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lxhi
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lEl i

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-tl

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llrited States

Austra| .

Canda .

t\4extco .

Srngapore

Spain .

Un ted Kingdom

Contents
:
PRACTICE 2:
PMCTICE 3:
PRACTICE rt:
PMCTICE 5:
pRACTICE :
PMCTICE 7:
pRACTICE g:
PRACTICE 9:
PRACTICE lO:
PRACTICE I l:
PRACTICE 12:
PRACTICE 13:
PRACTIE 14:
PRACTICE l5:
PMCTICE l:
PRACTICE l7:
PMCTICE | 8:
PRACTICE 19:
PRACTICE 2O:
PMCTICE 21:
PRACTICE 22:
PRACTICE 23:

PMCTICE

Forms of the Simple Present Tense

Negative Statements with the Simple Present Tense
Q.uestions with the Simple Present Tense
Uses of the Simple Present Tense
Frequency Words and Position of Frequenry Words
Contrasting the Simple Present and the Present Continuous Tenses

Nonaction Verbs
Q.uestions with the Simple Present and the Present Continuous Tenses
The Future Tense withWll
The Future Tense withBe GoingTb
Willversvs Be GoingTo
Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
Simple PastTense of IrregularVerbs
Negatives and Questions with the Simple Past Tense
Subiect and Object Pronouns
Possessive Forms of Nouns
Q.uestions wit'.ll/hose
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Q.uestions about the Subject
Forms and Uses of Reflexive Pronouns

Noun Plurals
Using the Singular and Plural for Generalizations
Noncount Nouns
PRACTICE 21: Quantities with Noncount Nouns
PRACTTCE 25: Thete + aForm of Be
PRATICE 2: Sonre, Any, A, No, A Little, A Few, and Set'eral
PRACTICE 27: A Lot of, Much, and ManY
PRACTICE2S: Adiectives
PRACTICE 29: Noun Modifiers
PRACTICE 30: Adverbs of Manner
Adiectives versus Adverbs
PRACTICE 3l :
PMCTICE 32: Too andEnougJr
PRACTICE 33: Too andVerY
PRACTICE 34: For,In, During BY, and Ago
PRACTICE 35: The Past Continuous Tense

T
2

4
6
8
10

t2

l4
76
18

20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72

PRACTICE 3:

Uses of the Past Continuous Tense

PRACTICE 37:

Was

PRACTICE 38:

Overview of Modals and Related Expressions

Statements and Questions with Modals
Must, Hate To, Have Got To, and Be Suryosed To
Can, Could, May, Be Able To, Be Permitted Tb, and Be Allowed

PRACTICE 39:
PRACTICE 40:
PRACTICE

4I:

PRACTICE 42:
PRACTICE 43:
PRACTICE 44:
PRACTICE 45:
PRACTICE 4:
PRACTICE 47:
PRACTICE 48:
PRACTICE 49:
PRACTICE 50:
PRACTICE

5I:

PRACTICE 52:
PRACTICE 53:
PRACTICE 54:
PRACTICE 55:
PRACTICE 5:
PRACTICE 57:
PRACTICE 58:
PRACTICE 59:
PRACTICE O:
PRACTICE I

PRACTICE 2:
PRACTICE 3:
PRACTICE 4:
PRACTICE 5:
PRACTICE :
PRACTICE 7:
PRACTICE 8:
PRCTICE 9:
PRACTICE 70:

Were GoingTo

To

Should and Had Better

Negatives of Modals and Related Expressions
Will, May, and Mght
Using Modals for Politeness
Overview of the Present Perfect Tense
Statements and Questions with the Present Perfect Tense
Continuation from Past to Present Tense
The Simple Present versus the Present Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The Present Perfect Tense with Indefinite Time in the Past
Overview of Gerunds
Overview of Infinitives
Infinitives as Subjects
Infinitives after Adiectives
Infinitives after Verbs
Gerunds or Infinitives after Verbs
Infinitives to Show Purpose
Overview of Adjective Clauses
Relative Pronouns as Subiects
Relative Pronouns as Objects
Comparative and Superlative Forms
Superlatives
Equality and Difference with Nouns and Adjectives
Overview of the Passive Voice
Forms and Tenses of the Passive Voice
Classiffing or ldentifying the Subject with the Indefinite Article
Introducing a Noun with the Indefinite Article
The Definite Article
Indefinite Pronouns

74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102

lo4
106
108
110

tt2
tt4
176

lt8
r20
122
124
126

128
130

r32
134

r36
138

140
142

,m.

Forms of the Simple Present Tense

q)

t\)

t-.

+J

BASE FORM

-S FORM

o
q)
k

I love animals.

My mother loves children.

E
q)

F{

(h
o
+
l+{

(,)

We

love animals.

\ou\ove

My father loves children.

)y t aniy\ove s c\i,hren.

arirma\s.

My children love animals.

My dog loves children.

They love animals.

Everyone loves children.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Use the -s form after

he, she, it, singular nouns, eue?Uone, euerybod,E, euet'ythittg, sorneolte,

somebodg, someth'ittg, no one, nobodg, nothing, orfami,lg.
2. Add --es to verbs that end in s, s/a, tch, ch, fi, or z: wash ---> washes, touch ----> touches.
3. Drop the -y and add,-i,es to most verbs that end in g.' try -----> tri.es, cantry ---> cerries.
4. Use the base form after d ?Jo'u., ?De, they, and plural nouns.
5. Three verbs have an irregular -s form: hq,ue ------> has, eo ------> qoes, d,o ------> does. The verb be
has three forms in the simple present tense: (I) am; (you, u,te, t,heg) ctre; and (he, she, i,t) i,s.

F
S{

t{

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the underlined word.

Example:

1.

I work in an office. My wife

worke

in a hospital.

We write the answers in the workbook. The teacher

the

questions.
2.

I wash the vegetables. My cousin

3.

My husband speaks Spanish. I

4.

I study the newspaper. My sister

5.

You eat a

6.

She cleans the kitchen. He

7.

I enjoy my job. My friend

8.

He lives alone. I

9.

I gq to the bank every morning. My husband

lot of meat. I

10.

My teacher likes the city. I

11.

The bus driver has a nice smile. You

12.

We gq to the superrnarket on Saturday. He

13.

You

\4.

Eggs break easily. A glass

walk 2 miles to school. They

Practice

the dishes.
Spanish too.

her schoolbooks.
a

lot of meat too.

the garage.
his job too.

with my family.
to the restaurant.
the city too.
a nice smile too.

on Thursday night.

I mile to school.
easily too.

Fill in the blanks in each paragraph with the words in the box. Each word
should be used only one time.

a)

draw(s)
-eynr(S[make(s)
write(s)
My family works for my uncle. He
are reporters. Every daywe

6)

speak(s)

do(es)

(example) owns

(l)

ask(s)

sl
t{

a newspaper. My

questions and (2)

news

stories' My mother is the cartoonist. She (3)

funny pictures of people who are
in the news. My father is in charge of advertising. He (4)
with companies that
want to advertise in our paper'. My aunt is the editor-in-chief. she (b)
the final
decisions about the news stories. My uncle is the managing editor. Everyone

(6)

----------.-

what lie says.

a
o
q)

brother and I

l.{

A
q
g
x
(A

o
?l
+

(l

o
o

a-'r

work(s)

close(s)

buy(s)

come(s)

cook(s)

My husband and I (1)

the morning lie (2)

go(es)

become(s)

open(s)

()

back to the restaurant and

all the foods for the day. We (6)

a.m., and it quickl- (7)

fro

together in a small seafood restaurant. He is the cook. In

to the market and (3)
the best fish and

vegetables for that cla"s urenu. Then he

(5)

.{

the restaurant at 11:00

very busy. We

(8)

the restaurant at

10:00 p.m.

tt-olk(s)
teit(s)

enjoy(s)

bring(s)

come(s)
examine(s)

My wife is a doctor' ^\ll her patients are children. Their parents (1)
_.-----..them to her
when they are ill. She (2)
them and sometimes gives them medicine. My wife

(3)
(5)

_-----_-

long hours, but she (4)

honre at night, we (6)

her job. When she

each other about our dav.

Practice

Negative Statements with

the Simple Present Tense

o
o
A
F{

T+

0)

th

()
l{
Fr

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

My neighbors have two dogs.

Use do not + the base form with

I, you, we, they, or a plural noun.

They don't have a cat.

not * the base form with he, she, i,t,

or a singular noun.

My daughter wants a puppy.

E
(tt

She

q)

doesn't want

Use does

kitten.

TANGUAGE NOTES:

;1

1. Don't is the contraction for do not. Doesn't is the contraction for does not.
2. Always use the base form after don't andd,oesn't.

+
a4

+
.
B
f,)

E
q)

+
.

@F

Write the negative form of the underlined verb.

Example:

He talks loudly. We

Con L

V'

1.
2.
3.

a)

b0
a)

4.
5.

I swim very well. You

He listens to the radio. She

Ioudly.

very well.

to the radio.

We grow tomatoes and peppers. They

You know my brother. She
She reads many magazines. We

6. I watch old TV shows. You

7. They do their laundry. She
8. W" gq shopping at the mall. He
9. The children stay home. The adults
10. He has four brothers. I

il,@@$
Example:

vegetables.
my brother.
magazines.

old TV shows.
her laundry.
shopping.
home.

four brothers.

Rearrange the following words to make correct sentences.

in the west / rise / the sun / doesn't
The eun oeon'L riee in Lhe w,eeL.

1.

2.

like / he I to get up early / does / not

3.

don't/they /wantlalot of money /topay

talk

lot of money /have / she / doesn't

Practice 2

4.

5.

she

/ does /walk to work / not

q)
(n

not / put sugar / in her / does / my mother / tea

EI

6.

rains / every weekend / doesn't /

+
sl

it

t{

0)

rt
()
*{
F{

o
r-{

Use a negative verb t0 complete the answer to each of the following questions.

Example:

.g
Because he (not / har-e)

1.

doeen't have

coffee.

rh

sl

Why don't they laugh ar nn' jokes?

0)

your sense of humor.

q)

You look tired. Are yor.r oka't)

I (not / feel)

U)

'1.

very well. I think I'll go lie down.

0)

Who is that guy driring tire lecl car?

.!l

Sorry,I (not/knou')

5.

{r

.F

I (not / drink)

They (not / like)

4.

r-l
{-
A

Join me for a cup of coffeel)

No thanks,

2.

ra

Why does he walk to lvork every day?

who he is.

00

Why doesn't M iguel conre to the restaurant with us?

He (not / feel)

well.

Can I borrow her pen.)

Sorry, she (not / have)

a pen.

Practice 2

Questions with the Simple

Present Tense

o
ch

?1

H
6)
H

DO / DOES
DON'T /

x?a

q)

TTIH-

U)

o
ti

DOESN'T

WORD

F.{
a)

H
.F{
V,

Does

SHORT

SUBIECT

VERB

COMPTEMENT ANSWER

My friend

has

a dog.

She

doesn't have

a cat.

she

have

a Labrador?

No, she

doesn't.

0)

tl

+a
?1

What kind of dog

does

she

have?

whv

doesn't

she

have

a cat?

cA

o
o
()

ilRearrange-thefollowingw0rdStomakequeSti0nS.Putaquestionmarkatthe
end ofeach question,

l.

you / your lunch / buy lwhere / do

2.

ask

3.

do / this word / you / how / pronounce

4.

money /we /where / change / do

5.

how often / her e-mail / check / does / she

6.

the children /what flavor /want / do

/ do / so many questions / chiidren / whv

does / how much

8.

need/who/to

9.

he /languages

10. open/ do /the

/ cost / this computer

speak to

/youl

do

/ does / how many/ speak

banks /when

Practice 3

Gt(.'irclethecorrecttl-ordtocompleteeachsentence.
Example:

v,

Does,/ Do he like pizzafor lunch?

FI

ts{

,q)

. \!'here / What do you keep the milk?

2. When does / do he eat his dinner?
3. Why don't / doesn't you like your food?
4. Does / Do the baby use a spoon or a fork?
5. Where /What do they want to go?
6. Where do they goes / go for vacation?
7. Do the children wants /want to play now?
8. Where do / doqs they take vacation?

q)
rh

o
k
F{
q)

g.
E

v)
q)
FI
ts{

+
?1

wrsF@lwlftWffi Write ayes

answer.

Example:

/no

question for each sentence, Give a short affirmative 0r

negative

o
*
(a
o
5

She goes to the bank ol.r Monday.

Doee Ehe 0o Lo Lhe bank on Monday?

1.

(f)

'
E

.Fa

No, she

doesn't.

They pay the rent every month.

No,

2.

People shake hands to say hello.

Yes,

3.

She adds salt to all her food.

No,

4.

The car costs a lot of money.

No,

5.

He talks to his friencl on the phone every night.

Yes,

6.

Children like the flavor of spinach.

No,

Practice 3

LIses of the Simple Present Tense

a
g

U)
H
I

EXAMPLE

USES OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The sun rises in the east.

To state

Marianne comes from the United States.

To show one's country, city, or place of origin

get up around 6:00 a.m. and go to bed

around midnight.

To show a regular

EI

c)

q)

F{
q)

.Fl

(t)

We

afact

activifi

habit, or a custom

q)
?l
l

o
rh
o
tt

tJ

ftffirffi
Example:

underline the simple present tense verb in each sentence. Then witefact,
ori'gi,n, or custom beside each sentence, depending on the use of the verb.

Anna comes from Canacla.

1.

The earth circles the sun.

2.

I send e-rnail every day.

3.

Fish come from lakes and oceans.

A
+.

Fruit grows on trees.

She gets up at 6:00.

drinks water every day.

o.

Sl-re

7.

Elena comes from Russia.

B.

The magazine comes once a month.

9.

Paper comes from tr.ees.

10.

You exercise daily.

11.

I go out to eat every Saturday.

72. I speak to my mother every day.

I .t.

Eggs are from chickens.

The moon is easy to see at night.

15.

The students are from Morocco.

16.

He cleans his apartment on Friday.

17.

Pollution is from cars.

18.

My mother comes from Spain.

|0

Practice 4

oflqtn

.sReadMarta'sscheduleandanswereachquestionbelow.
o
o

Name: MartaVasquez
Ci,ty, Proui,nce, and Countty oJori,gi,n:

c
tY

r+

Toronto. Ontario. Canada

Actiuities:

Facts ctbout Mcn'ta:

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

Jogs-Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays

Plays basketball-Tesdays and Thursdays
Goes shopping-Saturdays

Readsmagazines-Sundays

Example:

cq)
fn

q)

l'{

Tall

tr{

Athletic

Loves her family

Tlvo brothers

.Fl

One cat

s+)o

v,

Where does Marta go on Saturdays?

(|

MarLa qoee ehoppt r. 1 on )aLurda.ye.

rh
0)

1. What days does Marta jog?

2.

What does Marta do on Tesdavs?

3.

What country does Marta come from?

4.

How many pets does Marta have?

5.

Is Marta short?

6.

What does Marta read on Sundays?

7.

Does Marta have two sisters?

8.

Where in Canada is Marta from?

ffi

Write simple present tense sentences about your daily activities and habits.

Example: (in the morning) I drink oranqe.jt,tice inLhe

1.
2.

tJ

morning,

(in the morning)

(at lunchtime)

Practice 4

ll

Freguency Words and Position

of Fiequncy Words

(,)

\,
l.'l
o

FREQUENCY WORD

EXAMPLE

(J

The sun always rises in the east.

always

usually / generally

Children usually (generally) like to watch

cartoons.

often / frequently

Parents

1000/o

a)

tr
0)
t{

f{

(+l

children.

Rivers sometimes

sometimes /occasionally

F{

It rarely (seldom) (hardly ever) rains in the

rarely / seldom / hardly ever

desert.

!o
tr

never / not ever

v,

LANGUAGE NOTES:

'ok

(occasionally) flood after

rain.

+)
Ch

often (frequently) readto their

The sun never rises in the west.

0o/o

1. Frequency words usually corne after the verb be but before other verbs.
2. The following frequency words can also come at the beginning of a sentence: usuallg, generally, oJten,
freqt.ently, sornetintes, occasionctLly. Often, frequentl,y, and occasi,onally can also come at the end of

o
z

x
(J

a sentence.

3. In questions or negative sentences, frequencywords usually come before the base verb.
4. Use h,ow oJten in a ol- question if the answer is a frequency word or phrase:

q)

\J

Ho'to often do you wash the floor?

q)

tr

fr

I rarely wash the floor.

,M@.{H
1.

Place the frequencywords in the sentences.

My sister calls

me.

(hardly ever)

Mv sieLer harClv ever calle me.

2.

My best friend and I eat lunch

3.

The banks are open on

4.

The post office is closed on

5.

We like to go to the park and feed the

6.

I cook dinner, and my roommate washes the dishes. (often)

l2

Practice 5

together. (frequently)

weekends. (never)

holidays. (always)
pigeons. (occasionally)

7.

8.

He stays up very late the night before an

exam. (generally)
o
ro

The mail comes in the

k
o

afternoon. (usually)

t\

()

Unscramble the words to write correct statements and questions. If a question

mark is provided, make the sentence a question.
1.

2.

t'
q)
lr

f{

la big breakfast / I
I usuallv eaL a bia breakfaet

usually

eat

check I you I how

t+{

o
tr

often/yourvoicemail/ do

'6

3.

n{

in the evenings / hardly ever /my roommates / at home / are

16

4.

he / out of town on weekends / goes / usually

5.

the population of the world / how often / double / in size / does

6.

r!

'ol.{

B
'

o
5

late / sometimes / is / this bus

CT
q)

lr

f{

ffi,.fi,ilffi't
Example:

Use a frequencyword in your answer to each of these questions.

How often do you drink soda?

leeldom drink soda,

1.

Do you ever go to the beach in December?

2.

How often do your friends call you?

3.

Is the weather here ever cloudv?

Practice 5

l3

Contrasting the Simple Present

and the Pre-sent Conlinuous Tenses

t,t

q)
U)
?1

F
(a
5
o
H
J
g
.F{

SIMPLE PRESENT FORM

She sometimes
She

tr

wears

a dress.

doesn't wear shorts.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS FORM

She's

wearing sunglasses

now.

isn't wearing shorts.

Is she wearing a Ashirt?
She

Does she ever wear a bathing suit?

No, she doesn't.

No, she

si
q)

How often does she wear a dress?

What is she wearing?

q)

Why doesn't she ever wear a bathing suit?

Why isn't she wearing shoes?

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

EXPTANATION

+
(,l

.{
p{

?1

isn't.

Fl

'o
c
.
+

q)

(n

Plants need water in order to ve.

We do our homework in the evening.
People cook rice in a variety of ways.

o
ti

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

q)

They are studying.

F{

s
E
.Fl
(t)

I'm using a grammar workbook in my English

class this term.

Use the simple present tense to talk about a

general truth, a habitual activity, or
a custom.

EXPLANATION
Use the present continuous tense for an action
that is in progress at this moment or for a
longer action that is in progress at this general
time.

q)
?1
{
+

u0

.Fl
+

MF+61ffiWffi Circle all of the simple present verbs. Underline all of the present continuous
verbs.

H
+

Example:

A'

(1) Mv older brother works as a reporter for the largest

newspaper in my country. (2) He
writes about international news. (3) It is a good job. (a)
He and his family move to a new
country every year. (5) Right now they're living in Jerusalem.
(6) His wife and children are
learning Arabic and Hebrew, (7) but my brother knows
these languages already. (g) He speaks
four languages' (9) He is learning to speak spanish (10)
because he wants to travel in south
America.

B'

(1) Mv younger brother is a student. (2) He's studying

business at our national university.
(3) He works at a couple of part-time jobs during
the school year. (4) He likes to try different
jobs' (5) Right now he's waiting tables at a restaurant
in the evenings. (6) Also, he is managing

My sister6siDme on Monday. Today she is visiting

friends.

a car wash on the weekends.

l4

Practice 6

co*ect form the verb in

EEMU \\ritethe thepresent
continuous
of

each sentence. choose the simple present

verb tense.

or

Examples:

She (Iike)

He

(talk)

].

He (sleep)

2.

She (type)

3.

We

4.

You (tatk)

5.

Please be quiet!

6.
7.

Mymother and I (shop)

They (sing)

8.

It (rain)

9.

Brian (play)

10.

likee

to watch TV at night.

ietalkina

right now. Please call back later.

all of her letters.

(sit)

in the best seats for this concert.

all the time.

I (watch)

a good

at the concert today.

right now.
soccer with Joe on Ttresdav.

her hair every morning.

Fill in the correct missing w'rd

cOnversation.

A: Elaine

2.

B:

3.

A:

4.

B:

5.

A: No,

Yes,

A:
7. B:
8. A: Yes,
9. A: She
10. B:
6.

11.

A: Yes,I

12. B: No problem. I
13. A: Do
74. B: No,

moe.

at the mall each month.

Susan (wash)

1.

on the phone right now.

f'r

each sratement 0r questi'n in the

working on the English homework.

she need help with grammar?
does.
she having problems with the simple
present tense?

isn't.
wants to work on reading.
the reading difficult?

using the dictionary right now.

you uant me to help her?
. Thank you.

happy to help Elaine any time.

want me to tutor her every Thursday?

don't. She usually swims on Thursdays.

Practice 6

Nonaction Verbs
(,)

L.

ACTION VERBS

+
(J

Carmen is

?1

NONACTION VERBS

o
r

.l

She

living in

Osaka, Japan, this year.

is studying Japanese.

She

likes her new life.

She

doesn't understand much yet.

She

hears some of the words clearlv.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We do not usually use the present continuous tense with certain verbs called nonqction uezs. These

2.

verbs describe a state or a condition, not an action. We use the simple present tense, even when we talk
about now.
Some nonaction verbs are the following:
be
hear
mean
see

believe
care
cost
have

3.

know

like
love
matter

seem
owrr

think

prefer

understand
rernember
want
Tfuink, ha'ue, and the sense perception verbs (look, taste,Jeel,, smell) can be both action and nonaction
verbs, but the meaning is different.

Underline 20 nonaction verbs in the following diary entry. Some of the verbs
will be used more than one time.

Example:

I have many letters to write.

Dear Diary,
I think I really like my life in Japan! I like my host parents, Mr. and Mrs. Yamada. They are

very kind to me, and they care for me like a claughter. I like my room, and I love the house. I'm

practicing the Japanese language, but I don't yet understand what people are saying in
conversations, and I often need my dictionary. i look for many words every day. Sometimes I
understand the words, but I don't know what they mean. When Mrs. Yamada suggests that we
do something together, I wonder, "Does she want me to do it?" Everything seems so confusing.

I need help! Sometimes I prefer to stay in my room because that seems easy. But I believe hard
work rnatters most.
Carmen

l6

Practice 7

Choose the correct tense from each set ofunderlined verbs.

(n

Example:

rO

He is wanting/t6anDto meet famous movie stars.

.q)

Dear Diary,

o
+
u
(

.Ff

Life (1) is getting / gets better here in Osaka. My Japanese (2) is improving improves
/

every day. I (3) have / am liar-iug two new friends, Erika and Satoko, ancl they

(4) are helping / heb ure xith my language and culture questions. I (5) am wanting
/ want to
invite them to visit rtte rvhen I get home to Texas. They (6) are seeming / seem easy to
talk
with, and they both (7) are hang / have a great sense of humor.

I (8) anl liking / like to go shopping. Every'thing (9) is costing / costs more here, so I
usually just (10) am looking / look at the shop windows. I (1

l)

am hearing / hear a lot

of

Japauese conversations when I am in the shops, and I (12) am understanding understand

/

about 40 percent of them. I'm a little shy, and I (13) am preferring / prefer just to listen and
not to speak right now. Erika and Satoko sometimes (14) are going / go with me and

(15) are translating / translate fbr me. I (16) am having / have a good time here.
Carmen
Write a diary entry of your own. Write about your own life and the things that
are happening to you now. Use nonaction verbs.

Practice 7

17

Questions with the SimPle Present

and the Present Continuous Tenses

(n
q)

U)

sl

rY

r
rh
Io

DO or DOES
(+N'r)

WH- WORD

does

When

U
+

do

What language

a)
rh

SUBIECT

MAIN VERB

COMPLEMENT

She

watches

TV

she

watch

TV?

My parents

speak

English.

your parents

speak?

Your sister

lives

q)

with someone.

l.{

With whom

does

she

live?

q)

Who

does

she

live

with?

