QUN L AN TON SC KHE & MI TRNG

TRONG CNG NGHIP DU KH

Gio vin chnh:

TS V Cng Thng
thangvc@pvu.edu.vn

Tr ging:
S tn ch: 3
An ton sc khe (21 tit)
Mi trng (20 tit)
Tho lun (3 tit)
Kim tra (1 tit)

QUN L AN TON SC KHE & MI TRNG

TRONG CNG NGHIP DU KH
Gio trnh
V Thi Trang (2002), K thut an ton v v sinh lao ng
ngnh a cht Du kh - Thi V Trang - NXB i hc
Quc gia TPHCM.
C.Ray Asfalh, David W Rieske (2009), Industrial safety and
health management, 6th Edition C.Ray Asfalh, David W
Rieske Prentice Hall.
DNV (2010), Modern safety and loss control management.

QUN L AN TON SC KHE & MI TRNG

TRONG CNG NGHIP DU KH
Tham kho

Qui phm an ton trong vic thm d v khai thc cc m du

kh thm lc a Lin x - Matscva Nedra, 1990.

Paul A. Ericson (1996), Practical guide to occupational health

and safety Academic Press.
OSHA (2000), Process safety management

Lut bo v mi trng ca Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam (2005)

BTNMT (2011), Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT, qui nh v

qun l cht thi nguy hi

V Trung Tng (2004), Sinh hc v sinh thi bin,

NXBHQGHN.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.1 NH NGHA AN TON

An ton l iu kin con ngi, sinh vt, cng trnh

c bo v hay trnh c nhng mi nguy him, ri
ro hay thng vong (iu kin)
An ton l tnh trng khng b h hi, thng vong hay
nguy him (hu qu)
An ton l tnh trng kim sot c mc thit hi
(sc khe, nhn mng, ti sn, mi trng) gy ra t
s c, tai nn (qun l)

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2 AN TON V SC KHE NGI LAO NG

(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH)

Mc ch:
An ton sc khe ngi lao ng c mc ch ci thin v
duy tr tt nht sc lc, tinh thn v cuc sng trong x hi
ca ngi lao ng tt c cc v tr, ngn nga tnh trng
mt sc khe do iu kin lm vic ca h, bo v ngi
lao ng trnh nhng ri ro do nhng yu t nh hng
xu n sc khe, bo m, duy tr mi trng lm vic
ph hp vi sc lc v tinh thn ca ngi lao ng, tm
li phi bo m cng vic ph hp vi ngi lao ng v
ngi lao ng ph hp vi cng vic ca mnh (T chc
Y t Th gii - WHO).

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2 AN TON V SC KHE NGI LAO NG

(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH)
Cc mc tiu c th:
Duy tr v ci thin sc khe v kh nng lm vic ca ngi
lao ng

Ci thin cng vic v mi trng lm vic bo m sc

khe v an ton ngi lao ng
Pht trin cc t chc n v s dng ngi lao ng v vn
ha lm vic theo hng h tr sc khe v an ton trong qu
trnh lm vic, to mi trng x hi tch cc, cc hot ng
thn thin nhm tng nng sut lm vic, phi c th hin
trong thc t, trong cc h thng qun l, trong chnh sch
nhn s, trong cc nguyn tc cho nhng bn tham d, trong
chnh sch o to v qun l cht lng lm vic.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
Cc mi nguy vt l l nguyn nhn ph bin gy thng
vong trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip nht l cc ngnh xy
dng v khai thc m.
Ng
Nguyn nhn ph bin nht gy thng tt, t vong, c
bit trong xy dng, khai thc m, vn ti, bo tr v sa
cha nh Ngi lao ng b ng ri do trn trt, tm
quan st b hn ch, b va ng, rung git

