Ncert Hindi Class 11 Physics Part 1

1
11
http://www.nobelprize.org
(CARTOSAT-1)
kg
PSLV-C6
ISRO
km
(ISRO)
(ISRO)
http://www.isro.org
11
ISBN 81-7450-515-6

qr s s
rs
s s
III
80.00
PD 9T NSY
!
t
I,

t s P

t s t P
P

t t
s q r
s
s

q q

t t
t s P
s

q q

s

P t P
t q t q
s

s

P s

P
s

2005

P 2005

(i)

(iii)
(ii) r
(iv)

r
A1
A9
SI
SI
xi
1988

P

P

P

(N ) (CO )

P

2

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4
1.5

2
P
2.1
2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10
3

3.1
3.2

3.3

3.4
rq
3.5
r
3.6
r s
3.7
q
v
vii
xii
xiv
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4 10
4 11

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
P P
P P
xv
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
t Pt
Pt

P
P

q rs
rs t

PP
P

P P

P P

P P
P
1.1
1.1
qrs t
1.2
qrs r q
1.3
qrs
rs q
1.4
1.5
qr rs q

(Scientia)
(Science)

P

P

P qr s
Physics
t t

rs

r t
t t
1.2
P t
r P t t t P

q

P
r
P t P
P q t
P P
1.1
10-14 m
tt t

t t
q rs t
s
s
26
10 m
10
40
: 10
22
18
s 10 s
10 kg
s
t
t
55
s
r
1030 kg
s s

s
s

t
t t
r r t
s
r
t t

s t t s

t t s
1.3
rs

P Pt

P t
1.1
P t
qst
q t
tq
ts
s t
tt
ts
t t
ts
t
t
q
q
q
t
s
s
qs
q t
s s
q t
ts
q
q
st
ss
st
1.2
(GMRT)
1.4
qst qs

(1879-1955)
qs t
s s qq q q qsq q
q q q qq qq qq qq q q q
qq qs t qq qq qqqq qq q q
q qq q
qq qq qq
qqq q q q qq qqq q
q qq
qq qq qq q qq
qq
qq
q qq qq q
qq
qq
qs q
q
q
qq q
qqq
q q q q qq q q q q
q q
qq qqq q qq q q qqqq qqs q
q q
E = mc
qq qq q q q
q qq q qq qqq q q
q q q q qqsq q q q q q q qs qqq
q s qqq q qq q q q q q
q q qs q qq qq q
qq q q qq q
qq qq q qqq qq qs q qq qs qs qqq q q qq qqqqq
q q qq qs t qq qq q q qq q qq q q q
q q
q qq
s q
1.4.1
1.4.2
r r
(1894-1974)
q rs q q

r qr rq
q sq
q q q
s r
q q s

qq q q
q
r s
s rq sq q
q q q q
q s q
q q s q s

q q
q s
q q
s
sr
rs q
s s
10
1.3
t r
q rst t
10 39
13
10
10
1.4.4
1.4.5
(10 m)
15
10 -16 m
(~1015 m)
1.4.3
(~1016m)
1687
1.4
1873
1979
1984
q tq qq q rq
1820
1830
11
r r r r
r
r
r r

r r
r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r
rr r
r
r
rr
rr r rr
r r
1.5
r r
r r

r r
r
r r r
r r
r r
r r
(1888-1970)
qst t t t t t t t tt t
sttt t t t q t q t t t q t sttt
t st t tt t t tt t tt ttt
t tt t t t t q t t tt tt t st
t s t t t
(Indian Association for Cultivation of Science)
t t t t t t t t t t tt t t
t t
t t tt st tt q t
t t t t
t tt t tt t t t tt t t
tq tt
t t t t t
t tt
t t tt
t t t
t t
tt
tt q tst q t tt
tt t t t tt t
t
t t tt t tt t st t t tt
t t ttt t q t
t t
12
q s s s
s s

s s
t t
s s
s s
s
s s
q s
s
s q
s s q
s s
s s
q s
s s

E= mc2,
13
qr
st
tr
tr
r t ss s
tr st
t q rs
r s s

tr
t s
t t r s r q
s
s
tr
s s s r s
s t ss t q s
t
s tr tr t
r s
t s
rs
r
s

sr
r t
t t s
tr r t
s tr t s t t
t s r s
t s t s
s t tr s
t t
r t s r s t
t
q t
sr
st
t r
r
r
tt
s
s
t s
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
P P P

q st
1.
14
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

P P

1.6
(i)
(ii)
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
P P

15
1.11
(i)
1.12
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi )
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x )
1.13

t

t

1.14
1.15
t
t

t
t t

1.16
P t

2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

t t

t

P
2.2
t
t
CGS FPS t MKS

t

CGS q
FPS q q
MKS q
r s
s r
SI SI

r
17
SI

SI

SI

(i)
d 2.1(a)
ds r

(ii) ! 2.1(b) O

dA r

rad
sr

(a)
(b)
2.1 (a) d (b)

! P
2.1 SI *
SI
kg
mol
cd
299, 792, 458

1983

1889
133

1967
1

2 107 1948
1/273.16
1967

0.012 kg 12
1971
540 1012 Hz
1683
1979
P
P P P P
Pq P Pr P s P t
P P
18
2.2
SI
q s t s
SI
min
h
d
y
60 s
60 min = 3600 s
24 h = 86400 s
365.25 d = 3.156 107 s
L
t
c
bar
1o = (/180) rad
1 dm3 = 10 3 m3
103 kg
200 mg
0.1 MPa = 105 Pa
Ci
R
q
b
a
3.7 1010 s 1
2.58 104 C kg1
100 kg
100 fm2 = 1028 m2
1 dam2 = 102 m2
ha
atm
1 hm2 = 104 m2
101 325 Pa = 1.013 105 Pa
SI
A 6 SI
SI
A 6.1
A 6.2
A 6.3
(A 6.2)
104 m
s s
10 5 m
s s
(A 6.3)
2.3.1
P P
SI

(A2)
(A7)
2.3
(A8)
SI
10 m
PP
A B
A B
102 m
19
AB = b
3600 = 2 rad
1 = ( /180) rad = 1.745102 rad
0
(b) 1 = 60 = 1.745102 rad
1 = 2.908104 rad " 2.91104 rad
(c) 1 = 60 = 2.908104 rad
1 = 4.847104 rad " 4.85106 rad !
(a)
ASB
""
AS = BS,
AB
AC
2.2
PP
AB = b = D
AC
100 m
O
t
C
O BO
(2.1)
AO
= 40 0
(2.2)
!
PP
1 = 60
(b) 1
3600 = 2 rad, 10 =60
2.3 AB = AC tan
AC = AB/tan = 100 m/tan 400
= 100 m/0.8391 = 119 m
PP
2.3
1o 54
2.1 (a) 1
(c) 1
2.3
0
=40
= d/D
2.2
7
1.276 10 m,
= 154 = 114
&
$ ' q r % '
s
' r
rad
20
'
XII
D = b/
'
'
2.4
'
1920
D, 1.496 x 10
m
'
20 cm
1010 m)
4000 7000
XII
(1 = 10
-10
m)
1 cm3
cm3
(V cm3 )
= nV cm3
A cm2
20 cm3
1 cm3
109 m
(10 8 m
* +
( $ ' % ' $ ' %
st
2.3.2
( P ' )

( P ' ' )
( P
0.6
11
21
(2.3)
10 m
26
't'
10 m
2.5
10
15
10
14
10 m
2.3.3
10
= 1 = 10
1m
16
2.4
= 1.496 1011 m
= 1 ly = 9.46 1015 m
3 108 m s1
= 1 AU
1015 m 1014 m
5
m 104 m
10
10
10
10
m
10
1m
= 1 f = 10
15
10 m
= 3.08 10 m
SI
(kg)
qr
10 8
10 7
10 5
10 4
104
107
108
10 11
10 13
10 21
(NPL)
10 10
10 14
14
10 15
10
2.3
10 22

10 26
(m)
22
(u)
2.5
1 = 1u
=

(1/12)
t q
rss
P
= 1.66 1027 kg
9,192,631,770

t t

P
t P

2.4.1
t
1055 kg
10
-30
kg
2.4
(IST),
747
kg
10 30
10 27
10 25
10 13
10 9
10 6
10 5
10 3
102
103
108
10 23
10 25
10 30
10 41
10 55
NPL
1 1013, 1013
SI
(1/299, 792, 458)
s t t

t t

1041
1041 ,
1041
(10 )
41 2
t t
23
2.5
X-
10
10 22
10 19
10 15
10 15
10 8
10 6
10 3
10 1
100
100
102
104
105
106
107
108
109
10 11
10 15
10 17
2.6
24
(a)
(b)
(a)
s t
0.1 cm
0.1 cm
3.5 cm

0.01 cm
3.38 cm
STP 100 C
104 C
3.678 cm
(b)
t s

24
(c)
2.6.1
(a)
a3...., an
a1, a2 ,
(2.5)
(2.4)
a = (a1 +a2 +a3+...+a n ) / n
a1 = a1 a,
a
= a2 a ,
2
....
....
....
....
....
....
a n = an a
0.001 cm
0.01 cm s
1 mm
a = (|a1 |+|a2 |+|a3 |+...+ |an |)/n

(2.6)
,
(
(b)
| a|
| ai |/n
(2.7)
25
a = a
a a a
a + a
(2.8)
(a+ a)
(a a)
2.7
2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71s
2.80 s
(c)
(a)
aP
aP
/a
= a
(2.9)
= 2.624 s
= 2.62 s
a = (a /a ) 100%
$ - - - - %
(2.10)
0.01 s
2.6
t t
t

12:00:00
rs
rs
2.63 s 2.62 s = 0.01 s

2.56 s 2.62 s = 0.06 s
2.42 s 2.62 s = 0.20 s
2.71 s 2.62 s = 0.09 s
2.80 s 2.62 s = 0.18 s
12:00:05
10:15:06
12:01:15
10:14:59
t t t
11:59:08
10:15:18
12:01:50
10:15:07
11:59:15
10:14:53
12:01:30
10:15:24
12:01:19
10:15:11
= [(0.01+ 0.06+0.20+0.09+0.18)s]/5
= 0.54 s/5
= 0.11 s
(2.62 0.11) s
(2.62 + 0.11) s
(2.62 0.11) s, 2.73 s 2.51 s

0.11 s
T = 2.6 0.1 s
26
. (
' (
""""""!
2.6.2
(a)
(Fractals)
Z =A + B
Z A + B
Z = A B

Z Z = (A A) (B B)
= (A B) A B
Z = A B
Z =
A B
Z Z = (A A) + (B B)
A A, B B
t qs P P
(Fractals)
(Chaos)
2.8
t 1 = 20 0 C 0.5 0 C t2 = 50 0C
0.5 0C
t = t2 t 1 = (50 0C0.5 0 C) (200C0.5 0 C)

t = 30 0 C 1 0 C
27
(b)
Z = AB
A A B B
AB
- q
Z Z = (A A) (B B)
= AB B A A B A B.

&(
&
/ & / / q
(
q
q
&q
= 66.7 ohm
1( Z/Z) = 1 ( A/A) (B/B) ( A/A)(B/B)
/ & (
$ & %/
$ & %/
q
q
1
( 02
3
4 5
= 1.8
Z/ Z = ( A/A) + ( B/B)

&(
1
- 02
3
4 5
t P
(c)
2.9 R = V/I, V =
(100 5)V I = (10 0.2)A R
5%
2%
= 5% + 2% = 7%.
A2
(b)
(a)
(a)
R2 =
(a)
R = R1 + R2 = (100 3) ohm + (200 4) ohm

= 300 7 ohm.
(b)
t P
2.11
Z = A4B 1/3/CD3/2
Z Z/Z = 4(A/A) +(1/3)
(B/B) + (C/C) + (3/2) (D/D)

!
!
A
Z = Ap Bq/Cr

Z/Z = p (A/A) + q (B/B) + r (C/C).
(b)
(a)
R = R 1 + R2 (b)
2.10 R1 = 100 3
200 4
Z = A 2,
Z/Z = ( A/A) + (A/A) = 2 ( A/A)
cm
1s
2.12
1 mm
20.0
100
90 s
28
g = 42 L/T2
T=
/ (
/t
/t
0.00 2308
2, 3, 0, 8
100 ( g/g) = 100(L/L) + 2 100 (T/T)

= 3%
!
2.7
0 1
-2
3 (

4 5
(g/g) = ( L/L) + 2(T/T )
123 m = 12300 cm = 123000 mm
3.500
0.06900
cm
4.700 m
(2)
4.7 m
4.700 m = 470.0 cm = 0.004700 km = 4700 mm
(1)
q r rs
(1)
2.308 cm
23.08 mm 23080 m
0.02308
(3)
29
a 10
b, 10
(5<a 7 10)
10b
a, 1 10
(a 7 5)
s = 2 r
10
2.0, 2.00 2.0000,
10
2.7.1
, n
(1.28107 m), 107 m
10b
(1.061010m), 1010m
10
17
(a) P
4.700 m = 4.700 102 cm
= 4.700 103 mm = 4.700 103 km
10
3
1.68804780876 g/cm
4.237 g
2.51 cm3
(1)

0.1250
(6)
qr
s-1 t
3.1557 107 s
15
9.47 10
3.00 108 m
(1 y = 365.25 d)
(2)
qr
qr
(5) 1
q q q
(4)
30
436.32 g, 227.2 g 0.301 g
663.821 g
(227.2 g)
3 10 m/s
108 m/s
= 3.1415926....
663.8 g
2.99792458
0.307 m 0.304 m = 0.003 m = 3 103 m

(1)
664 g
3.00 103 m
2.7.2
2.743
2.74
2.746
2.75
2.74
3.142 3.14
= 6(7.203)2 m2
= 311.299254 m2
= 311.3 m2
= (7.203)3 m3
2.14
5.74 g
= 4.8 g cm--3
2.7.3
2.745,
1.2 cm
2.735
2.74
= 373.714754 m3
= 373.7 m3
2.745
2.13 t
7.203 m
""!

31
(1)
16.2 cm
10.1 cm
9.62
l b = 164 + 3 cm
12.9 g 7.06 g
5.84 g

5.8 g
(3)
2.8
9.58
9.58
0.104
1/9.58 = 0.1044
[A],
[cd],
[L],
[K],
[mol]
[ ]
1.02 g 0.01 g
9.89 g 0.01 g
1.02
(2)
= 163.62 + 2.6 cm2
3 cm2
0.104
lb = 163.62 cm2 + 1.6%
qst
= 10.1 cm 1 %
r
b = 10.1 0.1 cm
s s s s s
sq s
= 16.2 cm 0.6 %.