You

don't like

her.

you

like

her?

n{
sl

+J

'o

(!

don't

whv

a)

o
q)

li
Fr

QUESTIONS WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Vrf- WORD

BE

FI

(+N't) SUBIECT BE
is
She

is

Where

v)

g+0)

You

aren't

whv

COMPLEMENT

sitting.
sitting?

she

oFl

MAIN VERB

aren't

you

listening

to the music.

listening

to the music?

A
*{
{.

F
(,)

o
o
q)
5

ffi+.t-rr+il.Ftffi

Match each question to the correct answer in the Secgnd cglumn.

1. Are you speaking to me?

2. Do you want to eat now?
3. What is your name?
4. How long is the movie?
5.

When do you go to sleep?

6..

How old is she?

7. Is he a doctor?
8. Why is he sleePing?
9. How are you feeling?
10. Am I bothering you?

l8

Practice 8

a.
b.

Yumiko Toshimo.

At about 11:00 P.m.

c. Yes, I am.
d. Fine, thanks.
e. No, he isn't.
f. Yes, I do.
g. He is tired.
h. Almost

i.
j.

19.

No, you're not.

About two hours.

lIIItll

Find the mistakes in the underlined ponions of rhe following questions,

Rewrite the questions correctly. If there are n0 mistakes, vvrite Correct.

q)

Examples: Is he speak to his parents?

rh

(a

Do you want to come to my house?

5
o

Correct

tJ

E
+)

1.

Do she visiting her friends in Japan this week?

U
+J

2.

s1

Are they live in Mexico?

q)

o
kC)

3.

Is she teaching the class today?

F{

Are you wear glasses every day?

-+
'o

q)
?1

4.

G
+,

5.

Do your mother play the piano?

q)
f,)
a)

k
p{

ffi
Example:

q)

Use the words in parentheses to write a question.

E
(t)

I'm not watching TV tonight. (why)

0)
?1

Wh.y aren'T

1.

f-l

you wa1;chinq TVtoniaht?

Amy is babysitting her little

+
s4

.F{

cousin. (why)

B
(,)

2.

I am traveling

soon.

3.

Steve does his

homework. (when)

4.

We ran 5 miles

today. (with who[m])

5.

They need to go to the

o
o
o
5

(where)

dentist. (why)

Practice 8

l9

i'rrr'r

i'

'$''"-'''

s
lH

th"

Future Tense with witt

?1

EXAMPTE

EXPLANATION

will live longer in the future.

They will need help from their children.
People

C)

I'll be 75 years

q)

l{
R

We use ui,ll

old in 20b0.

We can contract

witLvnththe subject
pronouns: I'IL, you'll, he,ll, she,LL, ,it,II, zae,L,

You'll take care ofyour parents.

FI

+ the base form of the verb to

make the future tense.

they'LL.

I{
q)

will not go down.

The population

F4

To form the negative, put

won't live with my children.

The contraction for uti,Il not is tuon,t.

QUESTION FORM

SHORT ANSWER

Will

Yes, she

she

live with her son?

will

she

live?

Whywon't

she

live alone?

Where

@e@tr

not after ui..

Use the contraction of wi,tl

will.

or No, she won't.

('It) wrththe subject pronouns or u)ilt not (won t)

to complete each statement.

Example: (I / not / get on;

l.

(I / call)

2.

(He/not/be)

J.

(You/not/need)

4.

(You

5.

(She / meet)

t).
7.

(They/not/like)
(We/not/go)

8.

(It / be)

(Itlnot/rain)

/ buy)

10.

(I / walk) Tomorrow

11.

(she / not / play) Tonight

1.2.

(I/not/look)

13.

(He / be)

14. flMe / listen)

20

Practice 9

won't qer c.tj

the bus at 7:30 a.m.

you when I arrive in the city.

at the bus station.
any money for the taxi.
a house one day.

you on the street corner.

the menu in the cafeteria.

if it rains tomorrow.
cloudy in the morning.

I'm sure.
5 miles.

basketball.
at my birthday present yet.
ready for the game.

to the music at the concert.

Write questions using

will andthe words in parentheses.

Example: (Why/you I not lbe)

Whv won't vou be

I go)

there tomorrow?

1.

(Where /you

2.

(How long / they / study)

English?

3.

(Whv / she /not / finish)

that book?

4.

(Whom /he

5.

(When /we

6.
7.

(What/you/do)
(WhV/not/you/eat)

8.

(How long / he / try)

to get thatjob?

@here / she lkeep)

her new dog?

10.

(Where

/it

s.F+

to college?

q)

/go)

to the concert with?

/see)

you and your family?

a)
L{

this weekend?

5
5

ft

the fish?

lbe)

a)
?1

t-

nice to visit?

Finish the sentences 0r questions in this conversation using

the verb in parentheses. Use contractions when possible.

Example:

S
E

Jane: (seet

l'lleee

or won't plus

you when I return to school.

Jane: Hi, John!When [(1 t I nteet]

John: Sorry, Jane. II' faurilr' [(2) not / be]
[(3) not / sta-1
[(4) rent]
[(5) you do]
Jne: I think [(6) tlavel]

will

your family?
here this week. We
in the city during our school break. We
a small cabin on a lake

for one week. What

during the school break?

little. [(7) I not / Sol

home. My friends and I [(8) try]
a

to rent a car.

John: t(9) bel

the car rental

expensive?

Jane: I don't think so. \\:e [[ 1 0) share ]

John: It sounds like [(11) -ou have]
Jane: I hope so. I know [(12) I nriss]
John: Have a safe trip, Janel

the cost.
a great time.

my family.

Practice 9

2l

,o
T\
o0

.sil

EXAMPLE

\)

People are going

()

a
F1

EXPLANATION
to live longer.

We use be goirtg o

the base form to form thr

They are going to need help from

their children.

future tense.

I'm not going to live with my children.

To form the negative, put

QUESTION FORM

SHORT ANSWER

Is she going to live with her son?

Yes, she

o
(n
?1

not after o,m, i,s, are.

,q)

q)

l.{

5
*
F{
q)

is. or

No, she isn't.

Where is she going to live?

Why isn't she going to live with her son?

?1

F
mffifrfi,t+ffi

Example:

Complete the sentence with the correct form of be (not) goi,ng

He

(go)

is qoinq t'o

qo

to

verb base.

to school in the fall.

l.Marrystltdents(go)tothelectureaboutpolitics.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Paul (not / study)

tonight.

Evelyn (not / stay)

at home all evening.

The phone (be)

busy all day tomorrow.

The children (play)

games at the party.

Many men (play)

football for the school's team.

into town.

I (walk)
Everybody (sleep)

well tonight.

She (not / travel)

We

during her vacation.

(not/worry)

about our test grades.

Unscramble the following words and phrases. Some sentences are statements.
Some are questions.

Example:

going to / into a larger apartment

to move into a
finish I yort /soon / college / going to

2.

wake up / for class on time /we /going to

22

Practice 10

she

1.

are

are

/is / move

3.

I'm / any more money / spend / going to / not

4.

why / eat / Iunch with us / going to / you

5.

this way forever / not / we're / live / going to

'ro t\
b0

r.S
'o

f aren't

()

.Q
6.

going to / in December / the"re / to Colornbia / move

7.

for a new job / wl.ren / going to / you I are /Look

s)

t.F+
q)
(n

Ei
?

8.

he / take / isn't / the exam with us / going

to

q)

f{

t,

+
F'

Fr{

It*f
Example:

q)

Answer the following questions using complete sentences wrthbe going to.

al

-l*

Are you going to meet your friends tonight?

1.

Where are you going to go after class?

2.

When is this tel'nl goiltg to be over?

o
J.

What time are you going ro go to bed tonight?

4.

What are you going to clo this weekend?

5.

How are you going to use English in your future?

Practice 10

23

Vlill versus Be Going To

,o
t\

.s$
o

USE

()

a)

WILL

Prediction

Fa

BE GOING TO

My father always exercises and

eats well. I think he

ut

long time.

f{

Fbct

The sun

will

I think my father is going to

a long time.

will Iive a

live

set at 6:48

The sun is going

tonight.

6:43 tonight.

The population
Scheduled Event

will increase.

The moe is going

at eight o'clock.

Plan

My grandfather is going to
move to Florida next year.

Promise

Offer to Help

A: This box is heavy.

B:

FffiR+TTI,F,'!*M

Example:

The population of older

people is going to increase.

The movie will begin at

eight o'clock.

will

I'll

I am going to return to mv
native country in three yaur*.

carry it for you

complete the sentences with either wi,il

or be goi,ngfo along with the verbs in
'
parentheses. In some cases, both
are

(go)

possible.

Tonightl

am qoinq Lo

qo

(smoke)

2.
3.
4.
5.

(happen) I have a feeling that something

good
(see) The doctor
(meet) We
(be)

to a concert.
that cigar in here?
fo me today.
you as soon as possible.

in the library to study for the exam together.

you

there when I get off the

plane?

6.

(continue) The stock market

7.

(buy) What

probably
to be unpredictable for the next few years.
him for his

birthday?
(eat)

n't you

cake?
o

(love) I

r0.

(need) You

11.

(give)

24

to begin

always take care of you.

1.

8.

to set at

Practice 11

any of this delicious

you forever.
an umbrella today.

you a ride as far as the shopping

mall.

72.

(be) You

13.

(graduate) My younger sister

I4.

(open) Wait! I

15.

(go) I

16.

(be) I promise I

17.

(speak)

sorry if 'ou miss

tl-re bus.

fo
t\

fron-r high school.

the door for

b0

-or-r

!a
.s

to Brazil this surnrler.

o
(J

home by n-ridnight

q)

you

n-ith your teacher

rn

after class?

18.

(meet) "'Where are you going?" "I

19.

(send) I

20.

(start) The movie

fh
I'r

my friencl."

a)

you a postcard when I get therel

at 8:30.

21. (call) 'Antonia called while you were out." "OK, I

22.

her brck."

(cut) "I have decided to cut my hair." "How short

Complete the sentences using

it?"

wi,llfor promises 0r offers to help. Usebe gli,ng

to for plans.

Examples: I
I

never be impolite.

am aJotnq

T,o

study with Tom tonight.

1.

meet my boss at the train station tomorrow.

2.

mail that letter for you.

3.

We

move into a larger apartment soon.

you marry me?

4.

call you first thing tomorrow.

iJ,

buy milk on myway home.

o.

Don't bother shopping. I

7.

Dinner

8.

We

I liked the moe so much that now I

10.

Fe

Next term I

be ready in a half hour.

take good care

ofyour children.
read the book.

work instead of taking classes.

Practice 11

25

Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs

(a

rO

t{

-H
.!
5
b0
o

EXPLANATION

EXAMPLE
Marbin Luther King, Jr',

lived in the south'

He organized Peaceful Protests'

(*{

o
q)
o

T+

Dr. King

He

ta

Fr

lived in the south.

didn't live in the north.

q)

E
.
ch

wanted to change certain laws'

He eneouraged people to protest bad laws'

He

To make the simple past tense with regular

verbs, just add -ed or -d:
Base Forms

Past Forms

live
organize
carry

Li,ued

organized
can"v'i,ed

Use the past form in affirmative statements'

Use didn't * the base form in negative

statements.
The verb after to does not use the past form'

LANGUAGE NOTE:
We often se ago with the simple past:
I lived there lO Years ago.

ilUnderlinetheverbandrewitetheverbinthesimplepaSttenSe.
Example:

I will cancel my piane reservatlon'

lcanceled mY Plane reoe!!at19!t

1.

I travel to Peru with my best friends'

2.

The workers are painting the walls of the house'

3.

The secretary cancels all the doctor's appointments'

4.

It rains everY

5.

We live in a crowded cttY.

6.

You

7.

My uncle is going to move on Thursday'

26

daY'

will ask for more money at your job'

Practice 12

8.

The car crashes into the tree.

(t,

9.
10.

rO

will wash the dishes in a couple of hours.

l.{

q)

They hope to be the best students in the class.

b0
q)
1

1.

,
o

She carries the baby in her arms.

(+{
0)

12. You kick the chair over bv mistake.

(')

13.

E
6)

I drop by to say hello.

t,)
r

A
F.l

14.

q)

The salesperson is calling to tell us about a new credit card.

15. They are wondering

F
V)

about the price of gasoline.

Each simple past tense sentence has two underlined words but only one
mistake. Circle the one mistake and write the correct word 0n the line.

Example:

She needed

toFinEnome after the party.

for milk and eggs.

1.

Yesterday, we needing to gq to the store

2.

You wanted

3.

She tried to helped the woman with her groceries.

4.

Alberto asked how to finding the vegetables.

5.

He walked over to seeing the tomatoes and corn.

6.

I cleans and washed the vegetables from the store.

7.

They likes to cook vegetables and rice for dinner.

8.

We stopping to look at the cakes and donuts.

9.

Ten minutes ago, we waited to finding a parking space.

10.

Ao

to buys some candy.

You help me to discover a space close to the store.

Practice 12

27

Simple Past Tense of ktegular Verbs

o

'0L{
t\

-H

b0

o
u
k

(+{

o
q)
(,)

rY

r+

(,)
r

Fr

VERBS

WITH NO CHANGE IN PAST

bend-bent
build-built
lend-Ient

send-sent
spend-sPent

mean-meantsleep-slePt
sweeP-swePt
weep-wePt

dig-dug
hang-hung
spin-spun
stick-stuck

sting-stung
strike-struck
swing-swung
win-won

awake-awoke
break-broke
choose-chose
freeze-roze

speak-sPoke
steal-stole
wake-woke

begin-began

sing-sang
sink-sank
spring-sprang
swim-swam

bring-brought
buy-bought

fight-fought
teach-taught

blow-blew
draw-drew

arise-arose
drive-drove
ride-rode

rise-rose
shine-shone
write-wrote

bleed-bled
feed-fed
flee-fled
lead-led

meet-met
read-read**

sell-sold

tell-told

find-found

wind-wound

mistake-mistook
take-took

shake-shook

Iay-laid
pay-paid

say-saidn**

swear-swore
tea-tore

wear-.lMore

bite-bit
light-lit

hide-hid
slide-slid

fall-fell

hold-held

beat
bet
cost
cut

hit
hurt

put
quit
set

let

shut

fit

E
IA

sPit
sPlit
sPread

VERBS WITH VOWET CHANGES

feel-felt
keep-kePt
Ieave-left
lose-lost

FINAL D CHANGES TO T

become-became
come-came
eat-ate
give-gave
forgive-forgave

drink-drank
forbid-forbade
ring-rang
shrink-shrank

grow-grew
know-knew
throw-threw

fly-flew

run-ran
sit-sat
see-saw

lie-Iay
shoot-shot

forget-forgot
get-got

stand-stood
understand-understood

MISCELLANEOUS CHANGES
be-was / were

28

do-did

Practice 13

go-went

have-had

hear-heard

make-madr

*There

is a change in the vowel sound. Mea,nt rhymes vmthsent.

**The past
form of
** *

S aid

(n

L{

k(

read is pronounced like the color red.

rhymes with

be

d.

TANGUAGE NOTE:
Use the past form in affirmative statements. Use

FI
H

didn't * the base form in negative sentences:

bo
a)
*{
H
t-'|

Idn'tforge to bring money.

t+{

ffilttt
w;-:r r

Examples:

The house (shake) in the wind. The house ehook in

The building (not / shake). Tlte buldin7

1.

q)

change the irregularverb to the simple past tense. some of the statements are
negative. Rewrite the complete sentence with a past tense expression,

the

fn

wind.

rh
.E

didn't ahake.

Pr
q)

I (not / leave) the house at 7:45 a.m.

E
.

v)

2.

She (speak) to the class for two hours.

3.

He (teach) us how to speak with an excellent accent.

4.

We

5.

The boys (win) the prize for best spellers.

6.

The girls (swim) in the ocean all day.

7.

The teachers (not / meet) on Wednesday afternoon.

8.

I (not / do) any of my homework because I was sick.

9.

The tourists (not / go) on the bus tour yesterday.

(not/rwite) in our journals last night.

10.

The policeman (come) to the scene of the accident.

11.

Sorry! We (eat) all of the pizza.

12.

She (have) a

lot of patience to finish the math problems.

Practice 13

29

Negatives and Questions with

the Simple Past Tense

C)

o
?1
H

,o

rl-

v)

DID /
DIDN'T

woRD

VERB

COMPTEMENT

My friend

had

good grades.

She

didn't have

bad grades.

Did

she

have

good grades last year?

Where

did

she

go

to school?

whv

didn't

she

have

good grades last year?

F{

ra
q)

+
sl
{

+
(a
(1

o
+

rh
0)

'o?1
H

G
t^
q)

SHORT
ANSWEI

SUBIECT

didn't.

EXAMPTE

EXPTANATION

didn't succeed.
Theyweren't able to sleep well.
The student

Use didn't * the base form in negative

statements. Use u;ctsn and u)eren't for be
negative statements.

Why did the students succeed?

Questions use d,id, (or sometimes d,id,n'il and

the base form of the verb. Be question, r"
was andwere.

Did they take the same test?

Were any students unhappy?

.g

b0

q)

,W.rqT,ffitM

Ask a question in response to each sentence.

Use the time words

parentheses.

Examples:

He passes the test every

Did he ?ass the

week.

teet last

(last week)

week?

happy. (not /yesterday)

Wasnthe happvvee1erL

He wasn't

1.

The child feels sick

2.

She is dizzy and

3.

She sleeps 10 hours every

4'

The doctors are worried about the

child.

5.

They find hospital rooms for their

patients. (not /this morning)

30

No, she

today. (yesterday)

tired.

Practice 14

(yesterday afternoon)

night.

(last night)

(not / this past week)

in

6.
7.

The child is in bed

now.

(not / a few minutes ago)

Her father makes her eat some

soup.

q)
(a

(a few hours ago)

sl

8.

She drinks some herbal

tea.

(not / a little while ago)

F{
.E

E
.

Answer each question about yourself.

Example:

g+0)

Did you go to Paris last year?

No,ldidn't aoto Faria,

1.

u,

Yea, I went

.F

laat.vear,

(,

Where did you go yesterday?

c
o

.H

2.
3.

fn

How did you get there?

q)

!o

Did you ever fly annvhere?

r
(,)

4.

0)

Whom did you ride with on your trip?

.E
(

5.

Were you a student three years ago?

6.

When did you buy this book?

7.

Did yorr catch a cold this year'?

8.

How long did you watch TV last night?

bo

Write four questions in the simple past tense for your teacher 0r your boss.

Example:

Did vou drive

to work todav?

Weren'tvou buav laat niaht?

1.

2.
3.

4.

Practice 14

3r

Subject and Object Pronouns

(,)

o
('a
o
tr

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

+)

Greta loves music.

_=_____|-

We use subject pronouns to take the place

F{

()

'

of

subject nouns.

Yesterday, she bought five new CDs.

She also bought a CD player.

We use object pronouns to take the place

of

object nouns.

it for a good price.

She bought

+)

She got some CDs for her boriend.

I
o

She bought

"O

()

tt

"*

An object pronoun can follow a preposition.

toffi]-

LANCUAGE NOTES:
1. We use pronouns to take the place of nouns.

2.

The object pronouns are me, !Jo'u' lzim, h,er,

it,

n"s, andth.em. Compare subject and object pronouns.

Examples:

Subject Pronouns
I

Obiect Pronouns
me

you
he

you
him

she

her

it

it

we
they

US

them

SV
You
I
She
He
I
They
We

o
see

me.

see
sees

you.
him.

sees

her.

see

it.

see

us.

see

them.

.Fillineachblankwithasubject0ran0bjectpronoun.
Example:

What are flea markets?

They
Peopler who go

are markets where you can buy almost anything second-hanr

to flea markets are looking for bargains. They often find

(1)

. My aunt met her husband at a flea market.

He sold (2)

some second-hand jewelry.

(3)

wasn't very expensive. Then he asked

(4)

lo have a cup of tea with (5)

teases (6)

by saying that she was the best bargain

ever found. She tells (8)

(7)

should have looked for a better deal.

32

. Now he

Practice 15

that he

unscramble the following words to make correct sentences.

Example:

French
I

1.

2.

tt

/I / youl helped /learn

EI

s
o

helped you learn French.

to me / she /on the phone / talked

o
l'
F{

we / ice cream / them / bought

{)
rO

3.

Ioves / she / him

4.

want/him/to

+
('}

"o
(!
+
u
q)

/very much

/I/totalk

tO

ca
5.

he / a stereo / wants / for us / to buv

6.

them / I / don't / know / r'elv rvell

7.

to listen /he /her / u-arrts

8.

I / like / tennis / plar-

yesterday / the presenr / gave /him / she

10.

asked

,/

to / her

/ wfth

/we labolrt it ,her

Write a sentence using each pair of pronouns given.

Example: (them / you)

You Oave

thenl a beauxiful

1. (she / me)
2. (him / I)
3. (us/they)
4. (we /you)

Practice 15

33

Possessive Forms of Nouns

tn
H

5
o

We use possessive pronouns to show ownership or relationship,

l+{

(,)

NOUN

ENDING

Singular noun:

Addapostrophe

EXAMPTES

s4

FT

t{

fr
o
(n
(,)

q)
(a

o
o

F{

* s.

I put food in the cat's dish.

cat
Plural noun ending in -s;
boys

Add apostrophe only.

lrregular plural noun:

Add apostrophe

Open the windows in the boy

room.

* s.

Open the windows in the

children's room.

chi.Ldren
Names that end in -s.'

Charl,es

Add apostrophe only

This is Charles' cousin.

or

This is Charles's cousin.

Add apostrophe

s.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We use the possessive forms for people and other living things:
I borrowed my s'ister's car. Ju.Lia's friend is from Colombia.

2. For inanimate objects, we usually

use "the

We usually use the door af tlrc back of the h.ouse.

3. We can use a possessive adjective and a possessive noun together:

Could you give me yout'boss's phone number?

4. We can use possessive adjectives to show possession. Possessive acljectives are 1nA, you.ti hi,s, heri i,ts,

our, and the'i:r:

I'm wearing nty coat. That's'your bag.

ffi5R++
Example:

Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive form.

My

wife

cooking is even better than my mother

1. Stop! That's James

toothbrush.
2. Can you get me Ms. Reese
e-mail address?
uniforms are very hard to get clean.
3. Football players
4. Your company _
new Web site is really well designed.
5. Other cornpanies Web sites aren't nearly so attractive.
6. You'll fincl the dresses you want in the girls _
departrnent.
shoe department.
7. You should go to the children
clothing is on the fourtll floor.
8. Wornen
9. Go to the third floor for men
clothing.

34

Practice 16

cooking.

10. Childrenl Don't pull the cat _

taill
11. She's wearing her grandmother _
diamoncl bracelet.
12. Everyone wants to go to John _
party Saturclal,night.
13. Quick, hide the cake! I hear Daddy
footstepsl
14. Let me take a look at my boss
schedule.
15. Wait a minute. This isn't Dr. Williams _
signature.
16. Our book club is reading my favorite author
latest book.
17. Show us that picture of your family
new house.
18. The hurricane washed away many families
houses.
19. I can't read my teacher
handwriting.
20. What are the political parties
the United States?

(n

p
o

(+{

o
(,)

hi

L{

f{

o
.F{

(,)

rh
q)

u,

o
o

F{
Use the words to write a sentence

that contains

a possessive form.

(The words are not always in the correct order)

Example:

the table / the leg / is broken

of the table is broken,

1.

where is / wallet I Papa

2.

he is wearing / shirt

3.

someone tore

4.

the chair / the arm / is broken

5.

what is / this car / the price

6.

cap /the pen / missing

lDan

lcover/the book

Practice 16

35

Questions with Whose

a)

(r)

FS
F1

AUXILIARY
WHOSE + NOUN

VERB

SUBIECT

VERB

ANSWER

Whose dress

did

she

borrow?

She borrowed her si'stet'

Whose pen

can

Whose sister

is

that?

dress.

r.l

o
+

f,)
q)

use?

You can use

Whose + a noun asks a question about possessiott'

given'
Write a follow-up question vnthwhose for each statement

Example: A:

I found someone's books in the library'

g,2 Whoee booke dd you ftnd in Lhe ltbrary?

A:

We pickecl up a stray cat ou the way home'

B:

A:

Someone's book was left in tlie back seat of the car'

B:

A:

I want to try sonteone's dessert recipe'

B:

A:

She shoulcl take mY advice'

A:

The teacher corrected someone's homeu'ork'

B:

A: They weut to their fiiends' house'

B:

A:

Tl-re

robbers used someone's key to enter the house'

B:

A:

paper bag.
The police cliscovered someone's jewelry in a

B:

A: Sotneone's composition will win the arn'ard'

B:
A: Someone's clog is wanclering around in the street'
B:

36

Practice 17

Pen.

