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Quarter1and2

StructureofMatter
3.Eachofthemorethan100elementsofmatterhasdistinctpropertiesandadistinctatomicstructure.
Allformsofmatterarecomposedofoneormoreoftheelements.Asabasisforunderstandingthis
concept:
a.Studentsknowthestructureoftheatomandknowitiscomposedofprotons,neutrons,and
electrons.
b.Studentsknowthatcompoundsareformedbycombiningtwoormoredifferent
elementsandthatcompoundshavepropertiesthataredifferentfromtheirconstituentelements.
c.Studentsknowatomsandmoleculesformsolidsbybuildinguprepeatingpatterns,suchasthe
crystalstructureofNaClorlongchainpolymers.
d.Studentsknowthestatesofmatter(solid,liquid,gas)dependonmolecularmotion.
e.Studentsknowthatinsolidstheatomsarecloselylockedinpositionandcanonlyvibrateinliquids
theatomsandmoleculesaremorelooselyconnectedandcancollidewithandmovepastone
anotherandingasestheatomsandmoleculesarefreetomoveindependently,collidingfrequently.
f.Studentsknowhowtousetheperiodictabletoidentifyelementsinsimplecompounds.

Reactions
5.Chemicalreactionsareprocessesinwhichatomsarerearrangedintodifferentcombinationsof
molecules.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept:
a.Studentsknowreactantatomsandmoleculesinteracttoformproductswithdifferentchemical
properties.
b.Studentsknowtheideaofatomsexplainstheconservationofmatter:Inchemicalreactionsthe
numberofatomsstaysthesamenomatterhowtheyarearranged,sotheirtotalmassstaysthe
same.
c.Studentsknowchemicalreactionsusuallyliberateheatorabsorbheat.
d.Studentsknowphysicalprocessesincludefreezingandboiling,inwhichamaterialchangesform
withnochemicalreaction.
e.Studentsknowhowtodeterminewhetherasolutionisacidic,basic,orneutral.

ChemistryofLivingSystems(LifeSciences)
6.Principlesofchemistryunderliethefunctioningofbiologicalsystems.Asabasisforunderstandingthis
concept:
a.Studentsknowthatcarbon,becauseofitsabilitytocombineinmanywayswithitselfandother
elements,hasacentralroleinthechemistryoflivingorganisms.
b.Studentsknowthatlivingorganismsaremadeofmoleculesconsistinglargelyofcarbon,hydrogen,
nitrogen,oxygen,phosphorus,andsulfur.
c.Studentsknowthatlivingorganismshavemanydifferentkindsofmolecules,
includingsmallones,suchaswaterandsalt,andverylargeones,suchascarbohydrates,
fats,proteins,andDNA.

PeriodicTable
7.Theorganizationoftheperiodictableisbasedonthepropertiesoftheelementsandreflectsthe
structureofatoms.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept:
a.Studentsknowhowtoidentifyregionscorrespondingtometals,nonmetals,andinertgases.
b.Studentsknoweachelementhasaspecificnumberofprotonsinthenucleus(theatomicnumber)
andeachisotopeoftheelementhasadifferentbutspecificnumberofneutronsinthenucleus.

c.Studentsknowsubstancescanbeclassifiedbytheirproperties,includingtheirmeltingtemperature,
density,hardness,andthermalandelectricalconductivity.

DensityandBuoyancy
8.Allobjectsexperienceabuoyantforcewhenimmersedinafluid.Asabasisforunderstandingthis
concept:
a.Studentsknowdensityismassperunitvolume.

InvestigationandExperimentation
9.Scientificprogressismadebyaskingmeaningfulquestionsandconductingcarefulinvestigations.Asa
basisforunderstandingthisconceptandaddressingthecontentintheotherthreestrands,students
shoulddeveloptheirownquestionsandperforminvestigations.Studentswill:
a.Planandconductascientificinvestigationtotestahypothesis.
b.Evaluatetheaccuracyandreproducibilityofdata.
c.Distinguishbetweenvariableandcontrolledparametersinatest.
d.Recognizetheslopeofthelineargraphastheconstantintherelationshipy=kxandapplythis
principleininterpretinggraphsconstructedfromdata.
e.Constructappropriategraphsfromdataanddevelopquantitativestatementsaboutthe
relationshipsbetweenvariables.
f.Applysimplemathematicrelationshipstodetermineamissingquantityinamathematic
expression,giventhetworemainingterms(includingspeed=distance/time,density=
mass/volume,force=pressurearea,volume=areaheight).
g.Distinguishbetweenlinearandnonlinearrelationshipsonagraphofdata.

