Professional Documents
Culture Documents
/
/
_
14242003/
" "
" "
:
:
:
:
:
:
)
.
1994 : (54
"
" ) . : (9_8
"
" ) . : (2
) . 1996 : (44
3
) .
1997 : (31
.
) .
1994 : (54
) . 1998 :
(164
)
(Stressor
) . :
2000 (45
4
.
) . :
2000 (118
)
.
1989 : (39
.
) .
1993 : (167
5
)
5
( .
) 1992 : (188
) 2000 : :
1998 1998 :(
.
6
.
:
) .
6
1991 : (476
)Charles & Rudolph :
.
(1991 , 370
.
)(Lepore : 1994 , 247
7
.
)Roos
(& Cohen
) .
2000 : (12
) . :
1993 (47
.
(Sarason et al : (129 , 1983 .
) . 1995 : (347
8
.
Uchino et al :) .
(1996 , 529
) (Cutrona et al
) .
1994 : (62
.
) 2002 : (14
9
) .
1992 : (184 83
.
) (The National Association For Mental Health
) .
1997 : (19_18
) . :
1991 (189
10
) . 1999 : (36
.
) (Spielberger
) (Boyd et al
) .
1998 : (136
.
(et al Grassi : (30 , 1997 .
11
.
:
_1
_2
_3
_4
_5
_6
12
_7
_8
_9
_10
)_(
) (T.A.T
:
:
_1
.
_2
.
13
_3
.
_4
.
_5
.
_6
.
_7
.
_8
.
_9
.
_10
)_(
)
. (T.A.T
14
:
) .
1994 : (5
) . 1998 :
(103
) (
(Pavalok & Smith : 1999 , 1141) .
15
_
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
) . :
2000 (19
.
_4 ) (
.
_5
.
16
_6
.
) 1994 : (4
_7
) . 1997 :
(212
_8
.
_9
) . 1999 : (50
17
.
_10
:
_ .
_ .
_
.
)(Turner & Marino : 1994 200 ,
_
_1
) . :
1999 (293
18
.
_2
) . 1996 : (55
_3
.
_4
) . 1997 : (206
.
_5
19
17
.
) 1995 : (506
_6 ) (
.
_7
.
.
:
_1 (Social Support)
"
.
20
" (Sarason et al : 1983 , 129) .
"
" )1983(
)
1990( .
_2
(Psychological Stress)
) (Selye
"
" ) .
1998 : (28
) Mackay &(Kox "
" ) . 1999 : (20
"
" ) . :
1994 (48
.
21
"
" .
"
" .
_3
)Psychosomatic
(Disorder
"
" ) .
1979 : (434
"
*
.
22
" ) .
1994 : (348
"
"
)2001( .
:
) (400
) (45_30
.
23
21
20
" "
" "
:
:
:
: )(Social Support
_
24
) (Social network
) (Social support
)Social
(resources
) (Social provisions
) .
1994 : (3
_
)(Cohen
) (Syme ) (Schetter "
" ) . 2000 : (9
"
"
)(Caplan : 1981 , 413
.
25
.
"
" ) . 1998 : (117
:
_1
.
_2
.
"
26
" .
) 1994 : (4
"
)
( "
)(Lepore : 1994 , 247
.
.
)(Leavy : 1983 , 7
_
) (House
:
_1
.
_2 )(
.
_3
.
_4
Karen : 1987 ,) .
(1132
27
_5
) 2001 : (13
.
_
)
(
Leavy :) .
(1983 , 5
:
_1
.
_2
)(Seers et al : 1983 , 276
.
_
28
:
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
(Buunk et al : 1990 , 1242) .
:
_1 ) (
29
) Buffering) Model
: .
(Stroebe et al (1209 , 1996
:
_1 ) (
.
_2
)(
) . 1994 :
(321
_2
30
)Buunk & Hoorens :
.
(1992 , 450
_3
) )Bowlby )
(Attachment
.
:
_2
_1 .
.
) _
(
31
) . 2001 : (14
_4
)(Liberman & Pearlin
)1981(
:
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
32
_
.
) . 1999 : (324
.
_
_1
) (Schachter
)Buunk & Hoorens :
(1992 , 445_457
& )Sarnoff
(Zimbardo ) (
33
)
( .
_2
)
( )
( .
:
_1
:
_1
.
34
_2
.
Kleber) & (Marcelissen
.
_2
)
(Marcilessen , Winnubst , Buunk , Wolf
35
.
_3
)Buunk
(et al
33
Tennen) & (Affleck
36
.
.
_
(Geraldine : 1991 , 402 James &) .
Sarason & Sarason : 1986 ,) .
. (1222
37
) .
1994 : (5
Cohen et .
((al : 1990 , 389
(Rutter : 1990 , 189) .
.
) (Kahn & Antonucci
:
)
.
(Brelm & Kassin : 1990 , 148
38
:
_1
.
_2
(Buunk & Hoorens : 1992 , 446) .
(Delong et al : 1988 , 490) .
) (Stroebe et al
) . :
2001 (14
: Stresses) (Psychological
_
"
) (Organism
"
39
) (Hypothetical Construct
) . 1998 : (15
) (Stress
"
"
" " ) .
2000 (34
) (Strain ) (Stress
) (Stressor
) (
) (Stress
) (Strain
) .
1994 : (6
_
:
_1
)(
.
40
_2
.
_3
) .
1998 : (4
:
_1
) .
1999 : (17
.
) (Selye
"
"
) . 1994 :
(7
41
_2
.
) 1999 : (18
:
)
( )
(
)
( ) . 1997 : (208
"
".
) 1998 : (3
) (Veitz
:
) (
.
) (Cohen et al
:
42
_1 .
_2
.
_3 .
_4
) . 1999 : (294
) )Cannon "
"
)
(
) . 1998 :
(26
)) Levin & Scotch
"
" ) (Cofer & Appley
"
" ) (Rabkin "
" ) Mackay & (Kox
"
43
" ) . 1999 :
(20
) (Lazarus
:
"
" ) .
1994 : (17
) .
1998 : (3
) (Lazarus
) )Cannon
) . 1998 : (30
) (Watkins & Mayer
"
"
((Hinkle "
"
44
) (
" .
) 1997 : (207
) . 1994 : (13
.
) .
1993 : (339
, 1978 :.
(Davison et al (439
"
" (Gorge 115 , 1977 :) .
45
.
)(Bem : 1990 , 439
"
" ) . 2000 : (125
) (DSM IV
"
) 2000 : (10
" .
:
_1
)
( )
( )
(
.
_2
.
_3
46
) . 1993 : (39_38
) .
1991 : (224
)
(
:
:
.
:
.
:
)
(
) . :
1998 (20
47
_ ) (
) . :
1998 (50
) ( :
_1 )
(Cannon
) . 2000 : (17
) (Cannon
)
1920(
)Fight Or Fight
(Syndrome ) (Hypothalamus
48
) (Endorphin
). (Adrenaline
_2 (G.A.S) ((Selye
) (Selye )
(Response
.
) 1994 : (6
) . 1999 : (50
) (Selye
) (
:
_1 )(Alarm Stage
_2 )(Resistance Stage
_3 )(Exhaustion Stage
)(General Adaptation Syndrome) (G.A.S
49
) (
) . 1993 :
39 2000 : (42
_3
)( Leavy
)(Leavy
:
) ( .
50
) (
) . 1999 : (304
_4
) (Spielberger
)
(
) (State Anxiety )
( ) (Anxiety Trait )
(
)(Spielberger
51
.
) 1999 : (53
_5 )(Rahe & Arther
) (Rahe & Arther
) (
) (
) (
) . 1999 : (305
_6
52
)(Murray
) (Murray
) (Stress
) (Thema
"
"
:
_2 )
_1 ). (Stress Alpha
. (Stress Beta
) . 1999 :
(65 57
.
)(Need
_7
(Lazarus
53
) (Lazarus
)( )(
:
_ .
_ .
(Lazarus : 1981 , 55) .
_8
"
"
) . 2000 :
(23
)(Schooler
_9
)(Schwartz
) (Schwartz
54
)(
) .
1999 : (307
_10 _
)(
.
:
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
((Cox & MacKay
55
_4
.
_5
.
) 1999 : (308
_11
:
_1 .
_2
.
) (Appraisal Cognitive ) (Coping
) (
56
) (
) (
) (
)(
)(
) . :
1994 (25_24
_12
(Caplan et al
) . :
1999 (310
57
)(
.
_
" "
58
:
_1
) (
)
(
.
_2
.
_3
)
( .
_4
.
59
.
_5
.
_6
.
_7
.
_8
) . 1999 : _7
(14
60
_
_1
.
_2
)
(
.
_3
.
_4
61
) .
1993 : 42 1998 :
(114
) (Ego Defenses
) . :
1993 (344
_
)(
.
:
_1 )(Adaptation
.
_2 )(Frustration
62
.
_3
.
_4 )(Sensory Deprivation
) . 1998 : (67
(Caplan : 1981 , 415) .
)(Overload
63
.
) . 1997 :
(285
_
:
_1
.
_2
.
)
64
(
) .
1998 : (83
) .
1994 : (441
_
) (Social Support
) .
1998 : (13
) (Lazarus
:
)(Coping
65
_1
:
_ _ .
.
_ .
_2
) (
:
_
.
_
.
_
) .
1994 : (29
66
(Seers et al : 1983 , 276) .
:
_ )
( .
_
.
_
(Rutter : 1990 , 192) .
:
_2
_1 .
.
)
(
) . 1998 : (19 16
67
) (
)
(
.