That is his sister.

LANGUAGE NOTE:

ffi

?rLY

11. A:

It's chasing someone's cat.

B:

12. A:

q)
u)

The cat is climbing up someone's tree.

B:

t{.
.F{

Write questions about the nouns in each sentence. Begin each question with
Wose.

Example:

o
o
l;{
+
o
q)

'

What a beautiful car.

Whoae car ie

it?

1.

That's not your umbrella.

2.

You got an

3.

I don't recognize this coat.

4.

This isn't my medicine in the medicine cabinet.

5.

Look at this mess!

6.

I found this camera.

intation to

a party?

Practice 17

37

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

v,
sl
H

5
o

o
l.{

F{

'o

tr
(E

o
o
+

u
q)

'o
q)

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

That is my book.

Our apartment is small.

The possessive adjective must come before

noun. We can't use it alone or without a nou

That book is mine.

(mine = my book)

The possessive pronoun takes place of a nor

It never comes before a noun.

That apartment is ours.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Be careful wlthhis and.her

/,-----\

f,)
tA

I have a married brother His vnfe is verv nice.

q)

v)

o
o

-------___-----*

The bride looks beautiful . Her father looks proud.

F{

2. When we use a possessive pronoun, we omit the noun. Compare:

-Ier ess is white. ------> Your dress is blue. or
l/ozr"s is blue.
3. Compare subject pronouns, possessive a$ectives, and possessive pronouns:

Subject
Pronouns

Possessive

Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

my

mine

you

your

yours

he

his

his

she

her

hers

ir

its

we

our

ours

they

their

theirs

For each underlined pai4 choose the correct possessive form.

Example: Prt@)tqrllq

coat on. It's cold outside!

1.

This bag is not mine. I think it's your / yours.

2.

She is a doctor. Her / Hers sister is a lawyer.

3.

Is this mine or your / yours?

T.

That's his office. It's not my / mine.

5.

I don't know their / theirs address.

b.

I think that house is their / theirs.

38

Practice 18

7.

This table is our / ours.

8.

Your / Yours tape recorder is broken. Why don't you borrow my / mine?

o
5
o
;1
H
o
fr
Fi

Our / Ours car is white. They / Theirs is red.

10.

Her / Hers hair is the same length as my / mine.

11.

Do you want me to take yours

/your picture?

'o
c.

72. His mother is from my/ mine native country.

13.

She took our / ours umbrella and now she thinks

it's her / hers.

(r)

0)

14. Please don't take my / mine textbook without my / mine permission.

15.

Their / Theirs children are coming over with their / theirs friends.

16.

This isn't her / hers scarf. Her / Hers is blue.

"6

77. Our / Ours vacation was as good as your / yours.

()

18.

u
0)

They went to the restaurant with their / theirs friends and my / mine.

tn

()
(t)

ml.ffi
*"f'
w
a x erqb'rq"

Example:

(,}

Rewriteeach sentence below, replacing the underlined portion with a correct

possessive pronoun 0r possessive a{ective.

O{

This is a picture of John andAnne's new baby.

Thie ia a

picture of their new

bab.v,

1.

The boys' clothes are in the washing machine.

2.

That suitcase isn't your suitcase.

3.

The little girl's kitten ran away.

4.

The next day the kitten returned to the little girl's family's house.

5.

My pen ran out of ink, so I'm going to use your pen.

6.

She announced that Jim's

7.

Jeanne's flight arrived earlier than our flight.

flight would arrive earlr

Practice 18

39

--'

Questions about the Subject

+
(J

q)

,o
t{
V)
q)
71

wt- woRD

DO / DOES
/ DID

What

does

SUBIECT

VERB

COMPLEMENT

The bride

throws
throw?
throws
caught

something.

trl

+
+

5
o
,o
d
o

o
.Fl
+

o
o
FT

she
She

Who

something.

How many guests

brought
bring?
brought
brought

Some women
they
Whichwomen

try
try
try

to catch the bouqr

to catch the bouqr
to catch the bouqr

Something
What

happened
happened

next.
next?

The guests

What

they

did

Some guests

o
whv

do

the bouquet.
the bouquet?

gifts.
gifts?

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Questions about the subject are different from other questions. They don't include do, does, or did.
2. We usually answer a subject question with a subject and an auxiliary verb:
Who caught the

bouquet?

The bride's cousin drid.

3. What happened is a subject question. We usually answer with

a different verb:
groom
ruent on a honermoon.
What happenecL after the wedding? The bride and
4. After u.tho, use the -s form for the simple present tense. After hout many, use the base form. After o
questions, use the -s form or the base form, depending on whether the noun is singular or plural:
Who hcts the prettiest dress? W7ich girlutas the bridesmaid?
How many people warlt todance? Whi,ch gi,rk u,ere thenicest?

?it+-!ft+.+m Write a question about the subject of each sentence.

Example:

Who sent.You the information by e-mail?

My brother sent me the information by e-mail.

Ansu,er: Tommy wrote the answers on the palm of his hand.

2.

Ans'u.er:

T\no

police officers caught the robbers.

3.

Anstter: Jorge usually brings his sister.

40

Practice 19

4.

Ansuer:

The climbers always carry first-aid equipment.

+
U

Anstuer:

Chang took everyone to dinner.

s5

Answer:

The volcano destroyed several villages.

s+

a)

5.

(n
o

6.

7.

Arsztser: Our ship survived the tsunami.

Ir

Ansuter: My grandparents

o
o
.Fa

8.

sl

are coming to see us.

rrt

9.

q)

Anstoer: Five firefighters fought the fire.

10.

Anszuer:

The mailcarrier brought the mail.

11.

Ansu,er: The Italian woman sang the song.

12.

Ansuer:

The ship sank.

Choose the best response for each question.

Example:

Who met her at the train station?

a. Her father did.

1.

What broke the window?

a. A baseball did.

2.

b. I did.

What caused the accident?

a. A speeding driver did.

4.

b. A baseball did break.

Who ate my strawberries?

a. I do.

3.

b. Her father did meet.

b. A speeding driver did

cause the accident.

Who told you?

a.

She.

b.

She did.

Practice 19

4l

Forms and LJses

of Reflexive Pronouns

co
o
nr

SUBIECT

VERB

see
see

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

S{

q)

You

X
a)

EE
0)

(|

o
o
a)

He

SEES

She

SEES

It

sees
see
see
see

We
You

They

myself.
yourself.
himself.
herself.
itself.
ourselves.
yourselves.
themselves.

Ut

,-t
\J
A
H

(g
(a

tr

FI

EXAMPLE

EXPTANATION

Syla sometimes blames herself. (DO)

A reflexive pronoun can be a direct object

(DO), an indirect object (IO), or the object of a
preposition (OP).

I tell myself that he loves me. (IO)

Be good to

yourself. (OP)

She hates to eat by

herself.

She has to do everything

We often add aLL bg before the reflexive

pronoun to mean alone.

all by herself.

TANGUAGE NOTES:
1. If the subject and object are the same, we use a reflexive pronoun as the object.
2. After an imperative j vse Aout'sel,f or gourselaes depending on whether you referc to one person or
more:
I/ozr

singular: Get'yow'sel-f a lawyer.

You plural: Get yourselues a lawyer.

Write the correct reflexive pronoun in the blank,

Example:

She gave

We sang

z.

The old man drew

r).

The bird saw

4.

He is in love with

hereelf

a party.
a song.
a map.

ln tlle mlrror.

It's so loud. I can 't hear

think.

o.

If you're l-rungry, make

7.

We gave

a pat on the back.

8.

He gave

a headache worrying aborrt the siluation

cl

Don't drive

a sandwich.

crazy trying to solve this prouienr

10.

Can you teach

11.

If the alarm doesn't work. vou'll have to wake

42

Practice 2O

vocabulary?
up.

12. I go home every night and make

13.

some dinner.

They can't earn enough money to support

o
5
o
FI
o
tr

14. Look, that man over there is talking to

15.

She ate the whole cake, and she made

16.

Babies can't feed

sick.

Pr

t7. We saved our money until we had enough to buy

18. Dennis hurt
with the electric drill.

a)

a boat.

TE
q)

(+{

Circle the best reflexive pronoun for each item.

Example:

His problem is that he doesn't have any confidence

(,

in6rnr"D/ n"rr"r.

q)

1. You'll have to turn the key in the ignition. The car won't start itself / yourself.
2- She didn't know anyone in the class, so she introduced tbg4qglvgqlerself to the person next

!o

EI

to her.

(n

3.

For the next three months the students prepared themself / themselves for the exam.

l.{

4.

The older sister told her sister ghost stories until she even frightened herself / themselves.

5.
6.

Don't let that little boy play with that knife. He'll cut himself / themselves.
No one inted us to the party, so we inted ourself / ourselves.

7.

They attacked me, so I had to defend ourselves / myself.

8.

People would enjoy talking with you more if you didn't feel so sorry for themselves / yourself.

9.
10.

Other people won't believe in you if you don't believe in yourself / themselves.
If all of you start sang money now, you'll thank ourselves / yourselves in 20 years.

11.

At the end of the dinner we excused ourselves / ourself.

t!

[{

72. He promised themselves / himself that he would never lie to his parents again.
13.

r4.

If you want to understand another person, try putting yourself / himself in his place.
It's good for people to be able to laugh at theirselves / themselves now and then.

Practice 20

43

Noun Plurals
o
f
t{
5
F{

FI

REGULAR NOUN PLURALS

WORD ENDINGS

SINGUTAR
NOUNS

ADDITIONS

PLURAL
FORMS

Vowel

bee, banana

+s

bees, bananas

dish, watch

+es

dishes, watche

Voiceless consonants

cat,lip

+s

cats, lips

Voiced consonants

card, pin

Vowel +

boy, day

s, ss, sh, ch,

gr

Consonant
Vowel

r, z

video. radio

Consonant*o
.

+s
+s
g+
+s

lady, story

PLURAT

potato,hero

cards, pins
boys, days

ies

ladies, stories
videos, radios

*es*

potatoes, heror

E xceptions.' photos, pianos, solos, altos, sopranos, autos, avocados

orfe
f**Encept'ions;

leaf, knife
/+ ues..
beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cliffs, chefs, sheriffs

leaves, knives

IRREGUTAR NOUN PLURALS

SINGULAR

PLURAL

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

woman

women

foot
goose

geese

Men and women came

to America from manv
countries.

Vowel change.

feet

sheep

sheep

fish

He caught six fish for

dinner.

No change.

fish

child
person

children
people

Many people came to

the celebration.

Different word form

pajamas, pants
scissors

Those pants are clean.

No singular form.

The news is not good.

Singular form ends i

-s. No plural form.

news

politics

WNTF*WG

Example:

1.
2.

44

Circle the correct form of the underlined noun 0r pronoun.

Wl.ren I

$l34

we always had to wash the

dlq\L@@after

we took a couple of sandwiches / sandwichs with us for lunch.

Dress the baby in his pajama / pajamas and put him to bed.

Practice

2l

dinner.

3.

A few basketball players are 7 feet / foot tall.

4.

Ranchers who raise sheeps / sheep have both wool and meat.

5.

Most of the news seems / seem to be bad.

0.

During the rain all of the seates / seats / seat in the stadium got wet.

7.

I washed my jeans ancl it / they shrank so much that I

8.

Could you get me two boxes / boxs of animal crackers at the store?

The chiefs / chieves spoke to their own people about the new laws.

(!
tr
can't

get

F.(

t lthem

t'l

on.

10.

You should wash your glasses / glasss because they're so dirty you can't see

11.

The hunters came back with three deer / deers.

12.

Let's get a couple of new suitcases / suitcase for our trip.

anlthing.

We'll remember that day all our lives / lifes.

r4. This paper is going to take me at least three more hours / houres.
15. In the town square is a monument to the heroes / heros of the revolution.
13.

16.

In the spring new leafs / leaves appear on the trees.

17. The man's / men's restroon is on the right, iust beyond the newsstand.
18.

You can buy dictionaries / dictionarys

19.

The police came as soon as he / they could.

ir-r

both book form and electronic form.

20. All cultures have their own believes / beliefs.

21. Take this CD player to a store that fixes stereoes / stereos.
22.

Your scissors are so sharp that they / it cut me.

23. The roofs / rooves of the buildings were covered with snow.
24.

Tfopical fish / fishes are popular fbr saltwater aquariums.

25.

Passengers are not allowed to play radios / radioes during the flight.

26.

After your classes / class are over, you can go home.

tftffif
Example:

Write the plural form of each regular or irregular noun.

pin

ntnG

candy

10,

hot dog

month

11.

mosquito

child

12.

potato

fruit

1O
r).

tree

tooth

r4.

boy

dentist

15.

fire

cookie

lo.

fly

mouse

17.

knife

cake

18.

piece

Practice

2l

45

priqg the Singular and plural

tor Generalizations

o
EI
o
.F{

--

(E

EXAMPLE

N
(

tr
o
tr

A child

needs love.

chi,td,ren

need love.

A big city

has
have

U
k

Bi,g ci.ti,es

F{

EXPTANATION
Whenwe make a generalization, we say
that
something is true of the noun in g"nurl.

lot of traffic.

lot of traffic.

To make a generalization, we use a

singular

noun after a, or anl, or the plural noun-with

n
article.

TANGUAGE NOTES:

'o

'

2'

tr

}{

we use the singular form of hundred, mLion,

etc. to tark about an exact number:
I inted a hundred, people to my wedding.
the plural form of hund,reds, mitti,arus,
etc. to talk about inexact numbers.
Hundreds of people attended the soccer match.

W'e use

3' After euerg andeach,

FI
Fi

we use a singurar noun. After oJl we

use a plural noun.

b0
EI

oFl

(a

C)

?l
t-l

+
bo

q
o

.!{

tJ

wil'rFfr",fr'ilt*M

Decide if each expression is specific

Example:

Children

1. the geese
2. geese
3. ten geese
4. agoose
5. every mother
6. each person
7. one thousand drivers
8. hundreds ofcooks
9. all working people
10. an emotion
11. the emotion
12. emotions
13. two emotions
14. each pilot
15. all students

46

Practice 22

or

general.write your decision on the

line.
The

child

specific

Decide if the sentence is a generalization or a specific statement. Circle the

best answer,

/':------------- , -,
Example: (A
Th" r
""S"t"riad/
t. A vegetarian / The vegetarian

o
G
o
.Fl
+,
(!

is someone who doesn't eat meat.

refusecl to eat the chicken u,e off'ered her.

/An exercise helps

-a(

zou unclelstancl genelalizations.

2.

The exercise

3.

Exercises / The exercises give students a lot of practice!

4.

I love children / the children.

5.

The children / Children in my neighborhood are very well behaved.

c).

Every child / chi ldren should learn a second language.

7.

All of the person / people voted for her.

li

a)

(J
t{

*{

8.

She spent about two hundred dollars / hundreds of dollars on that table.

That city has a problem with crime / the crime.

10.

Crime / The crime was committed at midnight.

11.

Women / The women are more expressive than men / the men.

Fr

'og
rE

b0

t2. Life / The life can be difficult.

13.

u)
a
A

Life / The life of a fruit fly is short.

+)
b0

14. There are exactly four thousand / thousands of seats in the auditorium.
15.

History / The history is an interesting subject.

16.

I like to study history / the history of my country.

rh

,t

17. Did you ask all of the student / students to come to the play?
18.

You should eat vegetables / the vegetables every day.

Write sentences including the following subjects in the specific 0r general form.

Example:

teachers(general) Teachere wan the beet for their students.

teachers (specific) The teachere

1.

politician (specific)

2.

politician (general)

3.

hundreds ofpeople (general)

4.

one hundred people (specific)

atthe

colle4e worked aL niqht.

Pnctice 22

47

Noncount Nouns
t,)

These are some ways that we can distinguish count and noncount nouns:

FI

Group
milk
oil

A.

Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts. We look at the whole:

water

Group

pouitry

wine
yogurt
pork

B.

rice
sugar
Group C.

soup

bread

D.

love
life
time

salt
popcorn

hair
snow

grass
corn

Nouns that are classes or categories of things. The members of the category are not

Nouns that are abstractions:

nutrition
happiness

education
experience
crime
advice
knowledge

truth
beauty
Iuck

Group E.
history

electrici
lightnin
air

Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count:
sand

the same:
money or cash (nickels, dimes, dollars)
food (vegetables, meat, spaghetti)
furniture (chairs, tables, beds)
clothing (sweaters, pants, dresses)
mail (letters, packages, postcards, fliers)

Group

thunder
cholesterol
blood

meat
butter
paper

intelligence
unemplorment
pollution
patience
poverty

fruit (cherries, apples, grapes)

makeup (lipstick, rouge, eye shadow)
homework (compositions, exercises)
jewelry (necklaces, bracelets, rings)

information
nature
help
noise
energy
friendship

music

art
work
health
trouble
fun

Subjects of study:

chemistry
English

grammar
geometry
Spanish

TANGUAGE NOTE:

biologz

math (mathematics)
political science

Some nouns can be used as count nouns in some cases and as noncount nouns in

other cases.

Examples: I washed my

ffi*rt$lkrt

hai;r;

I found a ha'i'r in my soup.

These are some things that people can buy at a grocery store. Write count or
noncount next to each word.

1.

candy

7.

soy sauce

2.

onron

8.

toothpaste

r).

bread

9.

toothbrush

4.

oil

10.

sugar

5.

flour

it.

banana

t).

pickle

ro
I L.

rice

48

Practice 23

Gt

Choose the best form of the underlined word.

(,)

Peolrle who want to stay healthy and slim shodd watcir rvhtt tltev

5
o

e'rl.

Example:

(1) butter / butters cau ntakt. t l)elsorl obese and

@gqY Foos with a lot of
c.an harm the heart. (2) Sugar / Sugars makes a person gain weight too. Ertiug it lot
of (3) rice / rices, (4) noodle / noodles, or (5) bread / breads can make zt ltersotr gziitt

+'

xFI

u
EI
o

weight as well. As we all know, too much (6) coff'ee / coffees or (7) tea / teas nrakes r person

nervous, and too much (8) alqqlqjl slgglglq can lead to alcoholisrn.

with (9) food / {qlq allergies must also be careful of what they eat. Souie
people can't eat (i0) wheat /lryhe4lq, so they can't eat (11) bread / breads or
(12) noqdlg / nqqqleq that are made from (13) wheat / wheats. Others are allergic to milk
People

(14) product / products, so they can't drink (15) milk / milks or eat
(16) cheese / cheeses or (17) ice cream / ice creams. If a person is very allergic to a
(18) food / foods, eating it can endanger his or her (19) life / lives.
(20) Knowledges / Knowledge about food can save your life.

ililffi:ilChoosethecorrectformoftheunderlinedwordS.

Example:
_ Hisf6/
\\ hairs is thick and straight.

'-//__

The police found two blond hair / hairs on the victim's coat.
Sorne restaurants use napkins that are made of paper / papers.
We have to write three paper / papers for this class.

My grandparents lived long and happy life / lives.

Sometimes life / Iives can be very hard.
Pour the juice into a glass / glass.

This mirror is made of a glass / glass.

Timel fimgq goes br very quickly.

She called rne five tiure / titnes yesterday.

It was an experience / expet'iences I lvill always retnember.

Practice 23

49

Quantities with Noncount Nouns

(n

5
o

z+

t,

These are some ways that we can measure count and noncount nouns.

BY
CONTAINER

zA

{.

.F{

o
.l

0)

.
+

(E

BY PORTION

bottle of
water
a carton of milk
a jar of pickles
a can ofsoda
a cup ofyogurt
a glass of water
a bag offlour
a box of paper

clips

*Tf,ftt?+#t
Example:

of an ounce of sugar
bread
a quart of oil
a piece of meat
a piece of cake
a pound of meat
a strip of bacon
a bowl of soup
a piece or sheet of a gallon of milk
paper
a pint of cream
a slice of pwza
a scoop of ice
cream

a slice or piece

BY SHAPE /
WHOLE PIECE OTHER
a

loaf of bread

an ear of corn
a piece of
a head of

fruit

lettuce
a roII of

film

a candy bar
a tube

of

toothpaste
a bar of soap

a piece of mail
a piece of

furniture
a piece of advice
a piece of

information
a work of art
a homework
assignment

The following quantities are not correct. Change the container 0r portion to the
amount you buy at the supermarket or cook with at home.

jar of cake

1. abottle ofcereal
2. a jar of soap
3. abagofjam
4. a box of milk
5. a can ofbutter
6. abar ofsugar
7 . a stick of flour
8. a loaf of chocolate
9. a teaspoon of candy
10. a carton ofbeans

50

BY
MEASUREMENT

Practtce 24

a piece of cake

..tUsethen0unSintheboxtoflllintheblanksintheconversationbetween
Monica and Stephen as they plan their shopping trip.

Example:

I neecl to buy two heads of

cereal

beans

bread

Monica:
Stephen:

milk

leLLuce

flour
rneat

U)

s4
{

5
o

for the salad.

z+

lurargarute toothpaste
gas
ntayonnaise

EI
FI

(J

Let's go shopping for groceries. If you'll check the pantry, I'll make a list
Okay. Let's see. We need (1) a can of
(2) a box of
quart
3) a
of
, and
(4) a pound of

Monica:
Stephen:

Anything else?
Yes, I need (5) a bag of

Monica:

Good. I need (7) a tube of

z
?l

+)

F
u)
C)

and (6) a stick

+J
FI
(

of

for the cake I'm going to make tonight.

. How about you? Do you neecl

any'thing else?

Stephen:

Maybe (8) a loaf

Moniea:
Stephen:

Great. Let's go to the store.

of

and (9)

ajar of

for sandwiches. I think that's all.

oh, don't let me forget that we also need to put (10)

a few gallons

of

in the car.

il
Example:

Think about the items in your kitchen at home. List them with quantity
expressi0ns.

acn -f tomatoee

In my kitchen at home, I have:

1.

2.
3.

Practice 24

51

There + a Form of Be
q)

Q
o

(+{

t{

ARTICTE

THERE

BE

QUANTITY

NOUN

PLACE OR TIMT

There

will be

ball game

at 2:00 p.m. tomor

There

are

two

sandwiches

in the refrigerator.

There

was

some good

news

on the front page.

There

is

no

water

on the moon.

f{

Count

+
P

q)

\
f\

Noneount

TANGUAGE NOTE:
Observe the word order in questions withthere:
Is there life on Mars? No, there probably isn't.

Are there any messages for me? Yes, there are.

How many messages are th,ere? There are four.

Write There i,s or There a,rebefore each article 0r quantity

There ie

Example:

a large school next

* noun.

to my apaftment.

1.

a great selection of CDs at the mall.

2.

several shoe stores next to the music stor.e.

D.

delicious popcorn at the moe theater.

4.

no homework tonight.

J.

a small red car in the

6.

some vegetables and noodles in my soup.

7.

two computers for sale.

8.

no fish in this soup.

9.

some lemonade on the table.

10.

parking lot.

many happy students in this class.

writels there lAre there lwus there lwere therebefore each question.

Example:

Wae t;here

a party last night?

l.

other students in the library yesterday?

2.

any good moes out right now?

3.

a medical emergency last week?

4.

any children in the park an hour ago?

5.

someone in the hallwav?

52

Practice 25

6.

anybhing to eat?

7.

time at the end of YesterdaY's test?

8.

any phone messages?

9.

any e-mails yesterdaY afternoon?

a teacher in

10.

q)

a
qH

o
H

that classroom?

{
rg

Fill in the blanks with nouns from the box. Use each noun only once.

P
q)
furniture

credit

Example:

cards

onions

meat

Is there any

children

election

information

1. Are there any

on my sandwich?
on my sandwich?

How many homeless

5.

There are two

6.
7.
8.

There's a

of my family in mywallet.

There's a

of today's movies in the newspaper.

are there in this citY?

on the bulletin board.

There's some good

for the presidency every four years.

There's an

in mywallet.

in the apartment?

Is there any

Example:

t\

schedule

2.
3.
4.