9.89 g r
= ( 0.01/9.89) 100 %
= 0.1 %
l = 16.2 0.1 cm
= ( 0.01/1.02) 100 %
= 1%
[T]
[L], [M]
= [L ]
3
= [L] [L] [L] = [L]3
[M],
[L3 ]
[T]
32
=
=
-1
[v], [F]

[P]
[V],
qr
[L T 1]
2.10.1
[] = [M L T ]
3
[V] = [M0 L3 T0 ]
[v] = [M 0 L T1]
[F] = [M L T2]
[M L T] [M L T ]
[M L T2], [M L3 T]
[L]/[T]
[L T ]
2.9
[M] [L]/[T] = [M L T ]
1, 1 2
()/()2
2.10
33
v0
t
t = 0 x0
a
(k)
(m
(a) [M2 L3 T3]; (b) (d)

[M L2 T2]; (c) [M L T2]
(e)
[M L2 T2]
(b)
(d)
(a), (c) (e)
r s r
r
t q
2.15
a m s2
m s 1
(e) K = (1/2)mv2 + ma
SI J = kg m 2 s2;
)
(a) K = m2 v3
(b) K = (1/2)mv2
(c) K = ma
(d) K = (3/16)mv2
2.16
[x] = [L]
[x0 ] = [L]
[v 0 t ] = [L T1] [T]
= [L]
[1/2 a t2 ] = [L T2] [T2 ]
= [L]
[M][L T2] [L] = [M][L2 T2]

= [M L 2 T2]
2.10.2
(b)
""!
[M] [L T ] = [M] [ L T ]
= [M L2 T 2]
1 2
34
2.17
(l),
l, g
x, y , z
k = 2P
T = 8
""!
= Lx+y T 2y Mz

(g)
T=kl g m
k
(m)
T=
x + y = 0; 2y = 1; z = 0

T = k l g
1.
qrs t s qrt
s
qrs t
2.
st
rs
rs q s s s
t s r s s t s
s s t s s r t s s q
ss
3.
qrs t
s t
qrst s r r qrst s tst
s trs s s t r s
t s t r s t r ss t st s r s
s
4.
s t
5.
qrs t
qrs t
r st s
6. SI
s t
SI
t r
s t r
SI
r s
s t
s t
SI
s t
t r
s s t
s t
rs
s t s t qs st s r s r r
st s t tr t s s
kg
s
t
s r
m,
35
7.
8.
SI
10
9.
10.
precision
11.
accuracy
12.
P P P
2.1
(a)
(b)
2.3
l s
g cm3 kg m3
4.2
(mm) 2
2.4
m3
1 kg m2 s2 =............ g cm 2 s 2
1 m =................. ly
3.0 m s2 =................. km h2
G = 6.67 1011 N m 2 (kg)2 =................. (cm)3 s 2 g1
t 4.2 J
11.3
10 cm
18 km/h
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1 cm t
2 cm
(c)
(d)
2.2
1 J = 1 kg m2 s2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
36
(f)
2.5
8 min
2.6
(b)
(c)
20
1 mm
100
2.8
(a)
20
3.5 mm
100
20 s
(a)
(b)
1.0 mm
(c)
200
35 mm
100
1.75 cm2
2.10
2.9
1.55 m2
(a) 0.007 m (b) 2.64 10 24 kg (c) 0.2370 g cm-3

(d) 6.320 J (e) 6.032 N m2 (f) 0.0006032 m2
2
2.11
2.12
2.13
20.15 g
a,b, c
P,
a =
2.15
a, b, c
1%, 3%, 4%, 2%, P

P 3.763
(b) y = a sin vt
(d) y = (a 2 )(sin 2 t/T + cos 2 t/T)
v=
v,
T =
mass) m 0
2.300 kg
(a) (b)
(a) y = a sin 2 t/T

(c) y = (a/T) sin t/a
20.17 g
2.14
4.234 m, 1.005 m 2.01 cm
(moving mass) m,
(rest
37
2.16
m 3
:1 = 1010 m
0.5
2.18
2.17
22.4 L
2.19
2.3.1
AB
1"
11
9 3 10 m
1"
2.21
2.20
4.29
2.22
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2.23
P
t
2.24
6000 K
t t
107 K
8247
= 2.0 1030 kg;
= 7.0 108 m
35.72"
38
2.25
tan v;

v 0
2.26
0.02 s
2.27
100
1s
2.5
970 kg m3
2.28
1 f =1015 m)
r = r 0A 1/3
r
r0
1.2 f
2.29
(LASER),
2.30
2.56 s
2.31
1450 m s
(SONAR)
2.32
2.33
Quasar
2.3
300
km
77.0 s
2.27
2.4
~1500
3.1 qrs
3.2 qq q
3.3
3.4 qs
3.5
3.6 sr qr s
qs
rs
3.7 qs
q q
qq
qq 3.1
3.1

t 24

P

t

P

3.2 P

40
x-, y- r z-
(O) r
(x, y, z)

(frame of
reference)
OP = +360
P Q
m) = +480 m
= OP + PQ = 360 m + (+120

r
r
x1
x2 > x1
t1
t 2
t ( = t2 t 1 )
x2
r
r
stP
x = x 2x 1
x2 < x1
r r
3.1 O
O

r r

3.1 P Q
360 m 240 m
r
120 m
3.1
P, Q r R
x = x 2 x1 = (+360 m) 0 m = +360 m
q
q

t =0
x=0
3.1 x
360 m = 120 m
360 m
240 m
41
sr r
r P r P
360
360
=
m
O
r 360
P 360
Q
= (+360 m) + (+120 m) = +480 m
r = (+240 m) (0 m) = +240 m
r 240 m q P P
480 m r
r s P
r P
3.1
r P
x r r P
xr
x - t
3.2(a)
r P r
P

OP + PO = +360 m + 360 m = +720 m
t = 18 s
t=0s
t = 10 s
r P P
x = 296 m
t = 20 s
(b)
x
(m)
3.3
(b)
(a)
Pr
(a)

3.2
3.2(b)
P P P
x = 40 m
s P
P x- t
t(s)!
42
3.3
3.3
q q
rr
r
t=0s
3.3
-v
$ t
&t
x1
t1
x2
t2
SI
(v)
x-t
3.4
P2
3.5(b)
P 1 P2
P1
xt
3.5(c)
3.5(a)
m/s r m s1
km/h
(3.1)
&
3 4
t = 5 s r t =7 s
r r r
t =8 s
x-t
(a)
3.5
(b)
(c)
P P
(c)
(b)
(a)
P P
r

r
(m s 1)
3.2
3.4
P1 P2
43
3 1
O P
O
20 m s1
3.1
3.4
3.1
31
OP
18 s
6.0 s
(b)
O P
(a)
t)
t + t)
(a)
v= lim
qrs
(3.3a)
t0
lim
&t' 0
&x
(3.3b)
&t
t0
3.1
(3.3a)

3.3
= 20 m s
3.6
t = 4 s
3s
5s
P t
"
t = 4 s
= +10 m s1

(b)
- dx *
+ dt (
, )
(3.3a)
P1 P2 Q1Q2
4.5 s
P1 P2
2s
3.6
2 s
1 s
3.5 s
44
3.84 ms-1
3.3
3.6
3.7
t=4 s
P
P
rs
t = 4s
t=4 s dx/dt
P1 P2
t= 4 s
3.7
3.6
3.1
t =4 s
x/t
x(t 1) = 0.08 t
3
1
t1 (=t t/2)
x(t2 ) = 0.03 t
x = x( t 2)x(t1 )
2.0 s
3.1
P P
3
2
0.01 s
qrst s
ts
(v)
3.1 t = 4 s
x/ t
t
(s)
t1
(s)
t2
(s)
x(t1)
(m)
x(t2)
(m)
x
(m)
x/ t
(m s1)
2.0
1.0
3.0
3.5
5.0
4.5
2.16
3.43
10.0
7.29
7.84
3.86
3.92
3.86
0.5
0.1
0.01
3.75
3.95
3.995
4.25
4.05
4.005
4.21875
4.93039
5.100824
6.14125
5.31441
5.139224
1.9225
0.38402
0.0384
3.845
3.8402
3.8400
P P
P P
t = 2.0 s, 1.0 s ,
0.5 s, 0.1 s 0.01 s

t2 ( = tt/2)
x = 0.8 t3
3.3
3 1
x/t
45

x/t
32
dx/dt
3.2 x-
x=a+bt2 a = 8.5 m, b = 2.5 m s2

t t=0 s
t=2.0 s t=2.0 s
t=4.0 s
t =0 s
v =10 m s1

1
t m s
t =2.0 s
3.7
v = 0 m/s,
6.0 2.5 =
t1 , t2
SI m s2
(v-t)
"
15 m s1
t=10 s 18 s
t=18 s t=20 s
t=0 s t=10 s P
rt
(v 1, t1 )
+ 24.0 m s1
24.0 m s1
(v 2 , t 2 )
37
0 s - 10 s
18 s - 20 s
P P
10 s - 18 s
q q r sr q
24.0 m s
v 1 v 2
(3.4)
( a 16b ) ( a 4b )
= 6.0b
2.0
3.5
a (m s2)

P
P
3.8
3.3
46
vt
(3.5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.7
3.8
vt
18 s 20 s
12 m s2
at
0 s 10 s
10 s18 s
3.10
3.9 (c)
xt
3.3
xt
(a)
(c)
+a, a
t= 0
v t
a = =
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c) s
(b)
(c)
(3.6)
3 3
t = 0 s t = 10 s
3.3
(d)
3.10
v t
t = 18 s t = 20 s
(a)
v = v+at
3.9
qs
(b)
qs
qs
(d)
t1 qs q 0 t1
x qs t
1
t2 qs
3.9 (a), 3.9 (b)
3.1
t 1
47
3.1
t1
(x), (t), t = 0
(vo) t (v), r
(a) vo v
t 2
vt
3.6
r
r
r
3.11 v- t
3.11
a r
(3.6)
v = vo + at

3.12
q s t
v-t
t= T
t= 0
= u T = uT,
3.12
xt, vt
at
3.6
OACD
ABC
1
(v v0 ) t + v0 t
2
x =
v-t
1
(v v0 ) t + v0 t
2
v v0 = at
1
x = at2 + v0 t
2
1 2
r x = v0 t +
at
2
3.7
(3.7)
x=
v-t
v+ v0
2
= v.t
(3.8)

t
(3.9a)
48
qrs
(3.9b)
(3.6) t = (v v0)/a
# . t
(a
# t
(3.9a)
(3.9a) (3.9b)
x v
dx = v dt
(3.10)
(3.6)
(3.8)
(3.11a)
t = 0
(3.11b)
# .
"
"
(3.11c)
0 x = 0)
t = 0
x0 (3.11a)
x xx
0
v dv = a dx
(3.11a)
x =
v0, v, a, t x
3.3
3.4
20 m s1
dv = a dt
25.0 m
(b)
g = 10 m s2
(a)
49
(a) y
3.13
vo = + 20 m s1,
v2 =
+ 2a(y y0 )
0 = (20) + 2(10) (y y0)

2
y0 = 45 m
10 m s2
y = 0, v0 = 0, a = g =
0 = 45 +(1/2) (10) t 22
t2 = 3 s
y y0 = 20 m
(b)
a = g = 10 m s2,
v = 0 m s 1
t2
t1 + t2 = 2 s + 3 s = 5 s
y = 0 m, y0 = 25 m,v0 = 20 m s1, a = 10 m s2,

t=?
0 = 25 + 20 t + (1/2) (10)t 2
5t2 20t 25 = 0
t=5s

"
3.5
3.13
qr r

s s

(B C)
(A
B)
t1 t2
A B
t t
P P
P P
v =v0 + at
0 =20 10 t1
t1 =2 s

qr

P P
9.8 m s 2
50
v= 0gt
v0 =0
v2 = 0 2 g y
= 19.6 y m2 s2
y = 0
ms
= 4.9 t 2
= 9.8 t
a = g = 9.8 m s 2
y= 0 gt
(3.11a)
3.14(a), (b) (c)
"
3.6
P
q

rr
s
t
7,.......]
[ 1 3 5
(a)
(b)
tt
0, , , , ......
32
= (1/2)g
y0
y0
(y0
1:3:5:7:9:11......
(c)
3.14
(a)
(b)
(c)
1564-1642
51
3.7
y 0
y o [=(1/2)g 2]
0
(1/2)g2
4(1/2)g2
0
yo
4yo
yo
3yo
1
3
9(1/2)g2
16(1/2)g2
25(1/2)g2
9yo
16y o
5yo
7yo
5
7
25y o
36y o
9yo
11y o
9
11
36(1/2)g
3.2
(v o)
vo
3.8
"
v = 0
ds
v 2 = v02 + 2ax
cm
25 m s1
10 m, 20 m, 34 m
11,
50 m
9.8 ms
"
tr r
d = 21.0
15, 20
3.15
tr
v0 = 0, a = g =
(d)
52
= [xB (0) xA(0)] + ( vB vA)t

vB vA
vB vA
vBv A
vBA = v Bv A
A
vAB = v AvB
3.15
d = 21.0 cm g = 9.8 ms2
3.7
(3.14a)
(3.14b)
vBA = vAB
(3.13)
(3.13)
(3.14c)
"
v A v B
t=0
xB (0)
x A(0)
xA(t) = xA(0) + v At
(3.12a)
xB (t) = xB(0) + v Bt
(3.12b)
3.16
v
BA
xBA (t) = x B(t) xA(t)
vAB
vA > v B, vB v A
vA = 20 m s1 xA(0) = 10 m; vB =
10 m s xB(0) = 40 m
t = 3 s P 3 17
-1
xA(t) = xB(t) = 70 m

A B
= 10 m s1 20 m s1 = 10 m s1 = vAB
(a) v B = v A, v B vA= 0, (3.13)

xB (t)x A(t) = x B(0) xA(0)
(x (0) x (0))
B
A
3.16
vBA
53
vBA = [10(20)] m s1 = 30 m s1= v AB

vBA vAB (=30 m s1) A
B

3.14
vA v B
3.9
90 km/h
3.17
(a) A
(b) B
vA
vB
(c)
xA(0)=10 m 20 m s 1 B x B(0)
= 40 m 10 m s1 t=1 s
3.18 A B
54 km/h
18 km/h1
(a) x -
vA = +54 km/h1 = 15 m s1
vB = 90 km/h1 = 25 m s1
A
vBv A = 40 m s-1
B A
40 m s1
(b) B
25 m s1
(c)
3.18
A
= 5 m s1
= 0 vB =
vM
vMA = v MvA = 18km h1

v M = (155) m s1 = 10m s1 "
1.
P
P P

2.
3.
q rx
rx t x 2
x1
54
x1 x2
4.
xt
6.
5.
&
&
7.
8.
t t r
9.
t 0
v-t
10.
v - t

x - t
t1
t2
11.
x - t
t,
v o,
v = v 0 + at
t =0
x xo
#
#
x= 0
x = xo
55
[L]
[L]
= x2 - x1