_
)(Stresses Psychological
)
( ) . 1999 :
(2
) . 1994 : (7
) (Kahin & Katz
) (Brief et al
68
(Hamdi : 1982 , 153) .
(Fahed : 1987 , 176) .
)
(
) . 1998 : (81
:
_1
.
_2
.
) 1998 : (100
69
)1
(200_00
) (%65
.
) 1998 : (111
)
( ) . :
1997 (179
_
) . 1998 : (41
) (DSM IV , 1994
)(Magazine : 1991
70
:
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
_5
.
_6
.
_7
) . 1999 :
(317_316
_
71
:
_1 )(Physical Disorders
.
_2 )(Disorders Emotional
.
_3 )(Disorders Intellectual
.
_4
)(Interpersonal Disorders
) . :
1998 (39
) (House et al
72
)
(
)
( ) . 1998 : 110
(112
:
Psychosomatic Disorders
))
_
) (Heinroth
)1818(
)
(Freud
)1927( )(Dutch
)
(Franes
)1930(
) (Helen
) (Pavlov
) (Cannon )
1935(
)1942(
73
) . :
2000 (16_12
) . :
2002 (13
) . :
1982 (50
)
(
) . 1996 : (20
74
_
)
(Psycho ) (
) (Soma
)(
"
" ) . 2000 : (19
"
"
) Medicine (Psychosomatic
) . 1997 : (469
"
"
.
) 1984 : (50
) (Psychosomatic ) (DSM_11
) (DSM_1
) (Psycho physiological ) (DSM_111
) (Physical Conditions
) (DSM_1V
) (Somatoform Disorders
) . (Medical Disease
75
"
"
)
.
1998 : (537
) (
) . 1994 : (149
"
) . 2002 : (23
76
"
") . 1984 :
(121
) . 1998 :
(543
)
(
.
) 1979 : (255
.
)(Anestasey & folly
"
77
) .
1994 : (154
_
:
_1
) (Franes & Flanders
) :
.
2000 (223
_
78
) (Flanders
)
(
) .
2000 : (65
_
) (Franes
) . :
2002 (31 16
_2
79
) (
) (
) (
)
( .
) 2000 : (66
:
_
) (Lashman
) . 2000 : (224
_3
80
) (Graham
:
_1 .
_2
)
( .
) . 2000 : (100
_
) (Kirk
) (Friedman & Rosenman
) And (A) (Type Behavior) (B )(A
) (B
81
) . 2000 : (101
.
_
) . 1979 : (250
_
:
82
_1
) .
2000 : (152
)(Psychological Stress
_2
) . :
2002 (33 16
_3
)(specificity
83
) (
:
_
) ( .
_
) (
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
_
.
) 2000 : (73
_
.
84
_
) . :
2000 (289
) (35 ) . 2002 :
(34
) .
1994 : (352
_
_1 .
_2
.
_3 .
_4 .
:
_1 .
_2 .
.
85
_3
.
_4
.
_5
.
_6 ) .
2002 : (29
) (40_20
) . 1984 :
(125
_
"
"
) : (286
86
) . 1993 : (41
) (
) . 1997 :
(469 121
) 2000 :
.
(123
) (
87
) . 1996 : (8
) ( ) .
1993 : (41
) )Emotional
Arousal
) . 1998 : (15
88
.
_
:
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
) .
1994 : (199
89
" "
"
"
:
_
_
_
_
_
:
90
:
_1 .
_2 .
_3
.
_
:
.1 )2001(
*
*
) (400
) (
) (80_18
.
.
*
.
*
. :
91
.
.2 )2000(
:
_1 * ) (50
) (25_18 .
_2 ) (50
.
:
_1 _2 .
.
_3 .
* .
92
.
.3 Finney (2000) & Stoney
) (40
.
.
.4 ) Dianne (2000
) (147 ) (108
) (79 )
(50 .
93
.
.5 ) Grassi et al (2000
) (1341
)
(80_18 :
_1 .
_2 .
)
(
94
.
.6 )1997(
:
_1 ) (50
.
_2 ) (50
) (45_30 :
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
.
.
95
.7 )1997(
*
) (600
) (29 _18
:
-2
_1 .
.
.
.8 ) Garvey & Uchino (1997
) (28 (21)
.
.
96
.
.9 ) Ura (1997 &Suganuma
)
(
) (91
.
.
.10 )1996(
97
) (120
:
_1 .
_2 .
_3 ) ( .
.
.11 )1995(
) (
) (328 )
(169 (159)
) (00,50 _45,19
:
98
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
)
(
)
(
.
.
.13 ) Kirschbaum et al (1995
*
)
(23 (34) )_19
(29
) (
.
.14 )Shima (1994
) (147
) (
.
100
) (
.
.15 Sheikh (1993) &Furnham
) (56 (44)
) (62_18
.
.
.16 Hoorens (1992) & Buunk
101
:
_1 .
_2
.
_3
.
.
.17 )1990(
) ( )
(400 ) (45_25
:
102
_2
_1 .
.
_3 _4 .
.
_5 _6 .
) _( .
.
.18 ) Karen (1987
*
) (
)
: )
. (
103
(
)
(1050
:
_1 _2 .
.
_3
.
.
) (80_124
) (41 (83)
) (07,21
104
) (33 (47)
) (93,22
)(1003
:
_1 ) ( .
_3
_2 .
.
.
) (58 ) (16 )
(42
)
(
.
105
.
.19 ) Rudolph & Charles(1981
) (245 (248)
:
_2
_1 .
_3
.
_4 .
.
_6
_5 .
.
106
.
_
:
107
_1
) 2001 :( .
_2
) 2000 :( .
_3 ) (Grassi et al : 2000 , Shima : 1994
.
_4
)
2000 : 1996 :( Lepore :)
(1995 , Furnham & Sheikh : 1993 )Finney : 2000
& (Stoney
.
_5 ) 1997 :(
108
) (Karen : 1987
.
_6
: (2000
). Dianne
_7
) 1996 :( )Uchino & Gravey :
& Ura : 1997 , Kirschbaum
(et al : 1995 , Lepore : 1995 , Karen : 1987
Suganuma
1997
_8.
) 1995 :
1990 :( )& Furnham & Sheikh : 1993 , Charles
. (Rudolph : 1981
_9
) (
)
. (Buunk & Hoorens : 1992
_10
109
) 1997 : :
1996( ) 1997 :(
.
_11
) 1990 :( .
.
.
_
:
110
.1 )2001(
) (180
(180)
:
_1 .
_2
.
111
.
.2 )2000(
)(240
) (120 ) (57
) (5_1 (63)
) (10_6
) (120 ) (56
) (5_1 (64)
) (10_6
:
_2
_1 .
.
.
112
.3 ) Freeman et al (2000
*
)1992 1995 (
,
)1992 1995 (
) (90
)1995(
)1996 1994(
) (88 )1992 1995 (
.
) (
.
.4 )1999(
) (
.
113
1418 1997 / )(58
:
_ )
(100_70
) (25 .
_
) (70_60 ) (17 .
_
) (60 ) (16
:
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
.
_5 _6 .
.
114
.
.5 )1999(
) (189
.
.
.6 ) Zhang et al (1999
115
) (244 (193)
) (192 ) (245
) (232 (205)
:
_2
_1 .
.
.
.7 )1998(
) (100
) (70
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
.
116
.8 )1998(
)
(746 ) (377 (369)
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
.
.9 )1998(
)(289
) (162 (127)
.
117
.
.10 )1998(
) (234
) (25_24
:
_1 .
_2 .
_3 .
.
118
.11 )
1998(
)(138
:
_1 _2.
_3 .
.
) (
.
119
.12 )1997(
) (60 ) (
) (45_20
.
.
.13 )1997(
120
) (90 ) (32
(58)
) (69,33
) (76,10
:
_2
_1 .
.
121
.
.14 )1997(
) (171
) (75 (96)
) (24_19 :
_2
_1 .
.
_3 _4 .
.
.
.15 )1997(
122
) (160
:
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
_5
.
_6 .
_7
.
.
.
123
.16 )
1997(
) (
)
(
) (244 ) (49
(195)
:
_2
_1 .
.
.
124
.17 )1996(
)(40
) (40_25
:
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
.
)
(
.
.18 )1995(
125
/ /
) (100
) (38_25
) (2000 ) (20
:
_1 .
_2 )( .
_4
_3 .
.
_6
_5 .
.
_ 8
_7 .
.
_9
.
/ /
126
.
_19 )1994(
) (385
) (50_21
) (297
) (50_21
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
127
) (30_21
) (50_41
.
.20 )1994(
) (250
:
_2
_1 .
.
128
_4
_3 .
.
_6
_5 .
.
_7 )( .
) (5_1
) (15_6
) 16 _
(
.
.21 )1994(
) (60
) (30
129
)
(14 (16)
) (50_14 (30)
)(12
(18) )
(48_28 :
_1 .
_2 .
_3 .
.
.22 )1994(
) (190
130
)
(55_25 :
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
.
*
.
.23 )1994(
) (421
)_18
(25
:
_2
_1 .
.
*
131
.
.24 ) Charles & Rudolph (1991
)(386
) (
) (43 ) (%53
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
_4 .
_5 .
132
.
.25 ) Fahed (1987
)(58
:
_1 .
_2
:
.
)( .
133
_
:
_1
) 2001 :( .
_2
) :
2000 1997 :(
_3
) :
134
1999 1998 : :
1987( .
_4
) (Freeman et al : 2000
) 1998 : 1997 :( .