M*,,3'!,-"-$ME

pictttre

Unscramble the words to make sentences viththere.

the swimming pool

There are

are ltwo girls / in / there

two

1.

are / on my desk / there / a phone

2.

there / many ducks / were / on the pond

3.

was

4.

this morning / was / about the weather / there / bad news

/ and a Iamp

I atthe college I a great professor / there

Practice 25

53

??ryu
ano

Any,

Jeveral 14,

is

q)
(.r)

\l?l
H

Affirmative

No, A Little, A Few,

SINGULAR COUNT

PtURAt COUNT

NONCOUNT

There's a clock in the

kitchen.

There are ( some)

windows in the
kitchen.

There's (some) rice

the kitchen.

I have (afew)
questions.

s.t

I have (several)
mistakes on my
composition.

Negative

There isn't a clock in the

kitchen.

time.

There's no clock in
the kitchen.

There isn't (any) rict

in the kitchen

There aren't (any)

There's no rice in the

kitchen.

windows in the
kitchen.

q)'

little) hel
I need (a little) mor
I need (a

There are no windows

in the kitchen.

ar)

Question

Is there a clock in the

kitchen?

Are there (any)

windows in the
kitchen?

Is there (any) rice in

the kitchen?

LANGUAGE NOTES:
7. An s used before singular count nouns
that begin with
Ihave qn u.ncle, c.rn aunt, and a grandmother.

vowel:

2. Some

3'

and, any can also be used in questions

and alone.
Do you have some change? Do they need
artE?
use an affirmative verb before no. Don'tuse

There is rio time.

There is 7o answer to your question.

the indefinite article after no:

There isn,t anA time.

There i,sn't ctn answer to your question.

wrffirM
Example:

A.

Fill in each blank vnthsome, nA, , n, or

no.

Do you have

Do you have (1)

any

milk that we could borrow? We had (2)

yesterday, but we drank it all. Now
we don,t have (B)
, and we need

breakfast.

54

Pructice 26

money? I forgot my wallet todav.

(4)

for the baby's

B.

If we're going to the swimming pool, let's take (1)

suntan

lotion. I like the kind with (2)

high sunscreen level. I won't buy

it if it doesn't have (3)

C.

sunscreen.

Your problem is that you don't get (1)

on (2)

exercise. You ought to go

>
\)

ar)

'o

healthy diet and do (3)

c
(

exercises every day.

D.

sq)

I can't go with you to the movies tonight because I have to write

(1)
composition for one of my classes. In fact, I have

()\

homework for every class. I can't believe you don't have

(3)

homework. You're really lucky!

.s{r

Carol is going to make Flabulous Fish Soup. She has crossed out the ingredients
that she doesn't need. Make two lists below: the things she doesn't need (use
ana or a I an when listing each of these items) and the things she has to buy at
the store (use some or a I an when listing each of these items).

.ot

R
{
s*

Fabulous Fish Soup

7*@il

2 yellow onions

1 can of tomato sauce

sl+{ad+pper

2 teaspoons parsley

carrot
g-baplesves

2 medium turnips

4 cups fish broth

++e+a*e

1 large

s)'
s

o
(r)

@
3 pounds fish steaks

g4aspeens+eur
Can'ol doesn't need:

Example:

Carol needs:

any olive oil

Example:

1.

z.

2.

r)
J.

3.

/l

4.

t:

5.

oorne parsle.y

6.

Practice 26

55

x
F

E
*s
u

s.
o
o

Affirmative

PLURAL COUNT

NONCOUNT

He has many friends.

He has a

He has a

Negative

lot of friends.

He doesn't have many friends.

He doesn't have a

lot of friends.

Does he have many friends?

Question

lot of time.

Does he have a

He doesn't have much time.

He doesn't have a

lot of money.

Does he have much time?

lot of friends?

How many friends does he have?

Does he have a

lot of time?

How much time does he have?

A Lot of = Large Quantity.

No Problem Is Presented.

Too Mang / Too Much = Excessive

Quantity. A Problem Is Presented.

lot of students study at the library.

(Many students study at the library.
They don't finish much work.)

Too many students study at the library. The

Iibrary is crowded and noisy.

lot of homework.
I have a lot of cousins.
I have a

I don't have time to talk to you. I have too

much homework.
I have no time to study. I have

too many famill

responsibilities.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
7. Much is rarely used in affirmative statements. It is more conunon to use a lot of inaffirmative
statements.
Lot of has a neutral tone. It shows a large quantity but doesn't present a problem. Too mttch or too
manry usually presents a problem or a complaint.
Use too much with noncount nouns. Use oo mclnA with count nouns.

2. A

3.

W*qF.

ffi

Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
5

Circle the correct underlined word 0r words in each sentence.

She can't eat many

Don',t eat too

much/too

/6uclsugar.

manrfat.

The body needs a lot of / a little fat in the diet.

A year ago, he ate too much / too many rice and bread.

It is good to eat much / rnany vegetables every day.

We don't have much / several soda for everyone.
Can you buy several

/ a little cans of soda for me?

Do you eat much / many sugar?

Does he eat many / much cookies?

Practice 27

9.

I have a

little / afew friends with children.

10.

If you're taking the kids to the beach, take a little / several towels with you.

1l

The kids always have a little / a lot of fun at the beach.

_t_t.

lra

12. Children always say "Give us just a few / a little more time."
13.

Their grandmother gave therr a few / a little money for a snack.

t4.

They bought several / a little chocolate bars with the money.

.Slt

*,

a
o
t-l
!r

Write problenxwhen something excessive or bad is stated. Write zo prlblenx on

the line when n0 problem is presented.

Example:

A few of my friends live near your house.

t.

I read a lot of books for school.

2.

I spend too much time on the computer.

r).

You have several international friends.

4.

You have too many homework assignments.

We work too much.

6.

We have many assignments.

She has a few beauty secrets for nice skin.

8.

She rests a lot.

She drinks a lot of water.

10.

That costs a lot of money.

11.

There are too manv clonds todav.

t2.

They don't neecl to lose a few pounds.

no problem

Write a paragraph about your hometown. Use the quantity phrases a lot of,
nl,uch, nlnA, a little, afew, andseaeral to describe what your hometown has
and doesn't have.

Example:

My hometown doesn't have much crime.

Practice 27

57

Adjectives
f,)

o
+

q)

'

EXAMPTE
We ate

EXPLANATION

abiqmeat.

\s.*\q-q\s-:s,s\H=sus..Sa\w\rx

I don't like to eat fatty foods.

Fast food is

inexpensive.

Models are

thin.

You look

healthy.

come before a noun.

An adjective can come after the verb be a

sense-perception verbs: look, seem. solt;r
smell, taste, feel.

Burgers taste delicious.

Are you concerned about your weight?

Some -ed, u;ords are adjectives, such as:

otri,ed, croude d, Located, ma,ry,ied,,

u;

I'm tired after work.

diu orced, exci,ted, di,sappointed,, Jini,shr

The health club is located near my house.

frightened.

He did exercises and got

An a$ective can followge in these

expressions: get ti,red, get uLorri,ed, get
hu,rtgru, get sl,eepy, get thirsty, get mctrt
get diuorced, get si,ck, get angru.In thes
expressions, get means becom,e.

tired.

I ran for 3 miles and got thirsty.

If you eat too much candy, you're going to get
sick.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. We do not make adjectives plural:

ath,inmodel thi,nmodels

abi,g glass bi,g glasses

ertrem,efu can come before adjectives.
You are uery healthy. They are entrem.elg tred.

2. Very, qui,te,

and,

@.UnderlinetheadjectiveineachSentence0rqueSti0n.

Example:

1.

That man seems angry.

We like to eat salad from a wooden bowl.

2. I love your dress! Is it expensive?

3. That television is heavy.
4. My married sister lives a few miles from here.
5. After the hike, they got thirsty.
6. The blue glass holds water.
7. We made the cake from sweet butter.
8. I got sick before my assignment ended.
9. Why are you worried about your test?
10.

58

She was frightened by the dark.

Practice 28

Write one or more appropriate adjectives after each sense-perception verb

below.

(,)

()

Example:

Your hair looks

beautiful

Did you have it cut?

0)

1.

After running the marathon, I felt

2.

The river water felt

tf.

My cooking tastes

4.

Ice cream tastes

5.

This milk smells

6.

Your soup smells

7.

The sky looks

I think it's going to rain.

8.

Mother looks

Let's make dinner for her.

Learning a new language seems

10.

He seems

"o

on his bare feet.

Let's throw it out.

.

What did you put in it?

but it isn't really.

Did he have a bad dav?

'ilCircle.thebestadjectivetocompletethesentenceaboutago0dVacati0n
expenence.

1.

I had fun! I took a boring / wonderful vacation last summer.

2.

I was excited / disappointed to leave on vacation.

t).

I felt disappointed / tired that I could take only a week's break.

4.

I flew to a tropical / arctic island with my bathing suit packed.

5.

I spent most of my time on the sunny / cloudy beaches.

o.

I got thirsty / angry on the hot beach.

One afternoon I met a clull / pleasant woman.

8.

She said that she liked unclercookecl / goum-ret foocl.

She

told me that her uncle owned a famous / an{ul restaurant.

10.

She invited me to go there with her for a delicious / disgusting meal.

11.

The restaurant was crowded / empty.

t2. A busy / nervous waiter took our order.

Practice 28

59

Noun Modifiers
(,)

q)

|ri
"d
o

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

Do you have an exercise machine?

A noun can modify (describe) another nour

The second noun is more general than the

5
o

farm worker gets a lot of exercise. Some

people eat at a fast-food restaurant.

A
I

Strawbetry ja.mis a jam. Ashoe store is a

store.

joined a health club.

I bought new running shoes.

Do you ever use the

swimming pool?

Sometimes a gerund describes a noun. It sl

the purpose ofthe noun.

My five-year-old son prefers candy to fruit.

The first noun is always singular.

Potato chips have a lot of grease.

AJi,ue-year-ol.d, son is a son who is five yet

oId.

My new shoes are inthe shoebox.

Do you have your

driver's

license?

Sometimes a possessive form describes a

I can't understand the owner's manual for my

newVCR.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Some noun modifiers become attached to the noun: shoe
are called compound notuns.

bon = shoebor, book

sto' e

= bookstrvre. Thet

ffitAnswereachqueStion,usingOneOfthen0unSinthequeStiOnaSan0un
modifier in your answer. If the word is singular, use an article.

Example:

What kind of store can you buy shoes at?

1.

What kind of government runs a city?

2.

In what kind of class do you study biology?

3.

What kind of food do you give to cats?

4.

At what kind of place do you wash cars?

5.

What kind of doctor takes care of your eyes?

6.

What kind of camera do you use to take videos?

Practice 29

a ehoe eltore

7.

What kind of sale do stores have in the summer?

(,)

8.
9.

l.{
0)

What kind of a belt keeps you safe in a car?

ri
.Fl

'oo

What do we call a person who stars in moes?

:
?1

10.

h{
FI

In what kind of garden do people grow vegetables?

11. What kind of salad has fruit in it?

1,2. What do you call a burger with

cheese?

13.

What do you call a mine where people dig for diamonds?

14.

What do you call a store that has different kinds of departments?

15.

What do you call a book full of telephone numbers?

16.

What do you call a machine that you can use to send faxes?

17

18.

What do you call a sale that people have in their garage?

What do you call a child who is 10 years old?

*rT,rillffi#

Example:

bed

1. credit
2. Iiving
3. tea
4. feather
5. grammar
6. book
7. kitchen
8. base
9. rubber
10.

tap

Match the flrst noun (the noun modifier) with the second (the "main" noun).

room
table

ball
boots

water
card

pillow
book

room
cup
bag

Prcctice 29

6l

Adverbs of Manner

t{
q)
t4
H

a
G

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

I choose my food carefully.

An adverb of manner tells how or in what w:

person does something. We form most adve
of manner by putting -W atthe end of an
adjective.

l+{

(,)

rO

L
q)

Some people eat

poorly.

'o
Do you eat

well?

He worked hard and came home

The adverb for goodisu;eLL.

late.

Some adverbs of manner do

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Hq,rd' andhard'lg are both adverbs, but they have completely different meanings.
He worked /ard. = He put a lot of effort into his work.
He hard,Lg worked. = He did very little work.

2. An adverb of manner usually follows the verb phrase.

She ate her lunch quickla.
You sp eak English ut e IL.

come before an adverb.

They work uery slowly.

She drives ertrem,ely weIl.
You speak qui,te clearly.

r+fril,*ffi*+M Change the following adjectives to adverbs 0f manner.

Example:

quick

quickl.y

1.

dangerous

5.

fast

2.

normal

6.

constant

3.

safe

7.

slow

4.

rapid

8.

good

62

Practice 30

end in -Ly.

adjective and the adverb are the same.

Don't eat so fast.

3. Very, entremelg, ard quite can

not

,.

circle the adjective in each statement. change the adjective

to an adverb and
write it on the line. some adjectives and advJrbs t
aue tt e
same form.

Example:

I are my

food@ici)

tr
tr

1. I finished the work easv.

2. They sold the house cheap.
3. She waited for you patient.
4. I didn't tie the rope secllre.
5. I want to prononnce words correct.
6. He held the baby careful.
7. I didn't arrive late.
8. Make sure you eat slow.
9. They studied hard last night.
10. She hard studied and failed the test.
ll. You need to speak soft.
12. They don't celebrate birthdays happy.
13. The teacher speaks well about her students.

:
q

o
v,

rO

0)

'o

lnsert uery, qui,te, or efrtremelybeforeeach adverb.

Example:

Sl-re stucliecl

u"^'yhurd.for
the test.

1.

She spoke Chinese fluently.

2.

He pushed his friend roughly.

3.

I'm sorry I cor-npletecl my work carelessly.

4.

They walked into the classroom quietly.

5.

Honestly, I am upset about the clecision.

6.

We completed our project thoughtfully.

7.

You politely asked me to wait with vou.

8.

The cat moves silently in the night.

L
a)

quickty

Practice 30

63

Adjectives versus Adverbs

(n

tO

Ll

\3

ADIECTIVE

o
5
fn
lr
()

Jim looks serious.

(Serious describes Jim. )

(t

()

'o

.]I" ir looking at his mistakes seriously.

(Seri,ouslE tells how he is looking at hi;

mistakes.)

The music sounds good.

(Good describes the music.)

+
q)

ADVERB

The singer sings well.

(Well describes the singing.)

Your composition looks good.

(Good describes the composition.

You

My father got angry

(Angry Oes"cri e s-my fathe r. )

He spoke

wrote it well.
(Well describes how you wrote it.)

angily to his children.

(Angrily tells how he spoke.)

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1' An adjective describes

2'

a noun: (happu baby). An adverb describes

averb orverb phrase: (watked
slota\g), an adjectiue: (toell knownJ, or another adverb:
(uery slowly).
use an a{ective after the fllowing verbs if you are
describing the subject. use an adverb if you are
telling how the action (the verb) is done:

smell

She l,ooks

3.

sound seem feel taste look appear

happA.
She is Looki,ng at the contra ct carefuLlg.

Use an adjective, not an adverb, in expression swith get

or becom.e:
I got cold and wet in the rain.

tffit

choose the correct adjective 0r adverb for each sentence,

1.

My sister is a wonderful / wonderfully cook.

2.

She cooks extrernely good

3.

Her Italian dishes taste particularly good / well.

4.

she got excitedly / excited when she saw her sister get
off ilre airprane.

5.

They talked excitecl / excitedly until late into the night.

6.

You seem particularly happy / happily today.

7.

He became rich / richly from his Internet company.

64

Practice 31

/well.

B.

My teacher is fluent / fluently in

three languages.

He and his wife dance

o
lr

g{qggfuuigqU[ rogerher.

tO
c)

10. My husbancl

'o

took me to a romantic / romantically

movie.

ul

(t

Example:

k
o

Find the mistake i",t"lg underlined portion

of each sentence. Rewrite the
sentence correcilv. If there are
n0 rirtur..rin;,i;;"..i*,r.
correct.
My father clrives very careful.

v)

o
+
(J

father ddves

1.

He is a very careful driver.

2.

I lost the race because I ran slow.

3.

Sorry I'm late! My watch is slow.

4.

He visits his parents in Brazil frequent.

5.

That perfume smells beautifullv.

6.

If you don't dress quick, we will be

late.

7.

The customer got angrily when

ilre salesperson ignorecl him.

8.

'

He spoke seriously to l-ris childrer_r.

Practice 31

Too and Enougfu

ts

oo

o
tL
tl

'o?r
rg

rQ

Fr

TOO + ADIECTIVE /
ADVERB TOO + MUCH
MANY + NOUN

I'm too tired to exercise.

It's never too late to change
your habits.
Children eat too much food
that is high in calories.

ADIECTIVE / ADVERB
+ ENOUGH

ENOUGH
+ NOUN

A diet of colas and burgers is

not good enough.

Children don't get enough

I walked

quickly enough to

raise my heart rate.

exercise.
I don't have enough time to
exercise.

too many hours

in front of the TV

They spend

LANGUAGE NOTES:

l.
2.
3.
4.

Too indicates a problem. The problem is stated or implied.

Put oo before the adjective or the adverb: too old, too ti,r'ed, too slo'tt;Ly.
Use too muclt before noncount nouns and t,oo m&nA before plural count nouns:
too many socLcts
too much grea,se
too rlanl1 calories
too muclt ti,tne
Ettozr,glt, means as much or as many as needed. Put enough after the adjective or adverb. Puf enottgh

before the noun:

ol.cL

enouglt,

to,Ll

enough, slozaly enou,gh

enouglt'nLone?J1 ertough t'ime, enough books

5. An infinitive phrase (to + a base verb) can follow

He's too young to understQntlllfe.

a phrase with oo and enough:

you,re old enough to d:.ite.

Write foo, too much, oy t00 nxanA before each word.

Example:

Loo

loud

1.

boxes

11.

tired

2.

small

t2.

thin

,).

Iong

13.

problems

4.

informatioti

r4.

hear,y

hot

15.

difficult

6.

expensive

16.

simply

7.

sugar

17.

fisli

8.

slowly

18.

lnoney

ice

19.

hard

carefully

20.

people

10.

66

Practice 32

Write enough before or after each word. If there are two possibilities, write both
of them.

Example:

1.

quiet

Is the classroom

Are there

sandwiches

2.

Are the children

3.

Did I cut the string

4.
5.

You gave me

Is

enou1h

it

f{

!o

.u

short

o
,o
F{

adce
for you?
cheap
salt

in the soup.

quickly

9. I think there is
10. Theyhad
11. Areyou
12. They drive
13. Are there
74. We believe there is
15. The exercise is
16. There is
17. The hotel manager gave us
18. Are there

o
lra

to go to camp?

cold

6. We think that car is

7. The cook put
8. She ran

b0

to study?

big

to win the road race.

hot water

for a shower.

hope

to try calling again.

tired

to sleep well tonight?

carefully

at night.

books

on Brazilian history?

Iight

to see.

easy

to finish.

meat

for the whole family to eat.

towels.

forks

on the table for 6 people?

Read each question. Write an answer using enough, too, too ?nuch,

or tol

nxana.

Example:

Why are you tired?

I

didn'L ele

h laeL

Why aren't you hungry?

2.

Why are you exercising so much?

.S

Practice 32

67

Too and Very

x
s
L

'o

o
,o

t\

/ TOO

ADIECTIVE OR ADVERB

SUBIECT

VERB

VERY

That computer

IS

very

expensive, but I've saved enough to buy it.

That computer

IS

too

expensive for me to buy.

very

tired, but I went to work.

too

tired to exercise after work.

She

speaks

very

quickly.

You

speak

too

quickly. I can't understand you.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Don't confuse aerA andtoo. Ioo always indicates a problem in a specific situation. The problem can be stated or
implied. Verg is a neutral word.

rfr"ttr#il Match the comments of speaker A 0n the left with the responses 0f speaker
B on the right.

Speaker A

Speaker B

t.

Why can't he vote?

How old is her son?

c).

What's the weather like outside?

Why don't you want to plant a garden this weekend?

Why can't we get this bookcase into the truck?

a. It smells very sweet.

b. No, I'm too busy.
c. It's very far.
d. He's very young.
e. It's too tall.

6.

What do you like best about this flower?

f.

Why are you leang so early in the morning?

8.

Shall we hike to the top of the mountain?

g. It's very hot today.

h. No, it's too far.

9.

Why are you staying at work so late tonight?

10.

,l
j.

Are you coming with me to a movie?

It's too wet.

He's too young.

I'mverybusy.

Fill in the blanks with foo or uerA.

Example:
t. I can't

keep up with you. You're walking

The dress is

rt,

That box is

heaw for me to lift.

4.

The belt is

big for me. It's falling off.

5.

She speaks

Practice 33

fast.

beautiful. I think I'll buv it.

2.

f,oo

won't let my daughter wear makeup because she's

slowly so we can understand everything.

young.

c).

It's

cold out today. Make sure you wear a coat.

7.

It's

hot to wear a coat today.

8.

It's

late to call them. They're probably asleep.

She's

'

short to be a professional model.

10.

Her hair is

11.

I'm

(6

long, and she wants to grow it even longer.

o
,o
\

full, but I can still eat dessert!

12. They are

shy to speak in public.

Finish each sentence, using too or aera

from the box,

lumpy

an adjective. Choose one adjective

difficult angry sad

old-fashioned
tight sunny easy
dirty
boring
cloudy valuable
9r<l

sollr
hot

Example:

>.
\

sick

I'm going to bed early tonight. I'm

l.

Pass me the sugar. please. This lemonade is

2.

After the operation the man got better, but he was still

r).

When I told my boss about my mistake, she was

4.

I didn't finish the homework because it was

5.

Let's go cheer Jane up. She looks

o.

Let your soup cool off a minute. It's

7.

Could you bring me a larger size? These shoes are

8.

Your mother woulcL-r't like this stvle. She's

This weather is perfect for a picnic! It's

10.

I finished the exam in.iust 20 minutes. It was

1i.

He doesn't sleeo u'ell on that bed. It's

ver.y

tred

72. Please be careful rvhen vou wash that vase. It is

13.

Don't bring that dog into the house! He's

t4.

I went to sleep during the movie. It was

15.

They didn't go swimming at the beach. It was

Practice 33

69

For, In, During, By, and Ago

o0

'o
tr
(

a
b
B

.Ii

TIME
WORD

EXAMPLE

for

He spoke on the phone

rn

I finished the job in May, 2000.

EXPLANATION

for

an hour.

Fortelfs how long.

Use

I finished the job in five days.

*\
\

in with a specific year or month.

Use i,n to mean after or

period of time.

during

We

sited the Eiffel Tower during

our trip to Paris.

Use duri,ng

by

You must renew your passport by July

ofnext year.

BE means no later than.

ago

We moved into this house three years ago.

Ago means before now.

L\

f'i

within a

with an actity.

LANGUAGE NOTES:

l.
2.

Compare before and, ago:

She got married before she graduated.
She got married three years ago.
Compare d,u,ring andfor:
She fell asleep

cluring the moe.

She slept;for two hours.

3. Compare aJter and,in:

I'll come backi,n an hour.
I'll come back a.fter I go to the post office.
4. Compare before and by:
I have to return my library books bejore Fliday. (Friday
is not included.)
I have to return my library books bg Friday. (Friday
is incruded.)

Fill in each blank vnthduri,ng oror.

Example:

Curinq

I was asleep

We discussed our plans

2.

Something woke her up

3.

They drove

4.

Your name came up

5.

The astronauts remained in orbit

6.

It rains

7.

If you feel dizzy, sit down

lot here

8.

70

the movie.

our lunch break.

the night.
13 hours before they stopped for the night.

our conversation.

4l

days.

the winter months.

a few minutes.

the war, he fought in many battles but was never wounded.

Practice 34

9. I think you should stay in bed

10. The children become restless

a few days.

long car trips.

o0

\J

Fill in each blank vnthago or in.

Example:

I learned to do the job

s:\

five days.

We love to visit the public gardens

.s

the spring.

The twins were born four years

You'd better hurry. The plane leaves
A few days

30 minutes.

t\

she got a telephone call that changed her life.

I always do my best work

L\

the morning.

Your plane left five minutes

. You're

What did you just say a few ntinutes

'e

too late.
2

Why don't we travel somewhere together

August?

My brother left home two years

I'll get back to you

but he often sits us.

just a minute.

Fill in each blank vnthby orin.

Example: He will Iose five pounds

by

She has to be at her desk

October.

8:00 each morning.

I will complete my homework

three hours.

My brother callgllt the flu, but

one week he got better.

If you'll help me, we carl finish

noon.
a few hours, they

will leave.

Everyone had left tlie birthday party

7:00 p.m.

