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NGUYN NHN, HU QU
V QUN L TN THT

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.1 MT S NH NGHA

Cn
cu

Mi
nguy

Chu
ri ro

Tnh
hung
gy tai
nn

Tai nn

May qu
sut cht !

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.1 MT S NH NGHA

Tnh hung gy tai nn (accidental event)

Mt s kin khng mong mun c th dn n cht ngi, b
thng, h hi mi trng, ti sn
c trng:
Sai lch nghim trng u tin ra khi tnh trng bnh
thng.
im khi u khi phn tch ri ro

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.1 MT S NH NGHA
Tai nn (incident/accident)
Tnh hung bt ng, khng mong mun dn n cht ngi, b
thng, h hi mi trng, ti sn.
c trng:
Khng bit chnh xc khi no xy ra
Do mt tnh hung ngu nhin hay hot ng c ch .
Khng lin tc, khng ko di
Incident (s c, bt ng)v accident (tai nn, hu qu).
Ting Vit:
Tai nn: c thng vong
S c: Khng c thng vong

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.1 MT S NH NGHA

Tai nn cn k (Near accident, near miss)

Tnh hung bt ng, trong mt iu kin hon cnh khc mt
cht c th dn n cht ngi, b thng, h hi mi
trng, ti sn, tuy nhin trn thc t khng dn n thit
hi g.

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.1 MT S NH NGHA

Kim sot thit hi

Bao gm ngn nga tai nn xy ra v gim thiu thit hi mt
khi tai nn xy ra.

S c ri ni nu
thp ti Nh my
Thp Pomina 3
- 4 ngi b thng
nng

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2 NGUYN NHN

Mi
nguy

Tnh
hung
gy tai
nn

Sai lch

Tai nn

Hu
qu

Xc nh nguyn nhn: Quan trng hng u

Khi xy ra tai nn:
Thng bt li nhn vin
Nhn vin c gng giu gim
(khng bit nguyn nhn thc s, sa cha sai st trong h thng qun
l

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

Thuyt Domino ca Heinrich (1931)

Kiu m hnh chui tuyn tnh n gin
Chui cc s kin lun xut hin theo mt trt t c nh,
hp l
Cn loi b mt trong nm yu t trn lm gin on
hiu ng dy chuyn
Hnh vi khng an ton v cc mi nguy c hc, vt l l
yu t trung tm.

Mi
trng x
hi/Gia
nh

Li con
ngi

Hnh vi
khng AT,
mi nguy
c hc,
vt l

Tai nn

Thng
vong

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

75.000 tai nn lao ng

88%

10%

2%

Hnh vi khng
Hon cnh
Bt kh khng
an ton
khng an ton

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

M hnh nguyn nhn tn tht ca Bird v Gemain (1985)

Pht trin t m hnh domino ca Heinrich
Thiu kim
sot

Nguyn nhn
c bn

Nguyn nhn
trc tip

1) Cc yu t
con ngi

1) Cc hnh
vi di
chun

1)Chng trnh
khng y
2)Cc tiu
chun ca
chng trnh
khng y
3)Khng tun
th cc tiu
chun

2) Cc yu t
cng vic

2) Cc iu
kin di
chun

Tai nn

1) Tng
tc vi
nng
lng

2) Tng
tc vi
vt cht

Tn tht

1) Con
ngi
2) Ti sn
3) Qu trnh

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

M hnh nguyn nhn tn tht ca Bird v Gemain (1985)

Kim sot
L mt trong 4 chc nng c bn ca qun l (hoch nh, t chc,
lnh o v kim sot).
Tun th theo tiu chun.
Nguyn nhn ca s thiu kim sot:
H thng khng ph hp (t hot ng, hot ng khng ng)
Tiu chun khng ph hp (Khng , khng r rng chun xc,
khng cao gy nhm ln, khng t)
Khng tun th tiu chun (C thc hoc v thc)

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

M hnh nguyn nhn tn tht ca Bird v Gemain (1985)

Nguyn nhn c bn (gc)
L nguyn nhn su xa, nm sau cc triu chng, l do
ny sinh ra cc hnh vi di chun v iu kin di
chun (l gii v sao c hnh vi di chun, iu kin di
chun).
tm nguyn nhn gc:
V sao hnh vi di chun xy ra ?
V sao iu kin di chun li tn ti ?
V sao h thng kim sot li b qua cc hnh vi v
iu kin ?

