7 THE ULTIMATE RESISTANCE OF RIGID PILES AGAINST TRANSVERSAL FOCRES by J. Brinch Hansen, Professor, dr. techn., DGI. 1. Introduction As shown in fig. 1 we consider a vertical pile with a cross section B XL and a driving’ depth Dj. It is subjected to a horizontal force H (perpendicular to the sides with width B) acting at a height A above the ground surface. ‘The ground surface may be loaded with a surcharge P (corresponding f. inst. to the effective weight of a Fig. L Sketch of ple mud layer). The soil proper has a cohesion c and a friction angle q. The effective unit weight is » above the ground water table and 7’ below, At an arbitrary depth D below the ground surface the effective overburden pressure is (see fig. 1): G=p+rDat7'D, a) We assume now that the pile is made so strong that no yield hinge can develop in it. In the state of failure it can therefore — elastic deformations being disregarded in this connection — be assumed to rotate as a rigid body about @ point at a depth D, below the ground surface. Above the rotation centre passive earth pressures will act on the right side of the pile and active on the left. Below the rotation centre the situation is reversed. For the resultant (passive minus active) pressure per unit front area of the pile at the depth D we can write the general expression: © = qGKR ick? (2) ‘The corresponding pressure per unit length of the pile in fig. 1 is Be? . For a ctoss section of another shape an “equivalent” width B must be estimated or = better fixed by means of comparative model tests. In the case of a group of parallel piles (fig. 2) B is to be interpreted as the width of the group perpendi: cular to the direction of the force H. Fig. 2. Group of pasalel piles.2. Pressure at ground surface For D = 0 we must have ordinary passive and ac- tive earth pressures on the pile, corresponding to the usual plane case ef aqki cK: 2) For K% we insert here the difference between the passive and active coefficients, corresponding to rough wall which is being translated horizontally [1, 2,34: Ki -e elt t $9) 896 cos tan (45° +3) 51-9) 480 cos g tan (45°49) a) As regards K® we disregard — on the safe side ~ the corresponding active pressure-term, because it might lead to negative earth pressures on the active side the pile, For the passive pressure-term alone we get: Ki = [e719 894 cospptan (45° +49) -t]cot p(9) Carves for K2 and KY are indicated in fig. 3 a oF tee ae ase ae Fig. 4 Earth pressure coefficients at ground surface (0) and at areath depth (2) 3. Pressure at moderate depth In order to find the increase of the earth pressure with depth (for reasonably small depths) we consider the simplest possible case, viz. the passive Rankine state (fig. 4). Fig. 4. Earth wedge in the Rankine ease ‘We assume here that the earth wedge is bounded by two vertical planes (distance B), and that in these 6 planes shearing forces develop, corresponding to a nor- ral pressure equal tothe earth pressure at rest (QK,) ‘The shearing stress at a depth D below the surface wil then be: react (yD+p) Ko tang (6) We consider now a strip of earth with a width B and a height 4D, bounded by two failure planes (fig. 4). We assume that the direction of the failure planes is the same as in the plane case: this is sufficient- ly correct for reasonably small depths. Projecting all acting forces on a plane making the angle with the failure plane we get then an equation, which can be brought on the following form: : vast sy) 'y BD . 2Kosing ptant (45°39) (le a Thal fy BD. Kosinw Oe ee yal +p 2ctan (45° hy) [12 B- asin 45°-+49)] + 7Dtan? (45° > 59) ‘This equation has been developed for a smooth wall, but as an approximation we shall use the factors in thekets for our rough wall too, and apply them to the sultant (passive minus active) pressures. Moreover, as the surface load p is usually small, we shall for the sake of simplicity ~ and on the safe side — use the ‘rfactor for p instead of the p-factor. Thus we get: (8) 4. Pressure at great depth At great depths the rupture-lines will not go up to the ground surface any more, but will instead go horizontally atound the pile [2, 3, 4]. We have then again a plane case of failure, but the planes ate now horizontal. In order to calculate the corresponding passive pres- sure on the pile we shall consider the somewhat similar case of a deep strip foundation, In a recent paper [5] the author has proposed the following formulas for this case: b= 7BNydy+ (c+ qtag)Nede+q (9) By 06 , a =14o3s:(3+ 95] (10) If these formulas shall be applied to the passive pressure on our pile at great depths, the following changes must be made, The first and the last term in (9) are left out, and the effective vertical pressure (4) 5. Pressure at ‘We need now two general formulas for the con- stants KP and KP to be inserted in equation (2) in 80 m ao g @ au x 363, 0 ee 17 2 6 3 ast § 3 20 3 0 2 16 198 2 i : oe i in 06 == D % Tiger dbrys0e tl B mo 5 10 15 2 Fig. 5. Earth pressure coefficient for overburden pressure in the second term is substituted by the horizontal pres- sure at rest (GK). Finally, in (10) we can put D= o. ‘Thus we get (c-£ GK tang) Ned? = KE 4+eK2 (1) 1.58 + 4.09 tant (22) Ne is the usual bearing capacity factor, for which the following formula is valid [2, 3, 5} Ne =[e* #96 tant (45° + 4g) -1cot@ (13) For K, the following formula has been proposed {6} K, = 1-sing (14) The constants K? and K% can now be calculated: Ki = Ned? (15) Kp =K?