_5
) 1998 :
1997 : 1996 : :
) (Charles & Rudolph : 1991
1994(
) 1999 :(
.
_6
). (Zhang et al : 1999
135
_7
) 1998 :( .
.
_8
)
1998 : :
1995( .
_9
)
1997 :( .
_10
)(
136
) 1997 :(
_11
) 1994 :( .
_12
) 19994 :
1994 : 1994 :( .
_
:
.1 )2000(
)(540
:
_2
_1 .
.
137
)
(14_12
.
.2 )2000(
) (576 ) (189
) (378
)_17
(38
.
138
.
.3 )2000(
) (164 )
(54_15
:
.
) (%73,0
.
139
.4 )2000(
) (609
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
.
.5 ) Cohen et al (1999
) (960 )
(1427 ) (18
(2862)
) (60_42
:
_2
_1 .
.
140
_4
_3 .
.
_6
_5 .
.
.
.6 ) Grassi et al (1999
)(73
) (51_18
:
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
.
141
_5 .
.
.7 )Pavalok & Smith (1999
*
) (2767
)_1982
1989(
:
_2
_1 .
.
_4
_3 .
.
) ( .
142
.
.8 )1996(
)
(
) (17_16
:
_2
_1 .
/ .
143
_4
_3 .
.
_6
_5 .
.
_8
_7 .
.
) 2 1
(4
.
.9 ) Grassi & Rosti (1996
) (201
) (73_18
:
_2
_1 .
.
_3 .
144
) (33
)
(101
)
(
.
.10 & Rosti (1996) Grassi
) (52
) (67_20
) (6
128 )_ %47
(%37
)
(
145
.
.11 )1994(
:
_1 .
_2
.
129
146
.
.12 )1994(
)
(112 ) (42 (70)
:
_1 _2 .
.
.
.13 )1992(
) (40
147
)
( ) (40
.
.
.14 ) Lee et al (1992
) (30
) Lazarus & Folkman (1984
.
) (%44,4
.
148
.15 1988)(
) (386
)
(
.
:
) (
.
149
133
.
_
:
_1
) 2000 :
2000 : 2000 :( .
_2
)
2000 : 2000 :
1994 : 1992 :( .
_3
)
2000 : :
2000( .
_4
150
) :
2000 2000 : :
1994( .
_5
)
2000 :( .
_6
). (Cohen et al : 1999
_7
)Grassi
. (et al : 1999 , Grassi & Rosti : 1996
_8
) ( (Pavalok & Smith : 1999 1988 :( .
_9
)
(
) (T.T.A
)
1996 :( .
_10
)
( )
1994 :( .
_11
151
) :
2000( .
_12
) 1988 :( .
:
:
_1
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
152
_5
.
_6
.
_7
.
_8
.
_9
.
_10
)_(
). (T.A.T
153
" "
" "
:
_
_
_
_
_
:
_
_
_
_
_
:
:
_
154
.
_
) (400
) (5,37
)
(
:
_ .
_ ) (45_30 .
)
( )(1
.
)(1
) =(400
155
_30
35
_35
40
_40
45
188
0,47%
3_1
196
% 0,49
102
5,25%
4 _
181
% 3,45
110
5,27%
23
% 8,5
400
100%
400
% 100
89
5,22%
81
3,20%
144
0,36%
90
5,22%
104
0,26%
70
70
400
5,17%
5,17%
100%
_1
7
_7
14
_14
21
21 _
101
3,25%
51
8,12%
400
100%
_
_1
)et al (1983
Sarason
)1990(
) (27 :
_1
.
_2
.
) (27
) .(
:
156
_3
_1 _2 . .
.
_6
_4 _5 . .
.
) : 1 (
_
:
)
)
(
(243_27
) (162_27
) (405_54 .
)et al : 1983 , 130_135
(Sarason :
_
157
) (602
.
_
) (100 (127)
.
158
_
) (295
.
_
) (40
.
.
159
.
_
) (67
) (2 .
)(2
92,0
91,0
95,0
90,0
.
_
_1
)(%100_85
.
_2
) (3 .
160
)(3
)=(115
)**(84,0
)**(80,0
* 01,0
) (01,0
.
) 1994 : _75
(77
_
_ 1
_ )_ Spearman
(Brown ) (4 .
)(4
)=(400
27
27
91,0
90,0
.
_2
161
) (5 .
)(5
)=(400
95,0
95,0
.
_
:
_1
) (6
.
)(6
) =(400
**87,0
**78,0
** 01,0
) (01,0
.
_2
162
) (7
.
)(7
) =(400
) =(85
27,32
73,11
1
87,1
1
74,2
3
) =(84
30,1
02,24
01
96,1
75,10
47
)(
72,23
001,0
75,12
001,0
)(
) (001,0
.
_2
:
_
.
_
.
) 1999 :( ) 1998 :( ) 1994 :(
) 1985:(
) 2000 :( )
1995 :( ) 1994 :(
) 1988 :(
) 1994 :(
163
_ ) (100
)
( )(45_30
)
: 2
( .
_
) (225 .
_ )
(13
) : 3
(
.
_ ) (188
)
: 4 ( .
_
) (120
164
:
_
_1
_ )
(Spearman_Brown ) (8 .
)(8
) = (120
1
2
3
4
5
39
93,0
13
64,0
39
92,0
76,0
12
85,0
28
84,0
85,0
29
88,0
12
75,0
1
0
185
86,0
) (93,0
) (92,0
) (88,0
)
. (64,0
165
_2
) (9 .
)(9
) =(120
1
2
3
4
5
39
39
12
95,0
96,0
90,0
6
7
8
13
7
28
83,0
79,0
90,0
83,0
29
95,0
12
87,0
1
0
185
98,0
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
). (98,0_79,0
_
:
_1
166
*
)(%80
)(188
) (37 .
_2
) (10
.
)(10
) =(120
1
2
3
4
5
**71,0
**72,0
**69,0
**56,0
9
**64,0
**66,0
**66,0
**74,0
**85,0
** 01,0
) (01,0
.
*
_1. . ) _ (
(
_3 . ) _ (
_5 . ) _ (
(
_7 . ) _ (
_9 . ) _ (
(
_11. . ) _ (
(
_13 . ) _ (
167
_2 . ) _
_4 . ) _ (
_6 . ) _
_8 . . ) _ (
_10 . ) _
_12 ) _
_3
) (11 .
)(11
) = (120
56,
0
15
70,
0
29
66,
0
1
60,
0
15
55,
0
29
74,
0
1
26,
0
1
82,
0
1
56,
0
1
70,
0
1
68,
0
1
42,
0
15
62,
0
67,
0
16
74,
0
30
68,
0
2
48,
0
16
70,
0
30
62,
0
2
78,
0
2
81,
0
2
66,
0
2
62,
0
2
53,
0
2
68,
0
16
28,
0
10
11
12
13
14
37,0
38,0
50,0
79,0
60,0
51,0
36,0
67,0
63,0
57,0
22,0
59,0
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
60,0
70,0
71,0
44,0
67,0
74,0
62,0
74,0
56,0
62,0
68,0
69,0
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
55,0
58,0
40,0
63,0
67,0
62,0
33,0
37,0
67,0
10
11
12
13
14
47,0
65,0
68,0
66,0
48,0
63,0
61,0
69,0
51,0
40,0
50,0
49,0
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
52,0
56,0
41,0
60,0
67,0
63,0
65,0
63,0
59,0
69,0
64,0
79,0
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
58,0
66,0
74,0
69,0
64,0
69,0
65,0
70,0
59,0
10
11
12
68,0
37,0
75,0
77,0
52,0
75,0
84,0
80,0
86,0
71,0
68,0
57,0
86,0
60,0
63,0
10
11
12
74,0
56,0
77,0
82,0
70,0
55,0
55,0
54,0
54,0
54,0
10
11
12
58,0
47,0
48,0
48,0
63,0
60,0
63,0
48,0
66,0
68,0
68,0
63,0
77,0
74,0
63,0
43,0
10
11
12
13
14
55,0
73,0
59,0
51,0
49,0
30,0
46,0
76,0
68,0
63,0
67,0
74,0
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
52,0
37,0
25,0
41,0
66,0
00,0
52,0
16,0
70,0
50,0
37,0
57,0
168
29
36,
0
1
30
59,
0
2
69,
0
10
11
12
13
14
70,
0
65,0
73,0
70,0
62,0
55,0
75,0
72,0
60,0
70,0
65,0
65,0
66,0
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
58,
0
62,
0
65,0
77,0
70,0
48,0
35,0
61,0
50,0
69,0
54,0
58,0
49,0
58,0
29
66,
0
)(24 , 22 ) (
)(7 ) (
.
_ )
(185 ) (9
) : 5
(
) (12
.
)(12
) =(120
39
39
,59 ,58 ,30 ,29 ,28 ,27 ,26 ,3 ,2 ,1
,103 ,102 ,101 ,100 ,99 ,61 ,60
,144 ,143 ,108 ,107 ,106 ,105 ,104
,151 ,150 ,149 ,148 ,147 ,146 ,145
,181 ,180 ,179 ,178 ,154 ,153 ,152
.182
,63 ,62 ,35 ,34 ,33 ,32 ,31 ,6 ,5 ,4
,112 ,111 ,110 ,109 ,67 ,66 ,65 ,64
,119 ,118 ,117 ,116 ,115 ,114 ,113
,161 ,160 ,159 ,158 ,157 ,156 ,155
) (153 , 151 ) (4
) (97 ) (4
169
12
12
28
13
29
_
) : ( )
( ) (
) ( )
(
.