Fortunately the rain hacl stopped

the time I left the building.

Many of the runners ran the race

20 minutes.

You have to be back to scl"rool

Monday.

January, I return to China.

Practice

34

7|

The Past Continuous Tense

o
o

,q)

o
o

EXAMPLE

EXPTANATION

I,ast night at midnight I was watching the Iate

show on TV

To form the past contutLl{ rri:

FI

+
?1
H

oru)eTe

My roommates were watching it with me.

f,

he, she,

vt
G

q)

My roommates

F{
?1

wasn't sleeping.

To form the negative,

weren't paying attention.

Was he living in the United States?

Yes, he

was.

pllt

----rrr,r

,,.15

,,

"r.n

1r'p1. .s

or

e. The contraction for tt ( 1., t()t is rcasn,t.

The contraction for ?t)t.? tirtt i> tt.e).en't.
u)eT

Question formation:
Yes

Where was he living?

itlts. \le use ros

it --->

Ao1t, ?.0et they

*verb-ing.

/ no question and short lns\\-er

wh-

Who was living in Germany?

Wh-subject

Fill in the past continuous form of the verb given to tell about
eyers that were
happening around the world yesterday.

Example: (rain) It
1

2.

nas rainin4

(snow) It

(try)

People

o.

(care) Nurses
(enter) New babies
(smile) Their parents
(take) Students

7.

(tell) A camper

8.

(think)

(wonder) Hissweetheart
(break) In the Antarctic an iceberg
(discover) An astronomer

t).

4.

10.
11.

in the Nile River vallev.

in the Himalayan Mountains.

to climb Mount Everest.

for patients.
the world.

uruversrty entrance exanls.

a story to her friends arourtrl

A young man in Thailand

(worry) A mother in Nigeria

1c).
(plan) A famous chef
I4. (win) A baseball team
15. (enjoy) A Russian journalist
16. (apply) A teacher in Brazil
77. (plow) A farmer in the philippines
Practice 35

r.ulltfire.

about his su'ecthear-t.

if he loved her.
free.
a new star in a clistuit galaxy.

12.

72

about her son.

a dinner

for the King of llorocco.

a game

for the first tiure iu three years.

his vacation in Oclessa.

for graduate schrol.

his field.

Example:

1.

unscramble the words and phrases

to make each past continuous question,

speakingto/who

she /on the

phone/was

r9
F
a

were / to my advice / listening you

/

2.

to the music / they /how long/listening/were

3'

playing / was / where /last night/the

guitar/he

4.

was/who / withhim/singing

r1
+J
v)

^.
Q

F-'l

5.

in the afternoon / he / sirg a

/ book / wasn,t

6.

watching / the new TV show were

/
/ the children / when

8.

rude / being /weren,t / to the customers

/ we
was

/ she / after work / what / yesterday / doing

ffiWritesentenceSab0utwha!4ouandy0urfriendswereor1Deren,t
4^
-qwas

I n)asn't) doing last

night. '

^r.

Example: lwasnl- exercisinq laet niqht.

l.

(my friends / study English)

2.

(I / speak on the phone)

3. (I/writealetter)
4.

(my friends/ cook a big dinner)

Practice 35

73

Uses of the Past Continuous Tense

a
o
?r
x
H

EXAMPLE

o
o
5
?1

EXPTANATION

What were you doing at 10:00 a.m. yesterday?

F{

working in the computer

I was

+
?1

was in progress at a specific moment in the

past.

lab.

The cashier was counting the money when the

robbers entered the store.

o
(!

A
o
?1

We use the past continuous tense to show what

While the robbers were holding her up, the

cashier secretly pushed an alarm button.

We use the past continuous tense with the

simple past tense to show the relationship of a

longer past action to a shorter past action.

{.

(+{

LANGUAGE NOTES:

fT,

q)

'

Q
l-l

You can show the relationship of a longer past

action to a shorter past action in two ways:

.
2'

Use.ulten + the simple past tense with the shorter action.

The cashier was counting the money uthentherobbers

Use uhi,Ie

ente?-eclthe store.

+ the past continuous tense with the longer action.

while the robbers zuere hokli'ng her up, the cashier secreily pushed
an alarm bu*on

If the time clause precedes the main clause, separate

the two clauses with a comma.
Maru cr,us

Trun cr,eusp

He was living in the city

when he died.

Trun cr,eusn
When he died,

MrN cr,ausn
he was living in the

cifi

ws"ffiF.t-sffi use a past continuous 0r simple past verb to complete each sentence when you

Example:

rewrite each sentence. check each sentence for cbrrect

comma use,
(while lI /walk) it started to rain

W!._!.AZ*ulHnq, iL etarLed

f;o rain

1.

I was working on the computer (when the electr

/
icity

2.

Another car hit mine (while / I / stop) at the red light.

3'

(while / my sister / have) a party, my cousins came

to visit.

4.

(while / he / ski ) on the mountain, he broke his

leg.

5.

The telephone rang (while /we

74

Practice 36

/eat) dinner.

/go off).

6.

We found a lot of wildflowers (while

7.

(when

/you lcome over),

/we /hike).

o
o

I was watching a video tape.

8.

She was

9.

(when

working at the clothing store (when I you lsee) her for the first time.

/you lcall)

o
p
o

me on the phone, the children were talking loudly.

+
?1

10.

I read my book (while / the children / sleep).

(,)

11.

Fr

He fell off the horse (while / he / ride) across the field.

a)
F1

(*{

12.

(when

lI I arrive) at the doctor's, many patients were waiting.

(/)

q)
U)

fi,@l!!
Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer the question about wht Ayu d,id, or what you were d,ning.
Use the simple past 0r the past continuous.

While I was preparing my dinner,

m.Y

hueban helped me chop veqeLablee.

When it started to rain, I

While I was eating dinner, I

When my friend came to visit, I

While my friends were studying,

5.

When I went to the bank, I

6.

While I was cleaning my kitchen,

7.

When I wrote you a letter,

8.

While I was doing the laundry,

Practice 36

75

I
Was
rQ

/ Were Going Tb

t-{

.s$
o

/ WERE GOrNG ro GHE PIAN)

ruAS

\)
L

were going to come to see you,

He was going to give her the good news,
We

s
(r)
h

BUT. . . (wHY THE PIAN DIDN'T

HAPPEN)
but our car broke down.
but somebody else told her first.

LANGUAGE NOTES:

N\

we use was

were goi'ng to + the base form of the verb to

describe a plan that we didn,t carry out. It
means the
/ uere planning

same thing as,u)ea

@ffi

to

the verb.

Complete each sentence with the missing

word 0r verb.

Example:

We

were

qoinq

to

broke down.

to meet you yesterday, but our car

1.

He

2.

You were going to

3.

They

4.

It was

5.

We were going

b.

She was going to go to the clentist, but

money.

7.

going to write that letter, but I continued

to forget.
We were going to tell you about that,
we were a little nervous.
They were going
save dessert foryou, but they ate the last
piece.

8.
o

10.
11.

She

t2.

You were going

76

Practice 37

going to call 'ou, but he had a lot of homework.

your homework, but you forgot.
rvr
uL.

going to study for the exam, but they lost

their notebooks.
to be sunny today, but it is terrible out.
pay that bill, but we lost it in all our papers.

didn't have enough

was going to bring lunch for both of us, but

he left it on the bus.
going to clean my room, but she ran out
of time.

water the plants, but you fed the cat first.

complete each of the following sentences with a plan expressed with was
were going to.

Example:

I wae

aoina to bu.v.vou a

preeent

1.

, but you

2.

, but

I
,Q
t\

, but I didn't have enough money.

b0

.s!

interrupted me.

it started to rain.

J.

, but I wasn't strong enough.

'+.
^

, but my parents

5.

, but I had too much

wouldn't let me.

U)

to do.

H
f,\

6.

but I changed my mind.

7.

but the dog ate it.

8.

but my boss asked me to do something else instead.

but I just wasn't hungry enough.

9.

10.

butjust then the phone rang.

1i.

but it was too hot.

12.

but my friends wanted to go home instead.

13.

but it was easier to do it bv e-mail.

74.

but I fbrgot.

ffiffi{
Example:

Write a complete sentence respondingto each of the items belowwith uas

were going to but . . . .

You dicln't rnail these bills.

I wae aoina Lo

mailLhem, butthe posL offce wae cloeed.

1.

You didn't meet rre at the train station.

2.

You never told nle you had an accident with the car.

3.

Why didn't you buy a gift for the bride and groom?

4.

You didn't pay your creclit card bill.

5.

You didn't make a doctor's appointment.

Practice 37

77

Overview of Modals and Related

ch
?a

Expressions

ti

v)

q)

LIST OF MODALS

S{
g

x
'o
o

1'

can

FACTS ABOUT MODATS

could

should

q)

will

.u

I'?1

2.
3'

may

4.

might

(c

'o
o

must

*"ffi

must payyour rent. (l/o.. you

must to pay your rent.)
Modals never
_s,
lT g _ed,, or _ingending.
He can go. (i/o; Hu

F{

rt

rormfollows amodar.

You

would

fr"ol*"

5.

o
F
q)

"*. j

To form the negative putnotafter

,
the modal.
You should not leave now.
You can make a-negative
contraction with some modals:
can,t

couldn't should:r,t won,t zoould.n,t

m:ustn,t

Some verbs

arelike modals in meaning :

haue to, had,
abte to, be supposeiio, an p"rmi,ued, better,
"##:3,r:":
to,
be

He must sign the lease.

.Fl

= He has to sign the lease.

S,t

a)

Read the following statements

and underline the modals
and verbs that act as
modals. (See irem b in rhe

Example:

br;;;;;uv,,,,,

In some countries, people are

supposed to keep dogs on
leashes.
Humans can train dogs to clo
tricks.

1.
2' The successful dog trainer has to keep
severar things in mind.
3. A proverb says *you can,t teach an old
dog new tricks.,,
4'
this proverb may not always
be true, it is certainly easier
to train a puppy than an adurt
ffi]"
5. First, you must develop a good relationship
with the puppy.
6' Next you have to make sure that the puppy
understands what you want
it to do.
7. Of course, the puppy should not be permitted
to run wild.
8. Dogs can,t concentrate on one task for a
long time.
9 ' A young dog ought
to be able to learn to sit up, rou
l0' A trainer should praise the dog when it performs over, shake hands, and f.etch a stick.
a trick correc'y.
l1' soon it ought to understand the trick when
,,sit
,,Fetch.,,
you say

72. Some dogs will learn faster than

others, of course.
13. You shouldn't punish your dog if it
can,t learn quickly.
74. You must try to figure out what the problem

up,, or

is.

15' You might come to the conclusion that your

dog just isn,t a performer.
16' Both you and your pet will be happier

if the dog is permitted to be itself.

78

practice 3g

. Children rnight like the responsibility of a pet.

18. Older children are able to train dogs to do simple tricks.
19. Tliey may be allowed to feed, groom, and walk the dog.
20. A dog might be the right choice for a family pet.
17

(t

g
o
(n
o
q)
lr

sx

Circle the correctlv formed modal in each sentence,

'oo
Example:

He willn't /(von't)help train the dog.

q)

1.

Humans can training / train dogs to do tricks.

2.

The snccessful dog trainer must / has keep several things in mincl.

,)
D.

You can't

4.

This proverb mays / may not always be true.

d,

You ought to

tl.

You are supposed to make / making sure that the puppy understauds your signals.

7.

The puppy also must does / do what you want, too.

\J

?1

r!
(a

can't to teach an old dog new tricks.

'o
o

/ ought develop a good relationship with the pupt)y.

8.

Dogs aren't able / aren't able to concentrate for as long as you.

c)

A young dog may to learn / learn a few simple tricks within a week.

10.

The dog have to / has to enjoy the lessons.

11.

Soon the dog will know / knowing your commands.

12.

Some dogs be able to / are able to learn faster than others. of ct-'ltlse.

13.

Don't punish your dog if it can't / can to learn quickly.

(+{

o
F
q)

.t{

kq)

14. You maybe / might come to the conclusion that your dog just isu't a performer.
I !r.

Both you and your pet will to / will be happier if the dog receives a lot of praise.

16.

The dog is allorved to do / is allowed to did tricks for fuu.

Practice 38

79

Statements and Questions

with Modals

rA

'o
o

WH-

+
.F

SUBIECT (+ N,T) FORM) COMPTEMENT

WORD (+ N'T)

rrl

He
He

F1

f{

o
+
)

q)

VERB
(BASE

MODAL

MODAL

c&n

c&n't

have
have

a cat in his apartment.

a dog.

Can

he

have

bird?

No, he

What

can

he

have

in his apartment?

\J

whv

can't

he

have

a dog?

own

animals in an apartment?

o
c

Who

can

(,)

SHORT
ANSWER

can't.

+)

q)

?l
.1
ts{

q)

+
(
+

u)

il!kMakeaqueSti0nwiththem0dalorexpressionandsubjectinparentheses.

Example: Q: (can /who)

A: Harry
I

Who can

show us the way to the theater?

can.

(we /should)

leave the baby here when we shop?

No, we mustn't do that.

2.

(why / we / not / coLrld )

lt is too complicated. We need an expert.

(they / be permitted to / where)

r).

fix this broken nrinter?

sunbathe?

Only at the pool or the beach.

(rnust/I/wliere)

pay this overdue book fine?

At the library.
5.

(people / how many

/ may)

be in this car at one time?

No more than five.

r).

(will/not/it)

rain tonight?

I don't think so. The clouds are clearing.

7

(has to / who)

clean the house today?

We do, unfortunately.
8.

(be able to / you)

swim the length of the pool five times?

Not me. Ask someone else.

q

(might/when/you)

conte over?

Just as soon as I finish what I'm cloing.

10.

(be supposecl to / who)

i think you ought to.

80

Practice 39

give him the bad news?

unscramble the words to make a question with a modal erpression.

Example:

the homework / hand in / tomorr ow / |

I

/ may

hand in the homeworktomorrow

1.

the hospital/permitted/when / you / toleave / are

2.

I/this

3.

ought to /for /who /pay /ttte restaurant dirurer

4.

without / to travel / people /why /allowed / a passport

5.

should / to

6.

able / graduate / when / she / to /

7.

a cat / must / in your country/ drive / how old/you / to / be

8.

we /

purchase / a credit card /pay for

gve / we

vmth

can

aren,t

/ our papers / who

will / be

arelthe deo / allowed /howlong /

keep /

to

Practice 39

MugtrHave Tb, Have Got

,o
FI

and Be SuVpoed io-

To,

a)

t)
R
R\

FORMAT OR OFFICIAT

F'

Everyone must obeythe law.

(/)
a)

Fa
\J

INFORMAT

EXPTANATION

Everyone has to obey the law.

Everyone has got to obey the
law

Legal obligation

71

Everyone is supposed

the law.

,Q'

f\
rha
a

V/e must operate on this

patient immediately.

()

to obey

'W'e

have to operate on this

patient immediately.

Urgency

'W'e've

got to operate on this

patient immediately.

N
\-

I have to wash my car.

,Qt
t\

I've got to wash my

car.

Personal necessity

LANGUAGE NOTES:

1. W'e don't usually use haue gofio

for questions and negatives.
2' Must has no past form' The past

or uo*r nu,st and ha,ue to is

hacr to.

*\
(r)
.H
H

ffikt
Example:

Fill in the blank vnthmustfor rules

and raws. Fil in the blank vnth
haue r has
to ot lt'aue I ttas got to forpersonal
necessities and urgent situations,

Taxpayers
\- -- --^on

April

15.

muet

ma' their tax forrns before niicl'ight

.l

2.

Taxi drivers

e).

Nonmembers

4.

I'm so tired. I
You kids

Ct'

Students

7.

We

8.

Swimmers

Employees

11.

Pedestrians

12. I
Students

14. We
15.

82

display tlieir ID carcls.

pay at the reception desk.
start going to bed earlier.
waslr up before dinner.
pay tl-reir fees by the last
clay of January.
get to tlie bank before

10.

i3.

plcl{ up ruilk on my way home.

We

Practice 40

it

closes.

not bring glass bottles into the pool

area.
wash their hancls before returning
to work.
find a part-time job to cover
my expenses.
cross the street at the crosswalk.
give you back your book.
not eat in the library.
buy a new car. This one breaks
down.
pay her back.

Must, Have To, Have Got To,

and Be Suryosed To

,o
t\

\q)
v)

FORMAL OR OFFICIAL

INFORMAL

Everyone must obey the law

Everyone has to obey the

EXPLANATION

R!
S
(a

law.

Legal obligation

Everyone has got to obey the

a)

law.

'o

Everyone is supposed

(E

to obey

the law.
,Q'
t\
E

()

must operate on this

patient immediately.
Wb

.s

,Q'

q)

Urgency

We've got to operate on this

patient immediately.

q)

to operate on this
patient immediately.

We have

I have

to wash my car.

I've got to wash my car.

Personal necessity

LANGUAGE NOTES:

.s

1. We don't usually use haue got to for questions and negatives.

2. Must has no past form. The past of both must andhclue to is ho,cL to.

E
*\
U)

ffifi+tt.tt?*ffi Fill in the blank vnthmust for rules and laws. Fill in the blank vnthhate I ltas
to or haue I ltas got to for personal necessities and urgent situations.

Example:

Taxpayers
on

April

mueL

mail their tax forms before urictnight

15.

l.

pick up rnilk on my way home.

()

-, Taxi drivers

display their ID cards.

3.

Nonmembers

pay at the reception desk.

4.

I'm so tired. I

start going to bed earlier.

5.

You kids

wash up before dinner.

6.

Students

pay tl'reir fees by the last day of Janualy.

7.

We

8.

Swimmers

not bring glass bottles into the pool rirea.

Employees

wash their hands before returning to work.

get to the bank before

11.

Pedestrians

12. I

82

cross the street at the crosswalk.

give you back your book.

Students

74. We
15.

closes.

find a part-time job to cover my expenses.

10.

13.

it

not eat in the library.

buy a new car. This one breaks down.
pay her back.

We

Practice 40

16.

You

show your passport before boarding the plane.

17. I

buy my mother a birthday present.

18.

get my wife to the hospital before this baby is born.

v)

w.Mffiffi,

Fill in each blank with an appropriate verb.

R\
ar)

Example:

Parents have

The president must

2.

In the summer students don't have to

O
(),

Every car owrrer has to

4.

Professional drivers must

5.

A good teacher is supposed to

r).

Every landlord has got to

7.

People who live in a dormitory must not

8.

People who live in a dormitory don't have to

Police officers mustn't

11.

Fe

!o

1.

i0. Retired people don't

q)

to protect their children.

71
ts{

f!
,o'

l\
rh
o

()

q)

.s

E
,Qt

F{

a)

.s

have to

*(lD

Athletes in training are supposed to

12. Thainers of athletes have got to

these sentences telling what you and other people

got to, andre supposed o do in life.

Example:

\
nu,,u,st,

haue to, haue

I have to eLudy every ni4ht.

l.

People have to

2.

I have got to

3.

I must

4.

Children must
They are supposed to

6.

I am supposed to

Practice 40

83

Can, Could, May, Be Able To,

Be Permitted To, and Be Allowed To

,o
F

\\)
P

MODAL

ALTERNATE EXPRESSION

EXPLANATION

fs)

She can pay up to $300 for her

plane ticket.

It is possible for her to pay

Possibility

,Q'

I can't get the door to open.

We are

s
s
t\
H

sir
B

up to $300 for her plane ticket.

not able to get the

Ability

door to open.

I can speak three languages.

We can't take more than two
bags onto the plane.

not allowed to / are

not permitted to take more

We are

Permission

than hvo bags onto the plane.

\)

Fa

You may leave whenever you

"
71
t{
(!

want to.

,o'
F

I couldn't operate a computer

three years ago, but I cn now.

wasn't able to operate a

computer three years ago, but
I am able to now.

Past

I couldn't drive until I got a

license, but now I can.

wasn't permitted to drive

until I got a license, but now I
am permitted to / am
allowed to.

Past permission

are allowed to / are

permitted to leave whenever

You

you want to.

"S
q)

s,

Permission

ability

ft \

FUnderlineeachm0dalexpressionandchangeittothenegativepaSttenSe.

*\
s

Example:

He can pay the credit card bill today.

(last week) He coulCn'L pav Lhe creciiL car d bill lael: week

1.

Amy can play the flute very well this year.

(last year)

2.

Janet is allowed to take out books from the library this week.

(last week)

3.

We are able to play soccer as a team this month.

(two months ago)

4.

It is possible for Eric to earn

(in his preous job)

5.

Lily can pronoun ce English very well this semester.

lot of money in this job.

(last semester)

6.

They may live in the dormitories this terrn.

(last term)

84

Practice 47

@".Wr.Urrderlinethemodalormodalexpressionandwriteanalternativeexpressionin
its place.

Example: I q4!

lL isn', poesibte

1.

.o
t\

pay $1,200 ayear for car insurance.

for nte f;o pay 61,2OO a

ar for car insurance.

sf

My sister can babysit on Saturday nights.

a)

2.

Don can play the guitar and the piano.

3.

Nancy can use Ed's van this weekend.

Fe

,ot
F{

\q)
.E
L

4.

The children may watch TV until 9:00 p.m.

q)

5.

Fa

I could sing very well when I was young, but now I can,t.

'o;1
{

6.

we could drive without seatbelts two years ago, but now we

can,t.

7.

It isn't possible for me to take a vacation soon.

.Q-

t\

e
.S
f
q)

Fa

8.

The little boy wasn't allowecr to stay up late, but now

he is.

9'

The runner wasn't abre to cut time off his speed this year.

10.

rf..\

She isn't able to pay her rent on time every month.

t\
a

I1.

He isn't permitted to plan the parade.

12.

The students are allowed to take the test home.

Practice

4l

85

Should and Had Better

L

$)

\)

&

\
.s
l'1.{
\
'o

(g

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

should talk to a counselor about the

problem with your math class.

For advice, use should:

You

s
o
.S

You had

v)

Should, = It's a good idea (thing).

shouldn't get so upset.

You

Should,n't = It's a bad idea (thing).

better renew your visa before you

leave the country.

You had better not forget to do it, or you

won't be able to get back in.

For awarning, use had, better (not):

Something bad can happen if you don't follow
this adce.

TANGUAGE NOTES:
The contractionfor had, (in had, better) s 'd,:

I'd

wffirilfiffit
Examples:

you'd

he'd

she'd

we'd

Label the following sentences: Thi,s i,s good, ad,ui,ce or Ihis i,s a warning.
We should ask the doctor about vitamins.

Thie ie qood advce,

You'd better not be impolite to your boss.

Thie ia a warninq.

1.

You should see the der-rtist about your bad tooth.

2.

We had better not eat any more French fries or potato chips.

3.

He should pick up some milk and bread on the way home tonight.

4.

Tliey'd better keep their passports in a safe place.

5.

We should wash the dishes before we watch TV tonight.

6.

Parents should teach their children to be honest.

7.

Slie'd better study harder or she will fail the test.

8.

We'd better not forget our keys in the car again.

86

they'd

Practice 42

@,['T
Example:

l.

Rewrite each affirmative sentence as a negative sentence. Rewrite each

negative sentence as an affirmative sentence.

You had better not drive

slowly.

You'd

$)

beLter drive elowly.

lr
th

q)

Fa

You'd better stay up all night before the test.

.s

2.

'o

She should arrive late to work every day.

ci
.

3.

We'd better not do our laundry this week.

-S

4.

I had better gain more weight.

5.

They shouldn't be kind to their students.

6.

You had better forget to pack your bags for tomorrow.

'r@H-@
Example:

tJ

Yourfriend is going to a different country. Choose eight expressigns from the

box. Then use shluld (for good or bad ideas) or had,bettti qtorlegal
necessities
0r warnings) to give advice. You can make some of the sentces egative.

You haC beLher make a docLor's appoinLmenL.

apply for a passport

obtain a visa
study the language
pack your swimsuit
take a bilingual dlcdonary
take some medicine for an upset stomach
give your family an emergency telephone number

take an umbrella
lose your airplane tickets
change some money
take some gifts for people there

Where is your friend going to go?

I

L.

r).

4.
R

b.
7
8.

Practice 42

87

Negatives of Modals
and Related Expressions

)
?a
ts{

o
t,l
UI

q)
L{

sX

'oC)
+

(
q)

'o

.g
(,)

EXAMPLE
Passengers

EXPLANATION

must not remove their seatbelts at

this time.
You

cannot have a dog in my apartment.

