Professional Documents
Culture Documents
La m
Gii (regnum):
(khng phn hng):
(khng phn hng)
(khng phn hng)
B (ordo):
H (familia):
Phn h (subfamilia):
Tng (tribus):
Chi (genus):
Plantae
Angiospermae
Monocots
Commelinids
Poales
Poaceae
Pooideae
Triticeae
Triticum
L.
Cc loi
T. aestivum
T. aethiopicum
T. araraticum
T. boeoticum
T. carthlicum
T. compactum
T. dicoccoides
T. dicoccon
T. durum
T. ispahanicum
T. karamyschevii
T. macha
T. militinae
T. monococcum
T. polonicum
T. spelta
T. sphaerococcum
T. timopheevii
T. turanicum
T. turgidum
T. urartu
T. vavilovii
T. zhukovskyi
Tham kho:
ITIS 42236 2002-09-22
La m
La m
La m hay tiu mch (Triticum spp.)[1] l mt nhm cc loi c thun dng t khu
vc Levant v c gieo trng rng khp th gii. V tng th, la m l thc phm quan
trng cho loi ngi, sn lng ca n ch ng sau ng v la go trong s cc loi cy
lng thc[2]. Ht la m l mt loi lng thc chung c s dng lm bt m trong
sn xut cc loi bnh m; m si, bnh, ko v.v[3] cng nh c ln men sn xut
bia[4] ru[5] hay nhin liu sinh hc[6]. La m cng c gie trng quy m hn hp lm
Mc lc
[n]
1 Lch s
2 Di truyn
3 Ging cy trng
4 V bao v t do khi p
5 Tn gi
o 5.1 Cc loi la m chnh c gieo trng
6 Kinh t
7 Thng k
8 Nng hc
9 Lng thc-thc phm
10 Dinh dng
11 Xem thm
12 Tham kho
13 Lin kt ngoi
14 Ghi ch
[sa] Lch s
La m c ngun gc t Ty Nam trong khu vc c bit di tn gi Li lim Mu
m (khu vc Trung ng ngy nay). Cc mi quan h di truyn gia la m einkorn v
la m emmer ch ra rng khu vc thun dng la m rt c th l nm gn Diyarbakr
Th Nh K [9]. Cc loi la m hoang di ny c thun dng nh l mt phn ca
ngun gc nng nghip ti khu vc Li lim Mu m ny. Vic trng trt v thu hoch
cng nh gieo ht lp i lp li cc loi c hoang di ny dn ti s thun dng la
m thng qua chn lc v cc dng t bin vi tai thc dai, cn nguyn vn khi thu
hoch, ht ln, v xu hng cc bng con cn nm li trn thn cy cho n khi thu
hoch [10]. Do mt i c ch pht tn ht nn la m thun dng ch cn kh nng hn
ch trong vic nhn ging mt cch hoang d.[11]
Vic trng trt la m bt u lan rng ra ngoi khu vc Li lim Mu m trong thi
i mi. Vo khong nm 3000 TCN, la m xut hin ti Ethiopia, n ,
Ireland v Ty Ban Nha. Khong 1 thin nin k sau n ti Trung Quc[11]. Khong nm
1000 TCN vic trng trt nng nghip vi s dng sc nga, tru, b cy ba lm gia
tng sn lng la m, ging nh vic s dng cc my gieo ht thay th cho vic gieo
ht bng cch ri ht trong th k 18. Sn lng la m tip tc tng ln, do cc vng t
mi c a vo khai thc, cng nh do k thut canh tc ca ngh nng tip tc c
ci tin vi vic s dng cc loi phn bn, my gt, my p la (my gt p), cc loi
my cy t, my xi t, my trng cy dng sc ko ca my ko, cng tc thy li v
[sa] Di truyn
Di truyn ca la m l phc tp hn so vi phn ln cc loi thc vt thun dng
khc. Mt s loi la m l dng lng bi, vi 2 b nhim sc th, nhng nhiu loi l
cc dng a bi n nh, vi 4 hay 6 b nhim sc th (t bi hay lc bi).[13]
[sa] Tn gi
Bi chi tit: Phn loi la m
C nhiu h thng phn loi thc vt c s dng cho cc loi la m. Tn gi ca cc
loi la m trong cc h thng ny i khi khng ng nht. Trong phm vi mt loi, cc
ging cy trng ca la m li c nhng ngi gy ging hoc nng dn phn loi tip
theo ma pht trin ca chng, chng hn nh la m ma ng hay la m ma xun[8],
theo hm lng gluten, chng hn la m cng (nhiu protein) v la m mm (nhiu tinh
bt), hay theo mu ca ht (, trng, h phch).
[sa] Kinh t
Bao la m
Ht la m v
La m trong thng mi c phn loi theo cc tnh cht ca ht i vi cc mc ch
ca cc th trng hng ha. Cc nh bun la m s dng phn loi ny xc nh l
h cn mua bn loi la m no do mi loi u c cc cng dng ring. Cn cc nh sn
xut cng dng h thng phn loi ny xc nh h cn sn xut loi la m no em
li nhiu li nhun nht.
La m c gieo trng rng ri nh l mt loi cy trng thu hoa li do n c sn lng
ln trn mi n v din tch, pht trin tt trong khu vc c kh hu n i ngay c khi
ma v l tng i ngn, vi bt m c cht lng cao v a dng, c s dng rng
ri trong sn xut bnh m. Phn ln cc dng bnh m c lm t bt m, bao gm c
nhiu loi bnh c gi theo tn ca cc loi ng cc khc c trong cc loi bnh ,
nh hc mch v yn mch. S ph bin ca thc phm lm t bt m to ra nhu cu ln
v ht, thm ch ngay c trong cc nn kinh t vi thng d thc phm ng k.
[sa] Thng k
Cc nh sn xut hng u nm 2005
(triu tn)
Trung Quc
96
72
Hoa K
57
Nga
46
Php
37
Canada
26
24
24
Pakistan
22
Th Nh K
21
Ton th gii
[sa] Nng hc
626
Ngun:
FAO (FAO)[21]
Bonjean A.P., W.J. Angus (ch bin). The World Wheat Book: a history of wheat
breeding. Lavoisier Publ., Paris. 1.131 trang (2001). ISBN 2-7430-0402-9.
Ears of plenty: The story of wheat, The Economist, 24-12-2005, trang 28-30
S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, J. Heller (ch bin) (1996). Hulled wheats, International
Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Roma, Italia.
Garnsey Peter, Grain for Rome, trong Garnsey P., Hopkins K., Whittaker C. R.
(ch bin), Trade in the Ancient Economy, Chatto & Windus, London 1983
Jasny Naum, The daily bread of ancient Greeks and Romans, Ex Officina Templi,
Brugis 1950
Jasny Naum, The Wheats of Classical Antiquity, J. Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1944
Heiser Charles B., Seed to civilisation. The story of food, Nh in i hc Harvard,
Harvard Mass. 1990
Harlan Jack R., Crops and man, Hip hi Nng hc Hoa K, Madison 1975
Saltini Antonio, I semi della civilt. Grano, riso e mais nella storia delle societ
umane, Prefazione di Luigi Bernab Brea, Avenue Media, Bologna 1996
Sauer Jonathan D., Geography of Crop Plants. A Select Roster, CRC Press, Boca
Raton
[sa] Ghi ch