SIEMENS Perfect coordination leads to flawless performance. The Siemens switchgear range Reliable protection Convenience to panel builders Each component is so designed The wide range facilitates easy that its individual characteristic is _selection of pre-engineered others. Perfect for Indian conditions Various combinations have actually been tried and tested to suit Indian Siemens Limited conditions. 134-A, Dr. Annie Besant Road Worli, P.O. Box No. 6597 Bombay-400 018 perfectly compatible with the systems, all from a single sourc For further details authorised dealers More than a ange, an engineered system.Journal he Institution of Engineers (India) FIRST M S THACKER MEMORIAL LECTURE UDC 658.26 Issues in Power Development in the Coming Decades. S G Rama- chandra, Fellow ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND POWER APPARATUS GROUP UDC 621.313.333, Dynamic Breaking of Three Phase Compensated Induction Motor usiag Microprocessor. F K Amouri, Non-member and MF Alkabajie, Non-member UDC 621.313.333 State Space Approach for Analysis of Multiple Inverter Fed Three Phase Induction Motor. D Saibaba Reddy, Non-member, Dr M V Lakshmi Prakash, Non-member and Dr V Subrahmanyam, Non-member UDC 621.314.5 Performance of Parallel Compensated Medium Frequency Current Source Inverter with Submultiple Triggering Frequency, Dr K Venkataratnam, Fellow and Dr T'S Subba Rao, Non-member INDEX TO VOL 69 Vol 69, February 1989 us 121 126 134 143, ELECTRICAL, ENGINEERING DIVISION Vol 69, Pt EL 4, February 1989 Chief Editor KN Majumdar Technical Editor AK Bhattacharjee Assistant Technical Editor 'S Ramaseshan of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DIVISION BOARD PR Bapat, President (Ex-officio) Prof C $ Jha, Chairman K Arumugam K M Chakravorti K V Chaubal Dr $ Chaudhuri Dr M U Deshpande Dr V D Garde AK Khosla A. Krishnaswami BP Misra SK Mitra SP Prothia Dr V Ramamurthy GK Saran PV B Satyadhanapathi PC Sharma ‘The Institution of Engineers (India) as & body accepts no responsibilty for SMatements made by individuals. ‘The Institution of Engineers (India) sub- scribes to the Fair Copying Declaration ‘of the Royal Society. Reprints of any Portion of this publication may be made brovided that reference thereto be quoted. Published alternate months commencing ‘August each year, ‘Annual Subscription Inland Foreign Rs 120 £ Dor US $15, Printer and Publisher: KN Majumdar, for The Institution of Engineers (India), 8, Gokhale Road, Calcutta-700 030. and inted at General Printers & Publish . 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J Sota SiStnew bere Sire Sau exo 8 7907 Bevan Ucinow, ae Sc Eagan fs sh (OR) Se esd Tes sos (On) erecta SO ay Miramar cree pores rT @ TE (1) Jownal-EL.— = UDC 621.313.333 Dynamic Braking of Three Phase Compensated Induction Motor using Microprocessor F K Amouri, Non-member MF Alkabajie, Non-member Microprocessor has been used to control de current component which is obtained from rectifica tion of the induction motor supply currents de dynamic braking torque is obtained by the use of full wave thyristors bridge after the three-phase induction motor is disconnected from the ac supply. The variation of the thyristor firing NOTATIONS a = series capacitor of compensator Rr, Ry = series and shunt resistors of compensator F = fuse CyCe, Cy = contactors I switch v applied voltage oe = firing angle INTRODUCTION A new system for power factor compensation and speed control has been sugzested'. This proposed compensator provides some degree of speed control of an induction motor by applied voltage reduction obtain- ‘ed by retardation of the thyristor firing angles. Dynamic braking as applied to induction motors is a system of braking in which the stator windings of the motor are excited by direct currents so that the machine becomes an alternator’, With the compensated induction motor, the use of compensator thyristors to give de currents in the stator Circuits is not possible due to the shunting effect” of the capacitor C and the resistor Rp. The method used by switching off one of the diodes from the diode connected in series with the compensator results in dynamic braking torque’, The de current obtained by F K Amouri and MF Allabajie are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mosul, Ira. ‘This paper was received on July 30, 1987 (redrafted on October 5, 1988). Written diseussion on this paper will be received until May 31, 1989, Vol 69, February 1989 angle is used to control the motor braking time. the use of full wave system give nearly twice the de dynamic braking effect as that obtained with the half- wave system as used to produce variable de dynamic braking. This can be done by the use of six thyristors stead of the diodes. ‘The variation of the thyristors firing angles can result in different de current compo- nent when injected in the stator after ac supply dis- connection, This is expected to control the required time of the motor to reach standstill, The aim of this paper is to use the microcomputer controlling the brak- ing period of the compensated induction motor. SCHEME DESCRIPTION Induction Motor Plus Power Compensator and Speed Controller A power factor compensator and speed controller for three-phase induction motor has