[LT-1 ]
(a)
(b)
m s1
# &&xt
[LT1]
(a)
(b)
m s1

r

dx
[LT2]
(a)
(b)
dt
m s2
1.
PP P

P P

2.
P P
3.
P P P
P
56
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.11
3.11 ]
[ 3.3
3.5 ]
3.1
3.2
x-t
a B/A
3.19
b B/A
A/B
c B/A
e A/B
A/B
B/A
d A
A/B
3.19
57
3.3
9.00 2.5 km 5 km h1
5.00 25 km h1
x - t
3.4
x-t
13 m
3.6
1s
500 km h1
3.5
1m
1500 km h1
126 km h1
200 m
3.7
A B km h1

400 m A B B A
1m s2 50 s B A
A 36 km h1
B C 54 km h1 A AB AC
1km B C A
A B
3.8
3.9
20 km h1
T
3.10
B
6
18
29 m s1
i
ii
iii

x=0
t=0
x-

iv

[g = 9.8 m s 2
3.11

a
b
c
d
3.12
90 m
3.13
t=0
12 s
1/10

a

b

58
3.14
5 km h1
0 - 30 ii 0 - 50
b
2.5 km
7.5 km h1
iii 0 - 40
3.15
3.16
3.13
3.14
3.20
3.21
t <0
3.18
x -t
3.20
t>0
30 km/h
192 km/h
3.17
150 m s-1
3.21
59
3.19
3.22
3.20
3.23
14
t = 0.3 s, 1.2 s, 1.2 s
3.24
3.22
3.21
x -t
3.23
x-t
3.22
3.25
3.24
A, B, C,
3.25
60
3.23
10 s
3........
3.24
ms
-1
9 km/h
50 m
49 m s1
n = 1, 2,
3.26 4 km/h
3.26
15 m s 1 30 m s1
3.27
200 m
3.26
1m s -2
3.25
3.27
g = 10 m s2
61
3.27
(a) t = 0 s
t = 10 s, (b) t = 2 s
6s
3.28
3.28
a b
3.28
t1
t2
3.29
3.29
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
x (t2 ) = x (t1) + v (t1)(t2 t1) + (1/2) a(t2 t1) 2

v(t2) = v(t1 ) + a(t2 t1 )
vaverage = [x(t2) x (t 1)]/(t2 t1 )
a average = [v(t2) v (t1)]/(t2 t1)
x(t2) = x(t1) + vaverage (t2 t1) + (1/2) a average (t2 t1) 2
(vi) x (t2 ) x (t1) = t-
62
3.1
y = f (x)
y = f(x)
(Cartesian coordinates)
(1)

3.30 (a)
(a)
y = f(x)
/ #
PQ
&
#
&
(x, y )
(x + x, y + y)
(2)
!y
!x
. & " $
&
tan
3.30 (b)
y0, x 0
qrs
(b)
y/ x
dy/dx
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y+
f x
& '
y = f (x + x)
(3)
&
#
&
(x, y)
ss
& '
5
3
4
srs
. &
&
2
0
1
ss
63
u (x)
v (x) x
d (a u)
du
#a
dx
dx
d(uv)
dv
du
#u
.v
dx
dx
dx
du du dx
=
.
dt
dx dt

du du dx
#
dv dv dx
d
!sin x " # cos x
dx
d
(sec x) # tan x sec x
dx
;
;
q r
& '
&
#
&
D
=
=
D
q q
q
q
q

q
(W)
f (x)
x-q
x= a
x=
64
(i)
3.31
f (x)
f (b-a)
3.31 (ii)
x-

x0 (=a)
x1
x1
x2
3.31 (ii)
x2
(N)
x N-1
3.31
x N (=b)
F(x)
F(xi-1) F(xi) F(xi-1) N

(N) F(xi) F(x i-1)
6&
# &
& #
x3
&P
F(x)
g (x)
g (x)
f (x)
f (x)
qrs
65
f (x) = x 2
x2
f (x)
x = 1 x = 2
x 3/3
s P
s P
4 1
41

4 5
4 6
4 7
4 8
4 9
4 10
4 11
42
43
44

P

P P
P

P q
r st P
r P
r P

P

P
q

4 2

P P
P
st st
q st
P q
67
*
P 10 m 0 5 m P
r P
P O
1.0 m + 0.5 m + 1.0 m + 0.5 m =

P P'
3.0 m P
P

P P P
35 6 C 24 2 C 114 C
PP' P P'
P P t P' P t'
qq q
PP P
10 cm P 2.7 kg
10 3 m3
2.7103 kg/m3
q P P
rqst q qq s r
qq q s rqst q r
P

P P P

v
P
P P

v v v
P P P P
|v| = v
4.1 (a) (b)

PQ
P
P

P
4.1b P
P P Q P
PQ
PABCQ, PDQ PBEFQ

P P A a, p, q, r, ..... x,
y P P P A
a, p, q, r, .... x, y
P
P
4 2 1 q qq q
P P P
P O P P
P t t'
P P P' 4.1a P P
O OP P
t
4 2 2 qqs q
A B
P P **
4.2(a) P P A B
P P
P
r OP = r P'
B P Q
A O
S P
OP' r'
P P A = B P
*
**

68
4.2 (a) A r B, (b)

B' qs
A'
4.2(b)
B'
A'
4 3
b A r
15 s
B'
Q', A'
O' B' S', A'
P'
43
|A|
1 5
4 4
43 b
4 2
a
d
B, b
A B
4.4 (a)
B
r s
A + B
B
4 4 b
44
| ! A |" ! | A | ! # 0
A 2
2A 4.3a A

| A |
A

B OQ
R A r B

r

B+A
R 4.4c

A+B=B+A
(4.1)
P
4.4 (d) A B
t C
B t C

A tr
(A + B) + C = A + ( B + C)
(4.2)
t
A t A 4.3(b)
A + (A)

t 0

AA=0
|0| = 0
(4.3)
0

t A

O

69
A + 0=A
0=0
0A=0
tr 4.1(a)
r r
t
P P' P t
r r
t r
r

A B t
A B

A B = A + (B)
(4.5)
45 B A
R2 = ( A B)
R1 = A + B
s
q

A B

O 4.6(a)
A B t
B A
OQSP
O
R
O
S t OS t
[ 4.6 (b) ] 4.6 (c) A B

4.5 (a) A B, B (b) A B R2

A B R1
70
4.6 (a)
qs
, (b)
A+B
(c)
s s
41
35 m s1
45
12 m s1
a
b
A = OP = OQ + QP
OQ, a
(4.6)

Q P, b
O Q " !a
4 7
4.7
vr
QP " 'b
(4.7)
vw
vr
vw
"
$ "
&"
"
"
"
= tan1 (0.343) = 19
19
48 (a)
b, (b)
A " !a $' b
(4.8)

a r b r

r r r
r
r
r

r
r
r r
r r 4.9a
r r x, y r z
i, j r k
r r
(4.9)
| i |"| j |"| k |" 1
r
r
i, j, k ^
r
r r
n
r n r
A r r
A " | A | n
(4.10)
A n
A i r j
r r (4.9b)
A r x-y r 4.9(b)
A r
A1 A 2 r
A1 + A2 = A A1 i r
r A 2 j r r
71
A1 = Ax i , A2 = Ay j
Ax Ay r
(4.11)
A = Ax i + Ay j
(4.12)
(4.9c) Ax Ay
A x- y- r r
Ax Ax i
Ay j
r Ax A y A
r x P
r r
Ax = A cos P
Ay = A sin P
(4.13)
(4 13)
P r r
r
r A r

i A r x
P
ii Ax r Ay
A r P r r Ax Ay
4 13 r r Ax
Ay r r A r P r
r

$ " s & $ s & = A2
"
t & "
%
& " t
4 14
4 15
r x-yr
r r
4.9 (a) q i, j , k x, y, z q b q A x y q A 1
A 2 (c) A1 A 2 i j q
72
x, y
"
! $ !
A x-, y-, z- r
* 4.9d
Ax= A cos Ay = A cos Az = A cos
4.16(a)
(4.18)
R = A+B
"
) (
! $ ! $
! $ !
(4.19)
4 19
" ( $
"
!$
)! $
(4.19a)
(4.20)
Rx = Ax + Bx, Ry = Ay + By
R
4.9(d) A
z -
4 6
(4.17)
x, y
! $ ! $ !
"
x-, y-, z-
"
Bx, By
! $
! $ ! $
! $ ! $
!
Rx, Ry
"
! $ ! $ !
Rz
A r B
" ! $ ! $ !
" ! $ ! $ !
"
(4.23a)
Ty = a y + by cy
Tz = az + bz cz

4 2
! $ ! $ !
a, b r c
T= a+bc
Tx = ax + bx cx
(4.22)
Ax, Ay
"
"
Rz = Az + Bz
(4.16c)
Ry = Ay + By
Rx = Ax + Bx
(4.16b)
"
x, y
(d)
(4.21)
A
4 10
(4.23b)

r r
73
"
4 3
25 km/h r
10 km/h
60
411 vb r v c
r r
r r

q 4.10
410 OP r OQ
A r B r r
r r r
R r OS

R=A+B
SN, OP r r PM, OS r
OS2 = ON2 + SN2
r
ON = OP + PN = A + B cos
SN = B sin
OS 2 = (A+B cos (B sin 2
r R
R2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos
$ $ s &
"
(4.24a)
OSN
SN = OS sin = R sin
PSN

SN = PS sin = B sin
r
R sin = B sin
"
& *
(4.24b)
PM = A sin = B sin
"
+ *
q 4.11
(4.24c)
&
"
"
(4.24d)
(4.24d) r r r
* "
&
(4.24e)
&
"
(4.24f)
(4.24a) R r
(4.24e) r
(4.24a) r (4.24d)
r
R r
r
"
&
, , "
,
"
R (4.24a)
" $ $ "

(4.24b) r (4.24c) r r
R
r
, .
"
"
47
r
r
74
4 7 1
" ! / $ !/
x-y
r [ (4.12)]
x = x x, y = y y
x y x y
(4.12b)
t'
r = r' r
P P'
P'
"
(4.25)
/0r / $ / / /
"
"
$
/t
/t
/t
/t
"
(4.26)
r =xi +yj
#P
/
/
(4.27)
(4.12)
r
r

t
t

4.13(a)
(4.28)
4.13(d)
(a)
P1 , P2 , P3 ,
(a), (b) (c)
t 2, t3 , (t1 > t 2> t3 )
qs
qs
q
t1 , t2 , t3 ,
r 1, r 2, r 3,
t1 ,
4.13d)
q s
(b)
4.12 (a)
_
v
r, (b)
"
"
(4.25)

1 /
! /
$
3
/ 72 /
/

) (
" ! $ P! %
!
$
!P
" !
/ 7
$ !
4
6
5
(4.29)
/
/ 7
75
4 14 v v x, vy r

4 14 v v x, vy x-
P vx = v cos vy = v sin
x-y (a)
r t

"
413 t
v v
v

!
$
" ! $ ! .
" !
t
t
"
(4.30a)
"
t
t

v
"
r

1
y
%
, & " 3
& "
3
x
2x
4
6
6
5
(4.30c)
/ ! $ !
/
) " / ! $ / ! (4.31a)
/
(4.31b)
/
"
/ 7 /
(4.32a)
v = !iv x + jv y ,
/
/
" !
$ !
/ 7 /
/ 7 /
r
a = i a x +
j ay
(4.32b)
(4.32c) *
t
t
r
(4.30b)
"
r q " s! $ ! .
x y
vx v y
"
"

4 15a 4 15d
t r
P t 1, t 2, t3 , (t1 >t2 >t3 )
r P1 , P2, P3
* x y ax r ay
d 1 dx 4 d2 x
d 1 d y 4 d2 y
,
ay " 3 6 "
ax " 3 6 "
dt 2 dt 5 dt 2
dt 2 dt 5 d t 2
76
4 15
P1 , P2, P3
4 15 a, b
t1, (b) t2, (c) t3, (t1> t2>t3)
t 0
415d
180
4 4
r = 3.0 t !i + 2.0 t 2 !j + 5.0 k
(a)
v(t)
v(t)
a(t)
v(t) =
x-y
"
%
"
%
v = v0 + a t
(4.33a)
a
t = 0 t v0
1 4
% 1 4
8
3 6 " 3 6 .
25
2 5
a = a
a (d) t0
&
48
P,
t
v
(a)
vy = v0y + ay t
dr
d
=
(3.0 t
i + 2.0 t 2j + 5.0
k)
dt
dt
= 3.0 !i + 4.0 t !j
!
a(t) = dv
dt = 4.0 j
a = 4.0 m s2 y-
t = 1.0 s v = 3.0!i + 4.0j
vx = v0x+ax t
(b) t = 1.0 s
(4.33b)
t = 0 t = t r
r r r
0
v0
v t 0 = t
(vo + v)/2 t r r0
77
= v0 +
y(t) = 1.0 t2
1 2
at
2
x(t) = 84 m t = ?
s 84 = 5.0 t + 1.5 t2
r " r $ t $ t
t = 6.0 s y = 1.0(6)2 = 36.0 m

(4.34a)
t = 0 r = r0
4.34a

1
x = x0 + v ox t +
a t2
2 x
(4.34b)
(4.34b) x y
P

4 10
45 t = 0
5 0i m/s x - y

i + 2.0
j) ms2 (a)
(3.0
x 84 m
y q b
q
49
3 7

A B vA vB

A B
t = 6 s v = 23.0!i + 12.0 !j
dr
4 34a dt (4.33a)
1
a t2
y = y0 + v oy t +
2 y
= (5.0t + 1.5t 2)i + 1.0t 2

j
x(t) = 5.0 t + 1.5 t2
vAB= vA vB
(4.35a)
B A
vBA= vB vA
vAB= vBA
|vAB| = |vBA|
(4.35b)
(4.35c)
46 35 m s1

12 m s1
q
4 16 vr vb

vrb = vr - vb
416

r(t) = v0 t +
1
a t2
2
1
2
= 5.0!i t +
(3.0!i + 2.0j)t
2

"
"
& "

190
78
4 16
19 0
41
417 v0
4 1 s
s s
s s
v0
417
PP

4 17
v0
x-
a x = 0,
ay = g
4 34b
1
g t2
2
(4.38)
(4.36)
P P
vx = v ox = v0 cos 0
vy = v0 sin
4 38
y-
gt
4 18
x-
v0
x y
x- P
y-
P
(4.39)
a = gj
4 33b
P P
y = (v0 sin 0) t
(4.37)
x = vox t = (v 0cos 0 )t
P P
1632 P
P s

P P

x0 = 0, y0 = 0
voy = v 0 sin 0
ss
4 10
vox = v 0 cos 0
s s
s
& " %
"
vy = 0
79
4 38 t = tm
hm
4 38
x y t

" ( t & ) %
( s& )
1 s& 4 1 s&
3
6% 3
2
5 2
" " ( s& ) 33
(4.40)
4 18
g, 0 v 0 4 40

y = ax + bx 2
a b

"
( & )
g
4
6
6
5
(4.42)

x = y = 0 q
y = 0 R,
rr Tf
R
R = (v0 cos 0 )(Tf)
=(vo cos o) (2 vo sin o)/g
"
s &
(4.43)
4 43
v0 R q q 0 = 450
sin 900 = 1 sin 20