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

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Nguyn nhn trc tip

Tnh hung c trc ngay trc tai nn
L hnh vi khng an ton, iu kin khng an ton.
Tai nn
L mt tnh hung con ngi, i tng (thit b, nh
xng) tip xc, nhn ngun nng lng hay vt cht vt
qu ngng chu ng.
Thit hi
lL hu qu ca tai nn, bao gm thng tn, h hi cho
ngi, ti sn, mi trng

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

M hnh h hi ca Viner (1991)

C ch khng ch mi nguy: Cng trnh, ro chn, cc th
tc, qu trnh.
C ch tip xc: Phng thc hin thc ha mi nguy
(vp ng, ng phi, rt t trn cao, xe cn, in git,
chy)
Bao phi nhim: iu kin hin thc ha nguy c
Phi kim sot c c 3 vn trn
C ch khng ch
ri ro

Mi
nguy

Bao phi nhim

C ch tip xc

Ngi,
vt

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.2.1 Cc m hnh nguyn nhn

M hnh Cc ming pho mt Thy S (Swiss Cheese Model) ca Reason

(2008)
C nhiu lp bo v khc nhau.
Mi lp bo v d hon thin vn tn ti cc li (l chm trn ming pho
mt).
Li ch ng (active) v li ngm (latent)
Tnh hung khin cc li ny ng thi xut hin, tai nn s xy ra.
Pht hin li ngm l nhim v quan trng hng u
T chc

Li tim n
Gim st

Li tim n
iu kin cho hnh vi
khng an ton

Li tim n

Hnh vi khng an ton

Li ch ng

Cc lp bo v b
li hay thiu
Tai nn

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.3 TN THT

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4.3.1 Phn loi tn tht

Vic phn loi, mc nghim trng ty thuc vo quan
im, chnh sch ca mi nc, mi cng ty.
Tn thng cho ngi
Sc khe: Xy st nh khng ng k, tn thng nng, tn
thng b phn, mt b phn c th, tn thng ton c th,
c th phc hi, khng th phc hi, tn thng tm l, mt
kh nng iu chnh hnh vi v t vong.
Kh nng lao ng: khng phi ngh lm, cn ngh lm
dng thng, c th phc hi kh nng lao ng, mt kh
nng lao ng vnh vin.

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.3 TN THT
C cc mc tn thng:
Khng ng k: Khng cn iu tr thuc men
Nh: Phi iu tr y t nhng c th phc hi, khng gy thng tt
Trung bnh: Gy thng tt (<30%) cho 1 ngi hoc nhiu hn.
Kh nghim trng: Cht 1 ngi v/hoc gy thng tt (>30%) cho 1
ngi hoc nhiu hn.
Nghim trng: Nhiu ngi cht v gy thng tt cho hn 50 ngi.
Rt nghim trng: > 50 ngi cht hay gy thng tt rt nghim trng
cho > 500 ngi.
Thm ha: > 500 ngi cht hay gy thng tt rt nghim trng cho >
5000 ngi.

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.3 TN THT

H hi ti sn
Ti sn bao gm nh xng, t liu cng c sn xut
C cc mc h hi ti sn sau:
Khng ng k: <10.000 US$
Nh: 10.000-100.000 US$
Trung bnh: 100.000 1 tr. US$
Kh nghim trng: 1 10 tr. US$
Nghim trng: 10 tr 100 tr. US$
Rt nghim trng: 100 tr. 1 t US$
Thm ha: > 1 t US$.

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.3 TN THT

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H hi mi trng
Cc mc :
Khng ng k
Nh: Ch nh hng ph n mi trng vt l v sinh hc
Trung bnh: nh hng ngn hn nhng khng lm thay i chc nng
h sinh thi.
Kh nghim trng: nh hng thi hn trung bnh, nhng chc nng h
sinh thi vn c th phc hi
Nghim trng: nh hng di hn, chc nng h sinh thi khng th
phc hi
Rt nghim trng: nh hng di hn, chc nng h sinh thi khng
th phc hi nhng khu vc c nhng h sinh thi, nhng loi, ni c
tr c gi tr cao.
Thm ha: Hy dit ton b cc h sinh thi, mi trng (sinh hc, vt
l), khng th phc hi nhng khu vc c nhng h sinh thi, nhng
loi, ni c tr c gi tr cao.