_3 "
"
)Brodman ,
1946) (Erdman , Wolf(
: : .
: .
) 1988 :( )
1994 :( ) 2001 :(
.
170
)
1946(
)Brodman , Erdman , Wolf ,
(Miskovits )1986(
) (18 ) (10
)1946( (223) ) (101
)( )1986(
)_1995
2000( .
) (223
) (228
)
"
"(
)
(
) : 6
(
171
) (13 .
) 2001 : (37
)(13
)1986(
13
18
17
13
19
20
11
1
0
1
1
1
2
18
20
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
_
"" ""
). (14
)(14
)
1986(
39 _ 29
50 _ 40
51
_
172
12
(93,0
) 60,0 ( ) (%68
.
_6 )1999(
)(30
)
(90,0_20,0 ) (%68
) 60,0
( .
_7 )2000(
) (60 ) (60
) (88,0_55,0 ) (%84
) 60,0
(
)
(60,0 ) (%100
.
_8 )2000(
) (80
) (%20
) (%20
)_43,0
(83,0 ) (%78
) 60,0 (
.
174
_9 )
2000(
) (30
) (95,0_72,0
)(200
). (96,0_70,0
_
) ( ) :
2001 (190_182 :
_1 )
(140 )(50
)(%50
.
_2 )1999(
) (75
175
.
_3 )1999(
) (30
)(30
.
_4 )
2000(
)(111
) (
) (100
) (
)(
)(
.
176
_5 )2000(
)(104
(96)
.
_6
)Shefer
(et al ) (140
(50)
.
_7 )1999(
.
_8 )2000(
)(
177
)( .
_9 )1999(
.
) 1999 :(
.
_
:
_1
_ )
(Spearman_Brown ) (15 .
)(15
178
)=(400
13
17
70,0
19
75,0
20
58,0
11
61,0
64,0
18
56,0
13
58,0
53,0
1
0
65,0
54,0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
18
59,0
20
45,0
12
84,0
84,0
60,0
60,0
72,0
70,0
172
87,0
51
84,0
.
_2
) (16 .
)(16
)=(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
13
17
19
20
11
7
18
13
7
67,0
76,0
78,0
62,0
69,0
65,0
71,0
67,0
68,0
11
12
13
14
25
26
17
18
19
80,0
20
179
18
20
12
6
9
6
9
9
172
58,0
56,0
89,0
86,0
76,0
72,0
76,0
75,0
94,0
51
91,0
.
_
:
_1
)(17
.
)(17
) =(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
**59,0
**68,0
**70,0
**66,0
**69,0
**51,0
**79,0
**67,0
**71,0
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
** 01,0
180
**67,0
**62,0
**66,0
**58,0
**59,0
**63,0
**58,0
**63,0
**65,0
) (01,0
.
_2
) (18 .
)(18
) =(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
) =(104
) =(106
09,1
16,1
71,3
29,2
10,1
22,1
21,6
11,3
23,1
13,1
75,6
33,3
67,1
17,1
90,5
55,2
24,0
55,0
75,3
98,1
36,0
67,0
09,2
72,1
74,0
78,0
99,4
24,2
38,0
73,0
85,3
22,2
47,0
74,0
96,2
68,1
15,0
44,0
66,2
40,2
181
)(
440,1
0
612,1
5
028,1
6
385,1
5
416,1
7
616,9
427,1
9
153,1
5
840,1
3
491,1
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
89,0
97,0
58,3
26,2
05,1
19,1
42,4
13,2
10,9
57,3
88,50
52,14
0
152,1
1
440,1
4
512,2
8
001,0
001,0
001,0
)(19
) =(400
) =(110
) =(103
55,0
77,0
27,5
62,2
14,0
37,0
15,2
29,1
31,0
59,0
57,3
57,1
30,0
70,0
04,4
34,1
40,0
59,0
65,4
26,2
27,0
56,0
84,3
15,2
96,1
37,1
52,23
98,5
4
5
6
)(
119,1
8
618,1
5
350,2
0
842,2
5
066,1
9
867,1
6
824,3
6
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
001,0
)(
) (001,0
.
_
_1
) : 7
182
(
) (
) (
)
(
)
( )
( )
( )
(
) (
) (400
) (45_30 .
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
_
_1 .
_2
.
_3 )( t.test
.
183
_4
.
_5
.
_6
)( t . test
.
_7
.
_8
.
:
_
)_(
). (T.A.T
_
((T.A.T
.
184
_
_1
)
: 8 ( .
_2
)) (Henry Murray
1943(
) (31
:
)(
) (14 )
) (14( ) (B )
) (14( ) (G )
) (14( ) (M )
) (14( ) (F )
) (14( ) (MF )
) (14( ) (BM
) ( )(GF
)(T.A.T
185
)
: 9
( .
_
) (Murray
) . 1985 :
. (432 429
_
:
_1 .
_2 .
_3 ) (T.A.T
.
: )4 , ((5 , ) (6GF , ) (7GF , ) (8GF , ))) , (3GF) , (2) , (1
16) (9GF , ) (10 , ) (11 , ) ( , 18GF) ( , 17GF) ( ,
) ((12F , ) (13MF , ) (14 , ) (15 ,
. 20) ( , 19
) 1986 : (440_434 .
186
" "
" "
:
_
_
_
_
_
_
187
_
_
_
:
_
:
_
"
"
)(20
.
)(20
) =(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
70,2
62,2
60,2
58,2
57,2
54,2
84,0
05,1
89,0
87,0
84,0
83,0
188
7
8
9
31,2
31,2
98,1
86,0
08,1
65,0
:
_1 _2 . .
_3 .
_5 .
_4 .
_6 .
_7 .
_8 .
) (
.
189
) (
.
.
) . 1998 :
(186
) (
.
190
.
.
.
) 1998 : (112
)
(
.
.
191
.
.
.
) :
1995(
.
_
"
" .
192
)
(21 .
)(21
) =(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
*11,0*10,0*10,007,0*11,0*12,008,007,0*11,0-
**22,0**14,0**21,0**17,0*12,0*10,0**16,0**15,0**20,0-
**19,0**14,0**18,0**14,0**14,0**13,0**14,0*12,0**18,0-
**13,0-
**22,0-
**20,0-
* 05,0
** 01,0
)
(01,0
) (05,0
.
.
193
.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
194
)( .
) .
2000 : (145
.
.
)(Charles & Rudolph : 1991 , 365
) (
) :
.
1995 (501
195
((Stroebe et al : 1996 , 1209 .
) 2000 :
1998 : 1997 :
1996 :( (Hoorens : 1992) & Buunk
.
.
)
( .
_
"
"
.
196
) (22 .
)(22
) =(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
*11,0" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
*11,0-
" "
**15,0" "
**20,0*10,0" "
*10,0**16,0**15,0**15,0-
*11,009,000,0*12,0*11,008,006,010,0*11,0**15,0-
" "
**15,0-
03,0-
" "
*11,0-
04,0-
*12,0-
**18,0-
**17,0-
**15,0-
**23,0-
**22,0-
" "
*13,0-
*11,0-
" "
**17,0-
**15,0-
**14,0-
**15,0-
**17,0-
*10,0-
*10,0-
*12,0-
" "
**18,0-
*11,0-
**14,0-
**20,0-
**21,0-
" "
**21,0-
**16,0-
* 05,0
** 01,0
197
)
(05,0) (01,0
.
.
.
.
.
.
198
(Rutter : 1990 , 182) .
Buunk & Hoorens :) .
(1992 , 453
) 1998 :
1997 : 1997 :
1995 : 1990 :( )Grassi et al :
& 2000 : 1999 , Grassi & Rosti : 1996 , Shima : 1994 , Furnham
(Sheikh : 1993 , Rudolph & Charles : 1991
) (
.
199
.
) .
1994 : (37
.
_
"
" .
)( t.test
) (23 .
)(23
200
)=(400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
) =(101
40,34 73,98
18,10
16,34
7
25,10 39,33
81,6
00,15
64,10 71,33
00,11 72,35
18,6
80,16
62,20 59,59
45,25 14,88
49,12 27,48
6
8
) =(105
11,32 69,85
)(
815,2
01,0
02,94
80,32
821,2
01,0
05,29
43,13
03,29
72,30
13,14
60,53
66,76
32,42
6
99,9
46,6
64,10
36,10
12,6
26,17
48,22
07,11
4
077,3
701,1
159,3
359,3
113,3
266,2
435,3
01,0
" "
01,0
01,0
01,0
05,0
01,0
694,3
01,0
)(
) (05,0) (01,0
) ( )(
.
.
201
.
.
)
(
.
) 2000 : 1998 :
1997 :
1998 : 1995 :( Zhang
et al
): 1999 , Suganuma & Ura : 1997
(Freeman et al : 2000 ,
.
(Buunk & Hoorens : 1992 , 451) .
202
)
1994 :
1999 : ( Sarason & Sarason :) )
1986 .
_
"
" .
)( t.test
) (24 .