"
(4.43a)
47
418 P

tm q v y
= 0 4 39 tm

vy = v0 sin 0 gtm = 0
tm = vo sino /g
(4.41a)
r Tf
4 38 y = 0
Tf = 2 (v o sin o )/g
(4.41b)
Tf
q Tf = 2t m

45 qq
qq

0 v0

q 450 450 2
90 0 900 sin(900
+ 2) sin(90 0 2) cos
2 450
qq qq

80
48
490 m
15 m s1
g = 9.8 m s2
x- y-
x-

t = 0
y-
qr
st
x- y-
x(t) = x 0 + vox t
y(t) = y0 + voy t + (1/2) ay t 2
$ "
$ " %
30
28 m s1
x-
(4.43)
4 9 :
voy = 0 9.8 10 = 98 m s1
y(t) = 490 m
vox = 15 m s1
t = 10 s
vx = vox vy = voy g t
490 m = (1/2) (9.8)t 2
vox = 15 m s-1.
x o = yo = 0, voy = 0, ay = g = 9.8 m s-2
(4.42)
y-
hm =
(v0 sin 0)
2g
0 2
(28 sin 30 )
= 10.0 m
2(9.8)
Tf = (2 vo sin o )/g = (2 28 sin 30 )/9.8

= 28/9.8 s 2.9 s
81
4 11
v, a
4 19c t0
P P P t
*
419 v R

P P
r r' v v'
| a | lim
| v |
t P P'
4 19a
t 0 t
t r r'
v v'
4 19 a1 v v'
4 19 a2 t
t CPP' v, v' v
v
v, r v', r'
t GHI 4 19a
v, r P

a r

v t r r'
t t
t

/q
v
t
4.19 b
"
/s "
/r
R
/
4 19 a c t c

t 0 r, r v 0 v

82
"
/
/
"
"
lim
lim
/ t 7 /
/ 7 /
PP'
|r|
/
lim
/ 7 /
v = R
|r|
/r
.
/
v t
lim
/ 7
"
ac
"
"
(4.44)
1673
16291695
s = 2 R
ac
4 48
= 2
ac = 42 2R
4 49
4 10
12cm
v = 2 R
v = 2 R/T = 2 R
v /R
"9
ac " 9 2 R
1 4
3 6 v = v2 /R
2 5
ac =
4 46
/&
"R9
/
"
s = R
100
4 19
t (=t't) P
CP
P'
R = 12 cm
4 45
/s
"
/
= 2/T = 2 7/100 = 0.44 rad/s
PP'=s
v = R = 0.44 12 cm = 5.3 cm s1
/&
9 "
a = 2 R = (0.44 s1)2 (12 cm) = 2.3 cm s2
83
1

2

3 A B
A A

4 A B P

5 PP
A+B=B+A
P (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
6

A+0=A
0 = 0
0A = 0
7 B A A B
A B = A + (B)
8 A a b
A = a + b

9 A A
A
n " | A |
i , j , k x-, y z-
10 A
A = A i + A j
x
Ax Ay x-, y- A A, x-
Ax = A cos , Ay = A sin
qr s
11 P x-y A B
R
R = Rx i + Ry j
Rx = Ax + Bx Ry = Ay + By
12 r
r = x i^ + yj^
r r'
r = r' r
= (x' x) i^ + (y' y) ^j
^
^
=x i +y j
84
13
v"
/r
/t
/ r dr
v " lim
"
/ t 70 /t
dt
v = vxi + v y j+v z k
t
14
"
v'
v' %v / v
"

/t
/t
/ v dv
a " lim
"

/t 7 0 /t
dt
a"
a = ax i + ay j + az k
15
"
ro
"
a " |a | "
"
a 2x $ a 2y
1
r " r0 $ v 0 t$ at 2
2
t=0
v = v 0+ at
v0 t = 0
vx = v0x + ax t
vy = v0y + ay t
16
rs
v0
x = (v0 cos ) t
y = (v0 sin ) t (1/2) g t2
vx = v0x= v0 cos
vy = v 0 sin gt
85
( q )
,
=
sin &
"

y = 0
R
17 P P
v R a c= v 2/R
! v = !R
ac = !2 R
T ! , v ac
! = 2,
v = 2R,
ac = 2R
qqr qq
qq
[L]
[L]
[LT1]
m s1

(a)
r/t
(b)
dv/dt
[LT2]
m s2
(a)
v/t
(b)
dv/dt

(a)
tm
[T]
(b)
hm
[L]
(c)
[L]
[T1]

(a)
(b)
ac
[LT ]
rad/s
2
ms
= t = v/R
= v2 /R
86
(4.34a)
(4.3a)
v1
v = v1+ v2
v1 v2
v2
v
= v1- v2
12
4 1
4 2
4 3
(a)
(b)
(d)
4 5
4 4
(e)
(f)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
4 6
(e)
(a) |a+b| |a| + |b|

(b) |a+b| ||a| |b||
87
(c) |ab| |a| + |b|

(d) |ab| ||a| |b||

47 a + b + c + d = 0,
(a) a, b, c d
(b) (a + c) (b + d)
(c) a b, c d

(d) a d b + c a d
a d
48 r 200 m
P P
Q 420
r r

420
49 O P
QO 4.21
1 km 10 (a)
(b) (c)
4 21
410 500 m 60
r r r
r

411 r 10 km
23 km 28

(a) (b)
412 30 m s1 10 m s1

88
4 13
4.0 km/h
3.0 km/h
4 14
N-E
72 km/h
4 16
4 17 80 cm
51 km/h
40 m s 1
100 m
25 m
4 15
1.0 km
25 s
14
4 18
4 19
900 km h1
(a)
(b)
(c)
4 20
1.00 km
2
r " ( 3.0 t i % 2.0 t j $ 4. 0 k )m
v a
(b) t = 2.0 s
(a)
4 21
t=0
10 j m s
(8.0 i + 2.0 j) m s
-2
(a)
(b)
x- 16 m
4 23
%1
x-y
y-
y-
A " 2 i $ 3j
i $ j i % j
i$ j i% j
(b) v
= [r(t2 ) - r(t1) ] /(t2 t1 )
(c) v (t) = v (0) + a t

(d) r (t) = r (0) + v (0) t + (1/2) a t 2
(e) a
=[ v (t2) - v (t1 )] /( t2 t1)
t2
t1
(a) v = (1/2) ( v (t1) + v (t2))
4 22 i j x-
89
4 24

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
4 25 3400 m
10.0 s 30

4 26
a b

4 27

4 28 (a) (b)
(c)
4 29 30 3.0 km
5.0 km

4 30 1 5 km 720 km/h
600 m s1

(g = 10 m s2)
4 31 27 km/h 80 m

0 5 m/s

4 32 (a) x-

t P
(b)
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.3 t
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

5.11
P
P P P P P
P
P P P
P P P

P P P
PP q r P P
P s P
P P
P
P P P P
P r P
P P
P P
P P

P P
P P P

P

P P P
P P P
P P
P
q P
P
91
5.2
384
53
322
t
q
iii
ii
51
(iii)
5.1 (b)
(ii)
(i)
5.1 (a)
92
54
5 1
1150
rs
P
P P
93
1564
15641642
1609
W = R,
5.2 (a)
(b)
(a)

r qs

(b)
qs

94
m v
p
(5.1)
5 1
100 m s-2
p = mv
59
5.5
95
r
r
r r

q r
q r
t r
qr r
r r
r r
r r
rr r
r r r r
r r q r
r r
r
r
53
54

q
r
r
q
r q s r

r
q q
q r

r
r r rtt r
r
(mv)
F
v + v
mv
r
r r
r s r
r
r
r
r q
k q
"t ! 0 ,
"
" ,
96
p
dp
dt
dp
dt
m
(5.2)
5 5
F=k
5 5
(5.3)
F=km a

(5.4)
F, m
4)
(5
k=1
F#
SI

(5.5)
qs
r r
1m s-2
# ma
dt
dp
1kg
5.5 qq
1N = 1kg m s-2
a = 0
F=0
55
"
(5.6)
52 90 m s-1
60 cm
0 04 kg
97
q r
= 0.04 kg 6750 m s2 = 270 N

"
5.3
y=
sP t
"
5 4
-1
12 m s
015 kg
# $
0.1512(0.1512) = 3.6 N s
3.6 N s
5.6
F = ma = mg

s P t
B
A
5 7
r
s P
98
q s r qq
FAB = F
A B
5 8
BA
sq
FAB
FBA
A + B
B r A r
q q rs
q
r r
1642
1642 1727
1662
1669
1684
1704
"
99
5 5
(i)
(ii)
x-
x-
(b)
(a)
(b)
30
(i)
x-
qt
py
px
x-P = 2 mu cos 30
y-P = 0
x-
(a)
qt
(i)
y-
x-
(a)
(b)
5.7

56
(a)
F t
pb
pg p g = pb pg + pb = 0
x-P = 2 mu
y-P = 0
100
F1 ,F2
F3
t t
r r
F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
(5.11)
r r
pA
p B
t
r t
P'A
P'B
FAB t = p'A p A
FAB =
FBA
F1 r F2
(5.9)
(A + B)
5 7
F3
p'A + p'B = (pA + pB )
s qs
qs
p'A pA = (p'B p B )
r
5 7
FBA t = p'B pB
Fn
F1 F2 F3 ....
(5.11)
r r r
r
5.8
F1x + F2x + F3x = 0
F1y + F 2y + F3y = 0
F1z + F2z + F3z = 0
r r
t
F2
"
2m
(5.10)
56 6 kg
x, y r z t
t t
50 N
F1 = F2
r
r
F1x, F1y r F1z t F1
r r
F1
(5.12)
g = 10 m s-2
101
(a)
(b)
5.8(b)
5.8(b) W
58
5.8(c)
(c)
5.8(c)
W

T = 610 = 60N
2
T1 T2 , 50 N
P
F = kx
k
T1 sin = 50 N
5
'1 - 5 *
&
% tan ! # ! # tan + ( # 40
6
,6 )
T1 cos = T2 = 60 N
5.9
5 9
q rst s r s s s q rst
r s
102
(N)
(5.13)
(5.14)
fs s N
5 9 1
m
(m g)
(N)
510
qt
(a)
qt
q q
F/m
q t qt
(b)
qt t t
fs,
5.10(a)
fk
5.10(b)
f k
fs
(5.15)
fk = kN
, s
103
(Ffk )/m
F = f
k
f /m
k
t t
5 11
(i) mg
(ii) N,
(iii)
fs
mg

t
t
mg sin = f s mg cos = N

t
t
t t t
t
= s N,
f s
tan =
fs
= tan-1 s
t

s
5 7
= 15
= tan 15
= 0.27
015
P t t
"
5 9
5.12(a)
ma = fs s N =
a g
s
5.11
-2
004
mg
5.8 4 kg
=15
g = 0.15 10 m s-2 = 1.5 m s-2
a =
g = 10 m s
"
(a)
104
(b)
(c)
5 12
3 kg 20 kg
5.12(b)
f k = k N, t k t
= 0.04,
N = 20 10 = 200 N
T 0.04 200 = 20a T 8 = 20a
T fk = 20 a
5.12(c)
30 T = 3a
T = 27.1 N
t t
P t
t t
t t
5.13(a)
5 13
q r
(a)
(b)
105
(iii)
t
t
5.13(b)
N mg = 0
N = mg
t t
(5.17)

r t
r t
t P r
r r t
5 10
4
v
v 2/R
tP
/ .s #
(5.16)
# .
[" N = mg ]
v =
(5.18)
(i)
(ii)
[ 5.14(a)]
mg
N cos = mg + f sin
N r f
(a)

(5.19a)
(b)
5 14
5 14b
106
N sin 0 + f cos 0 =
(5.19b)
# .s
(5.19a) r (5.19b)
(5.20a)
N sin 0 + .s cos 0 = mv 2/R
(5.20b)
(5.20a)
0.1
.s 0
"
Rg
v 2 = 25 m2 s-2
v2 /
Rg
5P11 300 m
15
0 2
(5.21)
s t
5 18
R = 3 m, g = 9.8 m s-2 r s =
2 2
Rg = 2.94 m s ; r v = 18 km/h =
s
5 m s-1;
0 $ .s 0 2
#
0 ' . s 0
(5.20b) N
v2 /
N cos 0 = mg + .s sin 0
5 18
521
=0
v 0 = ( Rg tan )1/2
(5.22)
5 22
v < v0
tan
3m
5P10 18 km/h
(521)
01
5.11
v0 = (Rg tan )1/2

R = 300 m, = 150 ,
g = 9.8 m s-2;
v0 = 28.1 m s-1
v0
r r r
"
t
s t
= 38.1 m s-1 !
rr
r
r

107
"
PP
5 12
2 kg
25 kg
0.1 m s2
a b
2
r g = 10 m s
ii
iii

5 15
iv
R = 20 N
= 2 10 = 20 N;
R
20 N
0.1 m s2
A
B A F
B A B
270 N R'
270 R' = 27 0.1

267.3 N
r R' =
267 3 N
PqP st
108
20 N
20
ii
ii
R' = 267.3 N
270 N
p=mv
4
k =1
SI
(a)
(b)
270 N
(a) (b)
270 N
S.I.
1 N = 1 kg m s-2
F = 0 q
a = 0
109
b
c
F
a

s
k

q

s
k

, s
kg m s
[MLT ]
F= ma
kg m s-1 N s
[MLT -1]
fs
[MLT2]
fs
fk
[MLT ]
fk = k N
-1
Ns
[MLT ]
-1
-2
-2
v =0
F, v
110
v = 0
g
mg
t t
ma
F = m a F
F
t
t
= s N
mg = R
mg
N ( s s N)
mg
10
t t

11
t t
51
g = 10 m s2
(a)
(b) t 10 g
(c)
(d) 30 km h-1

(e)
52 0.05 kg
(a)
(b)
(c)
53 0.1 kg
45
111
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
36 km h

2
1 m s

1 m s 2
54 l
(i) T, (ii)
T
'
, (iii)
, (iv) 0
55 15 m s1
20 kg
50 N
56 3.0 kg
25 s
2.0 m s1
3.5 m s1
57 5.0 kg
8N
6N
58 36 km h-1

4.0 s
59 20,000 kg
510
t = 0
511
8 0 N
512
2m
(a)
(a) 10 m s1
6m
x=0
2.0 m s2
1 m s 1
0.1 kg
t = 11 s
t = 10 s
(a)
(b)
70 kg
(c) 5 m s
(d)
040 kg
t = 5 s, 25 s, 100 s
(b) 5 m s2
514
30 s
513
65 kg
(b)
10 m s1
5 m s2
400 kg
5 16
4 kg
(a) t < 0; t > 4 s; 0 < t < 4 s

