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FORCES OF ATTRACTION
Intramolecular Forces
Intramolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bond
Ion-Dipole
Ion-induced Dipole
Dipole-dipole
Dipole-induced dipole
Hydrogen Bond
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Ion-Induced Dipole
atoms = MW = Mass
Constitutive
Colligative
TYPES OF PROPERTIES
Intensive
Extensive
STATES OF MATTER
The Gaseous State
Gas Laws
Boyles Law
o relates volume and pressure
o constant temperature
o PV = k
nearly incompressible
Crystalline Solids
definite shape
Polymorphism
form 22C
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Amorphous Solids
log
Types of Polymorphism
o Enantiotropic reversible
o Monotropic unidirectional transition
Freezing Point
P1 Hv (T2 -T1 )
=
P2 2.303 RT1 T2
Smectic
o Soaplike or greaselike
o molecules are mobile in 2 directions
o rotates in 1 axis
Nematic
o
o
o
o
threadlike
molecules are mobile in 3 directions
rotates in 1 axis
Cholesteric special type of nematic
Supercritical Fluids
THERMODYNAMICS
Types of Systems
formed from the gaseous state where the gas is held under a
combination of temperatures and pressures that exceed the
critical point of a substance
Entropy
=+
F = no. of degrees of freedom
C = no. chemical components
P = no. of phases
X = variable dependent upod considerations of the phase diagram
CONDENSED SYSTEMS
Tie line
o
o
Sedimentation
line from which a system seperates into phases of
constant composition
approximates proportion of components in a
particular temperature
Conjugate Phases
o phases of constant composition that separate when
a mixture is prepared within the boundary of the 2phase system
Eutectic Point
o minimum temp. where both exist in liquid form
o point where solid A, solid B & the liquid phase coexist
Andreasen apparatus
Coulter Counter
HIAC/Royco
Gelman Counter
Derived Properties
Porosity of Voids
Density
Ternary system
Bulk Density
o mass of powder divided by the bulk volume
o USP Method 1 Graduated Cylinder
o USP Method 2 Scott Volumeter
o USP Method 3 Vessel
MICROMERITICS
Fundamental properties
o defined individually
o Ex. particle size & shape, particle size distribution,
surface area
Flow Properties
Derived properties
o computed
o dependent on fundamental properties
o Ex. Porosity, Density, Flow properties, Packing
arrangement
Angle of Response
o maximum angle possible between the surface of a
pile of power and the horizontal plane
h = height of cone
r = radius of base cone
o
Tapped Density
o measured using a tapped density tester by repeated
tapping until a consistent tapped volume is achieved
microscope
LIQUIDS
not compressible
Sieving
use of sieves
molecular dispersions
Electrolytes
Hypertonic Solutions
electrical conductance
5% NaCl solution
Strong Electrolytes
o completely ionized in solution
o NaCl, HCl, H2SO4
Hypotonic Solutions
Weak Electrolytes
o partial ionization
o CH3COOH and most drugs
Non-Electrolytes
no electrical conductance
distilled water
Class I Methods
o NaCl or some other subtance is added to the
solution of the drug to make it isotonic
Class II Methods
o water is added to the drug isotonic solutions
Base
Liberates OH in aq.
soln
Proton acceptor
Electron donor
Classification of Solvents
Osmotic Pressure
Bronsted-Lowry
Lewis
Acid
Liberates H3O in aq.
soln
Proton donor
Electron acceptor
Tonicity of Solutions
Isotonic Solutions
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Interface Tension
o force per unit length excisting at the interface
between 2 immiscible liquids
Wetting Phenomenon
Buffer Capacity
Surface Tension
o
force that pulls molecules of the interface together
& contracts the surface
[]
[]
Buffers
contact angle that a droplet of the liquid makes with the solid
surface at the point of contact
Solubility
Anionic
Cationic
Intrinsic Solubility
Apparent Solubility
Kinetic Solubility
Thermodynamic Solubility
Amphoteric
Non-Ionic
Temperature
Addition of Salt
Complex Formation
Salt Formation
Amorphous Form
HLB Values
1-3
Descriptive Term
Very soluble
Freely Soluble
Soluble
Sparingly Soluble
Slightly Soluble
<1
1-10
10-30
30-100
100-1000
Description
Examples
3-6
7-9
8-18
13-16
Detergents
15-20
Solubilizing
Benzalkonium chloride
Polypeptides, Proteins
Alkyl bentanes
Lecithin, Cephalins
Fatty alcohols (lauryl,
cetyl, stearyl)
Steroid alcohols
Glyceril esters
Examples
Mineral Oil
Fatty Alcohol
Wax
Span 80
Lanolin
Brij 30
Docusate sodium
Twean 20
Cremophor A25
Alkyl Benzenes
Sulfonates
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Interfacial Phenomenon
COARSE DISPERSION
COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS
Lyophillic
Emulsion
Suspensions
Solvent loving
thermodynamically stable
Association
Ampiphillic
Suspension
Lyophobic
solvent hating
Properties of Colloids
Kinetic Properties
Optical Property
Faraday Effect
Electrokinetic Effect
RHEOLOGY
Viscosity
Units of Measurement
Measurement of Viscosity
Dilatant Flow
Time = Viscosity
Ex. Ostwald & Ubbelohde viscometers
Follows Poiseulles Law :
!
8
r = radius of capillary
t = time to flow
P = pressure in dyne/cm2
l = length of capillary
v = volume of liquid flowing
Rotational Viscometers
o makes use of a bob or spindle w/c is immersed in the
in the liquid whose viscosity is to be determined
o Rotating Bob Brookfeil, Rotovisco, Stormer
o Rotating Cup MacMichael
Temperature
o
Shear Rate
Time
Concentration of Solution
Newtonian Systems
Non-Newtonian Systems
Plastic Flow
bingham bodies
curve does not pass through the origin but rather intersects
the shearing stress axis at a particular point (yield value)
Thixotropy
Rheopexy
Antithixotropy
GASES
easily compressible
Gas Laws
Gas Law
Equation
Constant
Variable
Boyles Law
! ! = ! !
Temperature
Gay-Lussacs Law
Volume
! !
=
! !
Charles Law
Pressure
! !
=
! !
! ! ! !
=
!
!
Pseudoplastic Flow
no yeild value
Avogadros Principle
o
o
o
no molecular interactions
elastic collisions
no exchange of energy
Photodegredation
PV = nRT
!
)( ) =
!
Grahams Law
Reaction Rates
Influenced by:
o Concentration
o Temperature
o Change in pH
o Presence of additives
o Presence of solvents
o Radiation
o Catalytic Agents or Enzymes
Order of Reactions
Zero Order
Ex. suspension
Raoults Law
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Henrys Law
It is concerned with :
o Physical Properties
First Order
Second Order
uncommon
Order
Integrated
Rate Law
Half Life
Unit of K
Zero Order
First Order
Second Order
!/! =
!/! =
0.683
1
1
=
+
[]
!/! =
!! !!