HBS UNIT 1 SUMMARY

By: Lyna Huynh

Skeletal System (1.1)

Functions:
The skeletal system provides support,
movement, protection, produce red blood
cells, stores calcium, and endocrine
regulation for the body.

Fun Facts!
The longest bone in our body is the femur.
The jointless bone in our body is the hyoid
bone in the throat.
The area of our body with the most bones is
the hands, fingers, and wrist where there are
54 bones.

Muscular System
Functions:
The muscular system responsible for the
movement of the human body. It's similar to
the skeletal system.

Fun Facts!
Made up 40% of the body's weight.
Using 200 muscles per step.
There are muscles in the root of your hair that
give you goosebumps.

Nervous System
Functions:
The nervous system consists of the brain,
spinal cord, sensory organs, and the rest of
the nerves connected to the body. Its function
is to control communication and the human
body.

Fun Facts!
There are 13,500,000 neurons in human
spinal cord.
Each brain cell can hold as much information
as an encyclopedia value, more or less.

Endocrine System
Functions:
The endocrine system made up of glands
that produce and secrete hormones. These
hormones help to developed metabolism
(chemical and processes of the body).

Fun Facts!
Dogs were once an important part of
endocrine research.
Plants produce hormones without the
endocrine system.
Diabetes was once diagnosed by tasting
urine.

Cardiovascular System
Functions:
The cardiovascular system consists of the
heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its
function is to transport nutrients, oxygen,
and hormones to cell and from cell
throughout the body. It get rid of
metabolic wastes.

Fun Facts!
Big bodies has slower heart rate.
The end of a relationship can really "break
your heart".
Human blood comes in different colors
(not blue).

Respiratory System
Functions:
The main function for respiratory
system is to supply oxygen to blood
cells in order for the blood to deliver
oxygen throughout the body. When
you breathe, you inhale oxygen, and
exhale carbon dioxide.

Fun Facts!
You lose a lot of water by breathing.
The lungs are the only organs that can
float on water.
Sneeze particles may not travel as fast
as people think.

Digestive System
Functions:
The function of digestive system is
digestion and absorption. Digestion
breaks down foods into small
molecules, which are then converted
into energy.

Fun Facts!
Your stomach doesn't do most of the
digestion
Flatulence gets its smell from bacteria
Stomach rumbling can happen at any
time, not just when you're hungry.

Immune System
Functions:
The function of the immune system
is to protect the body from foreign
bacteria that can affect the body.
They are known pathogens.

Fun Facts!
Diseases symptoms are sometimes
the result of your immune system
doing its job.
Your immune system may suffer
from lack of sleep.
Gut bacteria are they key to a

Lymphatic System
Functions:
The main function of the lymphatic
system is to collect and transport tissues
from the intercellular spaces in all
tissues of the body, it main role is to
returning the plasma proteins to the
bloodstreams.

Fun Facts!
Lymphatic system works together with
the immune system and the
cardiovascular system.
Includes 500-700 tiny organs scattered
throughout the body.

Urinary System
Functions:
To remove liquid waste from the blood,
also known as urine. It keeps a stable
balance of salts and other substances in
the blood, and produce erythropoietin.

Fun Facts!
A normal bladder does not leak.
When you need to go to pee, the nerve
cells signal the brain that you need to
go, and you will feel the urge to go to
pee.

Integumentary System
Functions:
The integumentary system includes the skin,
hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main
function is to act as a barrier to protect the
body from the outside world. Also, it also
works as to get rid of wastes, protection,
retain body fluids, and regulate body
temperature.

Fun Facts!
You have 7 layers of flat, tacked cells.
Every month, you have a new layer of skin.
Hair grows 1cm per month.

Reproductive System
Functions:
Male: to produce, maintain, and transport
sperm.
Female: the ovaries produce egg cells,
called ova.

Fun Facts!
The female's part has something to do with
tomatoes.
Some people are born with both uteruses.
During pregnancy, the uterus will expand
up to 500 times as normal size.

Universal Terms
Anterior: Situated toward the front of the body.
Deep: Away from the body surface; more
internal.
Directional Terms: Terms used to explain
where one body structure is in relation to
another.
Distal: Situated away from the point of
attachment.
Dorsal: Being located or near, on, or toward the
back or posterior part of the human body.
Identity: The distinguishing character or
personality of an individual.
Inferior: Situated below and closer to the feet
than another and especially another similar part
of an upright body especially of a human being.
Lateral: Of or relating to the side; especially of

Medial: Lying or extending in the middle;

especially of a body part.
Posterior: Situated at or toward the hind part of
the body.
Proximal: Situated next to or near the point of
attachment or origin or a central point.
Regional Terms: Anatomical terms that refer to
specific visible landmarks on the surface of the
body
Superficial: Of, relating to, or located near the
surface.
Superior: Situated toward the head and further
away from the feet than another and especially
another similar part of an upright body especially
of a human being.
System: A group of body organs or structures that
together perform one or more vital functions.
Ventral: Pertaining to the anterior or front side of
the body; opposite of dorsal.

Regional Terms
Front:

Back:

Connective Tissue (1.2)

Special connective tissues
Functions:
Protect internal organs.
Provides nutrients.