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
Tia cc tm, tia X, phng x
Tia cc tm c nhiu trong nh la hn, trong nh nng mt tri vo
ban tra. Th hn, cng nhn lm vic ngoi tri, nu khng eo
knh v qun o bo h mt,da c th b tn thng nghim trng.
Tia X bc sng ngn hn tia t ngoi, c kh nng xuyn qua nhiu
vt cht nn thng c dng trong chp nh y t, nghin cu tinh
th, kim tra hnh l hnh khch trong ngnh hng khng. Tuy nhin
tia X c kh nng gy ion ha hoc cc phn ng c th nguy him
cho sc khe con ngi, do bc sng, cng v thi gian
chp nh y t lun c iu chnh cn thn trnh tc hi cho sc
khe.
Cc cht phng x (urani, radi, poloni) pht ra cc tia phng x
nguy him cho cn ngi, sinh vt Ngi phi nhim c th mc b
tn thng da, mt, ung th c th t vong trong thi gian ngn
nu phi nhim nghim trng.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
My c kh
My mc c s dng ph bin v ngy cng nhiu trong nhiu ngnh
cng nghip nh l ch to, khai thc m, xy dng, nng nghip
Nhng my mc ny c th gy nguy him cho cng nhn. Trong khi
hot ng, c nhiu chi tit, b phn chuyn ng c cnh sc, b mt
nng v nhiu nguy him tim tng khc c th nghin nt, ct t, m
thng, gy thng tt thm ch t vong cho ngi lm vic trong khu
vc. ph bin l ngi lao ng b trt, ng, c th ln cc vt sc,
nhn, dn n thng tt, t vong. Trong lnh vc vn ti, c nhiu ri
ro cho ngi li nh chn ng, ngi nhiu, cng thng, kit sc. Nhiu
li xe b cht do nhng khuyt tt nghim trng ca xe. Thi gian xa nh
di ngy d lm li xe mc phi nhng t nn x hi nh nghin ht,
tim trch, bnh x hi. Theo y ban Thng k Lao ng Hoa K, nm
2008, my mc gy nn 64.170 trng hp phi ngh nh trong
hn phi ngh hn 31 ngy, hn 600 trng hp c t vong.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
Khng gian hn ch (Confined space)
Lm vic trong khng gian hn ch l c th ca nhiu ngnh cng
nghip nh khai thc du kh ngoi khi, tu thuyn Khng gian hn
ch c hiu l vng lm vic b hn ch bi li vo v ra, khng th
thng gi mt cch t nhin, ngi lao ng khng th lm vic lin tc
ti v d nh cc tank cha hng, khoang hng ca tu, cng thot
nc, cc ng ng dn du, kh, nc Khng gian hn ch khng
ch tim n nhng nguy him cho ngi lao ng m cn cho c nhng
ngi vo cu h trong trng hp b nn.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
n
Mi nguy kh ph bin trong khng gian lm vic. Ngi lao ng b
ic l loi tn thng ph bin nht Hoa K. Vi 22 tr. ngi phi
lm vic trong iu kin n mc nguy him, hng nm Chnh ph M
phi chi c khong 242 tr. USD cho nhng ngi b ic do ngh
nghip.
Ngoi ting n, cc tc nhn khc nh cc dung mi thm, cc kim loi
(Ch, arsen, thy ngn) cng c th gy bnh ic cho ngi lao
ng.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
Nhit lm vic khc nghit
Nhit lm vic khc nghit cng gy nhiu nguy him cho ngi lao
ng. Nu qu nng, ngi lao ng c th b sc nhit, kit sc, chut
rt, mn nga, bng da Nhit cao cng khin knh bo h b m
bi m hi thot ra khin quan st ca ngi lao ng b hn ch, hnh
ng khng chnh xc Mt nc khin ngi lao ng d mt sc lm
vic.
Lm vic trong iu kin qu lnh cng tim n nhiu ri ro. Ngi lao
ng c th b mt thn nhit, hoi t v t cng, bt da, pht cc tay
chn