Quarter3andQuarter4

Motion
1.Thevelocityofanobjectistherateofchangeofitsposition.Asabasisforunderstanding
thisconcept:
a.Studentsknowpositionisdefinedinrelationtosomechoiceofastandardreferencepointanda
setofreferencedirections.
b.Studentsknowthataveragespeedisthetotaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltime
elapsedandthatthespeedofanobjectalongthepathtraveledcanvary.
c.Studentsknowhowtosolveproblemsinvolvingdistance,time,andaveragespeed.
d.Studentsknowthevelocityofanobjectmustbedescribedbyspecifyingboththedirectionand
thespeedoftheobject.
e.Studentsknowchangesinvelocitymaybeduetochangesinspeed,direction,orboth.
f.Studentsknowhowtointerpretgraphsofpositionversustimeandgraphsofspeedversustime
formotioninasingledirection.

Forces
2.Unbalancedforcescausechangesinvelocity.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept:
a.Studentsknowaforcehasbothdirectionandmagnitude.

b.Studentsknowwhenanobjectissubjecttotwoormoreforcesatonce,theresultisthe
cumulativeeffectofalltheforces.
c.Studentsknowwhentheforcesonanobjectarebalanced,themotionoftheobjectdoesnot
change.
d.Studentsknowhowtoidentifyseparatelythetwoormoreforcesthatareactingonasingle
staticobject,includinggravity,elasticforcesduetotensionorcompressioninmatter,andfriction.
e.Studentsknowthatwhentheforcesonanobjectareunbalanced,theobjectwillchangeits
velocity(thatis,itwillspeedup,slowdown,orchangedirection).
f.Studentsknowthegreaterthemassofanobject,themoreforceisneededtoachievethesame
rateofchangeinmotion.
g.Studentsknowtheroleofgravityinformingandmaintainingtheshapesofplanets,stars,and
thesolarsystem.

EarthintheSolarSystem(EarthSciences)
4.Thestructureandcompositionoftheuniversecanbelearnedfromstudyingstarsandgalaxiesand
theirevolution.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept:
a.Studentsknowgalaxiesareclustersofbillionsofstarsandmayhavedifferentshapes.
b.StudentsknowthattheSunisoneofmanystarsintheMilkyWaygalaxyandthatstarsmay
differinsize,temperature,andcolor.
c.Studentsknowhowtouseastronomicalunitsandlightyearsasmeasuresofdistances
betweentheSun,stars,andEarth.
d.Studentsknowthatstarsarethesourceoflightforallbrightobjectsinouterspaceandthatthe
Moonandplanetsshinebyreflectedsunlight,notbytheirownlight.
e.Studentsknowtheappearance,generalcomposition,relativepositionandsize,andmotionof
objectsinthesolarsystem,includingplanets,planetarysatellites,comets,andasteroids.

DensityandBuoyancy
8.Allobjectsexperienceabuoyantforcewhenimmersedinafluid.Asabasisforunderstandingthis
concept:
a.Studentsknowdensityismassperunitvolume.
b.Studentsknowhowtocalculatethedensityofsubstances(regularandirregularsolidsand
liquids)frommeasurementsofmassandvolume.
c.Studentsknowthebuoyantforceonanobjectinafluidisanupwardforceequaltotheweight
ofthefluidtheobjecthasdisplaced.
d.Studentsknowhowtopredictwhetheranobjectwillfloatorsink.

InvestigationandExperimentation
9.Scientificprogressismadebyaskingmeaningfulquestionsandconductingcarefulinvestigations.Asa
basisforunderstandingthisconceptandaddressingthecontentintheotherthreestrands,students
shoulddeveloptheirownquestionsandperforminvestigations.Studentswill:
a.Planandconductascientificinvestigationtotestahypothesis.
b.Evaluatetheaccuracyandreproducibilityofdata.
c.Distinguishbetweenvariableandcontrolledparametersinatest.
d.Recognizetheslopeofthelineargraphastheconstantintherelationshipy=kxandapplythis
principleininterpretinggraphsconstructedfromdata.
e.Constructappropriategraphsfromdataanddevelopquantitativestatementsaboutthe
relationshipsbetweenvariables.

f.Applysimplemathematicrelationshipstodetermineamissingquantityinamathematic
expression,giventhetworemainingterms(includingspeed=distance/time,density=
mass/volume,force=pressurearea,volume=areaheight).
g.Distinguishbetweenlinearandnonlinearrelationshipsonagraphofdata.

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