(b) t = 0

t=4s
112
5 16
515
517
518
12 kg
5 21

(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0 05 kg
6 m s1
80 m s1
0.25 kg
0.15 kg
1.5 m
200 N
40 rev/
(a)
0.020 kg
45
54 km/h
min
600N
523
522
519 100 kg
521
10 kg 20 kg
(ii) B
520
516 8 kg
(i) A
524
517
0 04 kg
113
5 17
525
5 18
1ms
02
65 kg
s
s
5 18
526 m
(i) mg T1
mg + T 2
(ii) mg + T 1
mg T2
(iii) mg + T 1 (mv12)/R
mg T2 + (mv22)/R
(iv) mg T 1 (mv12)/R
mg + T2 + (mv22 )/R
T1
v1
T2
527 1000 kg 15 m s2
300 kg
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.28 15 m s1
v2
10 -2 m2
529
P
s
(a)
(b)
(c)
114
530
531
15
106 kg
720 km h-1
30 m
54 k m h-1
532
519
50 kg
25 kg
700 N
533 40 kg
600 N
(a)
(b)
( c)
(d)
6 m s2
4 m s2
5 m s1
520
5 19
534
B,
5 kg
10 kg
520
521
200 N A
(a)
015
(b)A B
(b)
5.35 15 kg
5 21
20 s
2
0.5 m s

(b)

0 18
(a)
115
536
5.22
40 kg
5m
0.15
2 m s2
537 15 cm
4 cm
14 cm
1
rev/min
3
5 22
538
33
0.15
25 m
539 70 kg
200 rev/min
3m
0 15
5 40 R
3 /
3 #
6.1
6.1
6.2

6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10

6.11
6.12

6.1
P P
P P
q r s P t P
P t P
t P
P P
P q r
P P
t P P P t
P
P t
P q
q P q
PP q P
P P
q P P tP
q tq
6.1.1
PP P q P q s
P
s q t
q PP t P
q tq tq
tq q tq r
tq tq q
PP s PP tq

117
[A.B (A B) ]
A.B = AB cos
A B
6 1a
"
"
(6.1a)
, B cos
A B
!#
! # ! #
!#
=AxBx +Ay By +AzBz
(6.1b)
6.1b
(6.1a)
A. B = A (B cos )
= B (A cos )
B cos B A
6.1b) A cos A B
6.1c) A. B A
B A
B A
B
(6.1a)
qs
A. B)
! !
! "
! !
! "
6.1
(a)
d.d
= d2 =
! ! ! " ! ! ! "
! ! ! "
! ! ! "
A B
cos =
= cos 1 0.32
(c) A cos
= 25 + 16 + 9
= 50 unit
= 9 + 16 + 25
= 50 unit
!P P
! !
F.F = F2 =
F = (3i 4j 5k )
F. d = Fxdx + Fy dy + Fzd z
= 3(5) + 4(4) + ( 5) (3)
= 16 unit
.
F d = Fd cos = 16 unit
6.1
d = (5 i 4j 3k )
(6.1c)
A.A = A Acos 0 =A
A.B = 0 A B
(ii)
A.( B) =
A.(B + C) =A. B +A. C
A.A =Ax Ax+AyAy +AzAz

A2 =A2 x +A2y +A2z
A.B = B.A
(i)
A.B = AB cos , (b) B cos
118
6.2
v2 u2 = 2as
u v
m /2
(6.2)
s
1.00 g
(a)
(b)
6 2
(a)
$ $ $
(6.2b)
t t
(6 2 b)
g = 10 m s2
6 2 b
= 103 10
K i Kf
6 3
(b)
6 3
t t
6.3
qq
r r
! 6.2

6 6
t
q
K = Wg + W r
F,
t
103
Wr
Wr = K Wg
= 1.25 10
= 8.75 J
Wg = m g h
= 10 J
Kf Ki = W
Wg = m g h
"
= 1.25 J
v2 u2 = 2 a.d

m /2
(6.2a)
1.00 km
50.00 m s1
6 2
x-
6 2
119
6.1
10 7 J
W = ( F cos ) d = F . d
(i)
150 kg
30 s
P
q
rad ( = 90), cos (s/2) = 0
180
rad
m g
Wr = Fd cos
= 200 10
= 2000 J
cos
200 N
= s/2
= s /2
(iii)
200 N
(ii)
10 m
6.3
3.6 10 6 J
(kWh)
(cal)
1.6 1019 J
4.186 J
(eV)
(6.4)
""!
90
cos
(6.4) cos
180
90
180
(cos 180 = 1)
[M L
64
2 2
T ]
(1818 1869) SI
6.4
6 1
6 5
120
62
10
s q
(m s1)
2000
70
(kg)
25
10
102
3.5
105
103
103
14
9
102
1.4 10 3
500
~ 1021
*
10 5
~ 1026
*
6.3
3.5
200
K (J)
6 2
64
50 g 2cm
1
200 m s
10
'
% &(
6 6
'x i'
'xf'
63 b
= A = F(x) x
mv2 /2 = 1000 J

"
"
= 0.1 1000 = 100 J
v
f
63.2 m s1

68
6.5
90
6 3
F x
63 a
6 3
F x x
W
= F(x) x
W = F(x) x
6 3
F x
121
6 7
'lim'
6.6
x
3.1
100 N
64
10 m
6 4
50 N
= Fv
50 N
20 m
=F )
dx
"F
dt
dK = Fdx
x
i
xf
x i xf
Ki
Kf
t t
f=
6 4
(6.8 a)
qr s
6 7
q q
x = 20 m F = 50 N( 0)
t t
20 m
W f = (50) 20
= 1000 J
W F AGHI
(6.8 b)
Kf Ki = W
| f | = 50 N

CEID
WF ABCD +
" $ #
% # & $
1000 + 750
1750 J

t t
122
(Fr )
mg
(h << RE ),
k= 0.5J
v
f
h, q
q t
x > 2.01m
= 0 x < 0. 1m
0.1< x < 2.01m
x = 2.01m
vi = 2 m s1
x = 0.10 m
6.6 m (=1kg)
RE
68 a
2 1.5
6.7
t
F, h
V(h)
ln
" s
*P
q
q
v2 = 2 g h
0.5 J
10
[ln X = loge X = 2.303 log10 X]
2 0.5 ln (20.1)
"
h t
V(h) = m g h
mgh
1
m v2 = m g h
2

t q q
t q
V (x)
123
F(x)
xi
K + V(x),
(6.11)
Ki + V (x i) = Kf + V (xf)
xf
K+V
V(x)
[ML T ]
SI
(J)
(6.9)
6.8
(6.11)
t P rs rs
s
rs
6q 5 H
K = F(x) x
V(x)
xi = xf
V = F(x) x
6 q9
W = K f Ki = V(x i ) V(x f)
F(x)
mgh
V(x)
V = F(x)x
K + V = 0
K + V) = 0
(6.10)
65 H
124
h H
Eo, Eh
EH
EH = m g H
" #
(6.11a)
(6.11c)
F(x)
mg
(6.11b)
E0 = (1/2)
EH = E0
mg
6.7
(a)
66
( T )
EH = Eh
t t
t
"
(6.11d)
t t t
6.7
"
vo
TA,
TC = 0
rr
(a) v0 , (b) B
(c) B
(KB/KC) C

(6.12)
"
rr
# qs
(6.13)
"
(6.14)
6.6
t t

P P

* "
t t t
t t t
t t
vc
(6.14)
(6.13)
125
(b)
614
"
(a)
F s
x
Fs
x
= 5g L
- "
(c)
"
"
67
(a)
Fs
(b) x > 0 Fs < 0

(c) x < 0 F s > 0
(d) Fs x

t P

6.9
67
Fsr
6 7b
6 7c
" *
N m1
Fs = k x
Fs
6.7(b)
xm
126
6.7
(6.15)
6 7(d)
"#
(6.16)
xf
" *
xi
x m
x
+ xm
vm
"
"
k/m
[T2]
6 8
"
x c (< 0)
x = 0

xm
"*
(6.17)
xi
xi
(6.18)
(i)
Fs = k x); (ii)
(6.17)
6 8
E=K+V

t q
V(x) =
V(x)
1000kg
18 km/h
(6.19)
dV/dx = k x
6.8
6.25 10 3 N m1
127
m v2
2
1
103 5 5
18 km h1
SI
5 m s1
xm
(V)
"
(K)
36 km h1 = 10 m s 1
6 9 6 8
0.5
K = 1.25 104 J
K=
= 1.25 104 J
xm = 2.00 m
69
qrs qt tt
(i)
(ii)
K W
6 9
V = 0
xm
V = 0
xm
mg
mg = 0.5 103 10 = 5 103 N g = 10 m s2
x = 0
(iii)
K = Kf K i " *
xm = 1.35 m
68
"!
128
Fc
Fnc
(Fc + F nc ) x = K
W nc i
6.10.1
f x0
x0
v 0
6.10.3
3 107 J
P
P
1 kg
x0
6 10
W nc
Ef Ei = Wnc
t
(K + V) = Fnc x
E = F
x
nc
Fc x = V
6.10.2
200 J/s
6.10.4
P P P
1 kg 10 C
42000 J
18791955
E=mc
(6.20)
129
c,
3 10 8 m s 1

t
t
6.10.5
(3000 MW)
(m) c2
6 .3
1000 kg
6 3
6 1
6 3
(a)

(10 21J)
qrs r s
15
(c)
6.10
m = E/c2
t t

(235
U),
92
m,
t t
620
t t
E = 1 (3 108)2 J = 9 1016 J

(J)
1068
1055
1052
1044
1034
1029
5 1024
1022
3 1020
1020
1017
1016
1015
3 1010
109
3 107
107
0.5
103
107
1010
1013
1018
1020
(b)
130
(a)
(c)
611
0.1eV = 100 meV 100

(b)
(kcal)
2400
! 1 1
SI
1J s
(6.22)
(W)
[ML2 T3]
1W
(W)
(hp) = 746 W
= F.v
dW = F.dr
(6.21)
dr
6.10.6
"
2400
6.2 meV
100
10
131
100 10
=1000
= 1 (k Wh)
= 10 3 (W) 3600 (s)
= 3.6 106 J
m2
t
t
t
6.12.1
kW h
m1
t t

t
t t
kWh
t t
611
2 m s1
1800 kg
4000 N
p 1 = F12 t
p 2 = F21 t
F12
F21
t t
F12 = F21 t
P = F.v = 22000 2 = 44000 W = 59 hp
6.12
""!
p1 + p 2 = 0
t t t

t t

t t
t
t t
F = mg + Ff = (1800 10) + 4000 = 22000 N

t t

P t t t

t t
t
t t
t t t
t
t t
t t

q
t t t
t

m2 t
m1 vli t t i
t
t m
2
m1
m1 ,
6 10
m2
t t t t
t
rs t
t

t
t t
t t
6.10 m1 m2
6.12.2
= 2 = 0
6 10
132
qrrq
(bounce)
1 m
q r
v2 = 2gh
t t

t
t t
t

3m
t t
t
t

mlv li = (m1 +m2)v f
(6.23)
(6.24)
= 2 = 0
(6.26)
(6.27)
(6.28)
{v1f, v2f} {m1 , m2, v 1i}

t t

m1v 1i = m1v 1f + m2v 2 f
(6.25)
t t t
(6.25)
(6.24) t
(6.23)
(6.24)

tP
v1f = 0, v 2f = v 1i
m1 " m2
133
f1 = 71.6%
II
m2 >> m1,
v1i
v2f ~ 0
v 1f ~
f 2 = 28.4%
6.12
103 m s1
235
92 U
107 m s1
6.12.3
6.10 m2
m1
(D2 O)
P
{x, y, z}
y-P
(6.29)
(6.30)
{m1 , m2 , v1i}
= 2 = 0,
1
6 24
K2 f / K1i
x-P
{v1f , v2f , 1
z- P
x-y
0 = m1v 1f sin 1 m2 v2f sin 2
m2
m1v 1i = m1v 1f cos 1 + m2 v2f cos 2
(6.27)
x-y
m1
P t
6 29
6 30
6 31
f2 = 1 f 1
f1 = 1/9,
6 28
m2 = 2 m1
f 2 = 8/9
90
{v1f, v2f,
x- y-
{m1, m2 , v1i, 1}
6 29631
134
613
610
qrst r r
(m1 = m2 )
rr q
cos (1+ 37) = 0
rr
q
rs
q
rq
= 37
2
rq
= 53
1f
2f
rr
2f
631
sq
m1 = m2
r q rq r s
q
rs s
q q r
6 32 6 33 q
K f - Ki = Wnet
{x , x }
i
ii
V(x)
r r
6 33
q q
rs r
q rq
(6.32)
t r r qrst r
1f
r r q r
r q s t
r r
v1i = v1f + v2f
+ 37 = 90
r r s r rs
qrst
q q r
qrst
135
5 m
6 k
V(x) = m g x
AB cos
A .B A B PA.B
A B A .B
"
[M L T ]
W = F.d
[M L T ]
K=
V(x)
[M L2 T 2]
F(x) =
E=K+V
N m1
F = k x
[M L T ]
[M T ]
2
1
mv 2
2
dV(x)
dx
V(x) = 2 k x2
[M L T ]
2
P = F.v
P"
rst
1.
dW
dt
rs
2.
136
3.
F12 + F21 = 0

W 12 + W 21
4.
5.
62
6.
7.
kx
mgh
8.
9.
137
6.1
(a)
(c)
(d)
6.2 2 kg
(e)
(b)
7N
6.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.11
01
10 s
10 s
10 s
10 s
6.11
138
6.4
V(x) = kx2/2 k
N m1 V(x) x
6.12
6.5
x=
6.12
(c)
(b)
2 m
(a)
1J
k = 0.5
(d)
6.13(i)
2m
15kg
6.13(ii)
6.13
15 kg
6.6
(a)
t t