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v vt l v c hc
Rung ng
C 2 dng phi nhim vi rung ng: c c th ( t, my ko, my xy
dng) hay ch cnh tay (s dng my m, my khoan ) Nhng
ngi ny c th d b au lng, cc ngn tay ngn chn c th b au
trng din, gim kh nng cm nm, cm gic, bc mu.
nh sng
Thiu hay tha nh sng, tn s ngun sng khng ph hp c th gy
nhiu ri ro cho ngi lao ng do lm gim kh nng quan st, mt c th
b tn hi (gim tinh t, kh nng nhn bit mu, tng phn), b ri
lon nhp sinh hc, mt ng
p sut khng kh
Cc cht kh nm trong d dy - rut s gin n khi p sut kh quyn gim,
khin cc c b cng ln, n km ngon, qu trnh tiu ha b ri lon. Ngoi
ra, khi p sut kh quyn gim, c honh b nng ln cao, gy kh th v
nh hng ti hot ng tim mch. Ngi gi, bnh nhn lao, x va ng
mch... nhy cm hn vi s dao ng kh p

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v sinh hc (Biological hazards)

Vi khun
i khi cn gi l vi trng (vi khun c hi), l cc sinh vt n bo, kch
thc nh 0,5-5,0 m, ng o nht trong sinh gii, hin din trong mi
trng t, nc, khng kh, sng theo cch cng sinh vi cc sinh vt
khc. Vi khun c th c ch hoc c hi. Vi khun l tc nhn gy cc
bnh un vn, thng hn, lao, nhim trng mu theo cc c thc
phm, h hp, qua da, qua cc vt tn thng Nu khng c cc bin
php v sinh hiu qu c th xy ra cc trng hp ng c thc phm
tp th, dch bnh cc khu vc cng nghip.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v sinh hc (Biological hazards)

Virus
Cn gi l siu vi, siu vi trng, l mt dng sng (mang vt cht di
truyn, sinh sn, tin ha) nhng cha c cu trc t bo, kch thc
nh hn vi khun (20-400 nm) khng th quan st bng knh hin vi
quang hc thng thng. Virus c th gy nhng dch bnh nghim
trng cho ngi ng vt siu vi gan B, HIV, cm g
Nm mc
Sinh vt t dng, n bo hay a bo, sng trong t, cht mn, xc sinh
vt cht, cng sinh hay k sinh trn c th sng. Mt s loi nm mc c
cha c t, c th gy dch bnh cho ngi (hc lo, nm chn, vim
mng no, vim phi), ng vt, cy trng. Nm thng gy cc bnh c
hi i vi nhng ngi suy gim h min dch khi (HIV/AID).

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v ha cht (Chemical hazards)

Cc cht c nguy c chy n
Cc loi nhin liu nh xng, DO, FO, cc loi dung mi c th r r
pht tn trong khng kh, to thnh hn hp n, khi gp cc mi la
(hn, bt dim) c kh nng bt chy, gy n.
Cc kim loi nng
Bao gm cc nguyn t nh Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr. Nhng kim loi ny
khi b nhim, c th rt kh o thi khi c th, l ngun gc c th gy
bnh ung th.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v ha cht (Chemical hazards)

Cc hydrocarbon thm
Cc hydrocarbon thm v dn xut n vng (benzene, toluene) v a
vng (2-6 vng) thng c c tnh cao c kh nng gy tn thng
cp tnh hoc nhng bnh mn tnh, ung th
Cc vt liu dng ht bn, siu mn
Cc vt liu dng ht mn nh bi silica, bi amiang khi ht th phi
s nm li rt lu trong phi gy bnh silica hay ung th phi. Theo
thng k mi nht (2010) ca B Y t (Vit Nam), c 11.000 ngi lm
vic lin quan n amiang. Trong cc bnh lin quan n amiang, 76%
bnh nhn b ung th phi, 12% ung th kh qun v 10% ung th biu
m, thi gian bnh ko di 20-30 nm.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v tm l x hi (Psychosocial hazards)

Cc mi nguy v tm l x hi c lin quan nhiu ti cch xy dng, t
chc, qun l cng vic cng nh bi cnh kinh t, x hi lin quan. Cc
ri ro v tm l x hi c th l hu qu ca p lc cng vic, ca bo
lc ni lm vic, c nhn nhn nh l nhng thch thc ln, c tnh
quc t i vi vic bo m an ton v sc khe ca ngi lao ng.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.1 CC MI NGUY TRONG QU TRNH LAO NG