)(24
)=(400
1
2
3
4
) =(101
40,2
40,3
59,3
02,4
89,1
03,3
28,3
46,2
203
) =(105
)(
63,1
80,2
04,3
37,2
579,2
068,1
165,0
981,1
01,0
" "
" "
05,0
76,1
96,2
67,3
35,3
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
92,1
17,1
38,2
34,2
86,1
20,2
44,1
44,2
31,2
70,1
37,1
89,0
09,2
02,2
28,1
59,1
27,1
09,2
96,1
40,1
049,2
500,1
918,0
067,1
691,2
05,0
" "
" "
" "
01,0
55,1
30,2
79,0
32,1
905,2
01,0
07,2
91,1
05,2
81,1
084,0
" "
67,2
00,2
53,2
91,1
514,0
" "
27,3
63,2
12,2
22,2
399,3
01,0
62,1
75,1
78,0
16,1
060,4
01,0
04,2
82,1
50,1
55,1
316,2
05,0
39,2
86,1
74,1
77,1
547,2
01,0
19,2
22,2
38,1
77,1
879,2
01,0
90,1
00,2
41,1
59,1
948,1
05,0
37,29
84,19
75,2
4
75,1
5
844,1
" "
42,13
37,9
93,8
43,7
793,3
01,0
78,42
69,26
69,3
3
92,1
9
764,2
01,0
)(
) (05,0) (01,0 )
(12 11 8 7 6 3 2
.
204
.
.
) . 1997 : . (225
) 2000 : :
1997 1996 : :
1994( ) Grassi et al : 2000 , Uchino & Garvey : 1997 , Grassi
(& Rosti : 1996 , Kirschbaum et al : 1995 , Karen : 1987
.
205
) . 2000 : (67
.
_
"
" .
)(ONE WAY ANOVA
) (1 ) (25
.
:
)(25
)=(400
206
029,4287
515,2143
65,394914
397
747,994
68,399201
399
188,3657
594,1828
19,246885
397
877,621
38,250542
399
591,10751
795,5375
52,875009
397
254,2204
11,885761
399
)(
16,2
94,2
44,2
"
"
01,0
"
"
)(
) (
)
( )(
) (01,0
)(Scheffe
) (26
.
)(26
)=(400
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_35
40
=102
_40
45
=110
=02,137
=10,141
=80,132
09,4
22,4
31,8
_30
35
=188
207
)
(01,0
)_35 (40
.
) (
.
)
_35 (40
.
) :
1996 1996 : :
1995(
.
:
)(27
)=(400
289,1734
144,867
71,433959
397
00,435694
399
)0)0 , 01
208
098,1093
)(
79,0
"
"
____
422,22147
612,11073
22,432592
397
653,1089
44,454739
399
795,47
898,23
915,40730
397
597,102
710,40778
399
270,306
135,153
480,16475
397
500,41
750,16781
399
61,745
805,372
229,44154
397
220,111
910,44899
399
95,77
977,38
486,47220
397
94,118
440,47298
399
131,28
065,14
579,16036
397
394,40
710,16064
399
869,109
934,54
09,132211
397
025,333
96,132320
399
424,2839
712,1419
51,240830
397
626,606
94,243669
399
420,78220
210,39110
8,5603253
397
989,14113
2,5681474
399
16,10
23,0
69,3
35,3
33,0
35,0
17,0
34,2
07,2
01,0
)
_30
(35
"
"
05,0
05,0
____
)
_30
(35
)
_30
(35
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
)(
209
____
____
____
____
____
)( )
(05,0) (01,0
) (Scheffe
) (28 .
)(28
)=(400
_30
35
_35
40
_40
45
_30
35
_35
40
_40
45
_30
35
_35
40
_40
_30
35
=188
=51,108
_35
40
=102
_40
45
=110
=17,97
=44,91
*34,11
*07,17
73,5
=74,14
=80,13
=65,12
94,0
*09,2
16,1
=65,32
=41,30
24,2
83,0
07,3
210
=58,29
* 05,0
)_30 (35
)_35 (40
)_30 (35 )
_40 (45
) (05,0
)
_30 (35
.
)_30
(35 )
_35 (40 )_40
(45
.
). (05,0
211
) ( .
)
( ) . 1998 : (103
) 2000 : :
1999 1998 :
1997 :(
) 1987 :(
.
:
)(29
)=(400
300,3
650,1
290,1484
397
590,1487
399
959,6
479,3
831,3435
397
654,8
212
739,3
)(
44,0
40,0
"
"
"
"
____
____
790,3442
399
615,125
385,3750
397
000,3876
399
078,75
632,2423
397
710,2498
399
795,60
982,1391
397
778,1452
399
075,7
502,758
397
578,765
399
755,11
635,2110
397
390,2122
399
074,4
916,1711
397
990,1715
399
381,0
217,955
397
598,955
399
111,4
987,1189
397
098,1194
399
835,32
475,1299
397
310,1332
399
374,18
936,1619
397
310,1638
399
517,121
808,62
447,9
65,6
01,0
539,37
105,6
15,6
05,0
398,30
506,3
67,8
01,0
)_35 (40
)_40
(45
)_35 (40
)_40
(45
)_35 (40
)_40
(45
538,3
911,1
85,1
"
"
____
877,5
316,5
11,1
"
"
____
037,2
312,4
47,0
"
"
____
190,0
406,2
08,0
"
"
____
055,2
997,2
69,0
"
"
____
418,16
273,3
01,5
05,0
)_40 ( 45
187,9
080,4
759,60
213
25,2
30,10
"
"
001,0
____
880,2341
397
397,2463
399
384,11
456,907
397
840,918
399
275,1
803,1170
397
078,1172
399
007,10
691,1172
397
698,1182
399
085,27
355,1811
397
440,1838
399
669,3
691,1426
397
360,1430
399
900,2295
14,12311
2
397
950,1147
399
214,612
264,3077
4
478,3138
6
772,603
33,22643
6
10,22704
0
899,5
)_30 (35
692,5
286,2
49,2
"
"
____
637,0
949,2
22,0
"
"
____
003,5
954,2
69,1
"
"
____
542,13
563,4
97,2
05,0
)_30 (35
835,1
594,3
51,0
"
"
____
950,1147
106,310
70,3
05,0
)_40 (45
107,306
397
517,77
95,3
05,0
)_30 (35
399
886,301
2
397
369,570
53,0
"
"
____
399
)(
214
)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (30 .
)(30
)=(400
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_40 45
_30 35
_35 40
_30
35
=188
=01,3
_35
40
=102
=16,4
_40
45
=110
=10,4
*-1515,1
*-0947,1
=16,3
005,0
=93,3
=10,4
*-7718,0
*-9404,0
=30,1
-1686,0
=99,1
=15,2
*-6923,0
*-8476,0
=77,1
-1553,0
=25,2
=40,2
-8449,0
*-6340,0
=25,3
-1451,0
=33,2
=02,2
*9167,0
*2318,1
=10,2
3152,0
=70,1
=50,1
3997,0
5957,0
1961,0
=53,24
=25,29
7158,4
215
=40,29
_40 45
_30 35
_40 45
_40 45
8734,4
-1549,0
=53,12
=59,10
9384,1
*8175,2
3152,0
* 05,0
=71,9
)_30 (35 )
_35 (40
)_40
(45 .
)_30 (35
)_40 (45
.
) (05,0
)
_30 (35
)
_40 (45
.
)_40
(45
)_30 (35
.
216
.
) :
2000(
.
.
) 2000 :
2000 :(
)_12 (21
) (38_17 .
* )_30 (35
: *
217
)_35 (40
)_30
(35 )_40 (45
.
.
_
"
" .
)(ONE WAY ANOVA
) (1 ) (31 .
:
)(31
.
218
)=(400
403,752
27,39844
9
68,39920
1
288,7297
09,24324
5
38,25054
2
521,4135
59,88162
5
11,88576
1
202,376
397
651,1003
)(
68,0
" "
399
2
644,3648
397
708,612
96,5
01,0
399
2
760,2067
397
719,2220
93,0
" "
399
)(
) (
)
(
)(
) (05,0
)
(Scheffe ) (32
.
)(32
219
)=(400
3 _1
4 _
3 _1
=196
4_
=181
=23
=83,139
=50,132
=48,146
*3293,7
-6517,6
*-9810,13
* 05,0
)_1
3( )4_(
)3_1( .
)4_(
.
)3_1(
) 4 _( .
.
220
.
.
)3_1(
.
) . 2001 : (111
) (Dianne : 2000
.
:
)(33
)=(400
221
)(
735,468
4
26,4310
09
00,4356
94
849,115
87
2
368,2342
397
666,1085
399
2
925,5793
59,4431
51
397
251,1116
44,4547
39
129,283
6
399
2
065,1418
581,379
42
397
573,95
710,407
78
473,201
399
2
737,100
277,165
80
397
764,41
750,167
81
493,271
399
2
747,135
417,446
28
397
414,112
910,448
99
303,108
1
399
2
652,540
137,462
17
397
416,116
440,472
98
771,342
399
939,157
21
16,2
"
"
____
386,171
397
602,39
222
19,5
84,14
41,2
21,1
64,4
33,4
01,0
0001,
0
"
"
"
"
01,0
01,0
)3_1(
)3_1(
)4 _
(
____
____
)3_1(
)3_1(
710,160
64
809,549
399
2
904,274
15,1317
71
397
917,331
96,1323
20
282,180
9
399
2
641,904
66,2418
60
397
221,609
94,2436
69
64,1584
8
399
2
322,5792
4
5,55656
25
397
208,1401
9
2,56814
74
399
83,0
49,1
13,4
"
"
____
"
"
01,0
____
)3_1(
)(
)( )
(05,0 ) (01,0 ) (001,0
)(Scheffe
) (34
.