been suggested". ‘The system contains a compensator in each supply Tine, consisting of a capacitor, C, shunted by two inverse parallel thyristors connected in series with resistor, Ry and also shunted by a damping resistor, Ry (Fig 1). ope P Fig 1 Arrangement of three-phase controller 11Compensated Induetion Motor and Full Wave Bridge System ‘The full wave rectifier system used to produce de current in the stator circuit after supply disconnection to the motor is shown in Fig 2(a). The induction motor is started with thyristor compensator gating angle set to zero. The on push-button Sm and the OFF push-button Sn are used in starting and braking the motor [Fig 2(b)]. The speed as measured by the use of a tachogenerator is fed to a storge oxcilliscope and to the microcomputer. ‘Three-phase Rectifier Circuit Fig 3 shows the suggested three-phase rectifier circuit used to produce the dynamic braking current injected to the motor. The thyristors are numbered according to their conduction sequence. Each thyristor conducts when it is forward biased with its anode more positive with respect to the cathode. Noting the foregoing figure and, considering, thyristor 1, it is forward biased only in the interval between 30 ‘and 150 in each applied voltage cycle, while thytistor 2, z Fig 2 Circuit diagram for de injection braking (a) main Circuit, and (P) auxiliary circuit a. ] Fig 8 Three phase rectifier circuit with sequence of conduction 122 is forward between 90 and 210. The thyristor triggering pulses are applied as soon as the teminal voltage wave- form has its zero crossing, Triggering the bridge rectifier at a fixed value of a will result in a certain value of a de level in the currents applied to the stator of the motor. The varia- tion in the firing angle « will give a different de com- ponent in the currents applied to the stator of the rotor. The direct voltage level can be defined by the use of the following formulat. 3ye Sim 00s a w 7 where Vj = rms phase to neutral input voltage, Yao = Microcomputer, Input/Output Ports Interfacing Data transferring, with the circuit controlled by the microprocessor, is achieved by making use of the on- board programmable peripheral interface (PPI) 8255 integrated cireuit, by which three ports 4, B, and C may be programmed as input or output ports indivi- dually. In the NEC-TK-85 microcomputer only port B and C are available for the operator on the edge connector. Another output port can be used by transferring the accumulator content to a memory location with address O400H, then the accumalator’s 8-bits can be latched by using 7475 D-fio-flops integrated circuit, These flip- flops can be loaded from the data bus lines under the control of a decoding circait, which utilizes two address fines AO and A10 as well as the MEMW control line ‘of the microcomputer as shown in Fig 4. ‘The MEMW line is logic zero whenever writing in the memory is done and lines A 10 are logic one, logic R Ton ig 4 Microcomputer braking control logic circuit IE (1) Joumal-ELVT J 3 AC Supply. Syncror aed 220v, SOH2 Compe-| [Taree | 1 Microprocessor |__+ Firing nsater [DY Phase 808sA fae ® Circuit Induction |T™ circuit | [tor |! No 1 1 \ Sigital 1 sigital | _signal_fromspeed sensor ___y encoder} Fig 5 Block diagram of compensated induction motor ‘and braking control system zero, respectively, when the address bus is loaded with O400H. The decoding circuitry output can be connected to clocklines of 7475 IC. The 7475 input is latched when its clock is logic one, ‘This happens when the microcomputer executes the instruction of trans- ferring the accumulator contents to the memory loca tion whose address is O400H which is within the ‘monitor program, The block diagram of the micropr- cessor system used for controlling the braking time is shown in Fig 5. The desired period of time is initiated into the microprocessor by the operator via its key board and stored in specific memory locations, This diagram is of closed loop system. The flowchart shown in Fig 6 formulates the main program. Input data of the required period of time of braking can be loaded to the microprocessor by storing them in specific ‘memory locations. RESULTS ‘The full wave arrangement of thyristors (Fig 2), is used to produce de dynamic braking torque to brake the compensated induction motor. ‘The advantage of this method compared with that of diode arrangements used by Amouri and Shepherd? is the possibility of controlling the de level of the braking currents applied to the stator of the motor after ac supply disconnection. This is necessary for controlling the braking time of the motor. The results obtained and shown in Fig 7 indicate that at thyristor’s bridge firing angle equal to zero (a=0), the induced current in the rotor give higher amplitude ‘modulation compared with that obtained from pure ‘de current injected in the stator (Fig 8) Vol 69, February 1989 ‘The increase of thyristor bridge firing angle to thirty (ce=30) show that the induced rotor current has more amplitude modulation (Fig 9) than that obtined with a=0, (Fig 7). As a result, the motor retarded speed ers ‘Speed Canting | Program | oata conversin]_ [O07 | Routine Process | Pattern Match ond contrat Routine Fig 6 Flowchart of main program 123