You

Use can;not ot nxaA not to show no permission.

The meaning is about the same asrl?r^st not,.

You're not supposed to park here longer than

15 minutes.

Use be not swposed,tofor prohibition. These

things are against the law or mles.

You are

not supposed to drive quickly near

schools or in the city.

When reporting a rule, people use be not

suTtposed o more thanmustno. Remember,
mtust not has an official tone.

doesn't have to take the entrance

examination because she doesn't want to go to
a university.

A person can perform a particular action if he

or she wants to, but he or she has no obligation
to do this thing.

may not use a calculator on the

mathematics exam.

r!

'oo
(+l

o
o
q)

She

b0

()

Usemust not for prohibition. These things are

against the law or rules.

You

shouldn't watch

You'd

better not

so much TV

miss the final exam, or

Shouldn't is for adce, not rules.

you'll

Had, better

fail the course.

not isfor

warning.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Ought lo is used in affirmative statements. Avoid the use of this expression in negative statements or questions.

ffiqr-Tffi+trM Circle the better negative modal to complete the sentence.

Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

88

They are not supposed to /tnust no!)break the law.

On Sundays I don't have to / must not get up early.

He doesn't have to / cannot be late to work again, or else he'll lose his job.

Everyone enjoys the wildflowers, but people shouldn't / don't have to pick them.

we had better not / cannot make too much noise or we'll wake the baby.
You may not / shouldn't lose control of your credit card spending.

At a birthday party, you must not / shouldn't refuse birthday cake.

In most cultures, children cannot / are not supposed to correct their parents.
No, you may not / shouldn't stay up all night long because you're seven years old and you have
school tomorrow
She is not supposed to / must not ignore her parking ticket.

In some cultures, people don't have to / cannot visit other people without a gift.

Practice 43

tDecideifthestatementmeansaprohibition,nopermissi,on,noobIigati,on,
aduice, ot a warning. Write the correct explanation next
to each sentence.

Example:

a warninq

You had better not eat that

1.

You are not supposed to drive when you are very tired.

2.

People cannot take books from the library without a

library card.

o
J.

rh

fruit. you are allergic to it.

E()
+

You had better not call in sick to work.

5.

We must not forget our father's birthday this year.

o.

They are not supposed to make noise in the dormitorv.

You may not gossip about my friends.

8.

(
q)

'o

r!
(,

I don't have to return the money you gave me. you said it
was a gift.

9.

'o
o

We shouldn't take off our coats in this cold weather.

You are not supposed to enter the office cluring a meeting.

10.

6
tt

l.l
s
X

He must not tell lies about other people.

4.

7.

g
o
.F{

(+{

o
v,

q)

il Finish each sentence \4/ith your own ideas.

bo
q)

Example:

Children aren't supposed to

watch violenL moviee.

1.

Children should not

2.

Babies can't

Parents don't have to

4.

Teachers must not

5.

Secondary school students aren't allowed to

6.

Tourists should not

7.

Teenagers had better not

8.

If you have a computer, you don't have to

Employees must not

q
10.

Dogs are not supposed to

Practice 43

89

Will, Moy, and Might

s
'$
E

EXAMPTE

'6

EXPTANATION

?1

My lease

s
s

will

expire on April 80.

Certainty about the future

My landlord

might raise my rent at that

time. I may move.

Possibility or uncertainty about the future

The teacher isn't here today. She may be sick.

or She might be sick.

{sMqrqwilffi@@Fw

Example:

Possibility or uncertainty about the present

Circle the better modal to show that this sentence is about

certainty (wi,ll) or
uncertainty / possibility (may I mi,ght),

My friends mi*ht

/@come to dinner

Friday at 6:30 p.m.

1. You might / will get a wonderfur job when you graduate from coilege.
2. The world will / may become peaceful for the next one hundred years.
3. All the students may / will get excellent grades on the final exam.
4. She may / will have a hair salon appointment at 5:00 p.m.
5' we may / will have a little rain tonight. Trre forecast wasn,t clear.
6. I don't really know They might / rnove to Venezuela next year.
7 . I will / may come to see you tomorrow
morning at 9:80 a.m.
8. Your car sounrls a little strange. you might / will have to go to the mechanic.
9. My first paycheck might / will arrive tomorrow.
10. George and Debbie will / may marry on June 21
.

@!DoestheSentenceexplainap0SSibilityaboutthepresenforapossibilityabout
thefuture?

Example:
1

,
.)

J.

My cat isn't in the house. He may be

hiding.

Their telesion isn't on. Her husband may be reading.

The newspaper said we may have warm weather tomorrow.
You may have a fever. your foreheacl feels hot.

+.

You may get a cold. Many people were sick at school.

r).

I may pay someone to tutor me in college math.

She may go on a world tour someday.

o.

90

Practice 44

preanT

---I
Make five sentences about what you uti,tt definitely do in the coming yea4 and
then make five more about what you maA I mi,ght do.

Example:

Iwilllearn Lo paint

m.y houee.

,$

Lmay learn to qrow veqetablee

will
l.

'o

H
.B

\
s
E

2.
t).

4.

xa\

5.

mau or might
1.

2.
c).

4.
5.

ffiffi,n
Example:

Make five sentences about things that you definitelya; on't d,o in the future,
Then make five more about things that you nxaa nlt I mi,ght not do,

lwon'L buy a parrol,

lmay notfind a nice, cheap apartment.

wontt
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

may not or mght not

1.

2.
c).

4.
5.

Practice 44

91

!., :)+!:.r.+::F'

.,

4IJ \

o
o
a
x
o
+

Using Modals for Politeness

TO ASK PERMISSION

EXPLANATION

F{

May

May

Can

(,)

and could are considered more polite than

can by some speakers of English.

write you a check?

(!

Could

TO REQUEST THAT ANOTHER

PERSON DO SOMETHING

EXPLANATION

Can

For a request, could, andtaould, are softer than

can andusi,Il.

'o
-a

b0

.l

o
,J

Could

you plug it in?

wiu
Would

TO EXPRESS A WANT OR DESIRE

EXPTANATION

Would you like to try out the computer?

Would Li,kehas the same meaning aszuant.

Yes, I

would like to see if it works.

I'd like a glass of water.

Would li,ke s softer thanzactnt. The

contraction for uould after a pronoun is 'd.

TO EXPRESS A PREFERENCE

EXPTANATION

Would you rather pay with cash or by credit

card? I'd rather pay by credit card lthan with

We use or in questions with zaould,

use than in statements.

cash).

rctther We

ffi.3Choosethemorepolitemodalandaddittothestatement0rqueStion.

Example: (may / can)

1.

2.

(want / would
(can /

like)

could)

Professor,

3.
4.
5. (can / may) Chi.Ict:
6. (would like /want) F,end: I
(want / would like) I
7.
8. (could / will)
9. (canlmay)
10. (may / can) Grandfather,
(will / would)
(will / could)

92

Practice 45

May

I leave now?
a cup

ofhot chocolate, please.

I visit you during office hours today?

you kids clean the kitchen after dinner?

you hand me that dictionary, please?
we read some of your comics?

to play ball first.

to see a menu, please.
you get me a drink of water while you're up?
you look for a larger size shirt, please?

I borrow your car tonight?

l.
72.
I

(would / could)

(would lmay)

I borrow your pen?

you help me carry the desk?

(n
(a
a)

cc)

ffi#ReadthedescriptionoftheSpeakerSandthesituation.Thenwritean

+
o

Example:

F{
t{

appropriate polite request (question) 0r sentence.

A professor asks a student to stop by her office today.

v,

1.

'o

A sister asks a brother to take any telephone messages for her.

-{
-l

b0

2.

A policewoman asks a clriver to show her his driver's license.

3.

one student offers to show another student around the college campus.

4.

A student asks a monitor in the computer lab for help,

5'

A supervisor offers the employee the choice of more money or more vacation
time.

6.

A waitperson offers to show a customer the dessert menu.

.Fl
(,)

$+?+ilfn#Mft change each of the following sentences to make it more polite.

Example:

Open the door.

Could you please open the

i.

I want to borrowyour skates.

2.

Give me the rice.

3.

I want change for a dollar.

doorfor me?

Practice 45

93

Overview of the present

Perfect Tense

a)

(,)
?1
t{

(J

SUBIECT

HAVE
HAS

The world map

Some countries

has
have
have
has

ak
q)

F{
+,
F{
C)

o
o
k

F{

Others
She

PAST
PARTICIPLE
changed
chosen
beeome
been

COMPTEMENT
a great deal in the past 40 years.
new names for themselves.

independent.
happy to study geography.

REGULAR VERBS

0)

F4

(+{

o
F
a)

k
C)

Base Form
study
look

Past Form
studied
looked

Past Participle
studied
looked

left

left

IRREGUTAR VERBS
leave
understand
come
run
draw

fly
know
wear
break
choose
speak
steal

begin

drink
ring
swim
rise
bite
drive
ride
write
be
ea\

fail

fell

give
see

make

take
do
forget
have / has
lie

94

understood
came
ran
drew
flew
knew
wore
broke
chose
spoke
stole
began
drank
rang
swam
rose
bir
drove
rode
wrote
waslwere
ate

Practice 46

gave
saw
made

took
did
forgot
had
lay

understood
come

run
drawn
flown
known
worn
broken
chosen
spoken
stolen
begun
drunk
rung
swum
risen
bitten
driven
ridden

written
\qe-\eaten

fallen
given
seen

made

taken
done
forgotten
had
lain

.WW.SYiqF...ffi Complete each sentence

with haue or has.

q)

Example:

o
?1

chosen to tell you about rny father.

My f'ather's lif'e

been very different from his father's life.

He

+
U

worked as a veterinarian for 20 years.

He and my mother
He

,8
k

made a good home for me.

0)

F{

cured hundreds of sick dogs, cats, and farm animals.

leamecl quite a bit about animals from him.

My sister and I

0)

a)

helped him during school vacations.

We

goue rvith him to animal emergencies.

He

taken me to watch hirn work many times.

l{

F{
q)
?1

(+,1

Farmers

conte to him for help with their cows and horses.

Norv you

heard a little about my father's life. I am very proud of him.

F
q)

't

Complete each sentence with haue or has plus the correct past participle of
the
verb in parentheses,

Example: I (travel/not)
She (eat)

I (know / not)
My friends and I (enjoy)
You (begin)
You ancl

I (write)

My professor (take)
He (speak)
My doctor (give)

It (be)
They (start / not)

Thejoggers (run)
Tliat clog (bite)
She (wear)

They (not / see )

The movers (drive)

have noL traveled

hae eaten

to many cities in my life.

in expensive restaurants a few times.

many interesting people.

other cities.
to travel a lot in the past year.
many postcards to our friends.

time to do more research.

to us about his interest in languages.
me a prescription for my cold.

very difficult to get a doctor's appointment.

to jog for their health.
10 miles so far this week.

two people up until now

that blue dress only once.

that movie yet.

to the wrong address.

Practice 46

95

()

a
Stat!:ments
euestions with
perfeii
the Pres ent lnd
f";;;

C)

,q)

+)
(J

.E

WH-

q)

HAVE
HAS
HAVEN,T

WORD HASN'T

A
+

a4

F{

HAVE /
HAS
HAVEN'T
SUBIECT HASN'T

I
I

0)
Th

F{

Have
have

whv
whv

q)
?1

haven't

+J
a{

have
haven't

you
you
you
Who

has

PAST
SHORT
PARTICIPTE COMPTEMENT
ANSWER
been
been
been
been
been
been

busy.

available
tired?
busy?

Yes, I have.

available?
busy?

'Fl

B
ch
FT

tiGtil

th

a)

Answer each of the following questions

using the present perfect tense
to
complete each sentence.

Example: e:
g2

\1

t{

How long have you lived in this

citv?
I've lived here

for only a few months

i. Q: Have you ever been to Moscow?

A:

+
?1

ti

2.

F1
xt{
q)

Q: How much money have you spent on books

this month?

A:

+J

G
+)

r).

(A

Q: Have you ever been on TV?

A:
4.

Q: How many movies have you seen this month?

A:
Q: Has it rained here recentlv?

A:
b.

Q: How long have you studied English grammar?

A:
7.

Q: Have you decidecl what to do after you finish

studying English?

A:
8.

Q: What is something that you,ve always dreamed

of doing?

A:

Q: Have you ever gone to a moe by yourself?

A:
10.

Q:

A:

96

How many times have you moved from

one home to another?

Practice 47

@,fiCreatepresentperfectquestionsbasedonthewordsinparentheses.Answer
each question about yourself.

q)

Example:

Q: (how many times lhave / bad dreamsl How many timee

2
1.

have you had bad

rY

dreame?

lve had bad dreame manv l:lmes

(have

ever / speak / in

I-

+
(J

ak

front of one hundred people)

q)

F{

Q:

2.

q)
(a
q)

(how long /have / lived in this city)

F{

Q:

3.

a)
;1

A:

(how many times I havel a good job)

+)

?1

Q:

(')

4.

5.

(why / have lnot /jump / out of a plane)

Q:

6)

A:

(,)

'oq

(where lhave llive lin your life)

Q:

q)

A:
6.

(when /have / study / recently)

0)

Q:

+)
G
+

V)
7.

(what /have / done / for fun / this week)

Q:

8.

(have / ever / make / a difficult decision)

Q:

Practice 47

97

!.

},t

I ,rir,,!,i

,::iitj,:iilillftttrjl

i-

48

a
(,)

.9
t<
+

EXAMPTE

We have

0)

Continuation from Past

to Present Tense
EXPTANATION

lived in this house for

10 years.

a)

li

F.{

+
+

She has been out of town since Monday.

Fr
E

She has treen worried about him since she got

his message.

+ an amount of time:/or tzuo Aearsl

for ten months, for a Long ti,me, etc.
lJse.fot"

IJse si,nce * date, month, year, etc. to show

when the action began: si'nce April, si'nce
1998, si,nce May 2, si,nce Tuesdcty, etc.

to show the start of a

continuous action. The verb in the si'nce clause
is in the simple past tense: si,nce she got hi's
lJse si,nce

a clause

messaqe.

tr

5
7..

+
tl

How long has your brother lived with you?

I have

always loved to cook'

l|se h,ottt Long to ask about the amount of time

from the past to the Present'
Use tlre present perfect tense

with ahoays to

show that an action began in the past and

continues to the Present.
Use the present perfect tense with neuer to
show that something has not occurred from the

I have never gone to SPain.

past to the Present.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
to the present'
we use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues
Now

April
I have had my compllter
since April.

perfect verbs.
Read the following two paragraphs. underline all of the present

@w

There are 15 present perfect verbs to find'

What

fl3ocl! (Example) tt lggqureq for

fivc' clays uow Tlte water has risel't

gr:rclually until it has coverecl the streets ancl the siclewalks. The lower parts of the towrr
ha'e sunk beloq, the water. Most people who live near the river have left the town. It has
raiuc.cl here befOre, but I have nerer seen rain like tliis.

The floocl has been a disaster for the tonrr. Everyone who has purchased a boat
suttm in
has bec askeclt9 bring t|e boats to rescue people and atliurals. We have always
water belbre, but ow it's clirty ancl pollutecl. My f'amily has left the towrr. We have

the

livecl

ir-r

a shelter since

April 14. Some families have been here for three weeks. I have

hea|cl of flOOds like this, but I have nevel' kttrlwn otte'.

98

Practice 48

Add a time expression to each sentence.

q)

Example: (never) I have met her.

have never meL her.

1.

,q)

+
?l
H

(for five days) She has studied for the test.

q)
(n
q)

2.

(always)

He has lived here.

+
+J

4.

(since you got

job)

r,)

I haven't seen you.

F(

l{
o

(never) We have visited the art museum.

?1

5.

(since Tesday) They have waited for the letter.

b.

(since December) You have had that cot.

(!

?a
H

time)

7.

(for a long

8.

(since he ate some fish) He has felt sick.

(since I borrowed the

10.

The clock hasn't rung.

money) I have avoided you.

(for one month) We haven't received a call from

her.

@ffiICompleteeachofthefollowingSentenceSaboutyOurSelf'y0urfamily,0ry0ur
friends with the present perfect verb tense and the time expression in
parentheses.

Example: (for six montl-rs) M.Y esf;er haen't eeen my parenLs for eix monthe.
l. (since I began school)
2. (for one week )

3.
4.

(always)

5.

(for a long time)

(since 1999)

Practice 48

99

I
The Simple Present versus
tlre l'resent Perfect Tenses

o
a)

rn

F{

t
+

SIMPTE PRESENT TENSE

..E

I am in the United Srares now.

*{
q)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I have been in the United States for 2 years.
She has had her car since March.

She has a car.

F{
+

I love myjob.

c)

o
q)
l{

She

F{

I have always loved my job.

doesn't have ajob.

She has never had a full-time

job.

LANGUAGE NOTE:

6)

The simple present tense refers only

to the present time. The present perfect tense
with/o
neer connects the past to the present time.

a4
{
+

o
5
o

?:,

snce,

alwags, or

()
+

@FReadeachpreSenttenseSentence.Thenuse/o?iSince,always,0rneUerwith

o
o
q)

the information in the parentheses t0 write present

a
perfect sentence that
connects the past to the present time.

l"{
p{

Example:

I know

Maria. lfive
(five years)
vears)

q)

have known her for fit e

l.

She owns a

2.

Eduardo lives in this citv.

3.

The twins are in the

4.

My aunt is an excellent cook.

5.

Sarah doesn't have a car.

6.

Gina and Tom are married.

7.

Marco belongs to the volleyball

8.

He doesn't belong to the soccer club.

9.

Allison doesn't live with her family now.

.Fl

ct)

house. (last summer)

?l
H

l0O

Prcctice 49

(a year and a half)

hospital.

(They were born two days ago.)

(always)

(never)

(five years)

club. (April)
(never)

(the beginning of the year)

i0.
I

i.

she eats all her meals in the university cafeteria. (last spring)
rh
q)

Andy and his roommate live in an apanment near campus. (six months)

,q)

12.

I am a sales clerk in this department

13. Fran is a student at the English

store.

Language

F
+
I

(three years)

k
"9
0)

Institute. (January)

F{
+

14.

Gina is absent from class again

15.

He is on a

diet.

o
o
a
f.{

today. (Monday)

F{

o
?1

(a few months)

(,)

16.

She wears the

ring he gave her. (they got married in 1gT2)

o
t{

17.

My father speaks

Spanish. (always)

g
q)
o
()

l{
Fr
'.W'@@|'W,@F Read each present perfect answer provided. Then write an appropriate simple
present tense question.

Example:

Q: Do \o,.,

:l

.Fl

, .'. '' llttc !.ouee?

u)
q)
(4

A:

Yes,

-F

I've owned it since 1998.

1.

Yes, he has belonged to that health club

for about a year now.

2.

No, I've never enjoyed exercise.

3.

['ve tried to, but I've never been successful.

4.

No. Actually, she's never come to see us.

5.
Yes. W'e've gone

to see her several times.

Practice 49

101

The Present Perfect

Continuous Tense

o
fn
tr
tv
(,)

o
5

WH-

HAVE /
HAS
HAVEN'T

WORD HASN'T

U
+

HAVE /
HAS
HAVEN'T

/
SUBIECT

HASN'T

Carol

has

She

hasn't

(J

dt{

q)

F{
+
?1

Has

she

How long has

she

hasn't

whv

q)

l.{

F{

she

Who

o
o

VERB

SHORT
BEEN -INC COMPLEMENT ANSWER
+

been living
been living
been living
been living
been living
been living

in the United States

in Italy.
in New

York?

No, she hasn't.

in the United States?

in Italy?
in ltaly?

LANGUAGE NOTES:

c)

. With some verbs (such as li,ae, uork, stucly, teach, wear), we can use either the present perfect or the

F
2.

present perfect continuous tense with actions that began in the past and continue to the present. There
is very little difference in meaning.
If the action is still happening right now, at this minute, it is better to use the present perfect continuous
tense.
use the continuous form with nonaction verbs. Some nonaction verbs are:
I;ike, LO'Ue, hAUe, IoAnt, neeil, k;nOUt, rem,embe'r, heUr, OWn, See, Seen'\, underStArUJ.

S. Remember that we do not

Choose the better verb tense for each set ofunderlined verbs.

Example:

Mother

has been seemi

upset since the accident on Monday.

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
g.

How long have you watchecl / have you been watching this moe?

10.

What have you been doing / have you done these days?

I have livecl / have been living in this city for five years'
I have liked / been liking this city since I moved here.
My daughter has always loved / has always been long to eat vegetables.

\|/|ry has she studied / has been studying English since September?
How long have you owned / have you been owning this car?
He has worked / has been working as an engineer for many years'

How much of what she's saying have you understood / have you been understanding?
We have eaten / have been eating dinner since the roast came out of the oven.

lO2

Practice 50

Fill in each blank with the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs in
the

box. Choose an appropriate verb from the box.

wait watch
live practice look d"6 tell
save cook
exercise expect stay play
Examples: Now that we

or
1.

The soup

2.

3.

How long

have been datin7

have

How long

6)
)

write

,()

read

fr)

for a year, I think we should get married.

you

Joe?

He

5.

The band

+J

at{

If he doesn't

a)

P{
+

everyrvhere for his keys, and he can't find them.

for such a long time that I think the concert must be

q)

whv

F1

for two hours? My

t-

muscles are going to be really sore tomorrow.

7.

You

TV all evening. You have to stop now and do your

homework.
8.

Rene

Come in. We

10.

11.

Who

12.

The children

in Montreal, but she's mong to Toronto next month.

you.

this book for hours. My eyes are starting to get tirecl.

me about your train trip across northern Mexico recently?

up late every night this summer, but next week

when school starts, they have to go to bed early again.

13.

14. She

o
o
o
k

F{

almost over.
o.

arrive soon, she'll give up.

4.

H
.F{

been dat'in4

for two hours. I think it's readv.

for so long that my hand hurts.
she

o
5
?1

you

the piano lately?

her money, and now she's ready to buy a new computer.

Practice

50

03

The Present Perfect Tense with

Indefinite Time in the Past

+J

tt,

F{
0)

tr
q)

iI
qJ

+J

tr

tr

q)

'o

t+
F

EXAMPTE

EXPTANATION

Have you ever used the Internet?

Yes, I have.

A question vmth euer asks about any time

behveen the past and the present. Put euer
betrveen the subject and the main verb.

Have you ever gone to a family reunion?

I've gone to many family reunions.

rY

with a
frequency response: aJezu t'imes, rnarlA
oJten, neaer

Has Carol ever gone to ltaly?

No, she never has.
Has Carol met her cousin yet?
Yes, she has

Yet and

already met her cousin.

t'im,es,

already refer to an indefinite time in

the near past.

Have you eleaned your room yet?

No, I haven't cleaned it yet. or No, not yet.

Useyet in questions and negatives.

Have you washed the dishes yet?

Yes. I have just washed them.

Jrsf shows that something happened very

a)

We can answer an eue, question

Yes,

Use alrectdy in affirmative statements.

recently.

,g
H

0)

Fr

LANGUAGE NOTE:
We use the present perfect tense to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past and still has

importance to the present situation:

Now

q)
(,)

q)

l{
F{

q)

F,t

@Fillineachblankvntheuer,aIready,aet,otjuSt.InsomecaSeSmorethan0ne
ofthe words can be used.

Example:

Haven't you finished

1.

You're too late; the doctor has

2.

Have you

3.

I've

4.

I'm so tired of that book! I've

5.

Why haven't you written him

o.

Haven't you

7.

Don't sit in that chair! I've

8.

I've

She hasn't contacted us

10.

Ieft for the day.

ridden a horse? It's fun!

inted him to the par[y.

read it three times.

been lonely?

painted it.
seen Hernando, and he looks upset.

We've

their university education.

lO4

.yeL?

Practice 51

but I'm sure she will soon.

saved all of the monev that our children will need for

",rl,i

i,r\r

overwiew of Gerunds

5r2

vt

'o

t{

iii:iiriri$r;,irii' |rir,rr

EXAMPTES

USE OF GERUND

Camping is a popular outdoor activity.

As a subject

U
q
B

A gerund takes a singular verb.

a)

to
o

Many people e4ioy swimming.

As an object

I miss seeing you in my class.

They avoid studying on Saturday nights.

Some verbs are followed by a gerund: enjoy,

mi,ss, ctuo,id, qui,t, su,ggest.

Some people are in favor of

As an object of a preposition

hunting, while

others are opposed to it.