)(34
)=(400
3_1
223
=196
4
_
=181
=35,106
=09,96
3_1
4 _
*2581,10
7433,13
8452,3
=24,31
=86,31
3_1
4 _
-6221,0
*0659,11
=06,35
=20,33
3_1
4 _
8568,1
*8004,6
9436,4
=96,15
=19,15
3_1
4 _
3_1
4 _
7709,0
*0078,4
=56,470
4507,24
*1699,64
* 05,0
=23
=
61,92
=
17,20
6880,11
*
2368,3
=
11,446
=
26,28
=
96,11
=
39,406
7192,39
)_1
3( )4_(
)_1
3(
.
)
3 _1( )4_(
)3_1( )
4_(.
224
.
)_1
3(
)3_1( .
)3_1(
.
)3_1(
)3_1( .
)3_1(
.
)3_1(
)_1
3(
.
)3_1(
)
)
(
4_( .
225
.
) :
2001( .
) :
1990(
.
.
:
)(35
)=(400
)(
816,17
908,8
41,2
226
"
"
____
702,3
774,146
9
397
590,148
7
399
302,19
488,342
3
397
790,344
2
399
722,13
278,386
2
397
000,387
6
399
827,2
883,249
5
397
710,249
8
399
213,9
564,144
3
397
778,145
2
399
290,0
288,765
397
578,765
399
949,8
441,211
3
397
390,212
2
399
211,1
779,171
4
397
651,9
623,8
861,6
729,9
71,0
"
"
____
414,1
287,6
23,0
"
"
____
607,4
636,3
27,1
"
"
____
145,0
928,1
990,171
5
289,2
12,1
"
"
____
08,0
"
"
____
474,4
324,5
84,0
"
"
____
606,0
319,4
14,0
"
"
____
399
2
227
144,1
48,0
"
"
____
401,2
309,953
397
598,955
399
003,15
094,117
9
397
098,119
4
399
895,4
415,132
7
397
310,133
2
399
024,5
286,163
3
397
310,163
8
399
278,68
120,239
5
397
398,246
3
399
494,17
346,901
397
840,918
399
037,12
040,116
0
397
078,117
2
399
914,8
784,117
3
397
502,7
970,2
448,2
344,3
73,0
"
"
____
512,2
114,4
61,0
"
"
____
139,34
033,6
66,5
01,0
""
)_1
3(
223
747,8
270,2
697,118
2
925,24
53,2
"
"
____
85,3
05,0
""
)_1
3(
060,6
922,2
06,2
"
"
____
457,4
957,2
51,1
"
"
____
399
2
228
462,12
73,2
"
"
____
568,4
515,181
3
397
440,183
8
399
279,19
081,141
1
397
360,143
0
399
563,381
48,1250
26
397
04,1254
08
399
400,781
077,306
05
397
477,313
86
399
639,180
6
46,2252
33
397
10,2270
40
399
639,9
554,3
71,2
"
"
____
782,190
928,314
61,0
"
"
____
700,390
091,77
07,5
01,0
""
)_1
3(
319,903
339,576
59,1
"
"
____
)(
)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (36 .
229
)(36
)=(400
3_1
4_
3_1
4_
3_1
4_
3_1
=196
=10,3
4_
=181
=25,2
*8528,0
6622,0
=42,1
-1806,0
=00,1
*4184,0
-001,0
-4348,0
=65,12
=77,9
*8796,2
6096,1
-2700,1
* 05,0
=23
=43,2
=43,1
=
04,11
)
)3_1(
4_( )_1
3( .
)_1
3( )4_(
)3_1( .
.
230
) (
.
)3_1( )4_(
)3_1( .
) ( .
.
)3_1(
)4_( .
231
_
"
" .
)(ONE WAY ANOVA
) (1 ) (37
.
:
)(37
)=(400
159,625
1
52,3929
50
395
68,3992
01
505,120
57
399
790,156
2
811,994
376,301
4
87,2384
84
395
759,603
38,2505
42
399
232
)(
57,1
99,4
"
"
001,0
474,245
23
869,613
0
64,8612
37
395
348,218
0
11,8857
1
399
81,2
05,0
)(
)
(
)
(
)( )) (001,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (38 .
)(38
)=(400
=89
=81
=90
=70
=70
=
35,136
=67,134
=
18,129
=
33,142
=
64,144
6816,1
1705,7
-9803,5
-4889,5
6619,7
-2945,8
9762,9
233
1508,13
*
4651,15
3143,2
=
13,191
-9022,8
6904,4
3652,11
9366,16
-
=03,200
5926,13
-4630,2
-0344,8
05,0
*
=
186,44
0556,16
6270,21
-
=
50,202
=
07,208
-5714,5
) (05,0
.
) ( ) ( .
234
.
:
)(39
)=(400
372,185
3
343,463
63,4338
40
395
331,109
8
00,4356
94
084,265
92
021,664
8
36,4281
47
395
917,108
3
44,4547
39
550,595
)(
42,0
"
"
_____
399
13,6
0001
,0
399
887,148
4
160,401
83
710,407
78
341,119
730,101
395
46,1
"
"
_____
399
835,29
4
409,166
62
750,167
81
259,102
9
183,42
395
71,0
"
"
_____
399
4
315,257
235
32,2
"
"
_____
651,438
70
065,111
395
910,448
99
987,126
5
453,460
32
395
440,472
98
887,294
399
497,316
538,116
72,2
01,0
399
722,73
4
823,157
69
924,39
395
710,160
64
517,175
4
44,1305
66
395
399
629,438
548,330
96,1323
20
968,486
7
97,2388
01
395
33,1
"
"
_____
399
992,121
6
562,604
94,2436
69
30,1427
18
9,55387
55
395
2,56814
74
85,1
"
"
_____
01,2
"
"
_____
399
575,356
79
167,140
22
55,2
05,0
399
)(
236
)(
) (05,0) (01,0) (0001,0
) (Scheffe )
(40 .
)(40
)=(400
=89
=81
=90
=70
=70
=
66,108
=07,88
=
62,95
=
01,10
5
=
66,108
*59,20
04,13
65,3
005,0
=
20,36
55,7
*94,16
*58,20
=78,30
*42,5
35,2
00,2
26,2
08,3
42,3
008,0
=
29,481
=
40,424
*90,56
86,29
36,21
03,20
04,27
53,35
86,36
* 05,0
39,9
03,13
=
34,33
34,0
03,13
=
43,45
1
50,8
82,9
64,3
=
20,34
26,0
=
93,45
9
=
84,33
=
26,461
33,1
237
.
.
.
.
.
.
) 1999 : 1998 :
1998 :
1997 : 1994 :
1994 :(
)
(
238
:
)(41
)=(400
116,7
779,1
474,1480
395
590,1487
399
894,45
896,3396
395
790,3442
399
663,79
337,3796
395
000,3876
399
472,21
368,5
238,2477
395
271,6
710,2498
399
041,31
760,7
736,1421
395
599,3
239
748,3
)(
48,0
"
"
____
473,11
600,8
33,1
"
"
____
916,19
611,9
07,2
86,0
16,2
"
"
"
"
"
"
____
____
____
778,1452
399
309,10
269,755
395
578,765
399
787,38
603,2083
395
390,2122
399
115,22
875,1693
395
990,1715
399
498,16
100,939
395
598,955
399
128,8
970,1185
395
097,1194
399
343,30
967,1301
395
310,1332
399
455,11
855,1626
395
310,1638
399
618,50
779,2412
395
398,2463
399
595,10
245,908
395
840,918
399
630,25
240
577,2
912,1
35,1
"
"
____
697,9
275,5
84,1
"
"
____
529,5
288,4
29,1
"
"
____
124,4
377,2
74,1
"
"
____
032,2
002,3
68,0
"
"
____
586,7
296,3
30,2
"
"
____
864,2
119,4
70,0
"
"
____
655,12
108,6
07,2
"
"
____
649,2
299,2
407,6
15,1
21,2
"
"
"
"
____
____
448,1146
395
077,1172
399
061,27
636,1155
395
698,1182
399
527,57
913,1780
395
913,1780
399
472,11
888,1418
395
360,1430
399
015,1555
03,123853
395
04,125408
399
440,825
038,30561
395
478,31386
399
381,2379
72,224660
395
10,227040
399
902,2
765,6
926,2
31,2
"
"
____
382,14
509,4
19,3
01,0
868,2
592,3
80,0
"
"
____
754,388
522,313
24,1
"
"
____
360,206
370,77
67,2
05,0
845,594
761,568
05,1
"
"
)(
)(
) (05,0) (01,0
)
241
____
(Scheffe )(42
.
)(42
)=(400
=89
=81
=90
=
13,2
=21,1
=
92,1
93,0
21,0
53,0
-14,0
=
80,12
-71,0
-39,0
-06,1
=88,8
92,3
02,1
44,2
51,0
-90,2
-48,1
-41,3
32,0
-35,0
=
78,11
42,1
-51,0
=70
=70
=
60,1
=27,2
-67,0
=
36,10
=
29,12
-93,1
) (05,0
.
.
242
.
) :
2000(
.
) (05,0
.
.
) :
2000 2000 : :
1994 1992 :(
.
_
"
" .
243
)(ONE WAY ANOVA
) (1 ) (43
.
:
)(43
)=(400
229,1112
45,39808
9
68,39920
1
246,2337
13,24820
5
38,25054
2
176,1203
93,88455
7
11,88576
1
743,370
396
276,1005
)(
37,0
"
"
399
3
082,779
396
781,626
24,1
"
"
399
3
396
059,401
732,2233
18,0
"
"
399
)(
)
(
244
.
.
.
) 2000 :
1996 :(
.
) . 1998 :
1997 :( . (Freeman et al : 2000)
) :
1999 1998 :(
245
.
