percentages; Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation; maximal and
minimal quartile; t-test; one-tailed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
and Scheffe-test.

303

Sample of the Study : the sample of the psychometric study


included (400) working married Saudi women in Holy Makkah
and Jeddah. They worked in different professions that are
available for Saudi women (teachers, university staff members,
administrators, nurses, and physicians) and their ages ranged from
(30-45) years. The sample group was intentionally selected. As
for the clinical study sample, it included two cases shown,
through the results of the psychometric study, to represent the
maximal and the minimal quartiles of social support.

The Most Important Results :


1- The psychological stresses which the working married Saudi
women experience are ordered according to their intensity as
follows :
a- emotional stresses
b- servant-related stresses
c- friend-related stresses
d- work stresses
e- family stresses
f- child-related stresses
g- husband-related and economic stresses
h- health-related stresses
2- A negative significant correlation between social support and
psychological stresses.
3- A negative significant correlation between social support and
psychosomatic disorders.
4- Significant differences between the higher and the lower
quartiles of social support on the measure of psychological stress
for the lower quartile.
5- Significant differences between the higher and the lower
quartiles of social support on Cornells Index of Neurotic and
Psychosomatic Symptoms for the lower quartile, except for the
item of the heart and blood vessels that showed a significant
difference for the higher quartile.
6- No significant differences in social support and psychological
stresses according to the age; except for the item of work and
304

economic stresses; and no significant differences in the variable


of psychosomatic disorders according to the age except for the
items of the heart and blood vessels; the digestive system; the
skeleton; various diseases; inadequacy; the total score of the
measures of physical and emotional states.
7- Significant differences between the administrators and the
nurses as regards the second item (degree of satisfaction with
those who can provide support) of the social support measure in
favour of the latter as well as the same significant differences
between the administrators and the physicians in favour of the
latter. Differences in the total scores were in favour of the
physicians but did not reach the level of significance. Besides,
significant differences in psychological stresses were found
between the professions of women teachers and women staff
members as regards the items of work and family stresses as well
as the total score, which were in favour of the teacher profession.
Similarly, significant differences were found between a woman
staff member and a nurse concerning the item of work stresses in
favour of the latter; and between a woman staff member and a
woman physician in favour of the latter as well.
8- No significant differences were found in social support with
regard to the variable of experience, nor in psychological stresses
concerning the same variable of experience except for the items
of work stresses, economic stresses, friend-related stresses, and
total score. Similarly, there were no significant differences in
psychosomatic disorders with regard to experience, except the
items of the heart and blood vessels, the digestive system, the
skeleton, and inadequacy.
9- No significant differences in social support were found,
concerning the number of children, except for the second item of
the measure, (degree of satisfaction with those who can provide
support) . Similarly, no significant differences were found in
psychological stresses as regards the number of children except
for the items of work stresses, child-related stresses, familyrelated stresses, servant-related stresses, and the total score of the
measure. Finally, no significant differences were found in
psychosomatic disorders according to the number of children,
305

except for the items of inadequacy, depression, and the total score
of the measures of emotional states.
The Most Important Recommendations :
1- Emphasizing the important role of social support for the
working married woman in alleviating psychological stresses and
psychosomatic disorders.
2- Enhancing the effective role of social support for the working
married woman on the part of the husband, the family and the
friends to enable her to lead a more effective life.
3- Providing psychosocial services for the working married
woman in her capacity as an important and effective part of
society.
4- The medical and psychological scientific societies should
cooperate to provide psychosocial services for the working
married woman .
5- Paying attention to the psychological orientation for the
working married woman and those around her, particularly the
husband and children .
6- The importance of providing a female religious guide at
womens working places to enhance the religious sense of these
women and instill into them a feeling of faith in Gods dictates.
7- The woman should be able to recognize the types of stress that
she undergoes and how much they affect her. This would make
her more able to control and relieve their subsequent effects.
8- The importance of satisfaction, loyalty and interest on the part
of the woman towards her work .
9- Extending the maternity leave given to the working married
woman .
10- The working married woman should be able to cope with the
problems and crises of life and find suitable solutions for them .
11- Enhancing the womans self-confidence and self-control in
periods of psychological stress to be able to reach suitable
decisions and solutions which may relieve and minimize such
stresses .
12- Naming reasonable goals and ambitions that suit the working
married womans abilities so that she may not get disappointed if
they happen to fail.
306

The Most Important Suggestions :


1- Re-conducting this study to different samples in other regions
of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .
2- Conducting a study to highlight the dynamics of personality
among working married Saudi women .
3- Conducting a study to explain the types of work stress that
working married Saudi woman experience, particularly those
working as teachers, physicians and nurses .
4- Conducting a study to illustrate the effect of psychological
stresses that working married Saudi women undergo on
psychosomatic disorders .
5- Conducting a study to find out the effect of the socio-economic
status of working married Saudi woman on social support,
psychological stresses and psychosomatic disorders .

""
307

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