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.3 TN THT
Tn hi uy tn, thng hiu v t cch lut php
Loi ti sn v hnh.
C cc mc h hi ti sn v hnh nh sau:

Khng ng k: Ch c cc phn nn khiu ni trong mt khu vc a phng hn ch,

lin quan ti cc vn bn lut cp thp.

Nh: B ch , phn nn trn cc phng tin truyn thng a phng

Trung bnh: B ch trn cc phng tin truyn thng hay c nhng va chm vi cng
ng a phng, b cc t chc phi chnh ph ch trch, c sai phm lut php, b cc nh
chc trch iu tra v b pht mc trung bnh.

Kh nghim trng: Xut hin vi hnh nh xu trn phng tin truyn thng quc gia, b
cc t chc phi chnh ph ch .

Nghim trng: B a tin trn cc phng tin truyn thng quc t, b khi t, b pht,
kin tng.

Rt nghim trng: B ch trch trn cc phng tin truyn thng quc t, b pht nng, b
nhiu ngi khi kin.

Thm ha: B ch trch ko di lin min trn phng tin truyn thng quc t, b kin
tng tranh chp vi nhiu ngi, nhng ngi thc hin ca cng ty c kh nng b i t,
n v b thu hi giy php hot ng.

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.3 TN THT
4.3.2 Mt s nghin cu ln v tn tht

Nghin cu ca Bird (1969)

Phn tch 1.753.489 v tai nn do 297
cng ty hp tc cung cp.
Mc thit hi t nghim trng n
khng ng k c th hin t l
1:10:30:600
S v tn tht v ti sn cao gp 30
ln v gy tn thng nghim trng.
Nn da vo s lng v ph bin
xy ra kim sot hn l da vo
mc tn thng.

1 v
tn
thng
nghim
trng
10 v gy
tn thng
nh
30 v gy
thit hi v
ti sn

600 v vi thng tn v
thit hi ti sn khng ng
k

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.3 TN THT
4.3.2 Mt s nghin cu ln v tn tht
Nghin cu chi ph cho tai nn lao ng
ca Anh (1993)
Nghin cu ny do t chc HSE thc hin
5 khu vc cng nghip c tnh cht khc
nhau Anh, cng b nm 1993.
Cc kt lun ng ch ca nghin cu ny:
Chi ph cho tai nn khc nhau cc t
chc khc nhau
Mc d t l cc v theo mc nghim
trng khc nhau, nhng nguyn nhn c
bn u ging nhau.
8% s v c tim nng li nhng hu
qu nghim trng nh trm cm, bt
hnh, ti pht
Ch tp trung ngn nga tai nn gy tn
thng cho ngi l cha m cn phi
c cc chng trnh ngn nga ton din
cc loi tn tht.

1 v
gy tn
thng
cn iu
tr hn 3
ngy
7 v gy
tn thng nh ch
cn s cu

189 v khng gy thng

tn

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.3 TN THT
4.3.2 Mt s nghin cu ln v tn tht
Nghin cu chi ph cho tai nn lao ng ca
Anh (1993)
Chi ph c chi tr
do bo him gm:
Tn thng
Sc khe gim st
Tn tht

Chi ph ngoi bo him

Tn tht sn phm, vt t
Tn tht my mc v cng s
Chi ph iu tra php l
Dch v cp cu
Dn dp im xy ra tai nn
Sn xut ngng tr
Lao ng ngoi gi
Thi gian iu tra
Thi gian qun l
Thi gian nhn vin vn
phng
Cu ha
Mt chuyn gia
Rt kinh nghim

Bo him

8 - 36

Ngoi bo him

Chi ph ngoi bo him cao gp 8-36 ln chi ph bo him, do vy nh gi thit hi

ch cn c vo mc bi thng do bo him l khng y

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.1 Kim sot tn tht theo qui tc ISMEC ca DNV
(ISMEC l ch ci u ca Identify, Standard, Measure, Evaluate v Correct)