(b)
(c)
(d)
6.7
(a)
(b)
6.8
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
139
(d)
6.9
(i)
6.10
(ii) t
t1 / 2
(iii) t3 / 2
(iv) t 2
(i) t1/2
6.11
(ii) t
(iii) t3 / 2
(iv) t 2
z-
)N
F = ( i + 2 j + 3 k
i , j , k
6.12
10 keV
z-
4m
z-
100 keV
31
kg, = 1.67 1027 kg, l eV
= 9.11 10
x-, y-
= 1.60 10 19J)
6.13 2 mm
6.14
500 m
200 m s
10 m s1
30
6.15
6.16
40 m
30 m 3
30%
15
6P 14
6.14
140
6.17
30
6.18
1.5 m
5%
25 kg
27 km h1
1
0.05 kg s
6.20 05 kg v =a x3/2
x = 2 m
A
(b)
3.8 107 J
8 kW
0.5 m
1000
(a)
x=0
20%
(a)
20%
(a) v
(b)
2
A = 30 m ,
10 kg
8 kW
200 W m 2
a=5
6.15
(c) 25%
v = 36 km h1 1.2 kg m3
623
6.19 300 kg
622
6.21
6.15
(b)
624 0012 kg
70 m s1
0.4 kg
625
616
= 30 ,
1
6.16
= 60
2
h = 10 m
141
626
6 17
1 kg
7 m s 1
= 3 m
36 km h1
(10 m ) 4 m s1
6.17
628 200 kg
627 0.3 kg
10 cm
100 N m1
20 kg
629
6 18
6.30
6.18
np + e *
6.19
142
[ s
6.19
1/2
e, p
n "# p + e +
143
6.1
60 kg
6 4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
6 20
(W)
200
500
1 2
qr s t
qr
620
75
v0
v = v0
6 20
v0
6 20
v0
ml v20 /2
ml v20
ml v20 2
ml
(6.34)
W s = 2ml v20
s
ml = 10 kg
W s = 180

qr
SI
v0 = 3 m s
2m
3 m s 1
1 5
P = 180
1.5
= 270 W

s t
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12

qs
q
q q
s
q q
q

r
r

r
r

t
P

P
P r

r

r
r
P
t
188
F1
F2
8.1(b)
8.2
F 1 F 2
F1
2. q
8.1(a)
AP
F2
P A
F 1 F 2
F2
8.1 (b)
s t t t
F1
PO = AO
PA
(b)
qr s t
F 1 F 2
1.
189
r
s
r s
r s
t
r
8.2
r s
t
r
r s
r
s
r s
r
s
r s
r
s
t
s
r
s
r s
3.
r s
r s
(r v t)
(8.1)
a
T
Q
1010 m
(y)
y2 m-3
a
-34
(r p)/m, (
5.79
10.8
15.0
0.24
0.615
1
2.95
3.00
2.96
22.8
77.8
143
287
450
1.88
11.9
29.5
84
165
2.98
3.01
2.98
2.98
2.99
590
248
2.99
L / (2 m)
t
s
r
s
r s
r s
r s
r s
r s
r
s
t
s
r s
p )
r s
BAC
vP
{rA, vA}
CPB
t
s
{ rP, vP}
/ t
r
s
8.1
8.1a
SP = rP
r s
(r
(8.2)
r s
v = p/m)
10
/ t
( T2 / a
r s
r s
r s
rp
Lp = mp rp v p,
vp
190
r,
F=F(r)
(1)
(2)
dA/dt =
r v sin .
m2
(1)
(2)
Tr P
s
% " $ #
PQ
t
P
F = F(r),
F = G m1 m2/r2
m1
(2)
Pq
! = (r v sin a) t/2)
Pq
P,
s = v t
OP
Pq
r,
191
LA = mp rA v A.
mp rp vp = mp rA vA
rA > rp, vp > vA .
SB
SBPC
BAC
CPB
(Principia)
m1
(8.5)
m2
(Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy)
8.3
SC
8.1a
Rm
tr
"
"
(8.5)
"
&
'
'
(8.3)
T
T
" m1
m2
r = r2 r1
8.3
27.3
3.84108 m
(8.3)

am
Rm
RE
'
8.3 m2
! 3600
(8.4)
r, (r2 r1)
m1
g ! 9.8 m s-2
(8.3)
am
F, r
m1
m2
m1
m1
m2
m2
192
F12 m2
F21
m1
F12 = F21
(8.5)
8.4
qsts
8.4
m1
m2, m3
m4
m1
m1
"
"
"
(a) x-
8.2
m kg
(a)
(b)
ABC
GC
x-
GB
8.5)
30
2m kg
AG = BG = CG = 1m
(2m)
193
(2)
8.5
ABC
'
")
"
8.4
#'
'
y-
x-
8.6
1798
(b)
2m
FR = FGA + FGB + FGC
'
(8.5)
8.6
S1
S2
A
(1)
q
t
AB
AB
F-
194
8.7
AB
(8.6)
RE
rs t rs r
8.7 ME
r r
r r
(8.7)
G
G = 6.67x10-11 N m2 /kg2
8.5
,r
(8.8)
&
'
&
(8.9)
Mr
P,
RE
(8.10)
195
r = RE
(8.13)
(8.10)
(8.11)
ME
RE
(8.14)
F = mg
//
(8.12)
RE
RE
ME
'
'
"
(8.12)
(8.14)
8.6
P
P
8.8(a)
(8.15)
(8.15)
8.8(b)
q
s
RE
(RE + h )
F (h)
Ms
M s / ME = ( RE d ) 3 / RE 3
(8.5)
( 8.16)
8.8(a)
(R E d )
196
8.8 (b)
(RE d)
Ms
(8.17)

(8.18)
sqt
W 12
W(h)
(8.20)
r
(8.21)
W 12 = W(h2 ) W(h 1)
(8.22)

W o
W ( h = 0 ) = Wo
Wo
h = 0
h=0
8.7
(8.19)
(r W o = ) ;
h2
W(h) = mg h + Wo
h1 r
W 12 =
= mg (h2 h 1) .
g(d) =
F ( d) = G ME m ( RE d ) / RE 3
mg
F ( d ) = G Ms m / ( RE d ) 2
'
mg
(8.23)
M E =
m =
197
r = r1
r = r2
r2 > r1 )
8.3 l
(8.20)
r
t
(8.24)
')
(8.21)
2l
W(r)
(8.25)
r>R
W1
W12 = W(r2) W(r1 )

W(r = ) = W1
r=
(8.24)
(8.22)
5
3
4
')
2
0' )
1
"
'
q
s
')
m1
m2
8.8
r=
V=0
198
W1
(Vi) 11.2 km/s
Vi
* '
(8.27)
(8.26)
'
(8.32)
(8.26)
Vi
(8.29)
RE
2.3 km/s
1/5
8.4
4M
6 R
(8.28)
(8.27)
4M
(8.28)
(RE =
(h + RE)
(8.32)
(8.32) g RE
Vf
Vi
(8.29)
8.10
h = 0
(8.30)
N ( 8.10
(8.31)
'
'
" ) #
(6R r)2 = 4r2

6R r = 2r
ON = r
199
r = 2R
6R
(RE + h)
RE =
F(
N
4 M
'
r = 6R
ON = r = 2R
)=
(8.33)
')
F(
)=
(8.34)
ME
')
(8.33)
(8.34)
'
5
3
4
5
'3
4
2
0
1
h
h=0
(8.35)
2
0
1
4M
&
'
(8.35)
(8.37)
(8.37)
27.3
1957
/ G M E),
(8.38)
h
(8.38)
k=4
T 2 = k ( RE + h )3 (
q
s
t
&
'
(8.36)
2 (RE + h)
8.9
g=
4M
(8.35)
RE
200
' &
To
(8.39)
RE
(g ! 9.8 ms-2 r RE = 6400 km.)
85
M E
7 39
9.4 10 km
(ii)
(i)
1.52
(8.38)
'
'
&
M m
(ii)
'
7 qss 7 " 7 #
7 " 7 # 7
1%
= 27.3
(8.12)
&
( (8.38) )]
&
7 7 7 " # 7
7 q ss 7 " 7 7 7 #
8.7
k = 10 s2
3.84 10 5 km
r t
m3
13
r r
= 684
r
k = 1013 s2 m3
TM = (1.52)3/2 365
'
RMS RES
' 7
7 " # 7 " # 7
"
'
7
= 5.97 1024 kg
(ii)
= 6.48 10 23 kg
'
7 " # 7 " # 7 s
'
'
&
'
'
R = 3.8410 8 m
(i)
:
: g = 9.81 m s2, RE = 6.37106 m,
8.6
b/a = 0.99986
(i)
8.5
)s
;
;8
8
=
:
= :
=< :9 " # =<
:9 " 7 7 #
= 1.33 10 14 d 2 km3
201
(8.38)
8.8 400 kg
st
T 2 = (1.33 10-14)(3.84 105 )3

T = 27.3 d
(RE+h)
(8.38)
4RE
(a)
2RE
')
8.10
(8.35)
')
v2
'
E = Ef Ei
'
(8.40)
5
'3
3
4
'
'
2
0
0
1
>
(R +h)
'
')
(8.41)
K = Kf Ki = 3.13
10 J
K.E
P.E
'
')
V = Vf Vi = 6.25
(8.42)
K.E
P.E
r
r
(R + h)
(R + h)
"!
109 J
8.11
1
K.E =
P.E,
2
2
0
1
&
(8.43)
T = 24
5
'3
4
R + h = 35800
E
km,
R
E
202
qst

q

IRS
INSAT
INSAT
(GSAT-1)
(ISRO)
(SHAR)
100km
(NRSA)
T = 24
(h 500
(PRL)
800 km)
8.11
2MHZ 10MHZ
8.11

203
500-800 km
8.12
'
m1
m2
2.
s
r
M1, M2, .Mn
M1, M2, M3 .Mn
s
r
6.672 1011 N m2 kg2

m
F 1, F 2, .F n.
1.
FR
204
FR = F1 + F 2 + + Fn =
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
r r
Ms
5 &
'3
3 s
4
2
0
0
1
4.
(a)
'
" * #
g ( h)
5
3 )
4
2
0
1
h << R E
2
g 0 1
(b)
" #'
5.
')
5
3 )
4
2
5
0 ' "#3 )
1
4
2
0
1
r r
6.
'
205
7.
')
M >> m,
'
')
8.
'
9.
11.2 km s1
10.
11.
4.22 10 4 km
206
1.
(a)
(b)
2.
T2 = KS R3
[
4.
3.
KS
5.
6.
7.
8.
mgh
9.
qqstt
8.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
207
8.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(Io)
(a)
(d)
8.12
(c)
2.5
4.22
108 m
1011
50,000 ly
105 ly
(a)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
. 8.10
(i) d, (ii) e, (iii) f, (iv) g
= 2 1030 kg,
= 1.5 10 11 m)
(f)
(b)
(d)
(c)
8.10] (i) a, (ii) b, (iii) c, (iv) 0
(b)
8.11
(a)
(b)
8.10
8.9
(b)
r1
mg(r 2 r 1)
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.3
r2
G Mm(1/r 2 1/r 1)
(d)
= 6 1024 kg
208
8.13
1.5
8.14
8.16
108 km
63 N
= 6.4 10 m G = 6.67
6
1.5
8.18
29.5
8.17
10 8 km
8.15
10
5 km s -1

11
N m kg
2
250 N
= 6.0
10 24 kg;
11.2 km s1
8.19
400 km
kg;
8.20
= 6.4
8.21
G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2

(2 10 30 kg)
10 km
10 4 km
9
106 m
= 6.0 1024

100 kg 0.10 m
8.22
= 200 kg;
1.0 m
36,000 km
8.23
2.5
= 6.010 24 kg;
12 km
= 6400 km.
1.2
8.24
= 2 1030kg
6.410
23
kg;
= 1000 kg;
= 3395 km;
= 21030 kg; =
8
= 2.28 10
km
G = 6.67 10 -11 N m 2 kg2

8.25
20%
G = 6.67 10
-11
N m kg
2
2 km s1
= 6.4 1023 kg;
= 3395 km
A 1

P,
A2
SI q r s
18
10
10-9
10-6
109
106
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
-18
15
k
h
da
-15
10
-12
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
210
A3
2.9979 108 m s-1
1.602 10-19 C
6.673 10-11 N m2 kg-2
6.626 10-34 J s
1.381 10-23JK -1
NA
6.022 1023 mol-1
8.314 J mol-1 K-1
me
9.110 10-31 kg
mn
1.675 10-27 kg
mp
1.673 10-27 kg
e/me
1.759 1011 C/kg
9.648104 C/mol
1.097 107 m-1
5.292 10-11m
5.670 10-8 W m-2 K-4
2.898 10-3 mK
8.854 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
1/4
1u
0C
8.987 109 N m2 C-2

4 10 -7 T m A -1
-6
Wb A-1m-1
1.257 10
4.186 J cal-1
1 atm
1.013 105 Pa
0K
273.15 C
1 eV
1.602 10-19 J
1u
1.661 10-27 kg
0.511 MeV
uc
931.5 MeV
22.4 L mol-1
9.78049 m s-2
mc
1 atm

211
A4
1 km = 0.6215 mi
1mi = 1.609 km
1 rad = 57.30
1m = 1.0936 yd = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in
1 = 1.745 102 rad
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 rev min1 = 0.1047 rad s1
1 ft = 12 in = 30.48 cm
1 rad s1 = 9.549 rev min1
1 yd = 3ft = 91.44 cm
1 (light year)
rad = 180
15
= 1 ly = 9.461 10 m
1 kg = 1000 g
= 0.1nm
1A
1 (tonne) = 1000 kg = 1 Mg
1 u = 1.6606 1027 kg
1 m2 = 104 cm2
1 kg = 6.022 1026 u
1km2 = 0.3861 mi2 = 247.1 (acres)

2
1 (slug) = 14.59 kg
1 in = 6.4516 cm
1 kg = 6.852 102 (slug)
1ft2= 9.29 10-2m2
1 u = 931.50 MeV/c2
1 m2 = 10.76 ft2
1 (acre) = 43,560 ft2
1 g cm3 = 1000 kg m3 = 1 kg L1
1 mi2 = 460 (acres) = 2.590 km 2
1 N = 0.2248 lbf = 105 dyn
1m3= 10 6cm3
1 lbf = 4.4482 N
3
-3
1 L = 1000 cm = 10 m
1 kgf = 2.2046 lbf
1 gal = 3.786 L
1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 128 oz = 231 in

1 in3 = 16.39 cm3
1ft3 = 1728 in3 = 28.32 L = 2.832 104 cm 3
1 h = 60 min = 3.6 ks
1 d = 24 h = 1440 min = 86.4 ks
1y = 365.24 d = 31.56 Ms
1 km h = 0.2778 m s
= 0.6215 mi h
1mi h1 = 0.4470 m s 1 = 1.609 km h1

1
1mi h = 1.467 ft s
1 Pa = 1 N m2
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
1atm = 14.7 lbf/in2 = 760 mm Hg
1 G = 104 T
= 29.9 in Hg = 33.8 ft H2O

2
1 T = 1 Wb m = 10 G
1 lbf in2 = 6.895 kPa
212
1 torr = 1mm Hg = 133.32 Pa
1 kW h = 3.6 MJ
1 (horse power, hp) = 550 ft lbf/s
1 cal = 4.186 J
= 745.7 W
1ft lbf = 1.356 J = 1.286 103 Btu
1 Btu min1 = 17.58 W
1 L atm = 101.325 J
1 W = 1.341 103 hp
1 L atm = 24.217 cal
= 0.7376 ft lbf/s
1 Btu = 778 ft lb = 252 cal = 1054.35 J
19
1 eV = 1.602 10 J
1 W m1 K1 = 6.938 Btu in/hft2 o F
1 u c 2 = 931.50 MeV
1 Btu in/hft2 o F = 0.1441 W/m K
1 erg = 107J
= 2 r
= r
= 4r2
h
= 2 r2 + 2 rh; = r2h
a2 + b 2 = c2
4
!r
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x=
A5
A, B, C
a, b, c
A + B + C = 180
sin A sin B sin C