:
)(44
)=(400
997,2793
332,931
00,43290
0
00,43569
4
817,2081
0
62,43392
8
44,45473
9
858,176
852,4060
1
710,4077
8
272,531
478,1625
0
750,1678
1
895,1176
015,4372
3
910,4489
9
636,371
804,4692
6
440,4729
8
396
182,1093
)(
85,0
"
"
____
399
939,6936
3
396
779,1095
33,6
01,0
399
3
953,58
396
530,102
58,0
"
"
)_1 (7
)_7 (14
____
399
3
091,177
396
037,41
32,4
01,0
399
3
298,392
396
124,110
55,3
01,0
399
3
879,123
396
502,118
399
246
05,1
"
"
)_7 (14
)_1 (7
____
390,149
797,49
320,1591
5
710,1606
4
081,2249
396
190,40
88,13007
1
96,13232
0
160,1815
78,24185
4
94,24366
9
57,10885
5
6,557261
8
2,568147
4
24,1
"
"
____
399
3
694,749
396
464,328
28,2
"
"
____
399
3
053,505
396
744,610
99,0
"
"
____
399
190,36285
3
396
268,14072
399
58,2
05,0
)_7 (14
)(
)(
) (05,0 ) (01,0
)
(Scheffe )(45
.
)(45
)=(400
247
_1
7
=101
=61,104
_1 7
-68,1
_7 14
47,6
_14 21
*54,20
21 _
=44,14
_1 7
-5088,0
_7 14
2241,1
_14 21
9454,2
21 _
=97,32
_1 7
9810,0
_7 14
7969,2
_14 21
*3133,5
21 _
=40,461
_1 7
-7012,8
_7 14
4537,12
_14 21
00,43
21 _
* 05,0
_7
14
=144
=30,106
_14
21
=104
=14,98
21
_
=51
=08,84
15,8
*22,22
=94,14
07,14
=21,13
=49,11
7329,1
*5442,3
=06,32
7213,1
=16,30
=65,27
9060,1
4224,4
5164,2
=10,470
=94,448
1549,21
7051,51
5502,30
=
39,418
)_1 (7 )21_(
)_7 (14 )
21_(
)_1
(7 )_7 (14
)21_( .
.
248
.
) :
2000(
.
)_7 (14
)21_(
)_7
(14
)
21 _(
.
.
)_1
(7 )21_(
)_1 (7
)21_( .
249
) (
) ( .
)
(05,0
)_7 (14
.
:
)(46
)=(400
069,4
356,1
521,1483
396
590,1487
399
219,16
571,3426
396
790,3442
399
247,112
753,3763
396
000,3876
399
557,95
153,2403
396
710,2498
707,31
399
3
250
746,3
)(
36,0
"
"
____
406,5
653,8
63,0
"
"
416,37
504,9
94,3
01,0
852,31
069,6
25,5
001,0
569,10
95,2
05,0
____
) _14 21
(
) _7 14(
)_14
( 21
____
070,1421
396
778,1452
399
164,13
413,752
396
578,765
399
388,22
002,2100
396
390,2122
399
513,1
477,1714
396
990,1715
399
460,3
137,952
396
598,955
399
980,13
117,1180
396
098,1194
399
081,11
229,1321
396
310,1332
399
816,4
494,1633
396
310,1638
399
067,63
330,2400
396
397,2463
399
889,9
951,907
396
840,918
399
076,11
002,1161
396
078,1172
399
562,16
135,1166
396
698,1182
399
191,27
249,1811
396
440,1838
228,4
399
3
251
589,3
388,4
900,1
31,2
"
"
____
463,7
303,5
41,1
"
"
____
504,0
329,4
12,0
"
"
____
153,1
404,2
48,0
"
"
____
660,4
980,2
56,1
"
"
____
694,3
336,3
11,1
"
"
____
605,1
125,4
39,0
"
"
022,21
061,6
47,3
01,0
____
)
_1 (7
296,3
295,2
44,1
"
"
____
692,3
932,2
26,1
"
"
____
521,5
954,2
88,1
"
"
____
064,9
574,4
98,1
409,1
39,0
"
"
"
"
____
____
132,1426
396
360,1430
399
688,1589
35,123818
396
04,125408
399
080,509
397,30877
396
478,31386
399
731,503
37,226536
396
10,227040
399
601,3
896,529
673,312
70,1
"
"
____
693,169
973,77
18,2
"
"
____
910,167
062,572
29,0
"
"
____
)(
)( ) ) (01,0
(05,0
) (Scheffe
) (41 .
)(47
)=(400
_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _
_1 7
_7 14
_1
7
=101
_7
14
=144
_14
21
=104
21
_
=51
=86,2
=48,3
=23,4
=12,4
-6178,0
*3694,1-0
-2563,1
=06,3
-7516,0
-6385,0
=38,3
1131,0
=30,4
-3156,0
252
=00,4
_14 21
21 _
_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _
_1 7
_7 14
_14 21
21 _
*-2387,1
-9406,0
=27,1
*-9231,0
-6250,0
=72,1
2981,0
=98,1
-45,0
-71,0
-73,0
=24,3
-27,0
-28,0
=73,2
-92,1
=38,2
5085,0
8530,0
*2180,1
3446,0
7096,0
3650,0
* 05,0
=00,2
=02,2
)_1 (7
)_14 (21
)_14 (21
.
.
)_1 (7 )_14
(21
)_7 (14 )
_14 (21 .
)_14 (21
)_1 (7 )
_7 (14
253
.
) (05,0
)21_(
)
21_(
.
.
) :
2000(
.
.
)_1
(7 )21_(
) (
) ( .
254
:
_
"
)_(
). "(T.A.T
:
_ .
_ .
_ .
) _ (
) (364_126
:
255
228
)(1
" "
:
256
_ ) :.(
_ (42) : .
_ (3) :
_ : _
.
_ : .
:
_ :
.
_ : .
)
_ ) (
(
_ : .
_ :
)
_ ) (
(
_
:
) (15 .
_
:
) (7
.
_ :
) (
) (
) (
) (
_ ) (3) : (
257
55
:
_ (5000) :
:
) (
_ : )( ) (
) ( )(
) (
)(
_
:
) ( ) (
_ : ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
_ : ) (
) (
: ) (
:
_ (30) :
:
_ :
.
_ :
) (
) (
: )( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
258
:
_ (7) :
_ :
.
:
_
:
_ :
.
_ (8100) :
)( )( ) ( ) (
_ : .
_ : .
_ :
.
_ : .
_ :
.
_
:
)( ) (
_ :
.
:
_ :
_ :
.
259
_ : .
_ :
.
: )
( .
:
.
:
_ ) (165 ) (95
_ )
(
_ :
.
:
)(
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
)(
) (
)(
) (
)(
) (
)(
) (
260
) (
) (
:
) (
.
:
:
_ )
(126
) (405_54 .
_ )(574
) (925_185 .
261
_
) (84
)_ (223 .
_ :
) (T.A.T :
_
)(T.A.T
_ : )(1
"
" .
_
)
(
)
(
)
(
:
) . 1979 : (356
:
) . 1979 : . (356
: .
) 1979 : . (326
262
)
(
)
(
.
.
_ :
"
" .
)(2
_
)
(
)(
) (
(
)
263
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
) (
)(
)
(
)(
.
)(
.
)(3GF
_ :
)(4
: .
) 1979 : (211
264
"
" .
_
) (
) (
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
)(
) ( .
.
)(5
265
_ :
(6GF
"
" .
_
)(
)( )
(
) ( .
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)( )(
)(
.
.
)(7GF
_ :
266
)(8GF
"
" .
_
)(
)(
)(
)(
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
) (
)
( ) (
)(
) (
)
( .
)(9GF
267
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
) (
) (
) (
) (
)( .
.
)(10
_ :
)(11
"
" .
_
268
)( ) (
)(
) (
)
( .
.
_ :
(12F
"
" .
_
)( )
(
)(
) (
.
269
.
_ :
(13MF
"
" .
_
)(
) (
)(
) ( .
)( .
_ :
)(14
"
" .
_
)(
)(
) (
)
( .
270
.
_ :
)(15
"
" .
_
)(
)
( .
.
_ :
)(16
"
" .
_
: ) . 1979 : (314
271
) (
)(
) (
) (
(
)
.
.
_ :
)(17GF
"
" .
_
) (
)(
: .
) 1982 : (113
:
:
: ) . 1982 : (114
272
)(
)
(
.
.
_ :
)(18GF
"
" .
_
)( )(
)(
.
.
_ :
)(19
"
273
" .
_
) (
) (
) ( .
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
) ( .
)(20
: ) . 1982 :
(160
274
.
_
_
.
_ .
_
)( .
_
.
_
.
_ .
_
.
_ .
_
.
) (84
) (14
.
:
_
.
_ .
_ .
275
_
.
_
.
)(2
" "
:
_ ) :.(
_ (44) : .
_ (2) :
276
_ : .
_ : .
:
_ : .
_ : .
)
_ ) (
(
_ : .
_ :
)
_ ) (
(
_
:
.
_
:
.
_ :
)(
) (
) (
) (
_ ) (5) :
(
64
38
277
50
65
:
_ (10000) :
:
) (
_ : )( ) (
) ( )(
) (
)(
_
:
) ( )(
_ : ) (
)(
)( ) (
) (
_ : )(
) (
: ) (
:
_ (20) :
:
_ :
.
_ :
) (
) (
: )( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
:
_ (7) :
_ :
.
278
:
_
: .
_ :
.
_ (13000) :
)( )( ) ( ) (
_ : .