I'm interested in learning more about

Some adjectives are followed by a preposition.

computers.
Today you can buy your clothes by shopping
on the Internet. I thought about going to a job
counselor.
You should practice by

In an adverbial phrase
Some verbs are followed by a preposition.

studying interew

questions.
I like to go shopping.

In special expressions with go

Go

a gerund is used in many

idiomatic

expressions:

joggi,ng, go do,ncing, go su,im.miytg, go

Jkhi,ng, go shopping.
go

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. A gerund phrase is a gerund + a noun: find,i,ng a job, rearning English.
2. We can put not in front of a gerund (phrase) to make it negative:
Not haui,ng a job is frustrating.
3. These verbs can be followed by a gerund:
admit
discuss
mind
put off
appreciate
avoid
can't help
consider

dislike
enjoy

permit

recommend

finish

postpone

risk

keep

practice

suggest

quit

miss

.@,W.FillineachblankwiththegerundformofoneoftheVerbSinthebox.

climb
wash
j*ok
practice study
sail
think
help

106

Practice 52

fish

camp
do

exercise

diet

Example:
1.

?moHn7

D.

4.
5.
6.

th

First we dug up some worms, and then we went

2.
.f

is not allowed on many airplane flights these days.

'o

basketball is a good way to relax.

lt{

all night before a test can make you tired and tense.
I bought a special rope for mountain

q)

l|

There's a good breeze today. Let's go

I am trying to lose weight by

and
regularly.

7.

I know you want to avoid

8.

Even during an exam she can't help

li

q)

the dishes.

about her grades.

my apartment is not my favorite actMty.

10.

He improved his performance by

11.

You shouldn't delay

over and over.

the things that need to be done.

patients to get well is a nurse's job.

12.

Answer each question with a sentence that contains a gerund.

Example: Q: What's

an activity that makes you tired?

A:

I.

)Lui.yinq qrammar

makes me tired.

Q: When do you grocery sliop?

A: Igo
2.

Q: What's something that you really enjoy doing?

A: I really enjoy
().

Q: What's something that you need to practice more often?

A: I need to practice
4.

Q: What's a suggestion that you made to someone recently?

A: I recommended
5.

Q: How do you quit that bad habit?

A: I quit by
o.

Q: What's something that you don't like doing?

A: I dislike
7.

Q: What actity bores you?

A: I consider
8.

o
F
q)

Q: What's something you often put off doing?

A: I put off

Prcctice 52

r07

Overview of Infinitives

a)

+J
a{

EXAMPTE

ri

EXPTANATION

I want

-l
cH

to find a job.

An infinitive is used after

certain verbs.
An object can be added before
an infinitive.
An infinitive can follow certain
adjectives.

I want you

to help me.
I'm happy to help you.
lt's important to write a good
rsum.
He went to a counselor
to get advice.

o
$r
C)

An infinitive follows certain

expressions with
An infinitive is used to show
purpose.

Fill in each brank with the

infinitive form of a verb fr'm
the box.

P6

ur-rd".stond

give
swim
eat

Example:

It's going to take more money

than

Purclrases.
I

My parents clidn't want

me

2.

Children, wait a minute. This

soup is too hot
In some countries it's illegal

,).

4.

o.
7.
B.
O

10.
11.

12.

Many people today use

e_mail
Her parents made her promise
They forgot

It can be dangerous
His pronunciation is a little

14.

win

cail
communicate

this
--

I_o

with each other.

out late.
us what time they'd be

bit hard
to strangers.

OB

practice 53

a nurse.

wealthy families. but most people

have

The robbers forced the

man

were really lucky

arring.

in the ocean.

Cars with big engines are

more expensive
Some people come from

for Your

a car without insurance.

button

You

nart

to another country alone.

Many parents tell their children

not
Patients can just push this

their own money.

t.)
fat.

not

operate

tnem all his money.

that contest.

----..--

'W@W@'T Unscramble the words to write correct statements and questions.

Example:

my vocabulary words / to write

I

1.
2.
3.

like

to wril:e

/ like lin

m.v vocabular.v

a notebook /

(n
a)

worde in a notebook,

ts{

tr

x
q

?1

to write / my compositions / my computer / use / I

easy

me

lthe application forms / it / to complete / wasn't

o
3

a souvenir

t{
o

/ my brother / to bring / wants / him

4.

is / handwriting / to read

b.

expect / my money / my parents / carefully / me / to spend

6.

is / to make

7.

to study I it / for Vou / convenient / in the library / is

,il

0)

easy

/ your /hard

/ popcorn

and,

lquick

!@@fr Answer each question with a complete sentence that contains an infinitive,

Example:

What's something that takes a long time to learn?

11-

takee a

Lme Lo learn i,o cook well

1.

what's something important that a family member has asked you to do?
A:

2.

What are three things that people use to write with?

A:

3.

What's something that children are too young to do safely?

A:

4.

What's something that is important to do every day?

A:

5.

What's something that you need to do today?

A:

Practice 53

t09

Infinitives as Subjects
o
u
q)

EXAMPLE

EXPTANATION

f,)

(!

It takes a long time to learn a foreign language

really well.

An infinitive can be used as the subject of a

sentence. We can begin the sentence with i't and
delay the infinitive.

V)

a)
+
.t{

It's fun to practice with my classmates.

It

Ianguage.

ti
l-{

isn't hard for children to learn a foreign

It's more difficult for adults to learn

one.

Include;for + noun or object pronoun to make

a statement that is true for a specific person or
group.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. When we use an infinitive after these adjectives, the first word in the sentence is most likely to be ifr

dangerous
difficult

good
great

necessary
possible

easy

hard

sad

expensive

important

wrong

fur

impossible

2. There is no fference in meaning between an infinitive subject and a gerund subject:

It's importantto a,rriue on

t'im.e.

Azriuirg on time is important.

Complete each sentence with an inflnitive phrase, You can add an object if you

like.

Example:

It isn't healthy ( for me) to eaL a lol; of areaev foode

t. It is impossible
2.

It's frightening

It's so much fun

+.

It's very relaxing

5.

It's sad

6.

It's wrong

7.

It's important

8.

It is boring

9.

lt's foolish

10.

lt's illegal

I l0

Practice 54

Rewrite each sentence in a way that uses an infinitive. Don't change the
meaning of the original sentence.

Example:

()

Rollerskating takes a good sense of balance.

lLLakee a qood eenoe of balance

1.

U)

1,o

o
tO
5
ct,

rollerekaLe

Correcting your own bad habits can be very hard.

(n

2.

o
Walking with a rock in your shoe is painful.

.Fl

3.

Understanding other cultures is sometimes difficult.

rE

4.

Getting to the concert early was smart.

5.

Traveling in foreign countries is very exciting.

6.

Waking up in a tent in the mountains is a great feeling.

7.

Getting a master's degree will take me two years.

8.

Watching televisior.r all day is pretty boring.

9.

Seeing people go lrungry is very sad.

10.

Is copying my roommate's homework wrong?

Change the gerund subject to an infinitir,e subject.

Example:

Renting a car is expensive. LEe expensive Lo renL a car

1.

DrMng at night is dangerous.

2.
3.

Completing school without a computer is difficult.

Staying at home Saturday night isn't fun.

Practice 54

lll

Infinitives after Adjectives

rh
a)

()

q)

'o
l{
q)

(+{
G
rh
q)

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

I'm embarrassed to go to the party in this old

Some adjectives can be followed by an

infinitive.

dress.
He was surprised

to get a call from

her.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
Some adjectives are often followed by an infinitive:

sl

afraid

glad

relieved

ashamed

happv

sad

disappointed
embarrassed
ready

lucky
proud

sorry

rE

w*ffiM

upset

Circle the best verbbe

Example: er" you@/plggq

1.

u" *u.

ror.y/*Jlu

surprised

adjective to complete the sentence.

to leave for the airport?

to see his low grade on the exam.

2. They were embarrassed / were upset to hear of their friend's accident.

3. Some people is afraid / are afraid to go outside after dark.
4. She was happy / was disappointed to learn that her car wasn't going to cost much.
5. I was so sorry / proud to hear the good news about you.
6. We were upset / lucky to get a taxi in this terrible rainstorm.
7 . Everyone was surprised / ready to hear of the death of their country's beloved leader.
8. It was no trouble at all. We are afraid / are glad to help you.
9. They are ashamed / lucky to be able to afford a nice house and a reliable car.
10. You should be proud / ashamed to waste all that food.
11. They were sorry / proud to watch their daughter receive the first prize.
12. She was upset / relieved to hear that her baby was healthy.
13. I forgot about the exam. I am ready / surprised to take it today.
14. My family was ready / sad to leave on vacation.
15. Our neighbors were proud / ashamed to show us their flower garden.
16. The police were ready / upset to help people in a car accident.
17. The teenagers were disappointed / embarrassed to receive kisses from their mother.
18. His sister was ready / afraid to walk alone at night.

112

Practice 55

Complete each of the sentences belowwith an infinitive.

Example:

Parents are always s6 to eee

1.

Parents are proud

2.

Students are lucky

3.

Mice are afraid

4.

Ducks are glad

5.

Dogs are happy

6.

Climbers are relieved

7.

Teenagers are embarrassed

8.

I am glad

9.

Iwill

their children euffen

be glad

10.

I am disappointed

11.

I am embarrassed

t2. I am ready
will be sorry

13.

74.

My friend was upset

15.

I was prepared

Fill in the blank for each of the following with a subject

an appropriate form

of the verbbe.

Examples:

thewae
Iam

ashamed to receive poor grades.

sorry to hear that you are sick.

l.

luclqy to have so many wonderrl friends.

2.

afraid to take the entrance exarn for that school.

3.

upset to drive her car in a heavy rainstorm last night.

4.

afraid to speak on the telephone in English.

5.

glad to eat

6.

surprised to receive my letter yesterday in the mail.

7.

glad to meet you at the party tast week.

8.

disappointed to lose your wallet and your money.

fruit and ice crearn for dessert.

Practice

55

113

Infinitives after Verbs

(n

rO

k)
EXAMPLE

kq)

rg

EXPTANATION

Both sides agreed to end the war.

(,)

q)

Some of the soldiers refused

The people began

F4

Some verbs are commonly followed by an

infinitive (phrase).

to go home.

to rebuild their homes.

Everyone decided to make a new start.

tr

TANGUAGE NOTE:
We can use an irfinitive after the following verbs:

agree
ask

forget

prefer

attempt

hope
learn

begin
continue

love

start

decide

need

try

expect

plan

want

t'tt?t

promise
refuse
remember

like

Fill in each blank with the infinitive form of a verb from the box,

jnvad- receive wait

help
be
work
send lose
resist
Example:

Tlie soldiers tried

to invade

1.

No one expected the city

2.

The government hoped

D.

The enemy fbrgot

,1

The government askecl other countries

5.

The other countries preferred

t).

They promised

7.

The people didn 't want

8.

Tl-rey learned

9.

They continued

10.

114

They needed

Practice 56

destrov
give

the city, but they couldn't.

able to resist their attack.

more soldiers to defend the citv.

the main bridge across the river.
and see what happened.

whatever aid they could.

their homes to the enemy.

together for the common good.
the enemy month after month.
fresh supplies of food and arms.

choose an appropriate verb for each blank. The verbs in the box below may be
used more than one time each. Use the correct verb tense.

q
k

rO
decide

hope

prefer

continue

refuse

like

ask

promise

want

need

begin

start

tk()

rg
o

0)

Example:

1.
2.
3.

After much discussion, we

4.
5.

The policeman

6.
7.
8.

promieed

At a wedding last week, the bride and groom

Ir

to love each other.

to talk about the pollution problem.

to rain day after day after day.

My parents

to retire while they are still healthy and active.

to see the woman's driver's license.

She

to show it to him.

You

to tell me what kind of flowers you wanted me to buy.

to write it down.

You

They

to take their vacation in the winter.

9. Daddy opened the book and

10. It's getting dark in here. We
w+*+.t?+il write an appropriate

to read to us.
to turn on some lights.
answer to each question using an infinitive.

I.

What was your plan for your future when you were a child?
I planned l;o be an astronauL when I

2,

What's an actity that you love to do?

3.

What's something that you need to do this week?

4.

What kind of work do you want to do for

5.

What's something you've tried unsuccessfully to do?

6.

What's something interesting you've begun in the past six months?

job?

Practice 56

115

.Fl

t{c

Gerunds or Infinitives after Verbs

(a

F:{

q)

kq)

EXAMPLE

EXPTANATION

r!

Gerund:
I started looking for a job a month ago.

Some verbs including those listed below can be

followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:

Infi.nitiue:
I started to look for a job a month

attempt
begin
can't stand

+)
(+{

0)

rtr
.'l

lr
o

ago.

Gerund:
He continued working until he was 65.

(a

InJiniti,ue:
He continued to work until he was 65.

E
J
I{
q)

LANGUAGE NOTE:

'o
(J

continue

deserve
hate

pret-er

like
love

try

start

Tzy followed by a gerund is a little different from trg followed by an infinitive:

rny rsum. Itry =
an effort.l
Gernnd: If you can't find a job by looking at the^uy"
want ads, you should try netzuorki,ng. ltTU = use a different

Infinitive: I'll try to i.mproue

techniquel

w*rfrFft$t?F,ffi Change the infinitive to a gerund 0r the gerund to an infinitive in each of the
following statements. Pay attention to verb tenses.

Example:

I started working at the fast-food restaurant Iast week.

I

EtarLed to work aLt he faet -food reeLaurant last week.

1.

He attempted to find a new job in the newspaper.

2.

All children deserve someone looking after them.

3.

I prefer swimming in lakes to the ocean.

4.

She began to work at a store when she was 16 years old.

5.

We hate worrying about our children's safety.

6.

The parents started to form a group to talk to the teachers.

7.

You can't stand eating red meat.

8.

I liked talking to my friends after liigh school every day.

116

Practice 57

9.

The man tried to help the people who were lost.

10.

The women continue to volunteer for the library.

11.

Most cats can't stand to bathe in water.

12.

We love visiting our aunt and uncle.

13.

They deservedwinning the writing prize.

74.

It begins getting colder this time of year.

Fill in each blankwith either the infinitive 0r gerund form of the verbs in
parentheses.

Example:

I wish you would remember

(infinitive-take)

totake

offyour

shoes before you come into the house.

1.

Try (gerund-Iearn)

at least 10 new vocabulary words

every day.

2.

People who have trouble getting to sleep should

try (gemnd-read)

in bed.

3.

We

tried (infinitive-push)

the car out of the road, but it was

just too heavy.

4.
5.

The plants will die if you don't start

Did you attempt (gerund-close)

(infinitive-water)

them.
the windows before vou left

the house?

6.

I love (infinitive-walk)

in the woods in fall.

Pnctice

57

117

,.,,,ffi*,*Tg
Infinitives to Show purpose

q)

o
q

li

EXAMPTE

F{
t<

EXPLANATION

You can use the Internet

o
?4

to get job

We use the infinitive to show the purpose of an

action. We can also say i,n ord,er to:

information.

tt)
o
+

He's working hard and saving his money

buy a house.

o
o

to

I am saving my money in order to buy a

house.

+,
.rl

?1

@"ffiUnscramblethewordstowritec0rrectstatementsandquestions'

ti
s4
H

Example:

paylto
to pay
/ to sell
I

haC

to eell nty Lextbqoke

in orCer Lo pa.'

for nty t:,1.2n,: .t, ic:k.:.t

1.

my pronunciation / the best way

2.

in the paper

3.

had / here /

4.

weight I in order/should /what / do / to lose / I

5.

these / your arms / to strengthen / you / should do

/
/ exercises

6'

with your teacher / an appointment / to review / make your

examination
/

7.

10

she

is / to improve

new roommate I an ad/ to find / put

to take /we /three buses / to get / in order

can lyourvocabulary

/in order / learn

Complete each sentence with an infinitive to showpurpose.

Choose infinitives
from the box to help with the answer.

to dispose of
to clean

to keep

to cut

to buy

to call

fo-Oet-uti

to cool off

to show

Example:

People use a dictionary

Feople

18

/a

I what

words/to build / everydaylyou

@-@@[FF

/I /my
/ mv plane
nlane ticket /had/for
/ h:,i / fr /my
/ ^,,ravrln^r-^/:'^
/r
^-^r,.-..
textbooks/in order

L,tae

Practice 58

a cicLic.nar"J, Lo roctk up'r.r-ie n-re:,tninq:,, ctf

t,t,r_,,-,ri,,

1.

People use a refrigerator

()
rh

2.

People use money

3.

Tfavelers use passports

o
g
k
5
n{

4.

People who are eating use knives

5.

People use telephones

o
'
v)
o
+

HA

(a

rF{

+
.

6.

rtr

People use toothbrushes

EI

l-(

7.

Students use computers

8.

Tlavelers use maps

9.

Shoppers use credit cards

10.
I

1.

12.

People use libraries

People use trash cans

People use air conditioners

Answer each question about yourself 0n the lines below.

Example:

What do you listen to music for?

llieten to music

orderto relax.

1.

What do you do in order to relax?

2.

What wiII you use your education for?

Practice 58

lt9

Overview of Adjective Clauses

n
q)
6
F'
r!

EXAMPTE

cook.

EXPTANATION

She'd like to marry a man

u
q)

who knows how to

job that uses her talents.

The man whom you married is verv
She'd like to have

'o
(+{

responsible.

B
o
.E

The

An adjective clause is a group of words that

describes a noun. It follows the noun. Relative
pronouns introduce an adjective clause:
u;ho(m) for people, whi,ch for things, that for
people and things.

job that I have gives me a lot of

satisfaction.

()

q++rt

Match each of the foilowing parts t0 make 10

logical definitions.

Bre**fasfff
Ink is

situation
people

A rug is

a dessert

Firefighters are
A war is

ice crystals

he-meal-

that fall from the sky.

who has to work for no pay.
that protects the floor.
that goes in our pens.

Tfash is

a piece

A slave is

Ice cream is

a piece

of cloth or skin
anything

that takes pictures.

A camera is
Snow is

a person

that people throw awav.

who put out fires.

Example: Dreakfast
2.
r).

4.

6.
7.

8.

9.
10.

l20

Practice 59

of equipment

liquid

s the

*"ulxbqlp_gpp

in which two sides are in conflict.

that children love.

 Fill in each blank vnthwho, that, or uthi,ch.

Example:

This is the story of a man

The rnaid

(,t
q)

who

th

lost a key.

FI

found the key was cleaning the room.

she found had some words on it.

The key
The maid threw the kev

U
q)

she found into the garbage can.

The trash collector found the key

The trash collector

tlie maid threw away.

worked at the hotel reacl the words on the

key.

The trash collector cleaned the key

The trash collector

9.
10.

was curious put the key in a bag.

worked next

thanked the man iclentified the k ey.

The shopkeeper paid $100 to the trash collector
found the key
in the garbage can.

opened a safe.

contained many diamond rings.

Circle the noun that the adjective clause describes. Underline the adj
ective
clause.

Example: I e4joyo'i.lthat

'o
t{r{

.E
q)

The shopkeeper

1. The shopkeeper usecl the key

12. The key openecl the safe

u
o

o
F
q)

he found.

The trash collector took the key to a shopkeeper

door.

haue happy ending..

l. I like people who have nice smiles.

2. He enjoys music that helps him relax.
3. We like to relax in places that are near the ocean.
4. They want to know college students who like to travel.
5. I chose the black skirt that makes me look thin.
6. You look at magazines that are about the world news.
7. I want to own a car that looks adventurous.
8. she wants to marry a mar who will always be kind and good.
L We need to take courses that will improve our job skills.
10. I'd like to live in a house that has three bedrooms.

Practice

59 l2l

Relative Pronouns as Subjects

('t
+

o
q)

rg
P
(n
o
(

cFI
o
o

A relative pronoun can be the subject ofthe adjective clause.

He wants to meet a woman. Awoman likes sports.

/a'
He wants to meet a

woman@olkes sports.
Ithatl

l'{

F{

An advertisement

q)
+

An advertisement

is expensive to create.

c)

An advertisement has a lot of words.

has a lot of words is expensive to create.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. In the present tense, the verb of the adjective clause must agree with the preceding noun:
An advertisement that has alot of words can be expensive.
Advertisements that huue a lot of words can be expensive.

2. l\1o and that of an adjective clause can contract with zs.

He's looking for a woman uho's smarter than he is.

MfiCirclethecorrectformoftheVerbfr0mtheunderlinedverbsinthe
adjective clause.

Example:
I

I know a girl who

6*"]/ "o-u from Somalia.

What's the name of the person who is / are singing that song?
He wants to marry someone who understand lunderstands him well.

who come / comes here.

r).

We welcome everyone

+.

She'll have to borrow the money that is / are needed.

Will the person who has / have my notebook please return it?

r).

She ate the rest of the cookies that was / were in the box.

The lady who work / works in the book department will give you a receipt.

B.

Could you bring us some of the fruit that grow / grows on your apple tree?

I bought pens that don't / doesn't write well.

10.

I really don't like sports that is / are violent.

122

Practice 60

ffi'nUnscramblethewordsineachsentencetomakeacorrectstatementwithan
adjective clause.

Example: Iove/I/kind
I

(t,

+
(J

to me /the aunt/was/who

love the aunt who wae kind

to

,o

me.

ra

1.

t,)

the man / to play / taught / that's / the flute / who / me

G
IA

2.

which / the car I was /bought / old and ugly / we

3.

painted / who / who / that famous picture / the artist / was

5
o
sl
o
t{

n{

a)

4.

get

+
tlt

/ arel people / upset I very sensitive / easily/who /there

FI

5.

today

6.

which /we /onthe

7,

a friend

8.

that / the most options / the computer / prefer lhas / I

9.

dropped / where / who / is / this wallet / the person

10.

/this / came / s I the mail / that

first/must/paylof the month/are due/the bills

/have /yott /can help / do /who / me

buy / works / let's / better I than this one / an umbrella

/ that

Practice

60

123

Relative Pronouns as Objects

(')

*
u
q)
tO

o
(,)

Arelative pronoun can be the object of the adjective clause.

He discussed the hobbies. He has hobbies.

*--'
I he has.

u,

FI

o
o
${

He discussed the hobbiesltat

lwfricfrl

lal

^.
Fl

()

(g
q)

The woman

likes sports.
He met her.
4-"'-'--

@('")1

ffre

womanftnat

lol

fre met likes sports.

TANGUAGE NOTE:
The correct relative pronoun for people is wLom. However, in conversati
on, u.tho is often heard. Or the relative

pronoun is omitted completely:

Foy-mal: The woman u;hom he met likes sports.
Infot"mul: The woman u,ho he met likes spor.ts.
Informal: The woman he met likes sports.

w4FffiT?rMffi.$ Fill in each blank vnthwho(m), orwh,ich. Do not usetht in this exercise.

Example:

Thepolitician

I got tickets to the conceft

The rnovie
There goes the person
The envelope
The woman
I liked the book
I have friends

who

met was very friendly.

you told me about.

we saw yesterday was excellent.

I'm going to marry.

you sent me had nothing in it.
you spoke to was my mother.
you gave me.

like to get together whenever possible.

The doctor said to avoid foods

9. Ilikeaman
10. The food

124

Practice 61

have a high sugar content.

knows what he wants.
we ate was very spicy.

Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. Then cross out the relative
pronoun to make each sentence or question informal. Rewrite each sentence
with no relative pronoun.

r,)

{-
(J

q)

Example:

Did you read every book-tldthe teacher assigned?

rA

Informal: Did you read every book the teacher assigned?

1.

o
5
o

o
ti

cl

I like the people that I met yesterday.

Informal:

2.

'fhe pizzathat I ate didn't agree with me.

Fr

q)

Informal:

3.

This is the man whom I spoke of last week.

IE

FI

{)

Informal:

4.

The reason that you gave was not a good enough one.

Informal:

5.

Spring is the season that I like best.

Informal:

6.

The teacher that I wanted to speak to was on vacation.

Informal:

7.

What did you say to the girl whom I met yesterday?

Informal:

8.

The music that he played was too loud.

Informal:

9.

I waited all day for the repairman that you recommended.

Informal:

10.

The soccer games that we played in high school were always exciting.

Informal:

11. I enjoyed

reading the book that you recommended.