!
!
a
b
c
2
c = a + b 2ab cos C

D=A+C
A 5.1
s
r
t
A 5.3
A 5.2
213
nx n( n ) 1) x 2
(
( .....( x 2 * 1)
1!
2!
(1 $ x ) n ! 1$
(1 $ x ) )n ! 1 !
nx n (n ( 1) x
(
( .....(x 2 * 1)
1!
2!
ex ! 1 ( x (
x
x
(
( .......
2! 3!
1
1
ln (1+x) = x ) x 2 ( x 3 ) ..... % x *1&
2
3
< x > x av, x
sin (90 ) = cos
cos (90 ) = sin

tan# $ tan "
sin / cos = tan
1 ! tan # tan "
sin2 + cos2 =1
sec2 tan2 = 1
cosec2 cot2 = 1
i, j
k x -, y-
z-
sin2 = 2 sin cos

cos2 = cos2 sin2 = 2cos2 1
= 1 2 sin2
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
i + i = j + j = k + k = 1, i + j = j + k = k + i = 0
i , i = j , j = k , k = 0, i , j = k , j , k = i, k , i = j

cos ( ) = cos cos ! sin
sin
tan ( )
sin sin ! 2 sin
ay
az
x-, y-
z-
a = a x i" + a y "j + az k"
1
%# $ " & cos 1 %# ! " &
2
2
cos + cos ! 2 cos
1
%# ('" & cos 1 %# " &
2
2
cos cos ! )2 sin
1
%# ( " & sin 1 %# " &
2
2
a, b
a, b
a (b + c) = (a b) + (a c)
(sa) b = a (sb) = s (a b) s

ax ,
214
a b = b a = ax bx + ay b y + az bz = ab cos
|a b | = ab sin
&
a . (b c) = b. (c a) = c. (a b)
, ! ) , ! a x ay
bx b y
az
bz
a (b c) = (a . c) b - (a . b) c
A6
A 6.1 SI
SI

SI
m2
m3
rad/s2
rad s2
m1

kg/m3 kg m3
A/m2 A m2
A/m A m 1
mol/m3 mol m 3
m3 /kg m 3 kg1
m/s2 m s2
rad/s rad s1
m/s m s1
cd/m2 cd m2
m2 /s
m2 s 1
kg m/s kg m s1
kg m2
K 1
&
! a y bz ) b y az ( %a zbx ) b za x & ( ax by ) bx a y
m3 /s m3 s 1
215
A 6.2
SI
SI
SI
s 1
Hz
kg m/s2
kg m s2
Pa
N/m2 N m2
kg m1s 2
kg/s2m
Nm
kg m2 /s2
kg m2 s2
J/s
J s1
kg m2 /s3
kg m2s 3
As
W/A W A
kg m2 /s3A
kg m2s 3A 1
C/V C V1
A 2s 4/kg m2
kg1 m2 s4 A2
r r
V/A
r r
A/V VA1
Wb
V s (J/A JA1 )
Wb/m2 Wb m 2
Wb /A Wb A1
r r
lm
lx
lm/m2 lm m2
Bq
cd/sr m2
m2 cd sr1
s 1
Gy
J/kg J kg1
m2 /s2
r r
r
VA 1
kg m2/s3 A2
kg m2 s3 A2
s 3A 2/kg m2
kg1m2 s 3 A2
kg m2 /s2A
kg m2 s2A 1
kg/s2 A
kg s2A 1
kg m2/s2 A2
kg m2 s 2 A 2
cd/sr cd sr1
r
r

r
r
m2 s 2
216
A 6.3
SI
SI
SI
SI

m2 A
mAs
kg m1 s1
Nm
N/m N m1
W/m2
kg m2 s1
kg s2
kg s3
J/K
J/kg K
J/kg J kg1
W/sr W sr1
W/m K W m1K1
J/m3 J m3
V/m V m1
C/m3 C m3
C/m2 C m2
F/m F m1
H/m H m1
J/mol J mol1
Js
J/mol K J mol1K 1
kg m2 s 2 K 1
m2 s 2 K 1
m2 s 2
kg m2 s 3 sr1
kg m s3 K1
kg m1 s2
kg m s3A 1
m3 s A
m2 s A
kg1m3 s4 A2
kg m s2 A 2
kg m2 s2 mol1
kg m2 s1
kg m2 s2 K1 mol1
C/kg C kg1
Gy/s Gy s1
Pa 1
N/m2 N m 2
Pa/m N m3
J/kg J kg1 ;
N m/kg N m kg1
Pa m3 N m
Ns
Nm s
m
J/m2 J m2 ;
N/m N m1
kg1 s A
m2 s 3
kg1 m s2
kg m1 s2
kg m2 s2
m2 s 2
J T1
Cm
Pl Pa s
2
N s m
exposure
-
X-
kg m2 s2
kg m s1
kg m2 s1
kg m3 s3 A 2
kg s2
217
A7

P P
P P

potential energy
p.e.
P P
r P
P
P
P P
t

(.)
Ca, C, H, He, U,
U-235 235
U
92
U
235
92
P P
P

P
Ca 2 ( , PO 34)
SI
A8
SI
q
s P
kg, m, s, cd P
s
s
P s
pressure')
('metre')
'm' P ("day")
P ('atmospheric
d, s
atm, s ('hertz') Hz s ('weber') Wb, s ('joule')

J, s ('ampere') A, s ('volt') V, P
P L, s (litre)
1
218
25 cms r
!
25 (centimetres)
25 cm. r 25 cms.,
(solidus) r (/)
m/s
25 cm
ms
m r s
m/s/s
1 Pl = 1 N s m2 = 1 N s/m2 = 1 kg/s m = 1 kg m1s1 1 kg/m/s

J/K mol r J K1 mol 1
!
J/K/mol
(1 MW = 106W);
(1 cm = 10 2m);
(1 ns = 109s);
(1 pF = 10 12F);
(1 km = 10 m);
(1 mV = 103 V);
(1 s = 106s);
(1 GHz = 109 Hz);
(1 kWh) = 103 Wh = 3.6 MJ = 3.6 106 J);
(1 A = 106 A);
(1 = 0.1 nm = 10 m);
1028 m2
(1 m = 10-6 m)
10 m r 1
15
m
('fermi') r 10
(barn)
10
SI
'micrometre'
"micrometer"
"micrometre"
r r
(cm, km, m, s, ns)
r
r
cm
m
c r
(cm)3 = (0.01 m)3 = (10 -2m)3 = 10-6 m3, 0.01 m3 r 10-2m3 r 1 c m3
r r

mA2
1 cm = (10 m) = 10 m
1 s
(mA)2 = (0.001A)2 = (10-3 A)2 = 106A2, 0.001 A2 r mA2

1
1 cm
10 m
-6
(10 s) = 10 s , 1 10 s1
219
1 km3
2
1 mm
!
(mm) = (10 m) = 10 m
103 m2
-3
10 m
(km)2 = (103 m)2 = 106 m2,
103/m3
1000/m3
106/m3
1000 m3 k/m3 k m3
10,00,000/m3 10,00,000 m3 M/m3 M m3
m s1 r m s1 m s m
s
ms
m s
ms
m r
mS1 m S m r
S S (siemens) mS

C m C m
C r
m r
109 m = 1 nm r
12
10 m = 1 m r
10 F = 1 pF r
9
10 W = 1 GW r
!
1 m m r
1 mmm r
1 F r
1 kMW
J/mol K J mol-1 K -1
kelvin J/mole K,

joule/mole K J/mol
J/T JT1
joule/T J per tesla J/tesla,
N m s
newton metre s
newton m second N m second N metre
J/kg K J kg-1 K-1

J/kg kelvin J/kilogram K
joule/kg K
J/kilog K
220
106 N/m2
1 N/mm2
MN/m2
1000
n
!
103n
(W)
(m)
(g)
W = m g
watt (W), metre (m), gram (g)
m g
W = mg W J m
2
kg g r m s
F = m a
kg
"farad" (F), metre (m) "are" (a)
(hecto)
N m
(hour) c
(centi)
m s 2
("carat")
S I
S I
103
(mm)
CGS
(deci) (day) T
(tera) (tesla), a
d
(atto) (are), da
(deca) (deciare)
metre
kilogram kg
10 kg = 1
(1 Mg)
-6
10 kg = 1
-3
10 kg = 1
1 mg
1 g
(1 kkg)
1 (1 kg)
1 (1 mkg)
S I
221
A9
1.
2.
3.
4.
[L2 ]
[M0 L2 T 0]
[L3]
[M0 L 3 T 0]
[M]/[L3 ]
1/
1/[T]
[M0 L0 T -1]
5.
[L]/[T]
[M0 L T -1]
6.
[LT -1]/[T]
[M0 LT-2 ]
7.
[M][L T -2]
[M L T-2 ]
8.
[M LT2] [T]
[M L T-1]
9.
[MLT-2 ][L]
[M L2 T-2]
10.
[ML2 T-2 ]/[T]
[M L 2 T -3]
11.
[M][LT -1]
[M L T -1]
12.
[MLT-2 ]/[L2 ]
[M L -1T -2]
13.
[L]/[L] [L3 ]/[L3]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
14.
[M L1 T 2 ]
[M0 L0 T0 ]
[M L1 T2]
15.
[M L T2]/[L]
[M L0 T-2 ]
16.
[M L2 T -2]/[L2 ]
[M L 0 T-2 ]
17.
[L T-1]/[L]
[M0 L0 T-1 ]
18.
[ML-1 T-2]/[L]
[M L -2 T -2]
19.
[ML-1 T-2][L3 ]
[M L 2T -2]
[M L-3]
[M L -3 T0 ]
20.
21.
22.
(sin , cos , tan
[M L T ]
[L2 ] [LT 1 /L]
[M L 1T-1 ]
[L]/[L]
[M0 L 0T 0 ]
[L]/[L]
[M0 L 0T 0 ]
23.
[L0 ]/[T]
[M0 L0 T -1]
24.
[L0 ]/[T2]
[M0 L0 T -2]
25.
[L]
[M0 L T0 ]
26.
[M][L2 ]
[M L 2 T0 ]
27.
[ML2 ][T-1 ]
[M L 2 T-1 ]
28.
-2
[M L T ][L]
[M L 2 T-2 ]
222
29.
[ML2 T -1]/[T]
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
[M L T -2][L]
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
[L]
[M0 L T 0]
[L T-1 ]/[L]
[M0 L0 T -1]
[ML2 T-2/T]/[L 2]
[M L0 T -3]
[MT-3]/[LT -1]
[M L -1T -2]
[M L2 T-2]/[L 3]
[M L -1T -2]
1 1
[M L T ] [ML T ]
[ML 3 ] [L]
[M0 LT-1 ]
[LT-2 ] x [L]
[M0 LT-1 ]
[M L T -2][L]
[M L2 T-2]
[M][LT -1] 2
[M L2 T -2]
[M][LT2 ][L]
[M L2 T 2]
[M0 L0 T0 ][ML2 ] [T-1]2
[M L2 T -2]
[ML2 T 2 ]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[ML2 T-2 ][T]
53.
[ML2T 2 ]
,
,
52.
44.
51.
[M0 L0 T -1]
[T-1 ]
50.
37.
43.
[M L2 T -2]
[M L 2 T-1]
[MLT ][L ]
[M] [M]
[M1 L 3 T-2]
[ML2T -2]/[T-1 ]
[M L 2 T-1]
[ML2 T-2 ]/[K]
[M L2 T-2 K-1 ]
[ML2T -2]/[M] [K]
[M0 L2 T-2 K-1 ]
[ML2 T -2]/[M]
[M0 L2 T-2]
[L]/[L][K]
[M0 L0 K-1]
[ML2 T-2 ] [L]
[M LT -3K -1]
[L2] [K] [T]

[L3][ML-1T -2]
[M-1 T-2]
[L ]
-1
[LT-1]2 /[L]
[M0 LT-2 ]
[ML2 T -2]
2
[L ][T][K]
[M L0 T-3 K-4 ]
4
223
54.
55.
56.
58.
59.
[M0 LT0 K]
[ML2T -2 ]/[K]
[M L2 T-2 K-1 ]
[M L 2T -2 K-1 mol-1]
[mol][K]
[A][T]
[M0 L 0 TA]
[A]/[L2]
[M0 L -2 T0 A]
[ML2 T 2]/[AT]
[M L 2 T 3 A -1]
[ML2 T-3 A -1]
[M L 2T 3 A 2]
q r
[A]
q r
[L][K]
[ML-1 T2][L3]
57.
60.
61.
62.
[AT]
-1
[ML T A ]
[ML2T -3A -2][L2 ]/[L]
[ML3 T -3 A -2]
[MLT -2]/[AT]
[M LT -3 A-1 ]
[MLT -3A -1][L2 ]
[M L3 T-3 A -1]
63.
64.
65.
[M-1 L-2 T4 A 2]
-3
[ML2T -2]
-3
[M0 LT A]
-1
[MLT A ]
66.
q
q
67.
68.
69.

q q
[MT-2A -1 ][L2]
[M L 2 T-2A -1]
[M L 2 T-2A -2]
[A]
[ML2 T-2 ]/[MT-2A -1]
71.
[M L 0 T-2A -1]
[ML2 T-2 A-1]
[M0 L 2 T 0A]
q r
[MLT -2]/[A][L]

q
q
70.
q r
[M LT-3 A-1 ]
[L]
q

q
[ML2 T-3 A-1]
[A][L2 ]
[L2 A]
[M0 L-1 T 0A]
[L3 ]
72.
73.
74.
r
q
r q
[M0 L 0 T0 ][MLT-2][L]
q r
[M-1 L -3 T4 A2 ]
[MLT-2 ][L]2
75.
q r
[AT][AT]
[M L T-2 A -2]
[A][A][L]
[LT-1 ]/[LT1 ]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[AT]/[mol]
[M0 L 0 TA mol-1 ]
224
76.
77.
78.
80.
81.
rr
rr
[ML2 T-2 ]/[T]

[M L2 T -3]
[M L2 T -3]
[ML2T -3]/[L 2]
[ML0 T-3]
[ML2 T -3]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[M L2 T-3]
[ML2 T-3 ]/[ML2 T -3]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[ML2T -3]/[L 2]
[M L0 T -3]
[M]
[M L 0 T 0]
[M][LT -1] 2
[M L2 T -2]
[T-1 ]
[M0 L0 T -1]
[ML2 T-2 A-2 ]
[M0 L0 A0 T -1]
rr
[M L2 T -3]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[ML2 T-3]
rr
84.
[ML2T -3]/[M0 L 0 T 0]
(555 n m)
r
[M L2 T -3]
83.
[ML2 T-2 ]/[T]
rr
82.
[M0 L -1 T0 ]
rr
79.
[M0 L 0T 0 ]/[L]
85.
86.
87.
0.693/
88.
[M - 1L - 2T 4 A 2]
89.
90.
91.
Q-
[T-1][ML2T -2A -2]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
[M L2 T-3 A-2]
-1
[L-1 ]
[M0 L -1 T0 ]
[L]/[L]
[M0 L 0 T 0]
92.
/8
[ML-1T -2][L4 ]
93.
r rr
94.
rr
-1
-1
[M0 L3 T -1]
-1
[ML T ][L]
[T-1] -1[M -1L -2T 4 A2 ]-1
[M L 2 T -3A -2]
[T-1][ML2 T-2 A-2 ]
[M L 2 T -3A -2]