-K,tang=Nd?K.tang (16) Curves for K? and Kare indicated in fig. 3. arbitrary depth order to givé us the pressure eD at an arbitrary depth 9 200 160 a te fe He ® & ou @ 30 368 » us ie v8 2 fe % woe 2 a § $ i a 2 Fig. 6, Earth pressuse coefficient for cohesionFor D0 we must require that K°— Ke, and for D-— @ that KP — K®. Also, for moderate depths, the increase of the constants with depth should be expressed by the brackets in equation (8). The simplest empirical formulas, which fulfil all the above re quirements, are the following: In fig, 5 and 6 are given curves for KP and KP re- spectively as functions of g and D:B, These curves, together with the simple formula (2), enable a direct and quick determination of the horizontal pressures on the pile. The values at the arrows (right) corsespond tD== 6. Calculation of a pile Usually the height A of the force H above ground level will be given. If the driving depth D,, is also given, the two unknown quantities are the depth D, of the rotation centre and the ultimate value of the force HL They are determined by means of the two equili- brium conditions (horizontal projection and moment ‘equation). First, D, is fixed by trial in such a way, that the two pressure areas will give equal moments about the line of the force H. Then, this force is found as the difference between the two pressure areas (fig. 7) ‘When the pile should be designed to resist a given force H, the unknown quantities are the driving depth Dj, and the depth D, of the rotation centre. B must be estimated in advance, The necessary safety can be introduced in the design either by multiplying the force H by a “total” safety factor F, or by applying “partial” coefficients of safety to H, g and c [2, 3, 7, 8]. In the latter case the calculation is made with the “nominal” quantities: H,=H-fy=H (ay) (22) (23) ‘The calculation now proceeds in the following way. First, the depth Dg, at which the transversal force is ero, ie. where the maximum moment occurs, is de- termined by the condition that the pressure azea above this point should be equal to H,. The moment M, at this point is then calculated, and for this the cross section of the pile should be designed with nominal stresses in the material. Finally, the driving depth and the rotation centre are fixed — by trial — in such a way that the tsvo additional pressure areas are numerically equal and give a moment equal to My Tf we have laycred earth with different values of 7, cand @ in the different layers, q is always found from (1), but in each layer the pertaining values of ¢ and p ace used for the calatlation of the pressures in this layer. 8 ‘When the effective shear strength parameters ¢ and @ are used in the calculation, this corresponds to the long-term resistance. For the determination of the short-term resistance, which will develop under im- pact forces, the undrained parameters @ = 0° and ¢ = G,must be used in fully saturated layers of clay or sit. Tn sand layers the excess pore pressures dissipate usu ally so quickly, that — even for impact forces ~ only the ordinary (long-term) parameters should be con- sidered [2, 3, 9] Fig. 7, Earth pressure diagram for pile7. Exai ‘We shall here consider the following example of a pile in gravel (fig. 8), which has been treated pre- viously by H, Blum [10]; 0m B=13m Dp LOtim? — g = 35° c=0 For g = 35° we find by means of fig. 5 the follow- ing results at 6 equally spaced points of the driving 54m depth: D 0 108 216 3.24 432 5.40 D:B 0-083 1.66 2.49 3.32 4.15 70.86 99 112 123 133 yDBK, 0 12 28 47 69 93 ‘The corresponding pressure diagram is shown in fig, 8. We try first the lowest fifth point as a possible « rotation centre, The moment equation about the force line gives then: AM = 12: 1.08 - 6.08 + 28 1.08-7.16 + AT 1.08 -8.24 + 69° 0.54-8.96 - 69 + 0.54 -9.68-93 0.54 10.04 = 79 + 217 + 418 + 334-361-504 = 1048 — 865 = 183 tm The rotation centre should then be raised about: 014m At this point we find D = 4.18 m, D :B = 3.22, K, = 12.2 andy’ DBK, = 66 t/m?. Consequently, a more accurate value of A is: 183 oF. 25, The ultimate value of the force H is then: 2+ 1.08 + 28+ 1.08 + 47° 1.08 =93°0.54— 2° 67.50.1467 = 13.0 + 30.2 + 50.8-50.2-19.8 = 24.08 For comparison it can be mentioned that Blum finds H = 27¢ in this case, dh = = 0.147 m H mple ig. 8. Example of pile calculation References J. Brinch Hansen: Earth pressure calculation, Teknik Forlag, Copenhagen 1953. H. Lundgren and J. Brinch Hansea: Geoteknik. Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen 1958, fprobleme der Bodenmechanik. Springer-Verlag, J, Brinch Hansen: The stabilizing effect of piles in clay. CN-Post No. 3, Nov. 1948, bearing capacity. Ingenioren, International Edi- rut, Bulletin No. 11, Copenhagen 1961 ‘A.W. Bishop: Test requirements for measuring the coefficient of earth pressure at rest. Proc. 1958. J. Brinch Hansen: Brudstadieberegning og partalsikkerheder i geotekniklcen, Ingenioren, 11-5- ‘No. 1, Copenhagen 1956. 5 Sichesheitsgrades im Erd- und Grundbau. Baw: iningsstyrke, Korttids- og langtidsstabiltet. Inge- sioren, 15-6-1958 and Geoteknisk Tostitut, Bulletin No, 5, Copenhagen 1958, uy ph DB} J. Brinch Hansen and H. Lundgren: Haup Berlin 1960 io [5] J. Brinch Hansen: A general formula for tion, June 1961 and. Geoteknise Tastt iat Conf. Earth Pressures, Vol. I, Bruseels vn 1956 and Geoteknisk Insist, Bulletin (6). J. Brioch Hansen: Definition und Grésse des ingenieur 1959, Heft 3. [9]. J. Brinch Hansen: Om jordarternes forsky 110, H, Blum: Wirtschaftliche Dalbenformen und deren Berechoung. Bautechnik 1932, Heft 5