Cartilage:
Provide strength with flexibility

Contains tendons and ligaments to protect joints

and bones.

Cushions and bones absorbs when bones

meet.

2 kinds of connective tissues:

Bones:

Loose connective tissues:

Allow movement

Areolar connective tissues: cushions around organs.

Adipose connective tissues: stores nutrients.

Provide strength

Reticular connective tissues: support internal organs.

Protect bodys internal organs

Dense connective tissues:

Make red blood cells.

Dense regular connective tissues: contains tendons

and ligaments regularly packed with fibers and run in
one direction.
Dense irregular connective tissues: skin and organs
irregularly packed with fibers and they run in all

Blood:
Transport nutrients, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen around the body.
Immune responses.

Epithelial Tissue
Functions:
Protection for external parts (skin)
Absorbs (digestive system)
Filters (the kidney)
Secretes (form glands)

Classification of epithelial tissue:

By shape:
Squamous: flat.
Cuboidal: tall and wide.
Columnar: columned tall shape.
By cells arrangement:
Simple epithelium: singer layer of cells.
Stratified epithelium: stacked up tall
layers.

Characteristics:
Closely attached to each other to
form a barrier.
Has no blood vessels.
Have a lot of nerve cells.
Good at regenerating.

Nervous Tissue
Functions:
Conduct impulses to and
from body organs via
neutrons.
Elements of the nervous
tissue:
Brain.
Spinal Cord.
Nerves.

Muscle Tissue
Functions:
Support body movement.
Moves bloods, wastes, food through body
organs.
Responsible mechanical digestion.

Types of muscle tissues:

Smooth muscle: Responsible for pushing
things through organs.
Cardiac muscle: Synchronized
contractions during heart beats.
Skeletal muscle: Responsible for
movement.

20 Major Key Bones (1.2.2)

Cranium
Mandible
Clavical
Sternum
Humerus
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Ulna

Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Axial & Appendicular Skeletons

Parts of Vertebrae Column

The vertebrae column contains three
main part:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

Together they support the body to move

and do other things.
Nerves are located in the vertebrae
column and it's spread throughout the
body.
The sacral and coccyx both fused
together.

Sternum Parts
Manubrium:
Most superior part of the sternum.
Attaches from the first two ribs.

Body:
Longest part of the sternum.
Located from the second to the tenth
ribs.

Xiphoid Process:
Smallest part of the body.
Diaphragm is the attachment point.

Males and Females Comparisons

To determine whether if the
sex is a male or a female, we
can use the pelvis, skull,
femur and humerus.
The only difference between
the male and female's pelvis
is that the female has a more
rounded pelvis
The female's inlet is more
circular and wider.
The male's inlet is more
narrower.

Forensic Anthropology
What is Forensic Anthropology?
Forensic anthropology is the study of human
bones to determine information about the
cause of death or a disease that happen to that
person and tell whether if a crime was
committed.
To determine the sex of a person, we used the
pelvis, skull, femur, humerus.
To determine the race of a person, we used the
skull and femur.
To determine the height of a person, we used
the femur and humerus.
To determine the age of a person, we used the
pelvis.

What is DNA? (1.3)

What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached
to a sugar phosphate backbone.

What is the function of DNA?

DNA is a nucleic acid that contains genetic
information for the development and function of
living organisms. Bacteria and living things has
DNA. The main role of DNA in a cell is the longterm storage of information.

How does DNA differ from person to person?

Each person has different sequence of base pairs, and
they are formed differently.

What role does DNA play in our identity?

DNA gives each of us our unique looks, such as
facial shapes. Because of their own special sequence
of bases which determine the shape and proteins.

DNA Structure
DNA is a long thin molecule made up
of nucleotides, there are 4 different
types of nucleotides: adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine (C), and
guanine (G).
DNA has a double helix shape. On the
outside of the double helix, is the
backbone that holds the DNA
together.
There is two sets of backbones that
hold the DNA together, which forms
the base pairing, A fits with T, and C
fits with G.

Restriction Enzymes
What is restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes (or restriction
endonuclease), is an enzyme that cuts
DNA at a specific site of nucleotide,
they are called restriction sites.
There are three types of restriction
enzymes, type I, type III, and type IV.
When digesting DNA with only one
enzyme, there is a possibility that two
unrelated individuals may show
similarities in their DNA fingerprint gel.

RFLPs
What is RFLPs?
A method used by molecular
biologists to follow a
particular sequence of DNA as
it is passed on to other cells.

Gel Electrophoresis
A method for separating and
analysis of macromolecules
(DNA, RNA, and protein.)
and their fragments, based on
their size and charge.

DNA Fingerprint
DNA fingerprint is a test to
identify and evaluate the genetic
information.
The procedure of DNA
fingerprinting is consists of sample
of cells, such as skin, hair, or blood
cells, which contains DNA.
Scientists isolate and identify
variable elements within the base
pairs sequence of DNA.

How technology verifies your identity using

biometrics? (1.3.3)
Biometrics is a technology that
measure and analyze human
body characteristics, such as
DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas
and irises, voice patterns,
facial patterns, and hand
measurements.

Sources
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometri
cs
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dna-fingerprinti
ng
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropology
http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa122807a.htm
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/e
pithelial.htm
http://www.innerbody.com/