Name: ______________________________________________

Chapter 23: An Era of Social Change

MAIN IDEA: Latinos, Native Americans, and women seek equality in American society. The ideals and
lifestyles of the counterculture challenge the values and priorities of mainstream society.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Why did social protests and calls for change sweep across the United States
in the 1960s?
Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
MAIN IDEA: Latinos and Native Americans confront injustices in the 1960s.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW: Campaigns for civil rights and economic justice won better representation
and opportunity for Latinos and Native Americans.
1. The Latino Presence Grows
Latinos of Varied Origins
- 1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million
- Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in Southwest, California
- 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in U.S., mostly in NYC
- Cubans flee communism, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ
- Central Americans, Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty
- Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing
Name two groups that make up the Latino community.
2. Latinos Fight for Change
The Farm Worker Movement
- Csar Chvez helps form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
- 1965 grape growers do not recognize union; Chvez sets up boycott
- 1970 co-founder Dolores Huerta negotiates contract
Cultural Pride
- Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools
- 1968 Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural programs
- Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools
Political Power
- Latinos organize, help elect Latino candidates from major parties
- League of United Latin American Citizens works for rights since 1929
- La Raza Unida works on independent, Latino political movement
1. runs Latino candidates, wins in local races
- Reies Tijerina confronts government over farmers rights in NM
Name two organizations that fought to promote the cause of Latinos.
3. Native Americans Struggle for Equality
Native Americans Seek Greater Autonomy
- Many Native Americans cling to their culture, refuse assimilation
- Native Americans poorest group, most unemployment, health problems
- Termination policy relocates, does not solve problems
- Native Americans call for economic opportunities on reservations
- 1968 LBJ establishes National Council on Indian Opportunity
Voices of Protest
- American Indian Movement (AIM)Native American rights organization
Confronting the Government
- 1972 AIM leads march in D.C.; protest treaty violations, seek:
1. restoration of land
2. end of Bureau of Indian Affairs; occupy it, destroy property
- 1973 AIM, Sioux seize Wounded Knee; violent confrontation with FBI
Native American Victories
- 1970s laws give tribes more control over own affairs, education
- 1970s80s courts recognize tribal lands, give financial compensation
What were some of the problems faced by Native Americans AND Latinos during this
period?

Section 2: Women Fight for Equality

MAIN IDEA: Through protests and marches, women confront social and economic barriers in
American society.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW: The rise of the womens movement during the 1960s advanced womens
place in the work force and in society.
1. A New Womens Movement Arises
a. Women in the Workplace
i. Women shut out of jobs considered mens work
ii. Jobs available to women pay poorly
iii. JFKs Presidential Commission on the Status of Women finds:
1. women paid far less than men for doing same job
2. women seldom promoted to management positions
b. Women and Activism
i. In civil rights, antiwar movements men discriminate against women
ii. Consciousness-raising groups show women pattern of sexism in society
c. The Womens Movement Emerges
i. Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique shows womens dissatisfaction
1. bestseller, helps galvanize women across country
ii. Feminismeconomic, political, social equality for men, women
Name two factors that helped launch the womens movement.
2. The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses
a. The Creation of NOW
i. Civil rights laws, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission help women
ii. 1966 National Organization for Women (NOW) founded
iii. Presses for day-care centers, more vigorous enforcement by EEOC
b. A Diverse Movement
i. Militant groups like NY Radical Women stage demonstrations
ii. Gloria Steinem helps found National Womens Political Caucus, Ms.
c. Legal and Social Gains
i. Gender-based distinctions questionedlike use of husbands last name
ii. Higher Education Act bans gender discrimination if federal funding
iii. Congress expands EEOC powers; gives child-care tax break
d. Roe v. Wade
i. Feminist support of womans right to an abortion is controversial
ii. Roe v. Wade: women have right to an abortion in first trimester
e. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
i. 1972 Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
ii. Phyllis Schlafly with religious, political groups launch Stop-ERA
1. think will lead to drafting women, end of child support
f. The New Right Emerges
i. Conservatives build pro-family movement, later called New Right
ii. Focus on social, cultural, moral problems; build grassroots support
iii. Debate family-centered issues with feminists
Name one success and one failure of the womens movement.
3. The Movements Legacy
a. The Movement Changes Society
i. ERA defeated; only gets 35 of 38 states for ratification by 1982
ii. Womens movement changes roles, attitudes toward career, family
iii. Education, career opportunities expand
1. many women run into glass ceiling
iv. 1983, women hold 13.5% elected state offices, 24 seats in Congress
Cite two examples of how the womens movement helped women improve their standing
in society.

What are some of the reasons that women had for supporting and opposing ratification of
the Equal Rights Amendment?

Section 3: Culture and Counterculture

MAIN IDEA: The ideals and lifestyle of the counterculture challenge the traditional views of
Americans.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW: The music, art, and politics of the counterculture have left enduring marks
on American society.
1. The Counterculture
a. Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out
i. Counterculturewhite, middle-class youths reject traditional America
ii. Members of counterculture called hippies
iii. Feel society and its materialism, technology, war is meaningless
iv. Idealistic youth leave school, work, home
1. want to create idyllic communities of peace, love, harmony
b. Hippie Culture
i. Era of rock n roll, crazy clothing, sexual license, illegal drugs
ii. Some hippies turn to Eastern religion, meditation
iii. Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco becomes hippie capital
c. Decline of the Movement
i. Urban communes turn seedy, dangerous
ii. Some fall victim to drug addiction, mental breakdowns
Name two characteristics of the counterculture.
2. A Changing Culture
a. Art
i. Pop art uses commercial, impersonal images from everyday life
1. imply that personal freedom lost to conformist lifestyle
2. movement led by Andy Warhol
b. Rock Music
i. The Beatles most influential rock band, help make rock mainstream
ii. Woodstock festival gathers many of most popular bands
1. over 400,000 attend
c. Changing Attitudes
i. Attitudes toward sexual behavior become more casual, permissive
ii. Mass culture addresses forbidden topics, like sex, explicit violence
iii. Some think permissiveness is liberating; others sign of moral decay
iv. Long term liberal attitudes about dress, lifestyle, behavior adopted
Name two areas of society affected by the counterculture.

3. The Conservative Response

a. Conservatives Attack the Counterculture
i. Conservatives alarmed at violence on campuses, cities
ii. Consider counterculture values decadent
iii. Some think counterculture irrational, favor senses, lack inhibitions
Cite two reasons why Americans criticized the counterculture.
Essential Question: Why did social protests and calls for change sweep across the United States in
the 1960s?