Nhn dng cc hot ng cn kim sot an ton ring (Identify the

specific safety activities)
Xy dng cc hot ng cn kim sot (Lnh o v qun l, o to kinh
nghim lnh o, thanh tra kim tra theo k hoch, iu tra tai nn s c,
phn tch tai nn s c, trang b bo v c nhn).
u tin, chn vic cp thit lm trc, trnh qu sc.
Trong qu trnh nhn dng, phi thc hin theo nguyn tc:
Gn vi h thng hin hnh
Mt s t quan trng (80% hu qu ch do 20% cc nguyn nhn gy ra)
Thay i c gii hn (Ngi ta d chp nhn nu s lng thay i c
gii hn)

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.1 Kim sot tn tht theo qui tc ISMEC ca DNV
(ISMEC l ch ci u ca Identify, Standard, Measure, Evaluate v Correct)

Xy dng cc tiu chun (Standards for the activities)

Cc tiu chun s c dng i chiu, nh gi t hay cha t cc
cng vic c thc hin do vy cn y , r rng, c th, trong
phi nu c:
Ai s tin hnh cng vic
Lm ci g
Khi no
Bao nhiu lu

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.1 Kim sot tn tht theo qui tc ISMEC ca DNV
(ISMEC l ch ci u ca Identify, Standard, Measure, Evaluate v Correct)

o lng s tun th cc tiu chun (Measure compliance to the

standards)
Nhm nh gi cc hot ng thc t theo qui nh ca tiu chun (v d tiu
chun qui nh cng vic thanh tra thc hin 2 thng mt ln, trn thc t thc
hin mi qu mt ln).

nh gi sai lch v hiu qu (Evaluate deviation and effectiveness)

Cc hot ng thc t c nh gi mc sai lch so vi tiu chun
v hiu qu trong qun l tn tht khi p dng tiu chun.
Sa cha sai lch v/hay sot xt li tiu chun (Correct deviation and/or
revise standard)
Cc sai lch cn phi c bin php sa cha khng lp li. Trng
hp tiu chun bt hp l, khng ph hp vi thc t cng phi sot xt
v chnh sa.

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

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4.4 QUN L TN THT

4.4.2 Qun l theo 3 giai on
Thiu kim sot
1) Chng trnh
khng y
2) Cc tiu chun
ca chng trnh
khng y
3) Khng tun th
cc tiu chun

Nguyn nhn c
bn

1) Cc yu t
con ngi
2) Cc yu t
cng vic

Trc tai nn (quan trng nht)

Trong tai nn v
Sau tai nn

Nguyn nhn
trc tip
1) Cc hnh vi
di chun
2) Cc iu
kin di
chun

Tai nn

Tn tht

1) Tng tc
vi nng
lng

1) Con ngi

2) Tng tc
vi vt cht

3) Qu trnh

2) Ti sn

4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.2 Qun l theo 3 giai on

Qun l trc tai nn

Thc hin cc cng vic nhm ngn nga tai nn xy ra
An ton trong giai on thit k
Thc hnh tt cc chng trnh kim sot tn tht
Xc nh cc nhim v trng yu v lp k hoch thc hin
Thng tin kp thi, rng ri
Khen thng, nu gng

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.2 Qun l theo 3 giai on
Qun l trong tai nn
C th thc hin cc bin php gim thiu:
Thay th cc ngun nng lng, vt cht t nguy him hn (in thp p, cht
khng gy chy, ha cht t c hi)

Gim nng lng tiu th v pht tn (nhit thp, tc chm, gim sc)
Ro chn cn tip xc (thit b bo h, kem bi da, tng chn la, tm ngn
phng x, lc khng kh)
iu chnh b mt tip xc (Lm trn cc cnh sc nhn, bo nhn mt th rp,
chng trn trt, di di mnh v)
Tng cng sc khe con ngi, s bn vng ca cng trnh thit b (khm sc
khe, ch n, ngh, vaccin phng nga, gia c nh xng, lp t cc b
phn che chn, chng )

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4. NGUYN NHN, HU QU V QUN L TN THT

4.4 QUN L TN THT
4.4.2 Qun l theo 3 giai on
Qun l sau tai nn
Thc hin cc bin php gim thiu thit hi
Thc hin k hoch ng cu khn cp
S cu, chm sc y t

Kim tra chy n trnh ly lan

Sa cha h hng
Thu dn hin trng
Kim sot bo him, bi thng
Chm sc phc hi sc khe ngi b nn.

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