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Grade 9 Science:

Unit 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Chapter 3: Elements combine


to form compounds

Compounds
A pure substance made of two or

more kinds of elements combined in


fixed proportions.
Represented by a chemical formula.
Chemical bonds hold them together.
Are either ionic or covalent.

Model of HCl ( hydrochloric acid)

Covalent Compounds
Atoms combine by sharing
electrons to form molecules.
Molecules: a group of atoms held
together by sharing one or more
pairs of electrons.
Examples include carbon dioxide
and water.

Formed from non-metals only.

They do not conduct electricity.


May be a solid, liquid, or gas at

room temperature.

Methane CH4

C
H
H C H
H

Examples of Covalent
Compounds
Table sugar
C12H22O11
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Water
H2O
Methane
CH4

Ionic Compounds
Atoms gain or lose electrons to
form ions.
All the positive ions attract all
the negative ions everywhere in
the same crystal.
Formed from metals and nonmetals.

All are solid at room

temperature.
High melting and boiling points.
Will conduct electricity when
melted or dissolved in water.
Are also called salts.

Magnesium Chloride MgCl2

Examples of Ionic Compounds


NaCl
Sodium Chloride
CaCO3

Calcium Carbonate

Na2SO4

Sodium Sulfite

NaOH

Sodium Hydroxide

Naming Compounds
Every compound has a...
1. Name: indicates the elements
present in the compound
2. Formula: indicates the
symbols and ratio of each
element present in the
compound.

Rules for Naming Compounds


Ionic Compounds
See page 81-2
Covalent Compounds
See page 83
Complete practice problems on
pages 82 &83

Physical & Chemical Changes


Physical Changes:
the appearance of a substance
may have changes but the bonds
holding the atoms together in
molecules and ions have not been
broken and no new bonds have
been made.

Includes:
all changes in state (melting,
evaporation, condensation,
freezing)
Dissolving
Cutting
Tend to be easy to reverse.

Chemical Changes:
Produce new substances with
new properties; may or may not
be noticeable.
New bonds are formed while
others are broken.

Chemical equations can be

written for all chemical changes.


For example the composition of
water.

In a chemical reaction the mass

of the reactants = the mass of the


products. The elements are
conserved but not the
compounds.
Ex. Corrosion, fruit ripening,
combustion

Evidence of a Chemical Change:


1. Color change
2. Heat, light, sound produced
or consumed
3. Gas bubbles released
4. A precipitate formed
5. Difficult to reverse

Applications of Chemical
Changes
Harnessing combustion

Combustion releases large


amounts of energy which can be
used to provide heat and light,
electrical and mechanical energy.

Solving the corrosion problem

(a process by which metals


combine with oxygen; oxidation)
Using chemical change for
traditional products
(example: tanning hides, making
dyes and medicines from plants,
and preserving food)

Core Lab Activity 3-3C pg. 92-3


Observing Changes in Matter

CORE STSE:
Plastics and Modern Life

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