2
-6
2.1
2.2
2.5
(a) 10 ; (b) 1.510 ; (c) 5; (d)11.3, 1.13 104

(a) 107 ; (b) 1016 ; (c) 3.9 10 4 ; (d) 6.6710-8
500
2.6
2.7
(c)
0.035 mm
2.9
2.10
2.11
94.1
(a) 1; (b) 3; (c) 4; (d) 4, (e) 4; (f) 4
8.72 m2 ; 0.0855 m 3
2.12
2.13
(a) 2.3 kg ; (b) 0.02 g

13% ; 3.8
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
(b) r (c) r r r
m = m
3 10 m
10 ; r r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
r rr r r r
3 10 m ; 1 3.084 10 m r
r
1.32 2.64"
1.4 10 kgm , r
r r r r r
r
0
16
16
-3
1.429 105 km
r tan P tan P = v/v' v'

10 10 1 r
0.7 10 kg m , r r r r
r
11
12
-3
226
2.28
0.3 1018kg m3
8
2.29
3.84 10
2.30
2.31
55.8 km
2.8 1022 km
2.32
3,581 km
2.33
e4 /(16 mp me2 c3 G)
3.1
(a), (b)
3.2
(a)
3.4
37 s
3.5
3.6
1000 km h-1
3.06 m s2, 11.4 s
3.7
1250 m
A .......... B,
3.9
T = 9 min, = 40 km h-1 [
1m s
3.11
2
(b) 9.8 m s

(c) x> 0
(a)
v<0 v >0
a > 0 (d) 44.1 m, 6s
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i) 5 km h-1, 5 km h- 1 ; (ii) 0; 6 km /h; (iii)
3.15
3.16
x-t
(a)
(d)
15
45
km h -1
km h -1
8
8
3.14
3.17
10 15
(b) A .......... B, (c) B .......... A, (d) (e) B .......... A.........
3.8
3.10
(c)
(b)
(d)
x = 0), t = 0
3.18
105 m s
3.19
(a)
(reduced)
(b)
(c)
3.20
x < 0, v < 0, a > 0; x > 0, v > 0, a < 0; x < 0, v > 0, a > 0
3.21
1 2
v > 0;
v<0
3.22
B, C r D
3.23
227
1, 2 r 3
v>0, 1 r 3
a>0, 2 a<0 ; A,
a=0
3.24
10 s, 10 s
3.25
(a) 13 kmh -1 ; (b) 5 kmh -1 ; (c)

9 km h-1 (c)
3.26
x2 x 1 = 15t
3.27
3.28
(a) 60 m, 6 m s1 ; (b) 36 m, 9 m s 1
(iii), (iv), (vi)
20 s;
x2 x1 = 200+30 t 5t2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
(a) T, (b) F, (c) F, (d) T, (e) T
4.6
(c)
(d)
4.7
(a)
4.8
4.9
(a) 0; (b) 0; (c) 21.4 km h-1
4.10
1 km
400 m ; B
r r
4.11
= 3 km
(a) 49.3 km h -1; (b) 21.4 km h-1,
60
866 m, 30, 4 km
4.12
4.13
15 min, 750 m
4.14
4.15
4.16
150.5 m
50 m
4.17
9.9 m s2,
4.18
6.4 g
4.19
(a)
(b)
4.20
(c)
(a) v (t) = (3.0 i 4.0 t j )

a(t) = 4.0
(b) 8.54 m s1, x-
70
18
= 1.5 km
228
4.21
4.22
(a) 2 s, 24 m, 21.26 m s 1
2 , x-
4.23
(b) r (e)
4.24
4.25
182.2 m s1
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
0.86 m s2,
(e)
45 ;
2 , x-
45
, 5
"
sin1 (1/3) = 19.5 ; 16 km
(a) (d)
5.2
54.5
5.1
2 #1
(e)
r r
= 0.5 N r
r r r r r r

r
r r
5.3
(a) 1 N
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d) 0.1 N
5.4
(i) T
5.5
a = 2.5 m s2, v = u + at
5.6
a = 1.5/25 = 0.06 m s2, F = 3 0.06 = 0.18 N
5.7
= 10 N, 8 N
= 2 m s2
5.8
a = 2.5 m s 2;
5.9
F 20,000 10 = 20,000 5.0
5.10
(a)
0 = 15 2.5 t
r
tan (3/4) = 37
t = 6.0 s
= 465 2.5 = 1.2 103 N

r
F = 3.0 10 5 N
a = 20 m s2 0 t 30 s
t=5s
x = ut = 10 5 = 50 m
t = 25 s
x = ut +
t = 100 s
30 s
at2 = (10 25 10 62.5)m = 6.0 km

r
x1 = 10 30 10 900 = 8700 m
t = 30 s v = 10 20 30 = 590 m s1
30 s
100 s
x2 = 590 70 = 41300 m
x = x 1 + x2 = 50 km
5.11
(a) t = 10 s
229
= 0 + 2 10 = 20 m s1
t = 11s
t = 11s
(b) 10 m s2
5.12
20 m s1
= 0 + 10 1 = 10 m s 1
= 20 2 $ 10 2 % 500 = 22.4 m s1
tan1 ( )
(a)
(b)
5.13
(a) N = 70 10 = 700 N;
70 kg
(b) 70 10 N = 70 5;
35 kg
(c)
105 kg
N 70 10 = 70 5;
(d) 70 10 N = 70 10;
5.14
(a)
N = 0;
(b) t = 0 3 kg m s1 (c) t = 4 s 3 kg m s1
5.15
20 kg
600 T = 20 a, a = 20 m s2, T = 10 a T = 200 N

10 kg
5.16
a = 20 m s2; T = 400 N
T 8 10 = 8 a; 12 10 T = 12 a
5.17
a = 2 m s 2 ; T = 96 N
5.18
5.19
= 0.05 12 = 0.6 kg m s1
100 v = 0.02 80
v = 0.016 m s1 = 1.6 cm s1
5.20
5.21
5.22
= 0.15 2 15 cos 22.5 = 4.2 kg m s 1
(b)
230
5.23
(a)
(empty space)
(b)
(c)
(lawn mower)
(d)
5.26
x = 0 x = 2 cm
5.25
(N)
5.24
f (f N)
0.04 kg .02 m s
2 s
1 cm s1
= 8 10 kg m s
4
= 65 kg 1 m s 2 = 65 N
= ! sg = 2 m s2
(i)
mg + T2 = mv22/R ;
T1 mg = mv 21 /R
5.27
(a)
v 22 /R
(free body)
=F
v1 2/R
= mg
F mg = ma
F 300 10 = 300 15
F = 7.5 10 3 N
(b)
=R
= 7.5 103 N

= mg
R mg = ma
R 1300 10 = 1300 15
R = 3.25 104 N

(c) 3.25 10 N
5.28
5.29
(a) 3 mg
= 3.25 104 N
= 10 3 kg m3 102 m 2 15 m s 1 = 150 kg s1
= 150 kg s
(b) 3 mg
(c) 4 mg
(b)
mg
3 mg
15 m s = 2.25 10 N
5.30
5.31
231
5.32
& '
& ( '
*
+ % t *
+ ! )
, ( ,
-
(a) 750 N
5.33
(b) 250 N
(b)
(a) T 400 = 240
T = 640 N
(b) 400 T = 160
T = 240 N
(c) T = 400 N
(d) T = 0
5.34
(a)
200 N
200 N
A + B
A
200 (150 0.15)

=
= 11.8 m s 2
15
= 0.15 50 = 7.5 N
200 7.5 FAB = 5 11.8

2
FAB = 1.3 10 N;
2
FBA = 1.3 10 N;
5.35
(a)
= 150
= 15 0.5 = 7.5 N
0.18 = 27 N
(b)
5.36
0.5 m s
2( 5
% 20 s
0 .5
= g = 0.15 10 = 1.5 m s2
1
2
2 20 = 20 m
232
5.37
mv
r
5.38
.! m g
r g / 2
v = r ,
"%
2!
T
4 cm
v =
5.39
5.40
mg
mg = f < N
N = 0
N sin
mg < m R 2
cos = g/R 2
= 5 s1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
6.2
(a) 882 J ; (b) 247 J ; (c) 635 J ; (d) 635 J
(i) x > a; 0
(ii) - < x <
(a)
(b)
(c)
; V1
= 60
(iv) b/2 < x < a/2, a/2 < x < b/2 ; V1
(b)
(a) F ; (b) F ; (c) F ; (d) F
6.8
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
(c)
6.11
12 J
6.12
6.13
(d)
(d)
v e/vp = 13.5
0.082 J ; 0.163 J
(ii) t
(iii) t 3 2
6.7
6.10
t t t t
m R sin 2 =
(iii) x < a, x > b ; V1
(a)
6.1
mg = N cos
|cos | 1
cos =
6.9
6.6
N = m R 2
6.5
t t
t
6.3
6.14
233

t t
6.15
43.6 kW
6.16
(ii)
6.17

t
t
6.18
5.3 m s1
6.19
27 km h1
6.20
6.21
6.22
50 J
(a) m = A v t (b) K = A v3 t/2 (c) P = 4.5 kWh
(a) 49000 J (b) 6.45 103 kg
6.23
(a) 200 m2 (b) 14 m 14 m
6.24
21.2 cm, 28.5 J
6.25
[mgh = (1/2) mv2 ]

VB = VC = 14.1 m s1, t B = 2
2 s, t c = 2
2 s
6.26
0.125
6.27
6.28
8.82 J
6.29
(v)
10.36 m s1, 25.9 m
7.1
4 m s1
7.2
H Cl
7.3
1.24
v t
7.6
7.8
lz = xpy ypx, lx = yp z zpy , ly = zpx xpz

72 cm
7.9
3675 N,
5145 N
(a) (7/5) MR2 (b) (3/2) MR2
7.10
7.11
7.12
t t
7.13
(a)
100
(b)
t t t t
= 3125 J
= 62.5 J s
2.5
t t P
234
7.14
7.15
25 s2 ; 10 m s2
36 kW
7.16
7.17
66.0 g
7.18
(a) ; (b) , (c)
7.19
4J
7.20
6.751012 rad s1
7.21
(a) 3.8 m (b) 3.0 s
7.22
7.23
(a) 59 rev/min, (b)
7.24
0.625 rad s1
7.25
(a)
R/6
(b)
7.29
= 0R
= 0R/2

v=
sin )
(!a
= (I 1 1 + I 2 2 )/(I1 + I2)
(c)
mg = ma
v = R
mgR = I
I%
1
mR 2
2
= 0.2
I = MR
t = R 0/3 k g
(c) 37
(b)
(a) 16.4 N (b)
R = 10 cm, 0 = 10 rad s1,
(a)
= 0R
gt, = o k mgR t/I
8.1
t = 0 R/2 k g
7.31
7.30
(a) B
(b)
= 98 N, NB = 245 N, NC = 147 N
7.28
8.2
(a)
(b)
8.3
0.63
8.5
3.54 10 8 years
8.6
(a)
8.7
(a)
235
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8.8
8.9
(b), (c)
8.10
8.11
(d)
P C
8.12
2.6 10 m
8.13
2.0 1030 kg
8.14
1.43 1012 m
8.15
28 N
8.16
125 N
8.17
8.18
31.7 km s1
8.19
5.9 109 J
8.20
2.6 106 m s1
8.21
8.22
0, 2.7 108 J kg1;

9.4 106 J kg1
8.23
=0
(c)
(e)
GM
R
8.0 106 m
= 2.3 1012 m s2, 2 R = 1.1 106 m s2;
8.24
8.25
3 1011 J
495 km
2000

Ncert Hindi Class 11 Physics Part 1

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1

(Indian Association for Cultivation of Science)

2.1 (a) d (b)

299, 792, 458

3600 = 2 rad, 10 =60

( $ ' % ' $ ' %

(1/299, 792, 458)

a = (a1 +a2 +a3+...+a n ) / n

a = (|a1 |+|a2 |+|a3 |+...+ |an |)/n

2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71s

2.63 s 2.62 s = 0.01 s

(2.62 0.11) s, 2.73 s 2.51 s

t = t2 t 1 = (50 0C0.5 0 C) (200C0.5 0 C)

1( Z/Z) = 1 ( A/A) (B/B) ( A/A)(B/B)

R = R1 + R2 = (100 3) ohm + (200 4) ohm

Z Z/Z = 4(A/A) +(1/3)

(B/B) + (C/C) + (3/2) (D/D)

Z/Z = p (A/A) + q (B/B) + r (C/C).

Z/Z = ( A/A) + (A/A) = 2 ( A/A)

100 ( g/g) = 100(L/L) + 2 100 (T/T)

(g/g) = ( L/L) + 2(T/T )

123 m = 12300 cm = 123000 mm

4.700 m = 470.0 cm = 0.004700 km = 4700 mm

2.0, 2.00 2.0000,

(1.28107 m), 107 m

436.32 g, 227.2 g 0.301 g

0.307 m 0.304 m = 0.003 m = 3 103 m

= 163.62 + 2.6 cm2

lb = 163.62 cm2 + 1.6%

= [L] [L] [L] = [L]3

(a) [M2 L3 T3]; (b) (d)

(a), (c) (e)

[M][L T2] [L] = [M][L2 T2]

qrst s r r qrst s tst

(a) 0.007 m (b) 2.64 10 24 kg (c) 0.2370 g cm-3

1%, 3%, 4%, 2%, P

(a) y = a sin 2 t/T

4.234 m, 1.005 m 2.01 cm

= 2.0 1030 kg;

OP + PO = +360 m + 360 m = +720 m

0.5 s, 0.1 s 0.01 s

x=a+bt2 a = 8.5 m, b = 2.5 m s2

3.9 (a), 3.9 (b)

0 = (20) + 2(10) (y y0)

y = 0 m, y0 = 25 m,v0 = 20 m s1, a = 10 m s2,

3.14(a), (b) (c)

= [xB (0) xA(0)] + ( vB vA)t

d = 21.0 cm g = 9.8 ms2

xBA (t) = x B(t) xA(t)

(a) v B = v A, v B vA= 0, (3.13)

vBA = [10(20)] m s1 = 30 m s1= v AB

vMA = v MvA = 18km h1

t = 0.3 s, 1.2 s, 1.2 s

x (t2 ) = x (t1) + v (t1)(t2 t1) + (1/2) a(t2 t1) 2

(vi) x (t2 ) x (t1) = t-

F(xi-1) F(xi) F(xi-1) N

1.0 m + 0.5 m + 1.0 m + 0.5 m =

4.1 (a) (b)

4.2 (a) A r B, (b)

4.5 (a) A B, B (b) A B R2

(a), (b) (c)

t 2, t3 , (t1 > t 2> t3 )

t1, (b) t2, (c) t3, (t1> t2>t3)