Cc mi nguy v tm l x hi (Psychosocial hazards)

Theo kho st ca C quan Chu u v An ton v Sc khe Ngi
Lao ng, nhng ri ro tm thn ln nht m ngi lao ng phi i
mt bao gm:
Hp ng lao ng tm thi
Tnh d tn thng ca ngi
lao ng gia tng theo qu
trnh ton cu ha
Cc dng hp ng lao ng
mi bt li cho ngi lao ng
Cng vic bp bnh
Lc lng lao ng b gi ha

Gi lm vic ko di
Mc cng thng trong cng
vic
Sn xut nh n, s dng
ngun lc bn ngoi
Cng vic yu cu biu l tnh
cm cao
Khng cn bng c gia
cng vic v cuc sng.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.2 AN TON SC KHE NGI LAO NG TRONG MT

S NGNH CNG NGHIP
c th ca mi ngnh cng nghip s dn n tnh c th v ri ro m
ngi lao ng phi i mt.
Ti Hoa K, trong thi gian t 1992 n 2006, t l ngi cht do cng
vic trung bnh l 6010 ngi/nm
Theo y ban Thng k Lao ng ca Hoa K, nhng ngnh m ngi
lao ng phi chu nhiu ri ro gm:
1.
2.
3.
4.

nh c
Khai thc g
Phi cng
Luyn kim

5. Nng nghip
6. Khai khong
7. Vn ti

Thng k s ngi b cht khi ang lm vic

cc ngh khc nhau trong nm 2006 ti Hoa K

S ngi cht
1200

S ngi cht/100000 l.ng

160

140
1000
120
800
100

600

80

60

400
40
200

20

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.2 AN TON SC KHE NGI LAO NG TRONG MT

S NGNH CNG NGHIP

Xy dng
Xy dng l ngh nguy him nht, c
nhiu ngi cht nht c ghi nhn
c Hoa K v Chu u. T l t
vong trong xy dng cao gp 3 ln
cc ngnh ngh khc. Ng l nguyn
nhn gy t vong hay b thng cao
nht. Vit Nam, tnh trng tng
t.
Ngoi c th lm vic trn cao, cc
yu t khc cng nh hng ng k
nh mc cao v t l cng nhn
lm vic thi v, t kinh nghim, phi
nhim cc mi nguy v ha cht, vt
l, nghin thuc, lm vic ngoi tri

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.2 AN TON SC KHE NGI LAO NG TRONG MT

S NGNH CNG NGHIP

Nng nghip
Ngi lm ngh nng d b
thng tt trong s dng nng c
nht l nhng my nng nghip,
b bnh da do lm vic ngoi tri,
ung th do tip xc vi thuc bo
v thc vt Ri ro cao hn khi
tham gia sn xut cn c tr em
v ngi gi ht tui lao ng.
Vo thi im thu hoch, nng
dn thng lm vic nhiu gi
trong ngy trong di nng,
khng c phng tin bo h cn
thit.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.2 AN TON SC KHE NGI LAO NG TRONG MT

S NGNH CNG NGHIP

Dch v
Mc d cng vic trong lnh
vc ny phn ln l ngi trong
vn phng, nhng ngi lao
ng cng phi chu ng p
lc cng vic, p buc lm
qu sc, lm qu thi gian.

1. QUN L AN TON & SC KHE NGI LAO NG

1.2.2 AN TON SC KHE NGI LAO NG TRONG MT

S NGNH CNG NGHIP

Khai khong
Bao gm khai thc cc
khong sn nh than, st, du
kh Hu ht cc v tr lm
vic trong ngnh ny u
nguy him, mi trng khc
nghit, phi tip xc vi cc
ha cht c hi, lm vic
nhiu gi trong mt ngy, c
th phi lm vic ngoi khi,
trong iu kin ma gi, di
chuyn bng cc phng tin
c ri ro cao (trc thng,
tu)