Informal:

12. He got that camera from the man whom I told you about.
Informal:

Practice 61

r25

Comparative and Superlative Forms

U)
d

>a

lrl

L{

r{
q

SIMPLE

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

+)

One-syllable adjectives and adverbs

tall

taller

the tallest

tr

Tko-syllable adjectives that end in

easy

easier

easiest

frequent

more frequent

the most frequent

o
g

5
(t,

'

.g

0)
.F{

+
rE

-y

Other two-syllable adjectives

Some two-syllable adjectives have

two forms.

simple

simpler
the simplest
more simple
the most simple
Note: These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: corwnoTl, handsom,e, qu,iet, gentl,e, yLcLWo?n,
cleu eti JriendLu, angrV.

t{

A$ectives with three or more syllables

f{

-lgr

s
o

adverbs

Irregular adjectives and

adverbs

important

more important

the most important

quickly

more quickly

the most quickly

better

the best
the worst
the farthest / furthest
the least
the most

good /
bad /

far
little
a lot

"Note:

well

badly worse
farther / further
less

more

Farther is used for distances. Further is used for ideas.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. Most adjectives that end in --ed

2'

and -i,rry use more and the most, not 4r or -est:

more tired most disturbing
The comparative form compares two similar things, usingthan. The superlative form compares one
thing to two or more other similar things:
Comparati,ae.' The blue car is faster thanthe red car.
Superlati,ue; That ring is the most beautiful of those five rings.

MFm+_W!il

Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Choose the correct form ofthe adjective.

That is the more ugly /(qgligqDdog that I have ever seen.

This has been the wonderfulest / most wonderful evening of my life.

I like to buy pants that are a little tighter / more tight than these.

I ate two sandwiches, but my little brother was hungrier / more hungry and he ate three.
They were the deliciousest / most delicious sandwiches I'd ever eaten.
Don't be so rude. T?y to ask politer / more polite questions.
She's too nervous for this job. We need someone calmer / more calm.
You're the interestingest / most interesting person I've met here.

Hawaii is a much wetter / more wet place than Arizona.

As she grew older, she became beautifuller / more beautiful.

126

Practice 62

10.

You need to get here earlier / more early if you want the best bargains.

1. No farther / further meetings have been scheduled.

12. I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that slowlier / more slowly?
I

th

x
k

Choose the simple, the comparative, or the superlative form.

.Fl

r!

Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

This test is im

L{

f all the tests.

s5
c)

That was a very rough / rougher / roughest airplane flight.

V,

She's good / better / the best than most people at learning languages.

FI
(g
q)

I'm afraid that I did really badly / worse / the worst on that exam.
Many Americans think that Abraham Lincoln was the great / greater / greatest American

.Fl

president of all.

What a waste of money! This new clock radio is absolutely useless / more useless / the most

r!

useless.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I 1.
12.

This trip has been long / longer / the longest than I expected it to be.
Every night you come home late / later / the latest than the night before.
Is it true that Athens is the noisy /noisier /noisiest city in the world?
Some people are friendly / friendlier / the friendliest than others.

I want to buy a pretty / prettier / the prettiest dress.

She lost the lottery last time, but this time she was lucky / luckier / the luckiest.

wtrtrilfrfi{ffis Answer each question using a superlative 0r comparative adjective.

Who is the nicest Derson vou know?

2.

Is a grammar test or a bad cold worse?

The hot / hotter / hottest place in the world is in Mauritania.

1.

lr

Practice 62

127

Superlatives
o

q)

+
G

kq)

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

Michael Jordan was the most popular

basketball player of his time.

We use the superlative form to point out the

number 1 item of a group of two or more.

g
!a
v,

He became one of the richest people in the

world.
For many years, he was the most valuable
player.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1 . Use the before a superlative form.

Omit the lf there is a possessive form before the superlative form.

Jack is rny tallest friend.
2. We sometimes put a prepositional phrase at the end of a superlative sentence:
i,n the ,wot'Ld in my fanuitA in my class i,n m.E countrg
3. We sometimes say "one of the" before a superlative form. Then we use a plural noun.
He was one of the best athletes in the world.
4. An adjective clause with euer and the present perfect tense often completes a superlative statement:
Jordan is one of the best atNetes tuho has euer l,iued.

wttM?+ complete each statement with a superlative adjective from the box.

easiest wisest
worst
silliest
Example:

rarest
shortest

The Sears Tower is one of the world's

largest

fastest

greatest

UAIlAS

smallest

ll

1.

Gandhi was one of the

people who ever lived.

2.

The tiger is one of the

animals in the world.

r).

February is the

4.

Jupiter is the

5.

Monaco is one of the

countries in the world.

b.

Comedies can be the

kinds of movies.

7.

Picasso was one of the

8.

The cheetah is the

The mosquito is one of the

10.

E-mail is one of the

128

Practice 63

month in the year.

of all the planets.

painters of his time.

animal on four legs.
insects.

forms of communication.

buildings.

Answer each of the following questions with a complete sentence.

ft

Example:

2 lthink Madrid ia the most

1.

0)

Q: What is the most beautiful city in your country?

beautful citV

n mv

countrv.

E{)

Q: Who is the most powerful leader in your country?

(A

A:

2.

Q:

Who is one of the most popular singers in your country?

A:

3.

Q:

What animal do you think is the most intelligent?

A:

4.

Q: Wrat is your hardest subject in school?

A:

5.

Q:

When did you meet your best friend?

A:

6.

Q: Who is one of the happiest people that you know?

A:

7.

Q: What was one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century?

A:

8.

Q:

What time does your earliest class start?

A:

e.

Q: Who is one of the most famous people in the world?

A:

10.

Q:

lFl

What is the saddest moe that vou've ever seen?

A:

Practice

63

129

Equality and Difference with Nouns

and Adjectives

U)

q)
+

(J
q)

NOUN

ADIECTIVE

EXAMPTE

height

tall, short

He's the same height as his wife.

He's as tall as his wife.
He's not the same (height) as his brother.
His brother is shorter.

age

old, young

He's the same age as his cousin.

He's as old as his cousin.
He's no the same (age) as his wife.
His wife is older.

,rl
v)

z
+)

weight

0)

I'

heavy,

She's the same weight as her sister.

She's as heavy as her sister.
She's o the same (weight) as her mother.
She is thinner.

thin

0)

.9)

A
ti

length

long, short

This
This
This
This

shelf
shelf
shelf
shelf

price

expensive, cheap

This
This
This
This

car
car
car
car

size

big, small

These
These
These
These

IJ

.'l

F?

iJ
\J
rJ

is the same lengfh as the couch.

is as long as the couch.
is not the same Qength) as that room.
is shorter.

is the same price as that car.

is as expensive as that car.
is not the same (price) as that car.
is cheaper.

shoes
shoes
shoes
shoes

are the same size as those sneakers.

are as big as those sneakers.
are not the same (size) as those shoes.
are smaller.

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1. For equality with nouns, use tLte surne . . . ea:
She's fhe s&mn ege os her husband.

2. For equality with adjectives and adverbs, use &s . . . s.'

She's os olJ cts her husband.

3. For difference with nouns, usenot the same cx:

She's nof the sa,me ge as her

sister.

She and her sister are not the sa'm.e age.

(dilferent)fi'om:
She's tall,er thanher brother. She's dilferentfromher brother.

4. For difference with adjectives,

Fill in each blankwith a noun from the box.

height
Example:

130

use

age

A meter is about the same

Practice 64

weight

length
Ienqth

price

size

as a yard.

1.

Your new sport utility vehicle is almost the same

as

your
fa

apartment!

()

2.

She has a teacher who is the same

as her father.

3.

Do you have a better computer that's about the same

.F{

{.

as

()
r

this

one?
as a quart?

4.

Is a liter about the same

5.

You're growing so fast that now you're the same

as

'ocl

your older

g)

sister.
6.

I think the used car I bought was the same

as the last new one

bought.

7.
8.

I'm so tired. Is your backpack the same

as

this gift so that I can mail

E)
l{

tffil.+tt+tpJ L:11,.ffffiff:,.ind

rhenwr*e a second sentence thar means the same

.Fl

'o

The highway is wider than the road.

The

1.

+
.
B
a)

it.

Example:

..

as mine?

I need a box that's about the same

5
o

road ien't aa wide aa the hiahwa.v,

,r

tFl
FI

fE

The Netherlands is flatter than Switzerland.

tr

2.

Switzerland is more mountainous than the Netherlands.

3.

He's friendlier than his roommate.

4.

The Himalayas are taller than the Alps.

5.

This movie was more interesting than the last one we

6.

A dog is easier to train than a cat.

7.

Your teacher is more helpful than mine.

8.

Baseball is slower than soccer.

sa\M.

Practtce

64 l3l

Oveniew of the Passive Voice

q)
(J

q)

EXAMPLE

o
o

The fire was

EXPLANATION
started by a careless camper.

q)
r.!

Many trees

were burned down.

The fire

will be put out by the Forest

Service.

a)

the past

The passive voice is used when the subject

receives the action of the verb.

(+{

q)

The passive verb uses a form of be

participle.

A.

'F?

were burned.

Some homes

Sometimes the performer of the action is

included after a passive verb. Use by * noun or
object pronoun before the performer.

Usually a performer is not included in a passive

sentence

LANGUAGE NOTE:
The verb ir passive voice shows that

the subject receives the action. The verb in active voice shows that the
subject performs the action of the verb. Compare:

Active:

The catatethemouse.

WffiWTM
Examples:

----->

Pas5'ys. Themousewas eatenbythe cat.

underline the verb in each sentence. Identify each sentence as passive 0r

active.
My best friend just sent me some great news by e-mail.

active

Our friend Kathy may not be accepted to the university.

pa9stve

1.

Radium was discovered by Marie Curie.

2.

Jesse is finishing up the project

3.

His parents have sent him two packages this month.

4.

You ought to be examined by a specialist.

5.

The stock market has been climbing steadily for the past six weeks.

6.

These beautiful carpets are made entirely by hand.

7.

The new subway is being constructed by the McArthur Company.

8.

The winners of the Nobel Prizes will be announced by the Nobel Committee later this week.

This birthday cake was baked by my roommate.

right now.

10.

Why did he give you such an ugly look?

11.

This window must have been broken bv a baseball.

72. We'lI have to replace it.

132

Practice 65

13.

The children have been told by their parents not to play ball near the house.
q)

.9
r-

74. The window ought to be paid for by them.

15.

Everyone enjoyed the camping trip.

1r).

One of the pieces of the pluzzle was lost.

a)
(a

o
(

17. I cook breakfast for my family every morning.

18.

n{

Corn is grown in Kansas.

q)
?1

l
+

(*{

Choose the correctly formed passive verb to complete each sentence.

Example:

o
F
q)

.E

Tonight's ne*s sponsers /GJponsoredby the ACME Corporation.

q)

The First National Bank was robbed / robbed today around 5:00 p.m.

2.

The robbers has not been caught / have not been caught yet.

3.

Six firefighters were taked /were taken out of a forest fire 50 miles east of here.

4.

They

5.

All roads in the area has been closed / have been closed to everyone except the firefighters.

o.

A new mayor elected / was elected.

7.

Results of the election were announced / was announced just an hour ago.

8.

A conference on disease is being hold / is being held this week at the Medical Center.

9.

A new drug to fight the disease have been study / has been studied by researchers at our

-gle brought / were brury to the hospital for

second-degree burns.

medical school.
10.

The research project was starting / was started by a group of international corporations.

WftIJnderlinethepassiveVerb.Writewhodidtheactionattheendofeach
statement.

Example:

The door was opened

1.

The cat was fed

2.

Children are raised

J.

The composition was typed

b.y

the win

Practice

65

133

Forms and Tenses of

the Passive Voice

a)

(J

.Fl

o
q)

TENSE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE (BE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

Simple Present

They tahe a vote.

Avote istaken.

Simple Past

They

took avote.

Avote was taken.

Future

They

will take a vote.

Avote will be taken.

Fr
q
?l
H

{-

t+{

They are going

(t!

Present

(n

Perfect

"

(^

Theyhave taken avote.

They must

to take a vote.

take avote.

Avote is going to be taken.

Avote has been taken.
Avote must be taken.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
The passive voice can be used with different tenses and with modals. The past participle remains the same
every tense. Only the form of be changes.

for

t{
o
f{

*?*tilT*ffiil
Examples:

Change each of the following sentences from actiye to passive. Do not include a
performer. (Do not include by + the performer.)
They could build a new house.

A new houee could be built

She drank orangejuice.

Oranae iuice was drunk.

1.

They planned

2.

She threw the ball.

3.

When will you finish your composition?

4.

You should send the letter.

5.

I can't change the tire here.

6.

They bought the Tshirt at the fair.

7.

We are going to paint the house.

8.

We didn't eat the pie.

134

it carefully.

Practice 66

Change each of the following sentences from passive to active.

Example:

Their old house was built in 1930 by her grandfather.

Her grandfather

1.

o
,g
6

-0)

builttheir old houae in 193O.

U)

The new house is being built by the Johnson Brothers.

The Johnson Brothers

2.
3.

P{
()

The plans for the new garden haven't been completed yet.

?l
H

They

t+{

*
o

Tfees, flowers, and grass will have to be planted after the house is completed.

t,l

()
l

They

4.

ri

The bank loan must be repaid within 30 years.

ro

They

5.

The loan for the old house had been paid

offjust

a few years ago.

f,)

They

6.

The new house was designed by their oldest daughter.

FI

Their oldest daughter

7.

The house will be painted by the family.

The family

8.

The students should be shown examples by the teacher.

The teacher

Write a passive sentence for each of the following subjects.

Example:

The Eiffel Tower wae

1.

The cat

2.

The grades

3.
4.

The food

5.
6.

The computer

built in 7are in the nineteenth century.

The car

The train

Practice 66

r35

Classifyins or Identifvine the Subiect

'
with te Idefinite Aticfe

o
u
+
H
q)

+)
FI

ts{

ri
q)
\,

a)
F1

+
.
F
+

s
H
at

u,
o

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

A tent is a shelter that is used by campers.

We use the indefinite articles a and

Electricity was an important invention.

anto

classify or define the subject of a sentence.

My brother is a forest ranger.

Passports are official documents used by

travelers.

When we classify a plural subject, we don't use

any article at all.

My parents are bank workers.

LANGUAGE NOTE:
when we classify or identify the subject, we are telling who or what the subject is:
What is a hammer? A hammer is a tool.
Who wasAlbert Einstein? He was a great physicist.

+
b0
s4
H

,b

+rr7[r

Match each question with its answer.

g
o

1.

Dew is

a.

o
,.

A watch is

b. a device for measuring things.

t).

A map is

c. people who take care of forests.

b0

4.

Pineapples are

tFr'

5.

Farmers are

e.

a drawing

(n
u)
r

r).

An alarm is

f.

vacationers who are sightseeing.

7.

Tourists are

8.

A lifeguard is

o a person who saves swimmers in danger.

'
h. people who grow crops to sell them.

9.

Forest rangers are

i.

a dece that tells time.

A ruler is

j.

tropical fruit.

'o
t{

10.

ffit

,{

water on the grass in the morning.

that shows where things are.

Correct each of the following sentences by adding or n in the sentence

where they are needed.

Example:

Omelet is dish made with eggs.

An omdet ie a dsh made with eaae

1.

Bird is animal that flies and lays eggs.

2.

Gasoline is fuel that is made from petroleum.

136

a device that sounds a warning.

Practice 67

3.

Thain is form of public transportation.

4.

Trail is small path that is used by hikers.

5.

Match is small stick of wood or paper that is used to start fire.

6.

Stove is appliance that is used to cook food in kitchen.

7.

Kitchen is room where people prepare their food.

8.

Ice cream is frozen dessert that is made from cream, sugar, and flavorings.

9.

Glue is liquid that is used to stick things together.

10.

Ring is round piece of metal that is worn on finger.

11.

Wedding ring is ring that is used to show that someone is maried.

12.

Workbook is book that is filled with exercises.

13.

Scanner is electronic device that can copy pictures and words.

Write a sentence that classifies, identifles, or defines the words below. Use the
proper form of the verbbe.

Example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Atablecloth ie a cloth

that

ia uaed

to cover a table.

Adoor
Aplanet
Volcanoes
Pets

Atruck

Practice

67

137

Introducing a Noun with the

Indefinite rticle

a)

(J

q)

SINGULAR
COUNT

PLURAL
COUNT

NONCOUNT

We need a new tent.

We'll need (some)

matches.

Let's take (some)

drinking water.

won't need (any)

electric devices.

We don't have

WilI there be (any)

firewood for sale?

rJi
()

Affirmative

'o

I'm taking an umbrella.

q)
?l
t-{

Negative

Don't bring a hair

dryer.

We

(any)

ice.

?a

-+)

Will there be a picnic

Did you pack (any) cups

table?

and plates?

5
o

LANGUAGE NOTES:

Question

1. We use a or an to introduce a singular noun into the conversation. We

use sorne or unA to introduce a

noncount noun or a plural noun into the conversation:

2. Some and anE can be omitted:
I don't have arty time to help you.
I don't have time to help you.

b0

'
o
k

Complete each sentence with , a,n, nA, or slnxe.

Example:

Do you want

donut?

t.

Do you have

sugar I could borrow?

2.

He will need

new notebook for his new class.

3.

She was buying

+-

We don't buy

beautiful ceramic vase at the store

artwork until the bills are paid.

people have moved to Costa Rica recently.

5.

pronunciation course next semester.

6.

Your teacher won't teach

7.

The children want

lemonade. They are thirsty.

8.

My family rode to

wonderful restaurant.

9.

The car doesn't have

gas right now. Sorry.

10.

Did he carry

toothpaste in his bag?

I].

Did she take

pictures at her class reunion?

12.

prcnrc rs

13.

bird doesn't have

14.

outdoor meal.

never needs

dentist.

I'm making

cake and

my son's party.

138

Practice 68

teeth, so it
cookies for

Answer each of the questions completely. Use o, an, nA andsome.

()

-.I

Example:

{.

t{

Q: What's something that people sometimes ink in the morning to give them tamins?
aome vitamina'
?eople eometimes drink aome oran7e juice n the morninq to

6.
1.

^et

0)

+J
.
EI

ri
()

Q: What is something you can't take on an airplane?

A:

rt

l-{

q)

2.

A
{
+

Q: What should you not forget to take on a car trip?

&
+

.
B

A:

3.

5
o

Q: What should you take when you go shopping?

A:

b0

4.

A
|tH
(J

Q: What do you always keep in your refrigerator?

t5o

A:

5.

Q:

Wrat do you usually

t-{

eat for breakfast?

A:

6.

Q: What did you buy the last time you went to a grocery store?

A:

7.

Q: What do you need to bring to class?

A:

8.

Q: What is needed to make a cake?

A:

Practice

68

139

The Definite Article

q)

(J

t{
q)

*)

ri

EXAMPLE

EXPLANATION

The bank gives you a personctl identi,Jication

ru.tmber You should memorize the number.

A noun is first introduced as an indefinite noun.

When referring to it again, the definite article
ha is used.

a)

aq)
t4

refrigerator?

The speaker is referring to a person or an

object that is present.

The sun is not very bright in the winter.

There is only one in our experience.

Would you please get

the milk out of the

There are many problems in the world.

Where's the teacher? I have a question about

the homework.

The speaker and the listener share a common

experience. Students in the same class talk
about the teacher, the homework, the

chalkboard.
The speaker defines or specifies exactly which

I spent the money you gave me.

one.

I went to the store for some groceries.

We often u" the

I stopped by the bank to get some cash.

with certain familiar places

and people when we refer to the one that we

usually use:
the bank
the zoo
the park

the bus

the beach
the post office
the doctor

the train
the store

LANGUAGE NOTE:
We use the definite article the whenthe speaker and the listener have the same person(s) or objects(s) in mind.
The listener knows exactly what the speaker is referring to as in the examples above.

$Readthefollowingparagraph'Thenfillineachblankwitha,n,orthe,
Yesterday I decided to find (Example)
newspaper and found (2)

apartment to rent. So I bought (1)

advertisement for (3)

one-bedroom apartment that sounded perfect for me. I called (4)

number printed in the paper. (5)
told me about (6)

apartment. Today I met (7)

Iandlord at

apartment so that I could have a look at it. I liked (9)

(8)
room, but (10)

140

landlord answered, and he

Practice 69

bedroom was a little small. I decided to take it anyway'

IMng

apartment isn't furnished, so ['ll have to get some furniture. Fortunately,

(11)

table and (13)

already have (12)

armchair. I will have to buv

bed. I don't want to sleep on (15)

(14)

floor!

q)

I
.
+
k

Insert , n, the, some, or nA wherever they are appropriate.

tr

tr

0)

Example:

My friends and I took

The

vacation.

vacation was

very quiet place.

It was

2.

Every day

sun woke us up as it came through

of

eastern window

little cabin that we rented.

.)
r).

We made

4.

There wasn't

i_r.

For entertainment we took

r).

We had

7.

Every day after luncl'r we wrote

8.

Then we mailed

In

good hot tea with it.

good breakfast and drank

telephone or

television in the cabin.

long walks in the countryside.

good conversations.
postcards.

post office.

postcards at
evening we watched

moon rise.

first star.

for

10.

We looked

11.

We didn't feel

12.

We still talk about

tension for

whole time that we were there.

wonderful time that we had together.

ffi-{IJnscramblethewordstowritec0rrectSentenceS

Example:

the

tlne

I map /city/telephone book I find / of

You can find a map

can

I you / in

of t he ci'Ey in 1;he Lelephone book

1.

today I a I the I the I is hang/ on/ shop / corner/ sale

2.

teacher / we will have /substitute / so I a /teacher I the I is sick today

3.

go to / at / look I zoo lbears / let's I the lthe / and

4.

to listen / llke / rain I roof I on/the I the / I I to

5.

dictionary/

I/

need

0)

Fl
-l

wonderful.
1.

I thatl/to replace /lost/the

Practice

69 l+l

Indefinite Pronouns

6
F.

5
o
?1
H
o

DEFINITE PRONOUN

F{

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

My daughter has a new doll. Do you wanr

to see

0)

ir?

My daughter has a new doll. Her friend has

one too.

He got money from his grandparents.

He wants
to spend it.

He got money for his birthday. you got

some

+
A
H

tJi

\lA

FI

l-{

too. Did you get any for your graduation?

I-have a young son. I take him to the park

every
day.

I have a son. Do you have one?

My son has some video games. He likes

to play
with them.

My son has some video games. Does your

son
have any?

LANGUAGE NOTES:
1' we use definite pronouns (hi'm, he4

th.em, it)to refer to definite count nouns.

2. We use ore to refer to an indefinite singular count
noun.
3' we use some (fot statements) and ang (for negatives
and questions)

to refer to an indefinire noncount

noun or an indefinite plural count noun.

4. We can use cLrLA and, som,e before more.

wfi|7i?t*l

Example:

Read each sentence. Then fill in the blanks

with an indefinite
nA, or Tne) or a definite pronOun: (them
andit).

I had a VCR, but I

spillecl

won't work.

drink I had on it, and now

l.

I need to either get

2.

I saw an ad for a

D.

I'm going to go and look at

4.

Maybe my parents will give me

.-----for my birthday.
They cost a lot of money,
- and right now I don,t have

E
J.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

the

If I got

pron'un (some,

repaired or else buy a new

in the campus newspaper.

used

tonight.

job, I could earn

My neighbor has two. He uses
a part-time

to copy videotapes.
Maybe he'd lend me -------.---..----------.- until I
can buy
I could

return

to him whenever he needed

He had three VCRs, but he gave

42

Practice

7O

-----.----_----- to his daughter

last month.

iL

ffiAnswereachquestion.Substitutetheunderlinedwordswithanindefinite
pronoun (one, some, nA) or a definite pronoun (it, them).

Example:

Do you
No,

1.

11Y.s

don't

tr

horror moviee?
like

them aL

o
o
L{
a4
H

all.

F{

Do you have a bus pass?

2.

ri
q)
'

Where do you do your grocery shopping?

3.

How often do you write letters to your family?

4.

Do you have any gum with you?

5.

Does your home have a porch?

6.

Do you have a computer?

7.

Did you buy any CDs this week?

8.

Do you study for exams with your classmates?

l-l

ffitWriteareSp0nSeforeachqueSti0nuSingS0me,a,na,0ne,them,ori,t'

Example: Q: Is there a pay phone in this building?

A:

1.

Yee.

there'a one next to the elevator

Q: Have you er.er riclden a bus in this city?

A:

2.

Q: Did you have any pets when you were little?

A:

3.

Q: Did you finish the homework for today?

A:

4.

Q: Where's the nearest bookstore?

A:

Practice

70

143