_ : .
_ : .
_ :
.
_ :
.
_
:
)( ) (
_ :
.
:
_ :
_ : .
_ : .
_ : .
: )
( .
: .
:
_ ) (160 ) (75
279
_ ) (
_ :
.
:
) (
) (
) (
)(
)
) (
(
) (
) (
) (
)(
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
:
) (
280
.
:
:
_ )
(364
) (405_54 .
_ )(460
) (925_185 .
_
) (36
)_ (223 .
_ :
) (T.A.T :_
)(T.A.T
_ : )(1
"
" .
_
) (
.
281
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
) (
) (
) (
.
.
)(2
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
)(3GF
282
)
( )
(
)
(
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)
( ) (
) (
) (
)(4
283
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
) (
) (
) (
)( .
.
)(5
_ :
(6GF
284
"
" .
_
)(
)( )( )(
)( )(
)(
) (
)
(
) ( .
) ( .
_ :
"
" .
_
)(
)(
)(7GF
285
)(
.
.
_ :
"
" .
) )8GF
_
)( )(
)(
) (
)
( .
.
_ :
))9GF
: ) . 1982 : (154
286
"
" .
_
)(
) (
)( ) (
) (
) ( .
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)( ) (
.
)(10
287
.
_ :
)(11
"
" .
_
)(
) (
) (
.
.
_ :
(12F
"
" .
_
)(
288
)(
)(
)(
)
( .
.
_ :
(13MF
"
" .
_
) (
)(
) (
) ( .
.
289
_ :
)(14
"
" .
_
) (
)( ) (
) ( .
.
_ :
)(15
"
" .
_
) (
)(
290
)
( .
.
_ :
)(16
"
" .
_
)
( .
.
_ :
)(17GF
"
" .
_
291
.
.
_ :
)(18GF
"
"
.
_
) (
)(
)(
) (
) (
)
(
.
.
_ :
)(19
292
"
" .
_
) (
)(
.
.
_ :
"
" .
_
)
(
) (
(
)
.
.
)(20
293
_
_ .
_ .
_
)( .
_ .
_
.
_
.
_ .
) (36
) (14
.
:
_ .
_ .
_
.
_
.
_
.
294
" "
"
"
:
:
:
:
:
295
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
_5
.
_6
.
_7 .
_8
.
_9
.
_10
.
296
:
_1
.
_2
.
_3
.
.4
.
_5
.
:
_1
:
.
:
297
.
:
.
:
)_(
. ((T.A.T
:
.
298
:
:
)( t . test
.
:
) (400
)
(
) (45_30
.
_1 :
:
_ ._ .
_ .
_
_ .
_ .
.
_ .
_ .
299
_2
.
_3
.
_4
.
_5
.
_6
.
_7
)
(
300
.
_8
.
_9
)
(
.
301
302
303
except for the items of inadequacy, depression, and the total score
of the measures of emotional states.
The Most Important Recommendations :
1- Emphasizing the important role of social support for the
working married woman in alleviating psychological stresses and
psychosomatic disorders.
2- Enhancing the effective role of social support for the working
married woman on the part of the husband, the family and the
friends to enable her to lead a more effective life.
3- Providing psychosocial services for the working married
woman in her capacity as an important and effective part of
society.
4- The medical and psychological scientific societies should
cooperate to provide psychosocial services for the working
married woman .
5- Paying attention to the psychological orientation for the
working married woman and those around her, particularly the
husband and children .
6- The importance of providing a female religious guide at
womens working places to enhance the religious sense of these
women and instill into them a feeling of faith in Gods dictates.
7- The woman should be able to recognize the types of stress that
she undergoes and how much they affect her. This would make
her more able to control and relieve their subsequent effects.
8- The importance of satisfaction, loyalty and interest on the part
of the woman towards her work .
9- Extending the maternity leave given to the working married
woman .
10- The working married woman should be able to cope with the
problems and crises of life and find suitable solutions for them .
11- Enhancing the womans self-confidence and self-control in
periods of psychological stress to be able to reach suitable
decisions and solutions which may relieve and minimize such
stresses .
12- Naming reasonable goals and ambitions that suit the working
married womans abilities so that she may not get disappointed if
they happen to fail.
306
""
307
:
:
:
_1
_2 )1992(
.
. ) . (1 :
. 204_187
_3 )1998( .
: .
1982) ______ _4( .
. 6 : .
_5 )1993( .
: .
_6 )1993( .
. ) . (175 :
.
_7 )1997(
. . )
. (25 ) (2 . 207_177
_8 )2001(
.
. .
308
. : . _13
. 35
_9 )1996(
.
) ( . :
. .
.
_10 )1997(
. . 3 : .
_11 )1989(
.
. ) : (9 .
. . 43_29
1994) ________ _12(
_
.
. ) . (8 :
. . 88_ 47
_13 )1998(
) . (8 ) . (2 :
) ( .
. 192_153
_14 )1993(
. . ) . (11 :
. . 47_35
_15 )1994(
.
309
) ( . :
. . .
_16 )1999(
. ) ( . :
. .
_17 )1994(
. ) . (1
" "
) . (2 . 681_657
_18 )1994(
.
. : .
_19 )1996(
. . )
. (39 ) . (10 :
. . 59_44
_20 )1979(
. . :
.
_21 )1998(
. : .
2002) ______ _22(
) _( . ) . (1 . 1 :
.
_23 )1997(
.
310
) ( :
. .
_24 )1999(
. . ) . (3 )
. (23 . :
. . 160_127
_25 )1990(
.
) ( : .
. . .
_26 )1997(
.
) ( : .
. .
_27 )1995(
. .
) . (5 ) . (2 :
)( _345
. 372
_28 )1988(
:
. . ). (13
) . (1 : . _1
. 104
_29 )2000(
.
. ) . (10 )
311
. (26 :
. . 160_117
_30 )1994(
:
. .1 :
.
_31 )1997(
. / :
.
)2000(
___________
_32
. . 1 / :
.
_33 )2000(
.
) ( . :
. .
_34 )1992(
. .1 : .
_35 )1984(
. : .
_36 )1998(
. :
.
_37 )1997(
. . ). (7
) . (2 :
)( . . 232_201
312
_43 )1996( :
. .
_44 )1997(
_ . . )
. (43 : .
. 49_30
_45 )1997(
.
. ) . (7 ) . (16 :
.
. 184_155
_46 )1991(
. . 1 :
.
_47 )1984(
.
. 1
/ : .
2000) ______ _48( _
" " . .1 : .
_49 )1995(
. ) ( .
: . .
.
_50 )1994(
. . ). (5
) . (3 : . . 127_95
314
_51 )1985( .
) . (1
. : .
_52 )1991(
) ( .
. :
)( . . 197_177
_53 )1997(
.
) . (4 .
: . ) . (1 _85
. 141
_54 )1994(
. . 1 :
.
_55 )1996( /
.
. ) . (37 ) . (10 :
. . 119_92
_56 )1999(
. ) . (1 ) . (2
: .
_57 )2001(
) 1986(
. :
.
315
)1994(
_________
_58
. . 2
: .
_59 )1979(
. . 4 : .
_60 )1991(
. . ). (8
) . (1 :
)( . . 496 _ 475
_61 )2001(
.
. ) . (14 :
. . 117_ 81
_62 )1998(
. .
. ) . (12
) . (1 : . . 492_461
_63 )1982( . . 6
: .
_64 )1997(
. .
) . (25 ) . (2 :
. . 231_203
_65 )1999(
_ _
. : .
316
_66 )2000(
. . 1 : .
_67 )1995(
. ) . (2
.
. . . 513_473
_68 )1994(
. ) ( . :
. . .
_69 )1994(
. .
) . (48 . . 209 _170
)1999(
______ _70
.
. ) . (15 . _195
. 227
317
:
71_ Bem A. (1990) personality . Social and biological
perspectives on personal adjustment brooks Cole publishing
U.S.A .
72_ Brelm S. & Kassin S. (1990) social psychology Houghton
Mifflin company . Boston .
73 _Buunk B. & Hoorens V. (1992) social support and stress : the
roal of social comparison and social exchange processes . British
journal of clinical psychology . Vol (31) pp 445 _457 .
74_ Buunk et al (1990) upward and downward comparisons :
either direction has its ups and down . Journal of personality and
social psychology . Vol (59) pp 1238_1249 .
75_ Caplan G. (1981) mastery of stress : psychosocial aspects .
American journal of psychiatry (138) pp 413 _420 .
76_ Charles H. & Rudolph M. (1981) social support and
psychology distress : a longitudinal analysis journal of abnormal
psychology . Vol (90) pp 365_370 .
77_ Charles H. & Rudolph M. (1991) life stressors , personal and
social resources . And depression : a 4years structural model .
Journal of abnormal psychology . Vol (100) . No (1) pp 31_38 .
78_ Cohen et al (1999) the role of psychological characteristics in
the relation between socioeconomic status and perceived health .
Journal of applied social psychology . Vol (29) . No (3) pp 445_46
.
79_ Cohen et al (1990) the role of coping in support provision :
the self presentational dilemma of victims of life crises . In : i.g.
Sarason et al (Eds) social support : an interact ional view . New
York . Wiley pp 397_ 426 .
80_ Davison et al (1978) abnormal psychology . John wily
publisher . New York .
81_ Dianne D. (2000) psychological stress and social support
networks : an analysis of mother and father of childhood cancer
survivors . Dissertation abstracts international : section b : the
science & engineering . Vol (60) . No (7-b) pp 200_21 .
318
321